The Road to Rights The Road to Rights: Establishing a Domestic Human Rights Institution in the United States (Post Conference Report May 2012)

7/29/2019 The Road to Rights The Road to Rights: Establishing a Domestic Human Rights Institution in the United States (Po

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THE ROAD TO RIGHTS:

ESTABLISHING A DOMESTIC HUMAN RIGHTSINSTITUTION IN THE UNITED STATES

A Post-Conference Report from the Global Convening on

National Human Rights Commissions


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The Road To RighTs:esTablishing a domesTic human RighTs

insTiTuTion in The uniTed sTaTes

Report from the Global Exchange on National Human

Rights Commissions at the Rockefeller Foundation Center,

Bellagio, Italy: August 2-6, 2010

Published May 2012


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Dedicated to the memory of John Payton, a participant in the

Global Convening, whose passionate commitment, wisdom and

tireless efforts to advance civil and human rights have had a

profound impact on the United States and the world.


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The Global Exchange was co-convened by The Leadership Conference Education Fund and Columbia

Law Schools Human Rights Institute, advocacy and academic institutions based in Washington, D.C.,

and New York City, respectively. The convening was made possible by generous support from the

Rockefeller Foundation, the U.S. Human Rights Fund and the Ford Foundation.

The Leadership Conference Education Fund is the sister organization to The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human

Rights, the Nations oldest and largest civil rights coalition, consisting of more than 200 national organizations, represent-

ing persons of color, women, children, labor unions, individuals with disabilities, older Americans, major religious groups,

gays and lesbians and civil liberties and human rights groups. The Leadership Conference was founded in 1950 and has

coordinated national lobbying efforts on behalf of every major civil rights law since 1957. Since 1969, The Education Fund has

assisted the work of the civil and human rights coalition in providing research, education, and communications regarding the

need for national public policy that provides opportunity and justice for all.

The Human Rights Institute, founded in 1998, serves as the focal point of international human rights education, scholarship

and practice at Columbia Law School. The Institute fosters the development of a rich and comprehensive human rights cur-

riculum and builds bridges between theory and practice, between law and other disciplines, between constitutional rights

and international human rights, and between Columbia Law School and the worldwide human rights movement. Our Human

Rights in the U.S. Project builds the capacity of domestic lawyers, policy-makers and advocates to incorporate a human

rights framework into social justice advocacy. The Project also directly contributes to the development of legal theories and

positive precedents based on international law through work on select litigation before U.S. courts, in international and

regional fora, and through other advocacy projects.


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ESTALISHIN A DOESTIC HUAN RIHTS INSTITUTION IN THE UNITED STATES

THE RD T RIGHTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

A. Support for Human Rights in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

B. Calls for a Domestic Human Rights Monitoring Body . . . . . . . . . . . 12

II. Convening Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

A. Global Proliferation of National Human Rights Institutions . . . . . . . . 13

B. Domestic Proposals for a Human Rights Monitoring Body . . . . . . . . 14

C. International Calls for a U.S. National HumanRights Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

III. Convening Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

A. Convening Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

B. Convening Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

C. Convening Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

IV. Key Ingredients For a U.S. Human Rights Institution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

A. Mandate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

B. Essential Functions and Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201. Engaging in Fact-Finding and Assessing Human Rights

Situations Through Investigations, Hearings and Inquiries . . . . . . 21

2. Advising, Reporting and aking Recommendations RegardingHuman Rights Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3. Promoting Human Rights Education and Awareness . . . . . . . . . . 22

4. Undertaking and Promoting Human Rights Research . . . . . . . . . 23

5. onitoring overnmental Agencies to Ensure Compliance . . . . . . 24With Domestic Civil Rights Laws and International Standards

6. Partnering With Subnational Human Rights Structures and

Indigenous overning odies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7. Proactive Engagement With Civil Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

8. Authority to Strengthen Domestic Human RightsCompliance by Engaging With Regional and InternationalHuman Rights odies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

9. Flexibility to Achieve its andate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Table of Contents


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THE RD T RIGHTS

C. Potential Additional Functions and Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1. Complaint Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2. Participating in Domestic Litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

a. Initiating Litigation to Ensure Compliance With Civil and

Human Rights Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31b. FilingAmicus Curiae riefs at the Federal Level . . . . . . . . . . 31

D. Structural Characteristics to PromoteIndependence and Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

1. Adequate Resources and Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. Transparent Appointment and Removal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3. Ability to Assess Human Rights Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

V. Next Steps & Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

A. Strengthening and Transforming the U.S. Civil Rights

Commission as an Initial Step to Establishing aU.S. Human Rights Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

B. Ensuring Local Presence and Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

C. Establishing Broad Based Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

D. Carrying Out Additional Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

E. Need for a Campaign to Undertake Additional Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . 37

VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

VII. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

A. Domestic Proposals for a Human Rights Monitoring Body . . . . . . . . 40

B. Details of International Calls for a U.S. National HumanRights Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

C. List of Relevant U.S. Federal Civil Rights Laws andEnforcing Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

D. Convening Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

E. Meeting Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

F. Contact Information for Select National HumanRights Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

G. Paris Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


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THE RD T RIGHTS 1

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cknowledgements


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THE RD T RIGHTS 3

We hold these truths to be sel-evident, that all men are

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator

with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are

Lie, Liberty and the pursuit o Happiness.

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Whereas recognition o the inherent dignity and o the

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ForewordBy Wade Henderson,President and CEO, The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights


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4 THE RD T RIGHTS

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8 THE RD T RIGHTS

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THE RD T RIGHTS 11

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12 THE RD T RIGHTS

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THE RD T RIGHTS 13

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, g w -

w g .31

T, NHRI, w -,

, g v

g . A g -

g ,

vg g v g

g . I

w v , g v -

g g .32

NHRI v , b v-

g .33

E NHRI b , w

, gv-

v b . T

NHRI : w

-b, w v b

g , w

v b (

, g).34

C, w j -

,35 v vg , v g w, g

A, E, A P A, b

v Cw C.36 C

-, -b b

g.37

A, C, Nw Z U Kg-

b v

g, q

- g. Hwv, v , -

v b

g.38 M

, I S A

H Rg C, v vg

g w b -

g .

