The Rise of TotalitarianismThe Rise of Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini

Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco

Hideki TojoJoseph Stalin

Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism

Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism

• 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society.

• Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life.– Including: economy, education, art,

science, private life and morals of citizens.

• 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society.

• Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life.– Including: economy, education, art,

science, private life and morals of citizens.

Rise of Totalitarianism

Rise of Totalitarianism

• Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War.– Attrition made required total effort– War required all institutions &

individuals to subordinate their interests to victory

• Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

• Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War.– Attrition made required total effort– War required all institutions &

individuals to subordinate their interests to victory

• Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

RussiaRussia

• Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR– After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks

& Lenin had solidified control by 1923.

• Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia

• Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

• Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR– After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks

& Lenin had solidified control by 1923.

• Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia

• Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

StalinismStalinism• “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet

government– Stalin

• Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter• World wide Communist revolution post-poned

– Economic Changes• Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture

– Effective BUT…

– Purges•Millions killed•Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

• “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government– Stalin

• Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter• World wide Communist revolution post-poned

– Economic Changes• Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture

– Effective BUT…

– Purges•Millions killed•Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

Italy & WWI Italy & WWI

• WWI leaves Italy with many problems:– Heavy debts– Did not receive the

land promised by France & G.B.

– Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

• WWI leaves Italy with many problems:– Heavy debts– Did not receive the

land promised by France & G.B.

– Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

March on RomeMarch on RomeMarch on Rome: October, 1922

– Coup d'état Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy

– Ousted Prime Minister– King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to

Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal

right-wing.

• Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

March on Rome: October, 1922– Coup d'état Mussolini's National Fascist Party

rise to power in Italy – Ousted Prime Minister– King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to

Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal

right-wing.

• Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

FascismFascism• Fascism is a combination of many

ideas– Corporatism: Power exercised through

large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state

– Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions

– Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda

– Ideas of racial superiority

• Fascism is a combination of many ideas– Corporatism: Power exercised through

large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state

– Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions

– Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda

– Ideas of racial superiority

Nationalism, Race &Fascism

Nationalism, Race &Fascism

• Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society– Communists emphasized class struggle

• Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good

• Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’– Celebrates the nation & race above all else,– Cults of unity, strength and purity.

• Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society– Communists emphasized class struggle

• Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good

• Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’– Celebrates the nation & race above all else,– Cults of unity, strength and purity.

Communism FascismCommunism Fascism1. History = class

struggle2. Nations are

arbitrary class should unite the world

3. Global viewpoint4. Gov’t runs industry

1. History = class struggle

2. Nations are arbitrary class should unite the world

3. Global viewpoint4. Gov’t runs industry

1. Struggle between nations & races

2. Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized

3. National viewpoint4. Gov’t has some

control over industry

1. Struggle between nations & races

2. Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized

3. National viewpoint4. Gov’t has some

control over industry

Germany: Weimar Republic

Germany: Weimar Republic

• A parliamentary republic established in 1919.

• Faced numerous problems– Hyperinflation– Political extremists – War Reparations

• Collapsed in the early 1930s

• A parliamentary republic established in 1919.

• Faced numerous problems– Hyperinflation– Political extremists – War Reparations

• Collapsed in the early 1930s

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler• Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran• Leader of the National Socilaist

German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

• Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran• Leader of the National Socilaist

German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

HitlerHitler

• By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability• Nazi Party: Centered in Munich

– German nationalist movement

• S.A. (Sturmabteilung)– Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”– Paramilitary organization

• S.S. (Schutzstaffel)– Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler

• Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

• By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability• Nazi Party: Centered in Munich

– German nationalist movement

• S.A. (Sturmabteilung)– Stormtroopers/”brown shirts”– Paramilitary organization

• S.S. (Schutzstaffel)– Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler

• Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923

Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923

• Failed Coup attempt• Hitler wanted to emulate the March on

Rome• November 8th: Declares a new

government in a Beer Hall• November 9th –The March Begins

– To Bavarian War Ministry– Clash with police and march destroyed

• Failed Coup attempt• Hitler wanted to emulate the March on

Rome• November 8th: Declares a new

government in a Beer Hall• November 9th –The March Begins

– To Bavarian War Ministry– Clash with police and march destroyed

Arrest, Trial, PrisonArrest, Trial, Prison• Hitler arrested for High Treason• Trial

• Uses trial as a platform• Gains noteriety & popularity

• April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years – Served less than one year

• Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”– Part Autobiography part political rant– Helps spread his ideas.

