The Fall of Détente,

The end of 1970s

Remind: detente since the end of 1960

1) the warming in Europe — Brandt's politics

2) the coming of America to both USSR and China — Kissinger's politics

3) human rights in exchange of the recognition of borders

However, some events undermined it

The reasons of falling

1) The team of new president Jimmy Carter, (1977-1980): a conflict between doves and hawks

1) Zbigniew Brzezinski – national security adviser: hard line with the Soviets, containment, expansion

2) Cyrus Vance – Secretary of States: integration of Soviet Union, diplomatic talks, mutual understanding

3) 2 Carters: from integration to the containment again

The reasons of falling

2) Carter’s promotion of human rights around the world and Brezhnev’s denial of it.

• Carter did not want to incite tension with the Soviet Union but wanted to make the Soviets to follow Helsinki Accords

• Soviet leaders regarded his human rights campaign as threatening to their hold on Eastern Europe (I remind you document 7)

Document 7

Only in 1977: Human rights concept is an interference in domestic affairs of the USSR and is to support dissidents

The reasons of falling3) Middle East problems: Palestinian one:

Carter recognized Palestinian problem and wanted to build multitracks taliks with Soviet participation, but:

• Israel – Begin and Likkud Party were against to talk with Palestinians +

• separated peace with Egypt (a return of Sinai to Egypt) >>

• Multilateral diplomacy was killed in 1978 >> return to Kissinger – a building of pro-Western states (Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran) in this region through aid and selling of arms

The reasons of falling

4) Middle East problems: Iranian one:• Shah Pahlevi: oppression of opposition,

denial of reforms, too close ties with Americans >>

• Revolution of Khomeini, 1979• Carter’s denial to talk with new Republic

>>• Loss of Iran, region, and a fear that the

Soviets will fill this vacuum

Document 8

• How did the Soviets evaluated the status of American-Soviet relations at the end 1970s?

• The US created tensions with the USSR due to Africa crises

• Carter chose the “harsh” course• Selective half-hearted concept of détente (to

discuss with the USA special questions) • Soviet tasks: to press the US as to Chinese

rapprochement

The reasons of falling• 5) Soviet invasion in Afghanistan (1979-1989):

– New: a mistake of American estimation of this conflict. Should be evaluated in regional terms, not in global ones.

– The Soviets contributed to Islamic resistance movement, the Mujahedeen

– The Americans contributed to militarization of Pakistan and India

– Result: an American revival of a hard line (Carter doctrine about the defense of Persian Gulf), boycott of Moscow Olympic games, and the end of SALT II and

Document 9

• What were the reasons for the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? – April socialist

revolution in Afghanistan, 1978

– Taraki, Amin, Karmal– The killing of Taraki,

Amin– December 1979

• Babrak Karmal the Chairman of revolutionary council

• Died in Moscow in 1996

December 1979: Amin's Palace

Document 10

What were the main policy lines that Brzezinski recommended Carter to adopt regarding Afghanistan?

Pakistan and rebels

Cold War culture

Home fronts

Selling image

Frames of the theme• Social-cultural dimension of the Cold War:

– A term to embrace the mass experience of cold-war political events.

– A social history in its broad sense of ‘ordinary’ and ‘everyday’, but in extraordinary circumstances.

• Problems: – Did the Cold War high politics make impact on arts,

movies, pop culture, everyday life, etc. of people who lived during the period of the Cold War, 1940es -1990?

Did the superpowers exploited the cultural artifacts as a propaganda? or culture only reflected the reality of the Cold War?

2 dimensions of Cold War Culture (American-West and Soviet-socialist)

1) Home fronts: how did the Cold War influence a domestic life?

2) Selling a brand (image) aboard: How did both superpowers sell their images, ideologies to foreign public and each other?