II. Convening Background


22/94


14 THE RD T RIGHTS

W w ,

g g

w, g w g g g

vg gv g,

g gv . A

vg -

b v g

b q-j w

b b.39 T

b , -

, v vg gv.

T , , g vg-

, g, , b q

g .

I v w b

NHRI, U.N. gg ,

w P P.40

T P : , -

, g

v q-j . T

NHRI, b

b b ,

b g w v .41 A

b NHRI gw, -

b NHRI -

NHRI g .42

B. Domestic Proposals For a Human

Rights Monitoring BodyI , U.S. v g gz,

g g gz Wg, D.C.,

v wg b Sw, g-

gz Nw Y C, b

v g g v b v-

g g

U S. T S

v w g.

1. Transforming the U.S. Commission on

Civil RightsR v g U.S.

C Cv Rg (USCCR) b gg

g g U.S. -

w g , -

g C U.S. C Cv

H Rg. Dg , USCCR v

,43 b 1980 v

v

g C b v

. I , -

C, b g b b

v g , ,

v g v.44 W

v g C

gg , , C

b g v g, b-

b b.45

Tg , USCCR

v v g w. I 1965,

C vg g

g bv

vg g b, b

vg vg M. U-

, Vg Rg A 1965

. I g A

wg , S C

USCCR g g -

g vg. T C

j -g z-

Vg Rg A, g 1982

z j A

w-v (w -gg v w w z 10

). Dg 2006 z ,

wv, C w g b46

b v g

-g g

z.47

C

USCCR g

b -

g ,48

v - v-z C

b v q

. M v g

USCCR g bg NHRI,

w vw g- g.


23/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 15

T v b T L-

C Cv H Rg USCCR -

HRAH Cg A

A.1.b. M g U.S. Cv Rg

C b A A.1., w

w v C

2009 b T L C

Cv H Rg, Restoring the Conscience o a

Nation: A Report on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

w Te Rise and Fall o the U.S. Commission on

Civil Rights, b 1987.49

2. Ensuring Federal Coordination of

State and Local Efforts to Monitor and

Implement Human Rights

W U.S., 150

v g g (S L H Rg Ag)

v g / -

, g b

g w

v g.50 A b Ag -

g w q,

g .

I, g w U.S.

vg g g

.51 Hwv, g

g w v g w,

w

g w, v g -

b U.S. w .52

I v , ,

g g,

I A O H Rg Ag-

( - b gz Ag,

w IAOHRA) wg w b v

v gz v g gg-

w

g. g, gz v

gv v g w S L H Rg Ag

U.S. bg w g

, w ,

g, g . T v

z g

b g

g

g I-Ag Wg G

H Rg w

v gv.

A , -

g g

w gv v g

v vb A A.2, w

w 2009 R b Cb Lw S

H Rg I IAOHRA, State and Local

Human Rights Agencies: Recommendations or Advancing

Opportunity and Equality Trough an International Human

Rights Framework.53

3. Establishing a U.S. Border Commission

A g B H Rg C-

b b B Nw H

Rg (BNHR) , w U.S./M

B E Ig F (B

F). T gw BNHR

vv b

v g v

w b gz

q g g.54

T B F v zg

g b U.S./M b

g vg b (w

g v b g). ,

B F

U S B E Ig Rvw

C w v b,

gv- g b.

T B C w b g

b b g , g

v, g gv g -

g v w

v g b g. I

, B C w, , v vg w, g w

b, g w, g w, w q

g .55


24/94


16 THE RD T RIGHTS

G BNHR, B F

, w w

B C v

b S, b A A.3.

C. International Calls for a U.S.National Human Rights InstitutionR v U.N. b

bv. vw,

g v Uv-

P Rvw U S b U.N. H

Rg C v

U.S. b g g b w

v

, v.56 T -

gw -v g

g U.S. w g b-

g. A B

.


25/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 17

I w b

bv v Gb Eg NH Rg C bg g

g w v b

g b -

v g U S. T w-

g P vg g, .

T vvw v

g v U.S.

g P IV.

. Convening GoalsT - g w v

v w v

w :57

1. Dv U.S.

v w vg

g wg vb v

;

2. D

U.S. v

vg

w b v ;

3. Mbz g v w vg v U.S.

g g g

g;

4. I b g g

v

g g b.

B. Convening StructureI v g bv,

gg v w v

g , w , v bg v g

w U S. Cvg

w v gg -

g , w b

wg :58

1. An Expanded Mandate: T g

v z w ( v g

) b g . T

g g

g U.S. Cv Rg C

U.S. Cv H Rg C. A

z

z z v

b b w w

g g g . T

v w U Kg Eq

H Rg C, b

q .

2. reating Rights as Indivisible: T g vb g,

g , g,

w v g. T w

S A, I M C F

D C. T S A C

g, w

gz g

. T I C

w v w g

g, g

g. T M C F D

C w b

b v b g , v w

wg w .

3. A Federalist radition: I v g ,

g w

w b b,

w gvg b g g

. b v, U.S. g

w v w

v w v v

-g. H g

A, Sw M C F

III. Convening verview


26/94


18 THE RD T RIGHTS

D v , vg g

w b

w w w

g gvg b.

G v , v-

g w g

g

, v. S w -

g v g g -

g , ggg v w

vg v -

w g g w v ,

w gv v .

