The Role of Invented Languages in Tolkien's Work

8/3/2019 The Role of Invented Languages in Tolkien's Work

1/16

]ac W`fc `n H`kx}wsh}cm Flkdsldcx ik ]`fbickx T`wb

Kljc? Ulwlbjilb` Cwdlfci`

H`swxc? Wcxclwha Ulucw Twi}ikd

Xcjcx}cw? 3}a

Ml}c `n Xsgjixxi`k? 8


2/16

H`k}ck}x

I+ Ik}w`msh}i`k

L+ ]ac Lij n }ac Wcxclwha Ulucw ********************************************8

G+ L Mcniki}i k n Flkdsldc****************************************************=

H+ L Mcniki}i`k n H`kx}wsh}cm Flkdsldcx **********************************=

M+ ]`fbickx Fikdsix}ih Ulx}*****************************************************3

+ Jlik G`my

L+ L Xsjjlwy n ]ac A`ggi}& ]ac F`wm `n }ac Wikdx lkm

]ac Xifjlwiffi`k *************************************************************>

7+ ]ac Xifjlwiffi`k**************************************************>

8+ ]ac F`wm `n }ac Wikdx*********************************************4

G+ L Hl}cd`wizl}i`k n ]`fbickx Ik~ck}cm Flkdsldcx lkm

X`jc Cqljufcx `n ]acj ik }ac Lg`~c T`wbx ***************************1


3/16

Ik}w`msh}i`k

L+ ]ac Lij `n }ac Wcxclwha Ulucw

C~cwy`kc bk`tx lg`s} O+ W+ W+ ]`fbickx t`wbx+ ]a`xc ta` al~c k`} wclm ]ac F`wm

`n }ac Wikdx al~c uw`glgfy xcck `kc `n }ac wcfl}cm j`~icx+ ^cwy nct ucùfc bk`t

}a`sda }al} ]`fbick alx hwcl}cm ~lwi`sx flkdsldcx n`w }ac }wigcx `n Jimmfc*Clw}a+ ]aix

wcxclwha ulucw h`khcwkx }ac ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx lkm }aciw w`fc+ Jy lij ix }`

nljifilwizc ti}a ]`fbickx ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx !n`w ikx}lkhc& \sckyl) lkm skmcwx}lkm

}aciw gcls}y lkm }ac w`fc }acy al~c ik aix t`wbx+ J`wc`~cw& I t`sfm fibc }` ik~i}c jy

wclmcwx }` wclm ]`fbickx g``bx lkm skmcwx}lkm aix w`fc g`}a lx l dwcl} twi}cw lkm lx l

}lfck}cm fikdsix}+

N`w }aix wcxclwha ulucw I sxc jl}cwilf nw`j ~lwi`sx x`swhcx !nw`j }ac figwlwy& nw`j }ac

ik}cwkc} c}h+) ik `wmcw }` uw`~imc }ac wclmcwx ti}a minncwck} lxuch}x lkm ikn`wjl}i`k

lg`s} }ac ucùfc `n Jimmfc*Clw}a lkm }ac flkdsldcx lkm milfch}x }acy sxc+

Nsw}acwj`wc& I lj |s`}ikd ulw}x `n ]`fbickx Fc}}cwx ik `wmcw }` uwcxck} }ac twi}cwx

`tk ùiki`k lg`s} }ac sxc `n xuchinih uawlxcx lkm t`wmx+ ]ac lij `n }aix ulucw ix `k

}ac `kc alkm }` uwcxck} lk cquf`wl}i`k `n ]`fbickx ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx lkm `k }ac

`}acw alkm }` cquflik }aciw wcfl}i`kxaiu ti}a }ac h`k}ck}x `n ]`fbickx fi}cwlwy t`wb

!ikhfsmikd }ac halwlh}cwx& }ac xc}}ikd& }ac l}j`xuacwc lkm }ac uf })+ J`x} ucùfc

idk`wc }ac iju`w}lkhc `n ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx xsha lx }ac flkdsldc `n }ac Cf~cx lkm

xsuu`xc i} ix clxy }` hwcl}c l flkdsldc `s} `n y`sw ijldikl}i`k lkm sxc i} ik l x}`wy+ I

lj dìkd }` uwcxck} }ac ~lwi`sx flkdsldcx sxcm ik ]`fbickx t`wb lkm uw`~imc l gwicn

8


4/16

cquflkl}i`k `n clha ik `wmcw n`w }ac uc`ufc }` skmcwx}lkm }aciw xidkinihlkhc lkm }aciw

gcls}y+ ]aciw ik}cwwcfl}i`k ti}a }ac `}acw cfcjck}x `n }ac x}`wicx tiff gc xa`tk ik

