PeoplePeople Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La
Salle Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur deIberville
Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur dBienville Winthrop Sargent David
Holmes Hernando de Soto Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle
Henry de Tonti Pierre le Moyne Sieur deIberville Jean-Baptiste Le
Moyne Sieur dBienville Winthrop Sargent David Holmes
Slide 4
PlacesPlaces Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort Rosalie Natchez
District Natchez Trace Washington Rosedale Fort Maurepas Fort
Rosalie Natchez District Natchez Trace Washington
Slide 5
Early Mississippians Native Americans reached this part of
North America tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild
animals, foraged for food, and raised crops What does the fact that
they farmed tell you? The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were
descendants of those early Native Americans. These were the largest
tribes in the Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began
to arrive. Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian
tribe names. Native Americans reached this part of North America
tens of thousands of years ago. They hunted wild animals, foraged
for food, and raised crops What does the fact that they farmed tell
you? The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were descendants of those
early Native Americans. These were the largest tribes in the
Mississippi region when Europeans and Africans began to arrive.
Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from Indian tribe
names.
Slide 6
First Europeans The Spanish and the French were the first to
explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi
River but died while searching for treasure. The French travelled
the river trading furs and proselytizing. The Spanish and the
French were the first to explore Mississippi. Hernando de Soto
discovered the Mississippi River but died while searching for
treasure. The French travelled the river trading furs and
proselytizing.
Slide 7
SettlementSettlement The French settled Natchez, beside the
Mississippi River. Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared
this region with the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms
Territory to encourage the orderly settlement of this part of the
frontier The French settled Natchez, beside the Mississippi River.
Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared this region with
the Choctaw. In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to encourage
the orderly settlement of this part of the frontier
Slide 8
Early Native Americans How did they get here? See Handout How
did they get here? See Handout
Slide 9
History of early Native Americans is divided into four
periods
Slide 10
Paleo Period Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago
Siberian land bridge vs French fishermen Archeologists have found
few traces of Paleo Indians in Mississippi Ice Age Period ended
around 12,000 years ago Siberian land bridge vs French fishermen
Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo Indians in
Mississippi
Slide 11
Archaic Period The climate became warmer and drier Large
animals died out Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted,
fished and gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone
tools The climate became warmer and drier Large animals died out
Native Americans became less nomadic They hunted, fished and
gathered nuts and berries No writing system Used stone tools
Slide 12
Woodland Period Developed highly organized societies in the
Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial mounds over tombs
sometimes shaping them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders)
Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools suggesting a
wide-ranging trade system Villages became larger and politically
linked. Began using bow and arrow Developed highly organized
societies in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys Built burial
mounds over tombs sometimes shaping them like birds and animals
(Moundbuilders) Learned how to farm and used copper and stone tools
suggesting a wide-ranging trade system Villages became larger and
politically linked. Began using bow and arrow
Slide 13
Mississippian Period
Slide 14
Continued moundbuilding tradition however, instead of burial
mounds, they built religious buildings and the homes of the chiefs
on top of their flat, rectangular mounds Existed between the 8th
and 17th centuries Found all throughout the southeastern U.S. The
second largest mound is located in Natchez Many others are spread
across the state In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in
stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple
where elders bones were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden
fences. Grew corn, squash, beans Continued moundbuilding tradition
however, instead of burial mounds, they built religious buildings
and the homes of the chiefs on top of their flat, rectangular
mounds Existed between the 8th and 17th centuries Found all
throughout the southeastern U.S. The second largest mound is
located in Natchez Many others are spread across the state In some
cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in stages and some were
multiple mounds. One was the base for a temple where elders bones
were buried Built villages surrounded by wooden fences. Grew corn,
squash, beans
Slide 15
MounbuildersMounbuilders
Slide 16
Native American Societies Most were very small societies
(Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the
Chickasaw, Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American
languages were similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the
Biloxi Most southeastern Native American tribes shared similar
religious beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent
representatives to the tribal councils. A strict chain of command
was established and regulated issues like seating at councils,
titles, and even tattoos Most were very small societies (Choula,
Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi) The largest were the Chickasaw,
Choctaw and Natchez All Mississippi Native American languages were
similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the Biloxi Most
southeastern Native American tribes shared similar religious
beliefs. Each village governed itself and sent representatives to
the tribal councils. A strict chain of command was established and
regulated issues like seating at councils, titles, and even
tattoos
Slide 17
Native American Societies (cont) The Choctaw (18th Century) had
a main chief and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu
(War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village
resided several clans (Groups of related families) These clans
punished crimes and protected members of the clan If necessary, it
sought revenge for the murder of other clansmen. The clan approved
marriages which ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones
own clan is called Exogamy) When a couple married they lived close
to the wifes family. The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief
and six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu (War Chief) and
the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson) Within each village resided several
clans (Groups of related families) These clans punished crimes and
protected members of the clan If necessary, it sought revenge for
the murder of other clansmen. The clan approved marriages which
ALWAYS crossed clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is
called Exogamy) When a couple married they lived close to the wifes
family.