E v b -

w b g w

. T g w g -

v g -

. I w

g U.S.

g . T g v g

bg g v gg

w b gv v

g g . T

Gb Eg w C H R

, g, b R. 59

C. Convening utcomesCvg b gg

g g -

v b

g, g ,

. T

, P IV, b

R. I g , -

g gw

b b U.S. g ,

g v, g

gg gzg, g , b g, v gg w- g

v g. T , w -

v v

g , b,

v b vb

v, P V.

T vg v w

bw g v U.S. b, w

w. T

g vg v q U.S.

v wg g v -

v , g g w

b g

g v.

F, vg

b b-b

g. A gw v bg g

Gb Eg, w v

gg

gg g b w w

U S. S vg, S Egg- Sb b w HRAH

Cg . T Sb

b gg g

b gz. ,

w g vv w -

g g bg

vg

v

g b -

HRAH Cg vg .


27/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 19

T v vg b-

g b g

w, w g b

w g . Dvg

USCCR,

w ,

v -

bg v g

U S.

Tg vg, b

b,

v . T g g-g , w

gg bw.

S A, B D P b ,

w , v .

S C

g b , b

q U.S. .

T P v

vg ,

vg g-

v U.S. g -

. I b Gb Eg, -

g g vg w

g .61

. MandateU, w g U.S.

g w b

g g w

U S bj U.S. . 62 C

g w b

b g v-

g v b

v g , w g,z , g

w .

P g b w

w U.S. v-

b g, g ,

g. T U S

v w

g gg g v q g

, g, g, ,

b, g, g. W

, g v g

w gw.T b

U S w

g .63 Eg

gz g g

IV. Key Ingredients For aU.S. Human Rights Institution60

Mandate

To address all human rights issues pertaining to all people within

the United States and subject to U.S. authority

Essential Powers and Functions

Conduct act-fnding and assessments, including through issuance

o subpoenas and document requests

Advise, report and make recommendations regardingimplementation

Promote education and awareness

Undertake and promote research

Monitor governmental agencies

Partner with subnational human rights structures and indigenous

governing bodies

Engage with civil society

Engage with regional and international human rights bodies

Undertake additional unctions necessary to achieve its mandate

Structural Elements

Adequate resources & autonomy

Transparent appointment and removal processes

Ability to assess human rights locally


28/94


20 THE RD T RIGHTS

v v , w

, g.64 A ,

b , b

ggg g

, v

per se b -

.65 T gg

g NHRI g

g , g.66

A b , -

, w b vg U.S. g

b b w U S

gg g (v

w U.S. g

b) NHRI g g U.N. -

g. F, w b bg w

g,67

w w U.S. -b b

S B, bw.

T vg v

b g , w

, g. F -

, g ,

gg . S B P -

w v g-

g w v b .

1. Explicit Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights Mandate

T S A H Rg C

w w w -

, g. I -

q b C, w

gz g jb.68

T I C -

g g b I C b-

I Cv Cv P Rg

(ICCPR) I Cv E,

S C Rg (ICESCR) b

.69 E, g

Dv P , g b .70

2. Mixed Mandate

T A C b

g,

bg g, A H Rg C-

A. T A g - gz ,

g ICCPR Cv Rg

C (CRC), b ICESCR.71 I , A-

H Rg C (AHRC) w g

w b

b , g, b, .

T w g C ,

bg A bg

g .72

Hwv, H Rg A

AHRC w g -

vb v g.73 T AHRC v g ,

g w w

v g. T H Rg

A Abg S I

S J C v g ICE-

SCR, g g, g

g .74

3. nti-Discrimination Mandate

Tg C ICESCR,

b g v --

, g w .75 T

Sw H Rg C w

- v-

v. I gv b Sw H Rg

C, w g

q b g b

v q

g g.76

B. Essential Functions and Powers

A g vg w w v

,

w

.77 Dwg v -


29/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 21

g A, C, I, M, S A

U Kg, v

w

v v g

U.S. . C w

U.S. v wg g

.

T S

w

vg.

1. Engaging in Fact-Finding and Assessing

Human Rights Situations Through

Investigations, Hearings and Inquiries

A v q v

g

v w g bg-, b

g w .78 B g -

g g v , b

vb w b b.

T w v-

g, b g v,

v q w gv g-

w v .79 C

b w vg w -

v, g-

g v g v. Sb

w vg, -v w vg

q q -

. I w

w bg w w b b.80

I 1950, U.S. Cv Rg C

b w j w g b

b v vg

g A A.81 , b b

.

b

vg, U S, b . T

b w g

b - .82

Practical Examples

Australia

T A H Rg C -

q b w A g .83

P w, AHRC -

q g g

Cv Rg

C w , , w

g .84

T q vv b g-

g q: b g, g w b-

, v, vw w

C w

q gv g .85 B

-g, C A g bg

w w v w

v. T w -

g v w w

w bg A w CRC.86

South Africa

T S A H Rg C (SAHRC)

b -g w. I vg b

v g v

, , b g q,

w w w g . A q, C w g

.87

A v, SAHRC w vv

w g v. Wg

j w C G Eq

NGO, g w v v.

A 10,000 . B

, SAHRC w b b

g g S A

gg q v

jb.88


30/94


22 THE RD T RIGHTS

2. Advising, Reporting and Making

Recommendations Regarding Human

Rights Implementation

A b g

gg w, - g g . Tg

b g -

v -

b gv w b.89

R j b g .

I, b w v

g v w v w

g b gv g

bg .90 A v

vg g g

g, g w g (

g) w g bz-g g

.91 T

g g. 92

A v g , U.S. g

vw w

v w g .

A U.S. g v g

w gg -

v g j.