`wmcw }` wclha l niklf h`khfsxi`k+ ]ac wclmcw `n }aix ulucw ix c~ck}slffy cquch}cm }`

nccf nljifilw ti}a ]`fbickx flkdsldcx lkm gc ckh`swldcm }` x}smy }acj lf`kd ti}a

}ac `widiklf }cq}x ik `wmcw }` skmcwx}lkm }ac }cq}x }acjxcf~cx+

G+ L Mcniki}i`k `n Flkdsldc

Lx asjlk gcikdx& tc sxc flkdsldc c~cwy mly ik i}x twi}}ck lkm xu`bck n`wj+ I} ix }ac

j`x} iju`w}lk} }``f `n h`jjskihl}i`k+ ]` gc j`wc uwchixc& flkdsldc ix l xyx}cj `n

~ixslf& lsmi}`wy& `w }lh}ifc xyjg`fx lkm }ac wsfcx sxcm }` jlkiusfl}c }acj+ Flkdsldc

hlk lfx` wcncw }` }ac sxc `n xsha xyx}cjx lx l dckcwlf uack`jck`k+ ]a`sda h`jj`kfy

sxcm lx l jclkx `n h`jjskihl}i`k lj`kd uc`ufc& asjlk flkdsldc ix `kfy `kc

ikx}lkhc `n }aix uack`jck`k !Tibiucmil& Flkdsldc)+ Flkdsldc& lhh`wmikd }` }ac

@qn`wm Lm~lkhcm Fclwkcwx Mih}i`klwy `n Hswwck} Ckdfixa& ix l asjlk lkm k`k*

ikx}ikh}i~c jc}a`m `n h`jjskihl}ikd imclx& nccfikdx lkm mcxiwcx gy jclkx `n l xyx}cj

`n x`skmx lkm x`skm xyjg`fx+

H+ L Mcniki}i`k `n H`kx}wsh}cm Flkdsldcx

L h`kx}wsh}cm `w lw}inihilf flkdsldc *bk`tk h`ff`|silffy `w ikn`wjlffy lx l h`kflkd* ix

l flkdsldc ta`xc ua`k`f`dy& dwljjlw& lkm/`w ~`hlgsflwy al~c gcck mc~ixcm gy lk

ikmi~imslf `w dw`su& ikx}clm `n al~ikd c~`f~cm kl}swlffy+ ]acwc lwc jlky u`xxigfc

wclx`kx }` hwcl}c l h`kx}wsh}cm flkdsldc? }` clxc asjlk h`jjskihl}i`k !xcc

ik}cwkl}i klf lsqifilwy flkdsldc lkm h`mc)2 }` gwikd nih}i`k `w lk lxx`hil}cm

h`kx}wsh}cm t`wfm }` finc2 fikdsix}ih cqucwijck}l}i`k2 hcfcgwl}i`k `n `kc$x lcx}ac}ih

}lx}cx ik flkdsldc2 lkm flkdsldc dljcx !Tibiucmil& H`kx}wsh}cm Flkdsldcx)+

=


5/16

Ulwlffcf }` ]`fbick$x uw`ncxxi`klf t`wb lx l uaif`f`dix}& lkm x`jc}ijcx `~cwxalm`tikd

}aix t`wb& }` }ac cnnch} }al} aix lhlmcjih `s}us} wcjlikcm wl}acw }aik& tlx aix

lnnch}i`k n`w }ac h`kx}wsh}i`k `n lw}inihilf flkdsldcx+ ]ac gcx} mc~cf`ucm `n }acxc lwc

\sckyl lkm Xikmlwik& }ac c}yj`f`dihlf h`kkch}i`k gc}tcck taiha n`wjcm }ac h`wc `n

jsha `n ]`fbick$x fcdckmlwisj+ Flkdsldc lkm dwljjlw n`w ]`fbick tlx l jl}}cw `n

lcx}ac}ihx lkm csua`ky& lkm \sckyl ik ulw}ihsflw tlx mcxidkcm nw`j 'ua`klcx}ac}ih'

h`kximcwl}i kx2 i} tlx ik}ckmcm lx lk 'Cf~ckfl}ik'& lkm tlx ua`k`f`dihlffy glxcm `k

Fl}ik& ti}a ikdwcmick}x nw`j Nikkixa lkm Dwccb+ L k`}lgfc lmmi}i`k hljc ik fl}c


6/16

lkm G`xt`w}a Uw`ncxx`wxaiu `n Lkdf *Xlq`k& ac g`lx}cm }al} aix x}smck}x `n

Dcwjlkih uaif`f`dy ik Fccmx alm c~ck n`wjcm l '^ibikd Hfsg' !Tibiucmil& ]`fbick)+

Uwi~l}cfy& ]`fbick tlx l}}wlh}cm }` '}aikdx `n wlhilf lkm fikdsix}ih xidkinihlkhc'& lkm

ac ck}cw}likcm k`}i`kx `n lk ikacwi}cm }lx}c `n flkdsldc& taiha ac }cwjcm }ac 'kl}i~c

}`kdsc' lx `uu`xcm }` 'hwlmfc }`kdsc' ik aix


7/16

`~cw n`w}y yclwx& sk}if aix mcl}a+ ]aix t`wb ix }ac ~cwy h`jufc}ckcxx `n }ac jy}aihlf

lkm fcdckmlwy x}wsh}swc wcnfch}cm ik }ac glhbdw`skm `n ]ac A`ggi}lkm ]ac F`wm `n

}ac Wikdx !Jcwwilj*Tcgx}cw& Xifjlwiffi`k)+ Xyk`uxix `n }ac x}`wy? I} ix lh}slffy }ac

aix}`wy `n Jimmfc*Clw}a+ I} gcdikx ti}a }ac hwcl}i`k `n }ac ski~cwxc lkm }wlhcx }ac