Slide 18
Native American Society (cont) Any children were considered of
the wifes clan. In this society the closest MALE relative of a
child was considered to be the mothers brother; NOT his own father.
Men held the important political and religious positions in the
society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and
the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and
streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most
of the farming, although the men cleared the land. Crops included:
Maize, Pumpkin, Beans, and Peas. Any children were considered of
the wifes clan. In this society the closest MALE relative of a
child was considered to be the mothers brother; NOT his own father.
Men held the important political and religious positions in the
society Occasionally, a man had more than one wife (Polygamy) and
the two wives were usually sisters. They built close to rivers and
streams because it was easier to farm and irrigate. Women did most
of the farming, although the men cleared the land. Crops included:
Maize, Pumpkin, Beans, and Peas.
Slide 19
Native American Society (cont) Women made pottery, gathered
food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides Men constructed buildings,
hunted deer and bear, and fought other tribes. Religion centered on
the sun and sacred fires which represented the sun on Earth. They
believed in spirits and gods associated with nature and animals.
Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed, fished, and tanned hides
Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear, and fought other
tribes. Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires which
represented the sun on Earth. They believed in spirits and gods
associated with nature and animals.
Slide 20
Native American Wide World of Sports Their sport was stickball.
It was associated with religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and
accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual sacrifice (Maya and
Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages. The object
was to throw or carry a ball between two goal posts. (Remind you of
anything? The ball could only be touched by rackets. Virtually the
only rule was that each team had to have the same number of
players. They also played Chunky with a round stone. Their sport
was stickball. It was associated with religion also. It was called
Ishtohbohl and accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual
sacrifice (Maya and Aztec) Ishtohbohl was always a contest between
villages. The object was to throw or carry a ball between two goal
posts. (Remind you of anything? The ball could only be touched by
rackets. Virtually the only rule was that each team had to have the
same number of players. They also played Chunky with a round
stone.
Slide 21
Native American Rulers The Natchez lived between Warren and
Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the Great Sun. Had both
political and religious authority. He rode around in a litter and
had multiple wives. When he died, some of his wives and other
members of the tribe were killed and buried with him. This
unquestioned authority of the Great Sun made a deep impression on
the French explorers who arrived in the New World. The Natchez
lived between Warren and Wilkinson. Their ruler was known as the
Great Sun. Had both political and religious authority. He rode
around in a litter and had multiple wives. When he died, some of
his wives and other members of the tribe were killed and buried
with him. This unquestioned authority of the Great Sun made a deep
impression on the French explorers who arrived in the New
World.