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension

1) Purge: both in the United States and Soviet Union: pursue of dissidents until 1960s

1) Campaigns against those who appraised West culture in the Soviet Union (in Russian: “against cosmopolitism) – “Kosmopolit”, since 1950s until the end of 1980s =

traditional Russian xenophobia VS. America-and-West-admirers

2) Campaign against communists (Senator McCarthy), since the end 1940 until the mid-1950s >>

American variant of xenophobia during the Cold War – to infect America with leftist and communist ideas

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension

2) dissidents in all the countries whose words were differentiated from an official discourse:

1) In Soviet Union: - The Thaw since 1956: phenomenon of

physicist-lyric poet – a dissent voice among technocrats (scholars, and engineers) like A. Sakharov = R. Havemann in the GDR.

- The defection to the West of a number of leading Soviet artists

However, a support of the communist regime in 1960-1970s became more wide: a standard of life became higher and the absent of repression

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension

2) Eastern Europe: from open riots to silent opposition• Germany, 1953• Riots in Poland, 1956 • Hungary, 1958 • Czechoslovakia, 1968 >> • Silent nonviolent dissidents were strong in

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland• Church (Catholic and Lutheran) was shelter for

dissidents in GDR, and Poland• End of 1970s – Jimmy Carter idea to promote

human rights became the main idea of dissidents

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension

3) In United States:

-1960s-1970s generation of baby-boomers – 20% of population of 24 years.

-Hippy and counterculture movement (rock groups) against War (pacifism)

-strong revisionism in arts and social studies (critical theory to interpret history and politics)

3) In Western Europe:

-radical students in the FU, leftists, post-modernism, the battles between left- and right-wing intellectuals: Picasso and Congress of for Cultural Freedom:

Main ideas – rejection of dominant values of American society, idea of American imperialism = the Soviet policy

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: cultural dimensions

3) Making divergent official cultural and political discourses in historical memory: different story of the Second world war (two victors) in both the U.S. and the USSR= Ukaraine's events today

4) Official games with public fear of future nuclear war: through anti-war demonstrations, documentary films and movies about a future nuclear war,

5) But: 1970s “We [USSR] turned out to be in position of defender in the face of American cultural offensive:” inserting some American ideas in society, movies, culture >>globalization, Americanization or copying to smooth people)

Байкал (Baikal)/ Pepsi

Пугачева (Pugacheva)/Monro

Grenki (fried bread)/toast

Idea of “American dream” in Hollywood and of “Soviet dream” in Mosfilm

1) a “Soviet dream” as an answer to Hollywood films

Moscow does not believe in tears, Oscar, 1979

2) An American tradition to watch a movie on the eve of Christmas:

It is a Wonderful Life, 1946

Enjoy your Bath (С легким паром), 1975

at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: cultural dimensions

6) Patriotism as a theme in arts was the main tool for a counter-offensive.

Flight 222 (movie, 1985)

-we love USSR

-we do not leave it

The friendship of people

First Blood (1982)

-we love a strong America

-we do not let to humiliate it

II) Selling its image to foreign public

How both the U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to sell their ideologies

• Main motive: to win an allegiance of people around the world (the war for hearts and minds)

• Means: – Propaganda (radio)– Training of definite social and professional

groups– Cultural presentations

How both the U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to sell their ideologies

• United States Information Agency

• Agency of Intentional Development

• Voice of America

DOS+NSC

More people were mobilized through private initiative than in the USSR

• Central Committee of Communist Party (Propaganda Division)

State Committee of Foreign Relations at MFA

SU Committees of Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (SSOD)

Radio of Moscow

Radio propaganda

• Radio Moscow:The U.S. was first targeted since

early 1950s, from MoscowSince 1970s – from Cuba and

Vladivostok

1. News and answer on American propaganda

2. Russian ClassicsRadio Moscow World Service

>> Voice of Russia

• Voice of AmericaThe Soviet Union was targeted

since 1947, from AustriaSoviet jamming

1. News and Music2. Strong and free critics of

American government and life3. Encourage people for internal

change through programs about “democratic legacy” or national history of a country.

4. Forbidden literature

NEW: the VOA turned out to be more respected that the Radio Moscow

American-Soviet cultural exchanges

Since 1958

• first contacts – people-to-people

• Exchanges in information (America, USSR)

• American Exhibition Moscow and Leningrad, 1959

• 20 citizens per year + many students

American Exhibitions to the USSR

-no war teachnologies,

-lux cars

-retail goods

-an idea about individual freedom

What is meant by the American dream?