I w g gv, -

w g,

z bg v .93 Wg z b vb,

b b b g g

g 94 g

b g .95

Practical Examples

United Kingdom

Eb b Eq A 2006, U Kg-

Eq H Rg C (EHRC)

g w g g q v

g b w.96 I g, C g w

g g w g.97

T EHRC w

q g w b

vg gv.98 T C q -

g

g q, vg , w

g .99

T C g -

g b B w

w g b

bg g

g. T C z g

2007-2008 C- B v g

v bg P,100 g w w

w b w E Cv H

Rg H Rg A.101 I ,

wv, b g,

C w q .102

India

I I, N H Rg C (NHRC)

z v b -

v, , g.103 C

v vwg g

v g

C g, w

b g. T

g b .104

O b g v-

g D, - b ( w

). D w , D q g,

bj wg

v .105 T NHRC

2002-2007 gg

gv g

g .106 I

g

D g107

.108

3. Promoting Human RightsEducation and Awareness

A v g

wg , , g. I

w b b vg


31/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 23

g g -

g w .109 I -

g

j, g g v,

vb b .110

T b g b w g

v g b,

g . H g vv -

g g g w

g , g b .

Pg g bg

w w. A g -

w w w w

w b gv v .

Practical Examples

IndiaT I C v

g w g

w g vb

g g b, ,

vb .111 T NHRC -

b w

v .

I j w N A Lg S-

R Uv, Hb, C

b Kw Y Rg S. T

w b g

g

vb z g.112 T C

w vg g .

I w M H R Dv-

, N C E R

g, N C E,

C v-

, g v v.113

Australia

T A H Rg C w b

g 114

b g , g g g

w g g g.

F , Abg S I S

J C,115 g , -

w-g w g b

bg w g-

g w.116

W g g , C v-

wb, w -

g gg A -

bg

g v g w g -

g .117 I

g ,

gz g.

I v, AHRC gED ,

w v .118

4. Undertaking and Promoting Human

Rights Research

I g -g w bbv, b -

g. A

b j

g, v g v-

v g g

. T w

gz

.

Practical Examples

United Kingdom

T U.K. C g z

g g

g v, g

g q ( b g, -

b, g, , g & b,

g ).119

T C w v

g 1998 H Rg A

j w b-

b w g g

g.120 I bv

g q , , b g -

g M .121 R

b C b ggg v-

gz.122


32/94


24 THE RD T RIGHTS

India

T I C b -

g g ,123 w

N Lw S I Uv v

g vw g g. A b

C, N C Av S

v -

, g , w

zg ggg v

v v g.124

5. Monitoring Governmental Agencies to

Ensure Compliance with Domestic Civil

Rights Laws and International Standards

I v g w g, b w -

w gv g

w g

.125 A g b, -

w gv

g g

. T S F

g g

g q g [gv]

. B W Rg , -

w g -

bg, v b

q. T

q bq -

b w .126 T

g b v

vw w g

v w gv .

b v, g

b g v b

g, g w g. T

v , g ,

g

g b NHRI.

Practical Examples

South Africa

A S A H Rg C

, g, C q C q -

g v

w z g g, ,

, w, , v.127

, C v

g , g, bg

g

g

.128 T v

SAHRC z g

w g gv gg b-

g, gg b -g w . I ,

g g

v gg SAHRC, g v

v .129

United Kingdom

T U.K. C -

g b . Nb, C

w q --

g b z g b

w g bg.130

A , C - C P , v,

b q .131 T C g

v v w w

- w132 w

b w.133

T C Eq

I A v w b

g w - , -

b v.134 T A

b

w q

g, q b q wg .135 Ag EHRC,

g w g b-

g v b -

g v q.136


33/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 25

6. Partnering With Subnational Human

Rights Structures and Indigenous

Governing Bodies137

b v, g

g g v . I, g -

vv

q b

bw , gv.138 W b-

, g b gvg b ,

b q g

v vb . L

g

b, vg g

gg g

vg g .139

I , U S, g q g

w gv.

Hwv, v q

g -

g g g. Eg -

g w-

q g .140 A b

g w

v g

g bg.141

Eg g b

I Cg C N I- P P H Rg

(ICC) 142

g w

b .143 W wg -

, v v-

g g .

I C, A M, ,

b g -

g g. T C A,

wv, vg . R-

gzg v , -

, U.N. O Hg C-

H Rg

NHRI

b w w b -

.144

Practical Examples

Canada

I C, U.S., w

w v v j.

145

Rg v, C H

Rg C ( CHRC) -

v v. E

v b g g-

, v vg , w

b .146 T CHRC

vg v v

b. A, g

.

T Sw H Rg C

v . I

v g q g, w b vgg , g q

g g v

g w.147 L j C C,

Sw C g q

vg .148

D , b

v v v b

. T b

g C A-

S H Rg Ag (CASHRA).

CASHRA

w, b , , v S C g w

.149

S b C

g, g b .150 Nb,

2009, N C

U.N. H Rg C g C

gv

v g

.151

T CHRC b w v -

, Sw Mb,

F N P. I 2010,

N Abg Iv, CHRC w w M-

b H Rg C v -

w , v

g g.152


34/94


26 THE RD T RIGHTS

Australia

L C, A -

q g -

. T

g w vg g vg , w g

. T -

- w

g,

g g.153

Tg g g ,

b b

j

g g g. F

b g g -

g.154 T A H Rg C

v v g ,155 w v

vg . A-

, AHRC g w v -

g w b b

g, g vb b.

T A C H Rg Ag,

, b g

v .156 A C b

g - g g.

O R R R-

b b N C, w

Nw Z H Rg C. I2010, Rb -

Cv E A F

R D (CERD) g -

g gv

w U.N. D Rg

Ig P (U.N. DRIP).157

T AHRC Abg S I S

J C

g g .158 T C-

b A

b b g

C.159

I , A C, g

C v j v

bg g. I 2009, A gv -

U.N. DRIP.160 Ug D

g, C v

N Ig Rv B

D.161 T C

q M Ig A

162 w -

,163 w gv .

