The Road to War

1933-1940

The Development of Totalitarianism

Kellog-Briand Pact-never make war again and to settle all disputes by peaceful means (1929)-still permitted a defensive war

worked in a world that wanted peace-3 countries do not-Japan, Germany, Italy

Japan-attacks Manchuria-September 1931

Stimson Doctrine-US would not recognize any gains made by force

Japan ignores and sets up a puppet state The League of Nations criticizes-Japan

quits the League Japan begins to build its Navy <Henry L. Stimson

The Development of Totalitarianism

Fascism develops in Europe 1. <Adolf Hitler-der Fuhrer- in

Germany (1933) 2. Benito Mussolini in Italy (1922) 3. Francisco Franco in Spain (1939) Totalitarianism-dictatorships with

complete control over the people of a Nation

Fascism-state more important than the individual and a nation should have a strong central government headed by a dictator

Nazi Party-Hitler’s Party in Germany-Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party

The Aggressions Begin

Italy attacks Ethiopia (1934)-Mussolini wants to regain the Roman Empire

by 1936-Ethiopia is annexed League of Nations does not act-

made Italy the aggressor, applied sanctions, arms embargo, boycott

League is useless for preventing war

<Benito Musslini-il Duce

The Aggression Begins

Hitler Arms the Rhineland (1935)

1936-sends troops in if Britain and France moved

troops in-Hitler would have probably backed down

no action taken <Map of Germany 1939

Slide presentation of Hitler’s Aggression to simulate Foreign Policy advisors

America stays Neutral

US recognizes the USSR-1933-used to try to check Japanese in Asia

Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)-President has the power to lower tariffs by 50%-Secretary of State-Cordell Hull-signed more than 20 of these

Good Neighbor Policy-continued the policy of Coolidge and Hoover

<Secretary of State Cordell Hull

Isolationism

Nye Committee-Gerald Nye-Senator from North Dakota

1934-investigated the reasons the United States entered World War I

findings-certain American Corporations, particularly those in banking and munitions, made a lot of money off WWI

???Corporations urged Wilson for war to profit

“merchants of death” to a lot of corporation

Gerald Nye

Neutrality Acts

First in 1935-once President declared a country at war, the United States could not ship or sell arms to them

Second in 1936-prohibits extending loans and credit as well

Third in 1937-extended to those in Civil War (Spanish Civil War)-1st and 2nd permanent

goods other than weapons on <“cash and carry” basis

Spanish Civil War

Army uprising against the Republican Government

Francisco Franco as a fascist leader backed by Hitler and Mussolini

vs. The Republican Government backed by the Soviets-US could not give full support because they looked Communist

US-Abraham Lincoln Brigade-3000 volunteers on Republican side

Hitler and Mussolini cement friendship for the Rome-Berlin Axis alliance

"Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical elections."Francisco Franco

Isolationism challenged

“China Incident”-July 1937-China and Japan clash near Beijing-Japan took most of coast

US in favor of China-Japan called it an incident-Neutrality Act not invoked-

continue sending supplies, helped China to arm- built the Burma Road-700 miles long supply highway

Map of China Incident-Japan aggression

Isolationism Challenged

<Quarantine Speech-October 5, 1937

expressed fears of the international situation and behavior of Germany, Italy, Japan

wanted to isolate the aggressors with other Democracies in the world

most disagree with this position-not neutral anymore

Isolationism Challenged

<Panay Incident-December 12, 1937

Yangtze River-gunboat, and 3 oil tankers escorting-attacked without warning-2 servicemen killed-

legal right to be there-Japan apologized at once-pay and punish those responsible

US accepts-poll stated, one month after, 70% felt better to leave China than fight the Japanese

The Crisis Deepens

Hitler takes Austria in 1938- “Anchluss”- without opposition

Hitler threatens Czechoslovakia -excuse-3m Germans lived in the Sudetenland

Czechs refuse to give in-Soviet Union and French alliances

Hitler ultimatum-surrender or fight Hitler agrees to a conference to be held in

Munich-includes: <Hitler, Prime Minister-Neville Chamberlain (England), Premier Edward Daladier

dismember Czechoslovakia-Sudetenland to Germany, Poland and Hungary took some

postponed the war-APPEASEMENT Neville Chamberlain Speech

Hitler begins the Final Solution

Persecution of the Jews- 1933-national economic boycott forbidden to enter or remain in the

medical field, legal profession, or obtain business licenses

All Jewish teachers and civil service employees were fired

The Nuremberg Laws-1935-took away political rights and citizenship

expelled from German Schools and denied Medical care

segregated on trains and other transportation

<Nazi Book Burning of Jewish and Communist Authors in 1933

The Beginning of the Final Solution

The Nuremberg Laws (Continued) Could only shop during special

hours and had to be off the street at 8 PM

<all Jews over the age of 6 had to wear a star of David on their chest

Jews and “Aryans” (non-Jews to Hitler) were prevented from marrying

Jews who left Germany were not allowed to take any property

later-Jews had to register everything they owned

The Beginning of the Final Solution

Produced refugees-many German Jews hoped Nazis would go away

Great Britain agrees to accept 80,000 refugees-60,000 fled to US-little or no help from Roosevelt-already had a huge unemployment problem

those who did leave included-to US-<Albert Einstein, conductor Arturo Toscanini, author Thomas Mann, physicist Enrico Fermi, architect Walter Gropius

Albert Einstein speaking on the Holocaust

The Crisis Deepens

Japan continues assault on China, Indochina, and threatened the Philippines and East Indies

Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1938

Hitler threatens Poland-Allies draw the line here

Soviet Union-<Josef Stalin distrusts Britain and France

feared they wanted USSR to take full impact of Hitler attack

August 23, 1939-signs the Non-aggression Pact with Hitler

Hitler no longer fears Soviets demands land from Poland (refuses) -

attacks Poland

World War II Begins

On September 1, 1939- Hitler attacks Poland

Britain and France declared War on September 3, 1939

Roosevelt sided with the British but vowed to remain neutral

<invasion of Poland

The War in Europe

The Battle of France April, 1940-Denmark and

Norway are invaded a month later-Belgium,

Netherlands, Luxembourg, France

England’s Prime Minister-<Winston Churchill and France’s Premier Paul Reynard beg Roosevelt for help

can’t help them Battle of France strategy and

battle

The War in Europe

France surrenders-Hitler gets same car on the same spot at the same time for France to sign an armistice in as in 1918

Terms of Armistice-Germany gets-North of the Loire River, entire Atlantic Coast, remainder would be a “self-governed” area called Vichy France

World is stunned by blitzkrieg of France-only Britain stood between Hitler and the United States

The War in Europe

The Battle of Britain Air war-summer and autumn of

1940 2600 bombers-August 15-1000

bombed Britain every night for 2 months-

bombed London Radar saved Britain continue throughout the winter Japan joins the Axis <London during the Battle Winston Churchill’s Speech

America Prepares for War

US declares economic war Roosevelt is so concerned with

course of war-decides to break tradition

Runs for a third term-Republicans nominate <Wendell Wilkie-

Roosevelt wins on- “Your boys are not going to be sent to any foreign war.”