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Public Lecture: The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in JapanSpeakers:Robert Dujarric, Temple University, Japan CampusAyumi Takenaka, Bryn Mar College
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鎖國The return of Sakoku:
Reverse globalization in Japan
Temple University Japan14 December 2010
Robert Dujarric, Temple University Japan
Ayumi Takenaka, Bryn Mar College
Reverse globalization
Japanese globalization at a slower rate than the rest of the world:
• Immigration.
• Foreign students.
• Foreign Direct Investment.
• International corporate management.
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% Foreign (‐born) population out of the total labor force
OECD 20103
Japan 0.3%
# of foreign students in major destinations
U.S
U.K
France Germany
AustraliaChina
Japan
22%
Japanese students overseas
Outward foreign direct investment
Absolute reverse globalizationJapanese students in the US
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Transnational networking – where is Japan?
• Educational networks:
– No Japanese university has a global alumni network.
• Diaspora networks:
– Japanese diaspora very small, diasporas in Japan (Chinese, Korean) also quite small.
• Professional networks:
– Few Japanese professionals in foreign organizations (business, international organizations, NGOs).
• Political networks:
– Japanese political parties lack foreign connections.
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Origin of faculty in US
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Origins of foreign students coming to Japan
JASSO 2010
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Asia ahead of Japan
Students abroad (2008):• Japanese: 60,225• South Koreans: 101,913• Chinese: 417,351
Harvard students: Trend 2001 2009:South Korea 212 314, Japan 126 101
Internationally‐authored research
Japanese scholars overseas
Long-term stay outside Japan
Overseas Chinese population
• http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B
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IMF Professionals – Japan under 1.5%
Corporate managementJapanese in foreign multinationals
• IBM
• AT&T
• Vodafone
• HSBC
• Nokia
• Vale
• Nestle
• AXA
• Citigroup
• Walmart
• SAP
• Procter & Gamble
• Microsoft
• Almost no Japanese directors/senior execs
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Japan’s elite bred behind a Wall
• Except for Chinese and Koreans few foreign students and professors. Academic research cut off from outside world.
• Elite education: Foreign students: Tokyo University Law Faculty 1%, Keio Law Faculty 1.5%, Harvard University 19%.
• Overseas high school/college education relatively rare (no Erasmus, difficult to get credit for study abroad, school year different from the West).
• Due to low FDI few opportunities to join ranks of multinationals.
Management’s Reading List
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Push for Internationalizationor just a bigger Deshima?
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Examples of Deshima
• Education: Separate programs for foreign students.
• Labor market segmentation (foreigners as experts rather than core management). Few opportunities to work for foreign corporations in Japan.
• Tokyo: Like Edo, non‐cosmopolitan metropolis.
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蘭學 Dutch Learning vs. Globalization
• Sakoku Era Dutch Learning: Small cadre of experts used to learn useful foreign science.
• Contemporary Dutch Learning: Small number of Japanese with foreign education/linguistic skills serve handle contact with foreigners while most Japanese remain in Sakoku.
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2222
Brain circulation vs. Sakoku
• Circulation of ideas, concepts, methods, thanks to mobile brains.
• International class of “ampersands (&)” individuals who belong to two or more countries.
Japan remains in Sakoku
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Why reverse globalization?
• Despite political changes, the fear of foreign influence overwhelming Japan has been a constant for several centuries. Globalization seen by some as incompatible with survival of Japanese culture.
• Incentives to globalize are low in a country that is fully modern, rich, and very large. It is thus easier for Japan to set its own standards at little cost (language, school year, foreign investment, etc.).
• Weak institutions – strong men (early Meiji) replaced by strong institutions – weak men (today). Institutional obstacles to change are thus very high.
• Globalization opens opportunities to foreigners, women, and younger individuals, threatening the position of the older Japanese males who are at the pinnacle of almost every Japanese organization.
• So far Japan is not facing an existential crisis (as opposed to Bakumatsu).
Japan’s “globalization” paradox
• As more people have come, more people (esp. the skilled and educated) also have left (Takenaka)
• Growing gap in perception of “globalization”between Japanese in Japan and the outside world? (growing discourse on multiculturalism in Japan vs. external perception of Japan as increasingly isolated)
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Conclusions ‐ Questions
• What is the cost of reverse globalization to Japan?– Economic
– Political
– Cultural
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