T A gv v

N Cg A F P

bg .

7. Proactive Engagement With Civil Society

Cv gg g, b

v

w .164 A

v w v , w

. F, g , gz .165

S, b

b b b v

w w .166 Nv-

, b gzg g v gz,

b v w

g g .167

A g g vg w

b, - -

b v g -

U S. P

g U.S. , w g v v vg U.S.

, g- q v

g w v g

w v b.

v , b-

b v -

v , . 168

W g w

g b,

v , b v

b.169 I, NHRI v v

v v .170 gggg, v -

g v g

.171


35/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 27

Practical Examples

United Kingdom

T U.K. Eq A 2006

v w gg - q v .172 I ,

EHRC w b g -

,173 g v -

w . I g , EHRC

w gg

g , g C

P.174 T C w -

w g q,

b

v g.175 I g w,

EHRC b -

b.176

A q EHRC g-g -

.177 G-g gz-

wg b

g v

g g178 v

g . Ev bg v

g-g . T g-

g g C w

q .179

D g gg w v

, U.K. C g g-

g -gg v . Ag v- w v, w

EHRC . T w b

b g g -

C w q w

g q b w bg

. T b , B

b g Sb 11, 2001,

. A, v gg w v

g b C. S

g v w C

w bg v b v -

C b

g q w q g.180

Mexico

T M F D H Rg C

b w v b -

b. F, Cz C-

, v b g , w ww P C g

g g C-

w.181 T Cz C, b gv

b,182 w v b vg -

C g g

g w .

I, F D C w

w v v gv

g g , w

b .183 O b-

v b -

. T v - g g 140,000 g

.184

8. Authority to Strengthen Domestic

Human Rights Compliance by Engaging

With Regional and International Human

Rights Bodies

W g , bg

v w. T

vw g -

b w g w g g v, g

(RUD) b gv.185 T -

g g -

w.

T NHRI g

w bg g z

v. F , ,

O P Cv Ag

Cv Rg P w Db

(CRPD), gv NHRI g -

.186 A -

g. A b,

g

gv .187 I v

v b bg ,

g, b gv.188


36/94


28 THE RD T RIGHTS

T U.S. vw

w v

v vw g w g

. A U.S. g -

vw v

b , -g gg w v

. S v

vw b v .

Eggg w NHRI w

v v

g . T I Cg C-

b

g NHRI b gzg w -

g.189 T g g b,

A-P F NHRI, Cw S

F Ib Ob. Tg

b, NHRI g g.190

Practical Examples

United Kingdom

W U.K. Eq A v

gg gg

g , EHRC w

bgg

g w g

gg w .191 T EHRC

w bv v . O

j w O Db I

g CRPD w RUD.192

T C b P

gg g w gv gg gv-

- . D

C , U.K.

2009, w RUD.193 T U.K. C

w

vw , w U.N. H Rg

C Uv P Rvw (UPR) U.K.194

Australia

T A C gg

g w. T AHRC b

A-P F NHRI, g

g NHRI g. I

w , v

gv b w NGO

w .195 I 2009

ICESCR vw, AHRC v

v, g g H

Rg A ,

g N P A

v g w , w v-

, g q.196

T C b gg CERD

UPR vw . A g ,

C vw -

.197 I A UPR,

C w

g g w v , g

b.198

9. Flexibility to Achieve its Mandate

A j w b

g g, b

b

w g

.199 D g

q . T b

w -

b g . A -

b v

g v

w w -.200 A vg , -

v, w w g

, b w . Pvg

b.

I 2010, U.S. gv U.N.

UPR , vw g g

Uv D H Rg. T vw

v gv

v gg g

U.S. T U.S. b gg g

g g UPR, g -

. Tg , U.S.v g gg g

g , g -

j, g, ,

U.S. gv-


37/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 29

. v ,

g v b -

w

g vw UPR

g g.

Practical Examples

Australia

I A, C g w

g v b

w .201

India

T I C w

g.202

Canada

T C N C

gg - . I g

A v ,

w [ b ], b , b

g

[ w

H Rg A].203

C. Potential dditional Functionsand Powers

M w v v

w g vg, g

w b w

w g U.S. T

g

j g, b g g b-

gamicus curiae b. T wg S b

, -

vg v w v

b b . A ggbw, w g v

w U.S.

.

1. Complaint Handling

C b w

b , g vb.204 A -

g.205

C g v-g b

g .206 I

,

b b.207

M b

w U.S. g

. A v -

g w b vg

v w -

g b -

w .208 C b b

v w (.., b v v). Hw-

v, w. I -v

w , g

b g -

.209 I g, , bg

b b

vg .

Cvg vg

w

g . A ,

g , v

g -, g b , , -

b, g, g. T g

D J, D Hg

Ub Dv, Eq E O

C F E P

Ag. A C v v v

g w g .

I g w g

w g v g , g-

g ,

, . Sv

w . F, U.S. b

w w

j g g. S,

g v -

v j . F,


38/94


30 THE RD T RIGHTS

gg -

v g v b vw

gg g

q .

P

w g w -

, , , g

g .

Practical Examples

India

T I N H Rg C

g , v b 70,000

.210 T C gg

g v gg vg

v bg w

g v.211 W g q g v, NHRC w v .

S, NHRC w

, v q b .212 I

v b

g v.213

W NHRC g

b gv ,214

w -

.215 T b

NHRC j216 C

b vw b

.217

I C vg

v g ,

gv , g

v C.218 I , C-

q g

v b gg

g v.