Slide 22
European Explorers
Slide 23
Periods of European Expansion Four periods of European,
overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Fifteenth through
seventeenth centuries Colonial trade rivalry England, Spain, France
Seventeenth through early nineteenth century New empires in Africa
and Asia Nineteenth century Decolonization mid-twentieth century
Four periods of European, overseas expansion Initial period of
expansion Fifteenth through seventeenth centuries Colonial trade
rivalry England, Spain, France Seventeenth through early nineteenth
century New empires in Africa and Asia Nineteenth century
Decolonization mid-twentieth century
Slide 24
European Explorers Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue
in 1492 and sparked the European exploration of the Americas.
Explorers were followed by Settlers. This story is full of
excitement, adventure, and triumph, As Well As, despair,
disappointment, defeat, catastrophe, and death. Christopher
Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and sparked the European
exploration of the Americas. Explorers were followed by Settlers.
This story is full of excitement, adventure, and triumph, As Well
As, despair, disappointment, defeat, catastrophe, and death.
Slide 25
Slide 26
Spanish Explorers The Spanish were the first to visit
Mississippi between 1539-1542. Hernando de Soto explored the
southeastern part of North America He was after Gold and Silver The
Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi between 1539-1542.
Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part of North America He
was after Gold and Silver
Slide 27
Hernando de Soto Expeditions included six hundred soldiers,
many on horseback. They brought hogs with them as a source for
food. The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to North America
He landed near Tampa, Fl He explored as far North as North Carolina
He then turned West and South He held Indian Chiefs hostage to
secure labor, supplies and information In 1540 near Mobile he was
attacked but the natives did not know how to fight cavalry and they
were defeated He then led his forces into Mississippi. Expeditions
included six hundred soldiers, many on horseback. They brought hogs
with them as a source for food. The Spanish introduced both hogs
and horses to North America He landed near Tampa, Fl He explored as
far North as North Carolina He then turned West and South He held
Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor, supplies and information In
1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the natives did not know how
to fight cavalry and they were defeated He then led his forces into
Mississippi.
Slide 28
Hernando de Soto In 1541, another attack by Native Americans
forced the expedition further west. In May, the weary soldiers
reached the Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it. The
exact site has not been determined. Possibly Memphis He died in
1542. His men buried him and then tried to walk to Mexico. That
turned out to be too difficult so they returned to the Mississippi
River and built boats again. They were often pursued by Native
Americans and many died The survivors reached the Gulf of Mexico
and sailed along the coast to Mexico. Less than half survived the
expedition. In 1541, another attack by Native Americans forced the
expedition further west. In May, the weary soldiers reached the
Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it. The exact site has
not been determined. Possibly Memphis He died in 1542. His men
buried him and then tried to walk to Mexico. That turned out to be
too difficult so they returned to the Mississippi River and built
boats again. They were often pursued by Native Americans and many
died The survivors reached the Gulf of Mexico and sailed along the
coast to Mexico. Less than half survived the expedition.
Slide 29
Effects of de Soto The Spanish did not return. They found no
Gold They were constantly harassed by the natives The most profound
effect was unexpected...Disease spread to Native Americans for
which they had NO immunity. The extensive trade routes spread the
diseases quickly. The population of the Native Americans
dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It is estimated
that the population of Native Americans decreased by 50% in the
century and a half after Columbus landed. The Spanish did not
return. They found no Gold They were constantly harassed by the
natives The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease spread to
Native Americans for which they had NO immunity. The extensive
trade routes spread the diseases quickly. The population of the
Native Americans dramatically decreased because of the diseases. It
is estimated that the population of Native Americans decreased by
50% in the century and a half after Columbus landed.
Slide 30
The Columbian Exchange Massive movement and interaction of
biological organisms after Columbus People, plants, animals,
diseases Between Europe, Americas, Africa Shapes world up to
present Massive movement and interaction of biological organisms
after Columbus People, plants, animals, diseases Between Europe,
Americas, Africa Shapes world up to present
Slide 31
Slide 32
French Explorers The French were next to explore Mississippi
They settled in Quebec in 1608. They utilized the rivers and lakes
to explore Searched for a water route to the Pacific Were most
interested in fur trading and proselytizing. The French were next
to explore Mississippi They settled in Quebec in 1608. They
utilized the rivers and lakes to explore Searched for a water route
to the Pacific Were most interested in fur trading and
proselytizing.
