Unit 2

THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM

CREATION OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION Islam

“submission to the will of Allah”

Muslim “one who has

submitted” First Followers

Khadija and close friends First sermons

Muhammad began preaching in Mecca

Drew criticism because people feared that monotheism would cause Mecca to lose pilgrims

MUHAMMAD Born in 570 AD Married at 25 to Khadija Religious revelation at

40 Believed Angel Gabriel

spoke to him Mecca and Medina

Kicked out of Mecca for preaching

Converted the people of Medina to Islam

Defeated Mecca in 630 AD Dies in 632

DIVISION OF ISLAM By 750 the Islamic Empire stretched from the Indus River

to the Atlantic Ocean Expanded north vs. weakened Byzantine Empire Many conquered people accepted Islamic faith

Did not have to pay a tax placed on non-Muslims if they did Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) ruled in the East Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus(756-976) ruled in Spain Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) ruled in North Africa Division

Arose after the murder of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad Opposed by the Shi’a who had supported Ali The Umayyad’s became known as Sunni Sufi Muslims began as an opposition to both

OTTOMAN EMPIRE Orkhan I

Succeeded his father, Osman, as sultan

Conquered Adrianople from the Byzantine Empire

Ruled justly Was kind to conquered

people Used system of local

governments Muslims – served in army but

did not pay tax Non Muslims – did not serve

in army but did pay tax Expansion Halted

Timur the Lame’s invasion Defeated the Turks in 1402 at

Battle of Ankara

What is the status of the islands of Crete and Cyprus in this map? What does this tell you about the Ottoman Empire’s military? Why is this an important distinction given the date this map depicts?

OTTOMAN EXPANSION PEAKS Sultan Mehmed II takes

Constantinople (1453) Selim the Grim takes

Mecca and Medina (1510’s) Suleyman the Great

Takes Belgrade, Tripoli, and parts of Austria and Hungary (1520’s)

Most powerful monarch on earth at that time

Had a splendid court and a well disciplined military

Post Suleyman Ottoman Empire slowly

decays until it ceases to exist after World War I

MUGHAL EMPIRE The Mughals

Mongol group that ruled India after defeating the Turks

Babur Founder of Mughals Brilliant general

Defeated the Turks Victories began

Mughal expansion into India

MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar

Babur’s grandson Ruled Mughal India from 1556

to 1605 Military leader

Unified a population of 100 million people

Blended cultures Married women who were not

Muslim Allowed freedom of religion Abolished tax on non-Muslims Had Jesuit missionaries teach

his son Bureaucratic government Promoted art, literature, and

architecture

MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar’s successors

Jahangir Allowed his wife, a Persian named Nur Jahan, to do most

of the ruling Attempted to make Islam the state religion of the

Mughals Son, Khusaru, rebelled against him and joined the Sikhs

Sikh’s blend teachings of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam Jahangir targeted Sikhs for religious persecution

Shah Jahan – 2nd son and successor to Jahangir Assassinated all rivals for the throne Loved 2 things – beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz

Mahal Did a poor job managing a nation during famine and war

THE TAJ MAHAL

Mumtaz died in 1631 after giving birth to their 14th childJahan had the Taj Mahal built to honor her