W j vg 1994

v v ,219

NHRC - g. I

, , C gg g -

gv , jg

gv -

v. I v

gg v O w

b .220

Australia

T A C

b g -

, , g

w g, w gg b

g.221

C g H Rg A b

vg , , v g -

.222 I g

C g g

b , w -

A G, w b

P.223 T A G bg j-

gv C. I b

gg C -

b v . A I, C-

b.224

T A C b q, -

g bv, P IV.B.1, b

bg v g

. T w AHRC

g w

g w b g q b

b. Iq v gvz gv-

.225

2. Participating in Domestic Litigation

C

gg g .

Ag, w v vg

w b. C

j v g g, g

amicus b, g gg -

, g

/ vg g .226 T S-

g amicusw, w w vg

U.S. g .


39/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 31

a. Initiating Litigation to Ensure ComplianceWith Civil and Human Rights Laws

Cvg v

w bg g gv g

w g . Hwv, g w b -

b w U.S. g -

v w. P v

q ,

: W bg

w w? W g b

, ? I b g -

g g g ? W

z ? I

g w b

g ?

Practical Examples

United Kingdom

T U.K. Eq H Rg C -

g. I

gg b H Rg A, C

j vw v v gg g

A v wb.227 Hwv, w

q w , C

w v g , g

v, .228

W v q g H Rg A , EHRC b.229

J vw g v

C w b b , b ,

v w, g H Rg A,

v vb.230 T Hg C -

g j w

, qg

j.231 Nb, C

g w . T b -

w b v v, wg

C v,

w v vw.T U.K. C b g

w U.K. q w w

.232 A , EHRC j

vw g U.K. Hg C, gg

gv EU v q

.233 T j EHRC v

q w, g.

India

T I C w-gg -

w , q, g C

, g -

.234 T C bg bv g-

. I , v , g

C g.235 I

w, C b b b

j I C.236

T NHRC v w-g

bj. T C

b g g

g w w z. TNHRC w C w

q v gv g.

T Hg C b

g g, g g

b.237

T C .

O w w v w

gg v bg v-

Gj. I Best Bakery Case, C

v - S C. T

NHRC g g , (q

C Cv Cv PRg), b g j g

w v .238

b. FilingAmicus Curiae Briefs at theFederal Level

A b gg U.S. -

v amicus b, g

w w . A

g b , b bg

amicus curiae b,

w g , -v g .239

M v g

amicus w. K


40/94


32 THE RD T RIGHTS

, v bj ,

v

g v .240 A,

v w g gz

vv w -

w . I , v

v

v v w w .

U.S. , b U.S. S

C, v g

g v , v gg

w v v -

. A J B ,

C w v

[] .241 A g -

w w b w- b b -

g w .

W v gg

amicus , vg

wb w, ggg b

w w w w b -

U.S. . F

w -gv .

Practical Examples

South Africa

T S A H Rg C v

.242 I w-w Grootboom

, g v g,

g q g, SAHRC C-

Lw C v. T g gv

bg g ,

g w.243 M , C

v g w

g

.244 T SAHRC w w-

v b g

g w

w g g .245 I , C j

v w b w.

Australia

T A H Rg C F

Mg C amicus curiaew C

b v , bj

246

v b w .247

T A C ,

Minister o State or Immigration and Ethnic Aairs v. eoh,

gg g w -

v vg amici. T eoh

C q gg

A C Rg C-

v (CRC).248 I , M. , -z w

v z w .

T C g -

gg vv

CRC b . T A Hg C g. T w

A g -

v v -g.249

D. Structural Characteristics toPromote Independence andEffectiveness

T w, g

g w -g g g. A

b , wv,

. S v w g

g q v NHRI b -

.250

C g

g v -

U.S. g b: q g,

v , b

g v. A g

g 251

g b b

bg - (b v b

w) b -

v v. T R


41/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 33

g b, -

g g w v -

.252 T S -

gz g

v.

1. Adequate Resources and Autonomy

P -

q g, g.253 M g

g b q

g bj w gv -

.254 T, v vg w -

, v w , b

v. W ,

b , b

b .255

I , gvb v -

g q, g ,

, vg. Aq g

b b zg g-

g .256 W

g, b, w

b b vb g- g ,

g b.257

2. Transparent Appointment and

Removal Processes

A w v . 258 F

v

gv v-g z

b g bg g

.259 A gg NHRI,

, b

v b.260 S

NHRI v b -

b gv b (

qv g v ), w v

b vv .262 S

gg b v b v.262

Dg vg, g g

U.S. g -

w b g

g v S. Av-

bv b vg w

g g g v v-g

U.S. . A b vg w

b v -

. Lw, v

b g v

g v g -

b . A , P-

USCCR Cg

. T b vg.

P w v -

g , -

g g

. I, gg -

g b g

g .263

F, gg -

g gb gvg g

v

w v g . Sg bjv

vb w v q

b.264 A ,

b, v . T

, g, g, g, , g,

b v w

v g v b-

g.265 Mb v v ,

wg g.266 T v

, w v

w.267

3. Ability to Assess Human Rights Locally

P w gg

b v, v

w g bg g.

Dg Gb Eg, v v-

w v

g : g g ,

g w g wg wv . T w, b S

B.6 B.7, bv, v vb-

w . P V.B,

bw, b w


42/94


34 THE RD T RIGHTS

U.S. w

, w g gvg b

g gv U.S. q

.

W vg,

NHRI b b v-

b v. A ,

v w

g g , b

b b g

v.268 A vb w

g , b , w

b v gg.269 C

q, w g ,

v v . T -

g , w , v v-

g z, w .270


43/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 35

Cvg w g

U.S. b g

,

P IV.A, IV.B IV.D, v.

Ng b U.S. g-

g, b

w b -

g b v. T -

P g w

v U.S.