Slide 33
Louis Jolliet and Jaques Marquette In 1673, sailed down the
Mississippi River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing
that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific They turned
around once they realized this In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi
River. Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing that the Ms.
River flowed to the Gulf NOT the Pacific They turned around once
they realized this
Slide 34
Rene Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and Henry de Tonti In 1682,
they came down the Ms. River and claimed the region for France They
befriended the Natchez Indians near Vicksburg La Salle returned to
the region and tried to establish a settlement at the mouth of the
Ms. River He died trying In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and
claimed the region for France They befriended the Natchez Indians
near Vicksburg La Salle returned to the region and tried to
establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms. River He died
trying
Slide 35
TontiTonti Made several trips up and down the Ms. River looking
for La Salle, even leaving a letter for him with the Native
Americans at the mouth of the Ms. River
Slide 36
SettlementSettlement Spain, England and France established
colonial Settlements in Eastern North America. Spanish were in
Florida English were along the East Coast from New Hampshire to
Georgia French were in Canada These Countries competed for colonies
and fought wars for control of the world Spain, England and France
established colonial Settlements in Eastern North America. Spanish
were in Florida English were along the East Coast from New
Hampshire to Georgia French were in Canada These Countries competed
for colonies and fought wars for control of the world
Slide 37
European Wars These wars had three major consequences: 1. The
territory of each country changed 2. The colonists in America
sought allies among the Native Americans and different tribes
supported different countries 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the
French, then by the English and finally by the Spanish. The United
States did not gain control of Mississippi until 1798. These wars
had three major consequences: 1. The territory of each country
changed 2. The colonists in America sought allies among the Native
Americans and different tribes supported different countries 3.
Mississippi was ruled first by the French, then by the English and
finally by the Spanish. The United States did not gain control of
Mississippi until 1798.
Slide 38
French Settlement From their base in Quebec, the French tried
to control the interior of North America Wanted to dominate the fur
trade Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast In order to
do that, they had to control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys From
their base in Quebec, the French tried to control the interior of
North America Wanted to dominate the fur trade Wanted to confine
the English to the East Coast In order to do that, they had to
control the Ohio and Ms. River valleys
Slide 39
Sieur dIberville In 1699, the French sent dIberville of Canada
to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony. Finding the Spanish
firmly established in Pensacola, he continued west, looking for a
good site. He reached Ship Island and then landed on the mainland
on February 13, 1699. By March he located the mouth of the
Mississippi River He travelled up river past Baton Rouge and met
with the tribe Tonti left the La Salle letter with 15 years
earlier. He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort Maurepas
on the present site of Ocean Springs. This was the first European
settlement in Mississippi. He left 80 men, his brother
Jean-Baptiste le Moyne and Sieur dBienville. In 1699, the French
sent dIberville of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to establish a
colony. Finding the Spanish firmly established in Pensacola, he
continued west, looking for a good site. He reached Ship Island and
then landed on the mainland on February 13, 1699. By March he
located the mouth of the Mississippi River He travelled up river
past Baton Rouge and met with the tribe Tonti left the La Salle
letter with 15 years earlier. He sailed back to Ship Island and
then built Fort Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs. This
was the first European settlement in Mississippi. He left 80 men,
his brother Jean-Baptiste le Moyne and Sieur dBienville.
Slide 40
LouisianaLouisiana Iberville made several more trips to the
Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips he
established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor
water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to the
interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and defended
the settlements while Iberville was away and established the
settlement of New Orleans in 1718. Iberville made several more
trips to the Gulf Coast before dying in 1706 On one of those trips
he established Mobile. He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its
poor water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and no access to
the interior. Basically....It Sucked! Bienville governed and
defended the settlements while Iberville was away and established
the settlement of New Orleans in 1718.