That all men shall be free to seek a better life,with free worship, thought, assembly, expression

of belief and universal suffrage and education.

Nixon-Khrushchev kitchen debates, 1959

Influence through printed mass media: two journals

Another journals: Sputnik/Диалог

The printed media• USSR

Primary topics:

Science,

Space

Russian literature

Belated Counter-attacks on American pop-culture in the early 1980s

• USA

Primary topics:

Government

People

Consumerism (retail goods)

Consumerism undermined Soviet life and communism regime

Training of foreign citizen Two divergent approaches to reproduce allegiance:

• USA: an existed professional elite was the main target

• 600,000-700,000 were trained

• 900 former grantees became members of ruling elite (presidents, leaders of parties)

• Main success: Alexander Yakovlev, an adviser of M. Gorbachev

• USSR: lower social groups were trained to reproduce new elite loyal to the SU

• 250,000-270,000 were trained

• 100 former grantees became members of ruling elite

Conclusion

• Dissidents and consumption society of the West have undermined the political regime of the Soviets.

Methodological problems in studies of cultural cold war and proposed theoretical frames

1) Problems in methods: 1) what kinds of methods are more appropriate

to estimate the audience response to domestic and foreign influence?

2) How to evaluate an efficiency of both American and Soviet cultural influence?

3) Multiple meanings of cultural phenomena.

Proposed theoretical frames for cultural cold war

• American and Soviet cultural imperialism (pressure and deep implantation of values in all the clusters of life)

• Americanization and Sovietization (partial influence –politics, technologies, language)

• Cultural Transfer (mutual exchange and globalization without borders and Walls)

• Response theory (resistance of local culture to coming values)

the END of the Cold War1980s

Determinants of the endWestern point of view

1. The increase in international trade, the rise of East Asia +

2. The decline in prices for raw materials >>

3. All stimulated the economies of the capitalist countries while impeding those of the Eastern European Bloc and its Third World allies;

4. Changes in technology, such as communications and computers, almost all of which were developed in the West and hardly developed in the Soviet Union;

1. The Soviet economy seemed unable to keep up with the West and It became very expensive for the Soviet budget to keep the war in Afghanistan and to “feed” the Soviet allies in developing countries;

2. The Gorbachev domestic policy: to reform the Soviet system with assistance of West credit and decreasing of military complex;

3. the Reagan Administration 1. to answer on the world challenges and thus to make

US much more stronger in the world because of Japanese economical strength + Islamic revolution in Iran;

2. abolish the communism with the Soviet empire through economical pressure, support of dissidents:1. Richard Pipes, NSC papers of 1981-82

1. the advent of new actor in international relations (Islam that included the critics either the USA and USSR began offensive to the West);

2. The movement “Solidarity” in Poland became the first strong attack on the Soviet Russia and demonstrated for Reagan that the Soviet leadership will not attack Poland >>

1. Economic sanctions against Poland (Soviet Union)

2. Pressure on Moscow: “Poland is our pain and we do not let to crush the democratic movement”

3. The support of dissidents openly through Catholic church and special philanthropic foundation (National Endowment for Democracy)

4. Project Democracy, 1982: to establish and help democrats in Eastern Europe openly >>

5. Open crusade against the Soviet Union: to build the free press, political parties and so on openly >>

Determinants of the endRussian point of view

1. A Soviet overstrain in arms race2. A weakness of communist economy against

free enterprise3. Reagan’s Stars Wars (Strategic Defense

Initiative) 4. A sudden weakness of Moscow in the

Context of Gorbachev reforms5. An Intrinsic weakness of the Soviet society, but

not a containment strategy6. Gorbachev changed the world alone: he

rejected the idea to support pro-communists regimes around the world

Concepts about how the Cold War was ended

1) triumphalism concept – victory over communism belongs to the USA or certain politicians alone (as Reagan or Gorbachev) – Gaddis L.

Concepts about how the Cold War was ended

• 2) balanced approach – both sides contributed (Leffler M., Jack Matlock)– Reagan by pressure and talks– Gorbachev by reforms

A final exam20 of May

Tuesday, 20 of May,

6 pm — Room 107?