, ggg :

T gg g g U.S. C Cv

Rg Cv H Rg C;

R w U.S. g

;

T v b b, - ;

R g w

U.S.

g ;

T b-b -

g

vg w

. Strengthening and Transformingthe U.S. Civil Rights Commissionas an Initial Step to Establishing aU.S. Human Rights Institution

Dg vg,

w bg U.S. H Rg

I: g g U.S. Cv Rg C-

Cv H Rg C

bg w w g . U-

, v gg g g

USCCR, b b b-

w g b

b v.

USCCR w z b

v . W -g Cv Rg C w b ,

w b g.

F , C

w v b -

g g . A ,

USCCR b g , -

gv g gv

g b v g w.

Tg gg g Cv Rg C

, g gg w

b , g

g g .P w g,

g g w. E

w -

b v g, v

. I ,

USCCR b

b vgg vb .

A, v w -g -

bv w b b b

w w b -g w

USCCR. Hwv, b vzg g

g C, w, g bw, b . J

Cg w g b w w

, g g w

w g g

b. F, bg w

g g g gv

g g b.

Wg w g

wb. I

w USCCR. A,

w g w (w ,

) v wg b

,

, b . T, -

w q

. W ,

V. Next Steps & Challenges


44/94


36 THE RD T RIGHTS

C b w

USCCR.271

Wgg ,

g b g g -

g b wg . A , A b

vg vw v U.S. gg

w

g g. Hwv, gwg -

b b w g

. A, v

g vg b ggg

v g, w w

U.S., g .

B. Ensuring Local Presence andImpact

Dg vg, w

U.S. g

g A ,

g bw ,

, g.

U.S. q

g .272 W g g

j, U S -

g gv b

g w -

.273 I w b

gv v g gv

b g bg

b bg g -

.274 Nv,

gv w q

gv gg v.275 T

, wv, g -

v g -

v gv-

g . I,

gv gv U.S.

g g vv , g, g.276 S

v gv

g, g -

g v.277 B ,

, b-

g g.

T U S q w g-

b gvg b, w. T

v 550 v gv w w w ,

-g b b .

M gv v

-g g , g

Nvj N b .278 Nv, v

gv v q , vg

g g S

L H Rg Ag, g v

vg . L S L H Rg

Ag, v gv

w .279

U.S. , g

bg- g v gv

. Cv gg

b w U.S. g -

-

g, g g v-

v, , v

g . I w g g

U.S. , , b g w -

g , g ,

g g v g

, g, g .280

I v vg w , g g v

g . B

w g , U.S.

g b z

-g

g .281

C. Establishing Broad Based SupportW j vg

v g , v-

, bv b, b g

b q b . T

w b g -

b vb w-g


45/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 37

g v

z g g. U.S. v

w

wg gg g

v g , w

g g .

B-b g

v .

Dg vg, gg -

gg, v vw

g b w b .

Cv -

w. Sv b

v : w b , g-

w g, g

w, , w w

gv - g g b. W

w bw

w , g

g w v. R

g

, ggg b

- v .282 Cv g

, NHRI -

w b

gg v.283

D. Carrying ut dditional Researchg, vg -

b v g b -

U S. F, v q-

b w

. P g

v w w g

g w b z b w. T

vg g g g-

z , g wg q:284

What, i Any, is the Appropriate Scope o a NewInstitutions Complaint Function? W / vg

g g w j v

v g? (S A C

v g w g g)

F g w g , w

bj v? W g?

W vg

g?

Should a National Institution Have Authority to SueOther Agencies or Failure to Comply With LegalObligations? W v bg

w w? W w

v? W g?

C g z w bg

g g? W ?

A w

g g?

W w gg

g ?

Is the Power to Intervene in Litigation TroughAmicus CuriaeBries Recommended?

W w U.S.

? W b? P

wb?

Hw w

gv g

b ?

E. Need for a Campaign toUndertake dditional Tasks

T j b b,

g vg, b , v -

g b b

v. Av g v

g g

v, --

. A bv, b w

g b, b,

v b vb

v.

B gg g-

, bg, wq . T

S v , b -

w g

v v w.


46/94


38 THE RD T RIGHTS

Education. P v z w v

b b

b U.S. g .

E g v g v

wg g v

gz, w -. g

, v gb

v g

w g v. T

v g w

g w b g v g

v.

T w

b g b g

. Tg v gg

, g gg w v g b .

Outreach. P z v v q -g

g g bg b g

b q .

P b wg

g vg

g - g -

b : b v, g g,

b , -v g v

wg LGB , b g, g, g -z w -

v b g A A

L .

A g g

v g

g , -

g b- b

.

Capacity Building. M g w g, b ,

g- g. g, w g

g- g b

gz g

gg .

v , v

w g g -

. T g

bg g b

w v gw w v-

g ggg .

T w b

b v bz g- .

W , g w

w g g

v

g b .

Developing a Communications Strategy. I g-, -g g v

g b vw

g w b

. Ev q

gg b b

. C

z g

v v gg (

) g w

. T g

, w

w g b g

-.

Legislative Advocacy. T vg gg v g b g

w - g

.285 A g g

gg Cg v

w g w g v

g . Av

gz w

gvz .

Cultivating Resources. E bv q , g

. T, v v w,

g g vgvb v ,

gg

S.


47/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 39

T g v U S gw-

g. S g v g b

. O

g -

g g w

U S bj U.S. .

B - vg, R

v g U.S. g -

, wg g -

A, C, I, M, S A

U Kg, g q

U.S. . T ,

v b -v, g b.

W ,

b g g g w

b g g

vg g, q

. I v g

gwg w

w g, , w

v .

A gg g R, bg

b -

g. I q bg b g g w U S, g g

v g

bg gz

gg g. Hwv,

b zg g, v w g

b v g v

g g.