Slide 41
French Incursions French Canadians traveled up and down the Ms
River and many were attacked along the way Bienville sailed
up-river and took several chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had
been captured and put to death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at
the present site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo
River joined the Ms. River at present-day Vicksburg A small
community developed around Fort Rosalie and prospered until 1729.
French Canadians traveled up and down the Ms River and many were
attacked along the way Bienville sailed up-river and took several
chiefs hostage until the perpetrators had been captured and put to
death. He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present site of
Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the Yazoo River joined the Ms.
River at present-day Vicksburg A small community developed around
Fort Rosalie and prospered until 1729.
Slide 42
The Massacre at Fort Rosalie The local governor demanded that
the Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked
the fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black
slaves The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw,
destroying the Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived
fled north to the Chickasaw. The local governor demanded that the
Natchez surrender a nearby village. In response, they attacked the
fort, killed two hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves
The French retaliated with the help of the Choctaw, destroying the
Natchez as a separate tribe. Those that survived fled north to the
Chickasaw.
Slide 43
Native Americans and Europeans The relationship between Native
Americans and Europeans is a complex subject. Native Americans were
NOT united among themselves and often at war with one another. The
relationship between Native Americans and Europeans is a complex
subject. Native Americans were NOT united among themselves and
often at war with one another.
Slide 44
Understanding Indian Politics Meanwhile the French and British
were almost always at war with one another. In America each side
bought allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The
Choctaw sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek
sided with the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured
them and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The
Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French
help, but were defeated. Meanwhile the French and British were
almost always at war with one another. In America each side bought
allies with trade goods, especially guns and gunpowder. The Choctaw
sided with the French The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with
the British The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them and
took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as slaves. The Choctaw, in
turn, attacked the Chickasaw near Tupelo with French help, but were
defeated.
Slide 45
Mid 18th Century War again broke out between France and Great
Britain However, this time, the war started in America Known as the
French and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would
control the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting
took place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil
war between supporters of the French and those of the British The
French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war
France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of
Paris, 1763. War again broke out between France and Great Britain
However, this time, the war started in America Known as the French
and Indian War here (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control
the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Most of the fighting took
place north of Mississippi Although the Choctaw fought a civil war
between supporters of the French and those of the British The
French supporters of the Choctaw won France lost the greater war
France gave up all territory east of the Ms River at the Treaty of
Paris, 1763.
Slide 46
DefinitionDefinition Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or
more nations. Treaty: A Formal agreement between two or more
nations.
Slide 47
British Mississippi The British influenced Mississippi before
1763 British traders from Charleston had travelled among the
Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred
the French After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the
province of West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion
of the British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of
Georgia claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West
Florida and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land
grants. The British influenced Mississippi before 1763 British
traders from Charleston had travelled among the Choctaw and
Chickasaw for decades, although the Choctaw preferred the French
After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of the province of
West Florida It was an unimportant and remote portion of the
British Empire The Capital was Pensacola The colony of Georgia
claimed the region Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida
and the Natchez area Veterans of the war received land grants.
Slide 48
British Mississippi By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up
residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great
Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared
independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez
district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and
seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to
New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured
Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the
Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude
although Spain held on to Natchez By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken
up residence in the Natchez district Relations soured between Great
Britain and her colonies July 4, 1776 the colonists declared
independence from Britain Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez
district James Willing travelled down the Mississippi River and
seized territory in the Natchez district and then continued on to
New Orleans. Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured
Natchez in September 1779 In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the
Revolutionary War placing the border at 31 degrees north latitude
although Spain held on to Natchez
Slide 49
Spanish Mississippi The district prospered under Spanish rule
The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people)
The Spanish Governor encouraged American immigration to the
district and even gave generous land grants and was tolerant of
Protestant religions Originally, the land was wooded but once
cleared it was quite fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but
COTTON became the best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3
million pounds (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that
year) The district prospered under Spanish rule The population
tripled between 1785-1798 (2000 people-6,900 people) The Spanish
Governor encouraged American immigration to the district and even
gave generous land grants and was tolerant of Protestant religions
Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared it was quite
fertile Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON became the
best cash crop In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds
(1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that year)
Slide 50
Spanish Mississippi Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding
people and animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle
drives of Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled
the district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was
known as the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge
problem: Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So
it became important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans
for export Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people and
animals. Hogs and cattle were also raised The cattle drives of
Texas had their origins in Mississippi Spain controlled the
district but the U.S. claimed it as its own This issue was known as
the Right of Deposit Getting goods to market was a huge problem:
Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was slow So it became
important to send goods down the rivers to New Orleans for
export
Slide 51
Pinckneys Treaty Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo
Granted the right of Americans to deposit their goods in New
Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez district The
U.S. took control over the region in 1798. Also known as the Treaty
of San Lorenzo Granted the right of Americans to deposit their
goods in New Orleans Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez
district The U.S. took control over the region in 1798.