• Hitler arrested for High Treason• Trial

• Uses trial as a platform• Gains noteriety & popularity

• April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years – Served less than one year

• Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”– Part Autobiography part political rant– Helps spread his ideas.

Strategy of LegalityStrategy of Legality• Hitler changed his strategy to come

to power.• The Strategy of Legality:

– adhere to the rules of Weimar – Use the institutions of Weimar Republic

to destroy it/come to power

• Hitler changed his strategy to come to power.

• The Strategy of Legality: – adhere to the rules of Weimar – Use the institutions of Weimar Republic

to destroy it/come to power

Depression, ElectionDepression, Election• By 1930 the Depression strikes

Germany • President Paul von Hindenburg ran

for re-election in 1932 – The only one who could defeat Hitler– Wins election– Has difficulty fending off Nazis

• 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

• By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany

• President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932 – The only one who could defeat Hitler– Wins election– Has difficulty fending off Nazis

• 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

Reichstag FireReichstag Fire• February 1933: Reichstag set on fire• The fire began Hitler’s rise to total

power– Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33)

• Suspends civil liberties.– Enabling Act (March ’33)

• Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.

– Hindenburg dies (August ’34)• Hitler declared the office of President

vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "

Führer”

• February 1933: Reichstag set on fire• The fire began Hitler’s rise to total

power– Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33)

• Suspends civil liberties.– Enabling Act (March ’33)

• Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.

– Hindenburg dies (August ’34)• Hitler declared the office of President

vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "

Führer”

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco• Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975. • Franco's governance went through

various phases• All emphasized:

– Spanish nationalism– Maintaining territorial integrity– Catholicism– Anti-Communism– Emphasis on traditional values

• Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975. • Franco's governance went through

various phases• All emphasized:

– Spanish nationalism– Maintaining territorial integrity– Catholicism– Anti-Communism– Emphasis on traditional values

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

• 1936 -1939: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals

• The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces– Republican gov’t overthrown– Dictatorship established with Franco at

it’s helm.

• 1936 -1939: It began after a coup by Spanish Army Generals

• The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces– Republican gov’t overthrown– Dictatorship established with Franco at

it’s helm.

Guernica Guernica

• Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

• Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

The Empire of JapanThe Empire of Japan• Rapid industrialization and

Militarization emergence as a world power– Leads to membership in the Axis

Alliance of WWII

• Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

• Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power– Leads to membership in the Axis

Alliance of WWII

• Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

TimelineTimeline• 1931-32

– Japan invades Manchuria

• 1935: – Italy invades Ethiopia– Germany reintroduces

Conscription (violation)

• 1936– Germany

Remilitarized Rhineland

– Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t.

– Tripartate Pact:– First Concentration

Camps

• 1931-32 – Japan invades

Manchuria• 1935:

– Italy invades Ethiopia– Germany reintroduces

Conscription (violation)

• 1936– Germany

Remilitarized Rhineland

– Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t.

– Tripartate Pact:– First Concentration

Camps

• 1937– Japan – full scale invasion

of China (Rape of Nanking)• 1938

– Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria

– Hitler claims Sudetenland – Germany seizes

Czechoslovakia• 1939

– Italy invades/annexes Albania

– Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)

– Sept. 1, 1939

• 1937– Japan – full scale invasion

of China (Rape of Nanking)• 1938

– Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria

– Hitler claims Sudetenland – Germany seizes

Czechoslovakia• 1939

– Italy invades/annexes Albania

– Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)

– Sept. 1, 1939