VI. Conclusion


48/94


40 THE RD T RIGHTS

Domestic Proposals for a

Human Rights Monitoring Body

1. Transforming the U.S. Commission on

Civil Rights

w g -

g U.S. Cv Rg C T L C-

Cv H Rg (w USCCR

) H Rg H (HRAH) C-

g (w USCCR Sb). T USCCR

USCCR Sb g

g v g-

v USCCR Cv and Human Rg C.286 T

v j v w v

USCCR.287

S w w vz -

b g USCCR, w

g 288 g

v g gg 50, 60 70. A ,

USCCR w b, b-, -g g

b g , v w-

v b w

v v g w b g

g w . I , , w b w g w

b . B -

g vg, C -

P Cg, b

v g g v g

, g v g -

-.

W Cv Rg C ,

gwg j

USCCR b. I

C g v v

g b. I z , w v g -

,

g, , , v v

g / v g-g -

v g. T

C g q v g . 289

Eg USCCR g

w v w, b w g C-

w, w wg b w

gv g . A

w v C

b gg w 21 -

g g

. T , , gv

H K

; w

USCCR b b b. U gw w w C q

, g, g,

b, g, , g , -

g, w wg v g -

g g . A

b w bg U.S. -

w g g .

I b v,

. T L C-

Cv H Rg HRAH v

g USCCR

b vg .T

b, v g

USCCR. S () b b j-

USCCR S (b)

g v

g .

a. The History of the USCCR

Sv v v v

USCCR. T S w v

v C

2009 b T L C Cv H Rg, Restoring the Conscience o a Nation: A

Report on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights w

Te Rise and Fall o the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights,

b 1987 Hv Lw S J.290

ppendix


49/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 41

T USCCR w b 1957 b v

v g w 20 , w g

vg v g -

v g.291 T Ew A -

C

, w U.S. w g -

A A. I w

v w g v

g, vg g, g Cv Rg A

1964 Vg Rg A 1965. T C

v g g -

v v g, w g

A A. Nb, C

g b q b

w.292 I w g q

gv v v .

Ov , USCCR w -z b Cg, b

v g v

g g.293 I g -

b , g, g, g,

g b.294

T C , b

w g b w.

w vgg v g v, -

g v g g,

b S Av C

(SAC) v g. I

, SAC z v , gv v g-

g USCCR -

g.295

Hwv, C v -

g b . Bgg 1980,

v v

C b v

. Ov , W H Cg

v USCCR w

w g v

C g.296 Hwv, v

Cg W H v , g gg

b , vw -

g w C.297

A C w z g

1980 90,298 w g USCCR w

gg g wg v g. T C-

v vg

g . Hwv, , gv-

v gg g-

g .

A wg v

v g .299 T C

g v q g

300 b v g

v b b

b g , g g

301 g -

b SAC (w b

w v g ),302 g

.303

T C g b b , -

g -g g vv b ,

C w- bg

vg. A USCCR w,

SAC b v

b ,

v .

W v g b ,

g USCCR -q . T C-

b g b b

v g , H K

- , j w . I , j-

C

v g bjb, g -

g Mw S J B, J. H C

Pv A304 g ABA v

gg g w b

v, vg g g

v .305

, C -

g v g, b b -

b.306 T C , ,

bg v b . T C b b

b 21 C j.

A, g

gv g z.


50/94


42 THE RD T RIGHTS

b. Recommendations of the LeadershipConference USCCR Taskforce and theHuRAH Campaign

A b

C v g z q C

v g v

g . T , g , -

g g. T v

b b

g USCCR, g g -

w , w g b

b b q g

. T g v

v g g U.S. w

g . T - bw vw

USCCR T L C Cv

H Rg HRAH Cg. T -

g C ,

b -

v . T

b

2009 R b L C.307

F, C b g U.S.

C Cv H Rg. I

, b b

g w b - g .308 S, -

v-z C,

g b v.

T g b b

( v) v . I -

-g w

q b bj S

b vg .309 R

v v v

g .

A g

C , bg

g vg v

g , w v g -

v g. v g,

g b

gv v

w v

g, g g g g.310 R-

g b

g 10, w v

, w gvg C b,

w g , -

.

T w g v

g w g v

g b v. A

, v w b w

-g

g v g

g . A C w

b b gv

v v wg g v g .

2. Ensuring Federal Coordination of State and

Local Efforts to Use Human Rights

Cb Lw S H Rg I, -

w HRAH Cg I

A H Rg Ag (IAOHRA), v-

, ,

g g w. T S

w v .311

a. State and Local Human Rights Agencies

Ag g

g (S L H Rg Ag) g b -

v vg , -

vg g

g v , g g --

w ggg -

g v . Egg

g g g

q

.

M S L H Rg Ag w b-

1940 1950 v g . O w

v g v

.312 M Ag g-

z - , , IAOHRA.313


51/94


THE RD T RIGHTS 43

S L H Rg Ag v g

, gv w v

, g

g. I 2010, v IAOHRA b

g w w

Ag b.

F v , Ag,

w HRAH Cg, v v

gv -

g. T v b

b

g g

g I-Ag Wg

G H Rg w -

g g , w w

.

T wg S b w S LH Rg Ag g g

w bgg

U.S. w g . I

b g w

w gv

, g ,

, g .

b. Ongoing State and Local Agency Efforts toImplement Human Rights

H g vv

. H g v w 314

g b gv

b w , w,

g. T g

gv g w w

w .

U.S. v gv

g . W g

g , gv wg

b g bg w b b

gv j-

v .315 D gv gzg, g,

g, v j g

g g.

A b bw, b

g w gg

w g g.

Sv v g

w. S F -

W Rg Cv. T

q C w -

, b g

g v g

. I 2009, Cg

v -

w Cv Rg

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44 THE RD T RIGHTS

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Documents

The Road to Rights The Road to Rights: Establishing a Domestic Human Rights Institution in the United States (Post Conference Report May 2012)