Slide 52
The Mississippi Territory
Slide 53
Mississippi Territory When the U.S. began governing the
territory Native Americans made up the largest segment of the
population They had title to most of the land It was mainly wooded
and home to deer, turkey and bear Many snakes, some deadly, could
be found throughout the territory Roads were little more than
trails There were no bridges The Natchez Trace was the Highway to
Nashville Stands along the Trace served as stores and Motels for
weary travelers Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a
major port for sailors and goods When the U.S. began governing the
territory Native Americans made up the largest segment of the
population They had title to most of the land It was mainly wooded
and home to deer, turkey and bear Many snakes, some deadly, could
be found throughout the territory Roads were little more than
trails There were no bridges The Natchez Trace was the Highway to
Nashville Stands along the Trace served as stores and Motels for
weary travelers Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a
major port for sailors and goods
Slide 54
Territorial Government The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787
established the framework for the government of the territories.
The Ordinance provided for the admission of new states The
exception was that it did NOT allow for slavery but the territories
south of the Ohio River did allow slavery. The NorthWest Ordinance
of 1787 established the framework for the government of the
territories. The Ordinance provided for the admission of new states
The exception was that it did NOT allow for slavery but the
territories south of the Ohio River did allow slavery.
Slide 55
The Admission Process Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with
Congressional approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges
and a secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a
territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men
reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an
assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress.
The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had
60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to
write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state
was admitted. Had 3 Stages: 1. The President, with Congressional
approval, appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a
secretary to the governor. The Governor and Judges acted as a
territorial legislature. Once the population of adult, free, men
reached 5,000 phase 2 began 2. The voters could now elect an
assembly to pass laws and a territorial representative to Congress.
The governor and judges remained. 3. Began when the territory had
60,000 people (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected to
write a state constitution. After Congress approved it, a new state
was admitted.
Slide 56
Mississippis First Government Territorial Governor: Winthrop
Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele Territorial Judges:
Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William McGuire Territorial
Governor: Winthrop Sargent Secretary to the Governor: John Steele
Territorial Judges: Peter Bryan Bruin Daniel Tilton William
McGuire
Slide 57
Early Problems Sargent almost immediately became controversial
Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the strict nature of
his administration. The National political climate drove much of
the controversy. Federalists vs Republicans Federalists led by
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Republicans led by John Adams
and Alexander Hamilton Sargent was a federalist His opponents in
the state were Jeffersonians There was also a huge rift between
merchants in Natchez and their rural customers. Sargent almost
immediately became controversial Disputes centered on the laws he
imposed and the strict nature of his administration. The National
political climate drove much of the controversy. Federalists vs
Republicans Federalists led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Republicans led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton Sargent was a
federalist His opponents in the state were Jeffersonians There was
also a huge rift between merchants in Natchez and their rural
customers.
Slide 58
Change in Government After Jefferson won the Presidency he
appointed a new Governor (W.C.C. Claiborne) and moved the Capital
from Natchez to the town of Washington to appease the farmers. It
was highly symbolic.
Slide 59
LandLand Ownership of the land in the territory was a major
issue. Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw
tribes Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land. Ownership of
the land in the territory was a major issue. Most of the land was
owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes Pressure grew on the U.S.
to acquire the land.
