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The Road to War
USA
• No foreign entanglements – isolationism
• War caused industrialization prosperous economy
• Speculation in Stock Market “Buying on Margin” (Credit)
• “Business of America is Business”
• Roaring 20’s
Oct 1929• Stock prices tumble
• Loans called in failure of
businesses (bankruptcy) and loss of homes
• Bank runs• 13 mil. (1 out of
4) lose jobs
• Depression spreads world wide crashing European economies
Rise of Fascism
• fas·cism a totalitarian governmental system led by a
dictator having complete power, suppressing opposition and criticism, controlling the economy and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism
Example: Mussolini’s Government & Hitler’s Government
Italy 1920’s
• 1922 – Mussolini’s Blackshirts march on Rome
• Il Duce
• Anti-union, communist, socialist, democracy, free speech, political parties
• Pro – capitalist, Catholic, private property, military
• Mussolini “makes the trains run on time”
Hitler & Mussolini
The 1920’s• 1919 September 20 Hitler joins the German
Worker's Party• 1921 July 11 Hitler becomes leader party.• 1923 November 9 Hitler leads the Beer Hall
Putsch in Munich.• 1924 Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
while imprisoned for his part in the attempted putsch.
• 1924 December 20 Hitler is released • 1925 Hitler establishes a "Protection Squad,"
which soon becomes known as the SS (Schutzstaffel)
• 1925 July 18 Hitler publishes Mein Kampf in Munich.
1930’s• 1930 September 14 The Nazis become second
largest party 1932 April 10 Hindenburg is re-elected President in a runoff election with Hitler. Hindenburg receives a clear majority
• 1932 July 31 National Socialists win majority• 1933 January 30 Hitler is appointed Chancellor.• 1933 April 1 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
and professions.• 1933 September 29 German Jews are banned
from owning land and from all public activities.• 1934 August 2 President Hindenburg dies and
Hitler declares himself Fuehrer (Führer).
Reichstag Fire
The Holocaust begins
• 1935 September 15 The Nuremberg laws are passed, removing Jewish legal equality and prohibiting "mixed" marriages.
• 1935 November 1 German citizenship is revoked for Jews.
• 1937 July 19 Buchenwald concentration camp is established.
• 1938 November 9-10 Kristallnacht, the first widespread pogrom against the Jews of Germany.
Eugenics
• The study of genetics for the purpose of eliminating “undesirable traits” in humanity
• Nazi propaganda for their compulsory euthanasia program: "This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community 60,000 Reicksmark during his lifetime. Fellow German, that is your money, too."
Britain - Eugenics –Sir Francis Galton 1883
• 1936 March – German troops sent to Rhineland violating Versailles
• 1936 – Rome Berlin Axis alliance with Mussolini
• 1938 One Reich One Blood Speech
• 1938 March 12 German troops cross the border and occupy Austria (Anschluss)
Hitler’s Progress
• September 29 1938 – Munich Pact – Appeasement for Sudetanland
• 1939 March 15 rest of Czechoslovakia seized – Hitler demands Polish corridor for Danzig
• 1939 August 23 Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
• 1939 September 1 German troops invade Poland.
• 1939 September 3 Britain and France declare war on Germany.
USA
• Repeals Neutrality Acts ban on arms
• “Great Arsenal of Democracy”
• To secure: The Four Freedoms– Speech– Worship– From want– From fear
1940
• USSR expands to Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
• “Phony War” – in the West – no front – everyone waits
• May – Germans invade above Maginot line
• June 4th Evacuation of Dunkirk to Britain
Dunkirk
Festung Europe• June 4th France Falls (Dunkirk)
- Vichy Govt under Petain- Charles de Gaulle calls for free French to fight on- 13th – Paris occupied- Northern 2/3 of Fr German- Southern 1/3 – Vichy Govt. – Marshal Petain and Pierre Laval
September – Tripartite Pact – Gr-It-Jp• Japan declares aim to create “Greater East Asia
CO-Prosperity Sphere”
Battle of Britain is on!
• 1940 – 41
• To gain air supremacy
• Sept 7th – Nov 3rd – the Blitz on London – 70,000 bombs
• Churchill’s “Blood soil sweat tears” speech
June 22 1941 – Invasion of Russia
• by end of 1942 Moscow, Stalingrad, Leningrad reached by Germans
USA
• Cash & Carry
• Lend Lease
• Conscription
• 2 Ocean Navy
• Embargo on Japan (scrap metal and oil)
December 7th 1941 – Pearl Harbor
• “A day that will live in infamy” – Pearl Harbor Hawaii – US entry
• Surprise Attack to take out our Pacific fleet
• 2400 dead, 1100 wounded
1942
• Hitler Announces “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem – concentration camps become death camps
1943
• Conquest of Italy by Allies
1944
• June 6th – D-Day or “Operation Overlord”– Invasion of Normandy to open up a 2nd front in
Europe
• August – liberation of Paris
1945February – Yalta Conference – Big Three
- Roosevelt- Churchill- Stalin
Yalta
• creation of UN – to meet 4/45 in San Francisco to discuss “reorganization of the world”
• France & China included
• to assist in est. democracy in former Nazi controlled areas
• Issue of Poland & Eastern Europe is difficult – promise of free elections
Permanent Members of the Security Council
• United States
• Great Britain
• France
• China
• Russia
• April 30th – Hitler’s Suicide
• May 8th German Surrender
• - May 9th – VE-Day “Victory in Europe”
• July - Potsdam Conference– Truman (replaces Roosevelt) – insists on free
elections in Europe– Clement Atlee (replaces Churchill)– Stalin – Refuses free elections saying they would
be anti- Soviet– Germany to be divided – 4 zones– shared occupation of Berlin
• Soviet coup in Romania- Petra Groza “little Stalin” in power
• August 6th - bomb dropped on Hiroshima – 78,000 dead instantly
• Aug. 9th Nagasaki
• September 2nd – Japanese surrender
• Over 60 million dead, over 25 million wounded in battle
Germany and Berlin
Poland
• Lublin Poles vs. London Poles Lublins in Power
• Later Bulgaria & Hungary
Iron Curtain Speech - 1946
http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/19460305_Winston_Churchill_Iron_Curtain_Speech.html