Slide 60
LandLand Settlers held title to the land from all three
previous ruling countries: France, Spain and Britain Others had
purchased land grants from Georgia Often these claims overlapped
causing confusion Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and
farmed the land, built homes but did not own it. The U.S.
government had developed an orderly process to gain land ownership
with the Land Ordinance of 1785. Land was divided into townships
Each township was 6 miles square with 36 sections. Each section was
640 acres Section 16 was given to the people to rent Settlers held
title to the land from all three previous ruling countries: France,
Spain and Britain Others had purchased land grants from Georgia
Often these claims overlapped causing confusion Many settlers were
Squatters and had cleared and farmed the land, built homes but did
not own it. The U.S. government had developed an orderly process to
gain land ownership with the Land Ordinance of 1785. Land was
divided into townships Each township was 6 miles square with 36
sections. Each section was 640 acres Section 16 was given to the
people to rent
Slide 61
SectionalismSectionalism Definition: An allegiance to local
interests. The Natchez district dominated the politics of the
territory. Settlers East of the Pearle River resented the Natchez
district and its power Whites in the East believed that the Natchez
whites used their wealth and slaves to run the territorial
government for their own benefit. Conflicts arose between whites
and then between predominantly white districts and those with
African Americans and would continue throughout the history of the
state Definition: An allegiance to local interests. The Natchez
district dominated the politics of the territory. Settlers East of
the Pearle River resented the Natchez district and its power Whites
in the East believed that the Natchez whites used their wealth and
slaves to run the territorial government for their own benefit.
Conflicts arose between whites and then between predominantly white
districts and those with African Americans and would continue
throughout the history of the state
Slide 62
Taking Shape In 1804, the territory was extended to the
Tennessee border after Georgia gave up its claims. The southern
border was extended after the U.S. won the war of 1812 and Spain
was forced to give up its claims Mississippis territorial period
only lasted about twenty years but was an exciting era Personal
quarrels often led to duels and death. During the War of 1812 the
U.S. fought the Creek Indians in the Eastern part of the territory.
The Creek attack on Fort Mims resulted in the deaths of over 500
men, women and children. Settlers fled to Mobile and Natchez.
Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks and reopened the land In 1804,
the territory was extended to the Tennessee border after Georgia
gave up its claims. The southern border was extended after the U.S.
won the war of 1812 and Spain was forced to give up its claims
Mississippis territorial period only lasted about twenty years but
was an exciting era Personal quarrels often led to duels and death.
During the War of 1812 the U.S. fought the Creek Indians in the
Eastern part of the territory. The Creek attack on Fort Mims
resulted in the deaths of over 500 men, women and children.
Settlers fled to Mobile and Natchez. Andrew Jackson defeated the
Creeks and reopened the land
Slide 63
StatehoodStatehood Dividing the state and joining the
Union
Slide 64
StatehoodStatehood Congress divided the state in two in 1817
creating Alabama. Once Congress established the borders a
constitution was written. Definition: Constitution...Sets up the
framework of a government and determines its powers and
limitations. The legislative branch was given more power than the
executive because of the territorys history with overzealous
governors. Judges were appointed for life. Property owners could
vote. Blacks and non-taxpaying-whites were not counted. Congress
divided the state in two in 1817 creating Alabama. Once Congress
established the borders a constitution was written. Definition:
Constitution...Sets up the framework of a government and determines
its powers and limitations. The legislative branch was given more
power than the executive because of the territorys history with
overzealous governors. Judges were appointed for life. Property
owners could vote. Blacks and non-taxpaying-whites were not
counted.
Slide 65
Did You Know? The delegates to the constitutional convention
did not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to
the federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi
became the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the
first Governor. The delegates to the constitutional convention did
not submit the new constitution to the voters but sent it to the
federal government for approval. Upon approval, Mississippi became
the 20th state on December 10, 1817. David Holmes became the first
Governor.