`widikx `n lff xuclbikd uc`ufcx+ ]ac Xifjlwiffi`k h`kxix}x `n jlky mc}lifcm cuix`mcx

mcxhwigikd }ac hwcl}i`k `n }ac t`wfm lkm i}x ikalgi}lk}x& }ac gl}}fcx gc}tcck d``m lkm

c~if& }ac wcfl}i`kxaiu gc}tcck }ac ~lwi`sx }wigcx `n Jimmfc*Clw}a& }ac lm~ck}swcx `n

dwcl} acw`cx lkm c~ck l dwcl} f`~c x}`wy& }ac x}`wy `n Gcwck lkm Fs}aick+ ]ac klwwl}i~c

n`wj wcjikmx sx `n A`jcwx @myxxcy lkm Ifilm!Jcwwilj*Tcgx}cw& Xifjlwiffi`k)+

8+ ]ac F`wm `n }ac Wikdx

]ac twi}cwx j`x} nlj`sx }wif`dy h`juwixikd ]ac Ncff`txaiu `n }ac Wikd!


8/16

G+ L Hl}cd`wizl}i`k `n ] fbickx Ik~ck}cm Flkdsldcx lkm X`jc Cqljufcx `n ]acj

ik }ac Lg`~c T`wbx !N`ff`tikd Fixl X}lwx hl}cd`wizl}i`k)


9/16

\sckyl tlx xu`bck ik Gcfcwilkm lkm wcjlikcm l a`sxc flkdsldc `n }ac K`fm`wlkm

}ac niwx} flkdsldc `n x`jc `n }acCmlik+

]ac Ifb`wik Milfch}x tcwc xu`bck gy }ac Ifb`wik Cf~cx ik Gcfcwilkm+ ]acy ikhfsmc?

Ifb`wik& M`wil}awik& Mlkilk lkmNlfl}awck+

]ac K`fm`wik Milfch}x tcwc xu`bck gy }ac K`fm`w ik Gcfcwilkm lkm tcwc hf`xcfy

wcfl}cm }` }ac Ifb`wik milfch}x+ ]acy ikhfsmc? Ji}awij& Tlwd`}aw`km& D`km`fik lkm

Jsfk`fm`wik+

h+ Xch`km Ldc

\ckyl tlx xu`bck ik ]`f Cwcxxcl gy }ac wc}swkikd K`fm`w+ I} ix lk clwfy n`wj `n

\sckyl+

\sckyl tlx sxcm lx l aida xuccha `nKsjck`w+

Dk`jixa `wD`fm`dwik tlx xu`bck ik ]`f Cwcxxclgy }ac wc}swkikdK`fm`w+

K`fm`wik tlx }ac sxslf flkdsldc `n }ac K`fm`w`nCwcdi`k lkm `n }ac Mskcmlik+ I}

tlx lfx` h`jj`kfy xu`bck gy Mtlw~cx ik J`wil+

Klkm`wik tlx xu`bck gy }ac Dwcck*cf~cx !X}lw& 7555)+

m+ ]aiwm Ldc

\sckyl tlx sxcm lx }ac aida xuccha lj`kd Cf~cx lkm wcjlikcm ik sxc lj`kd }ac

Mskcmlik lkm lj`kd hcw}lik cmshl}cm A`ggi}x+ Cqljufcx? I l}lk jlkc jclkikd l

d``m jlk ! 81


10/16

Xikmlwik tlx }ac sxslf xuccha `n Cf~cx lkmMskcmlik+

Xif~lk Milfch}x tcwc xu`bck gy }ac Cf~cx `nF`wick lkm Jiwbt``m+

7+ Flkdsldcx `n Jck lkm A`ggi}x*]ac H`jj`k Flkdsldc

Tcx}w`k ix }ac h`jj`k xuccha `n j`w}lfx ik }ac ]aiwm Ldc lkm i}x milfch}x lwc xu`bck

lj`kd }ac ucùfc `nD`km`w& Gwcc& Wàlk lkm `}acw uflhcx+ Xuchinih milfch}x lwc? }ac

Wàlkkixa `n }acWàiwwij lkm }acA`ggi}ixa `n }acA`ggi}x& `n g`}a }ac Xaiwc lkm }ac

X}``wx+ Tcx}w`k tlx lfx` sxcm gy }ac Mtlw~cx mswikd }ac ]aiwm Ldc lkm x`jc}ijcx

gy @wbx& }``+ Tcx}w`k tlx x`jca`t }ac H`jj`k Flkdsldc `n }ac ucùfcx `n

Jimmfc*Clw}a+lkm ix wcfl}cm }` ]lfixbl !flkdsldc ti}a Dcwjlkih w`s}cx& hwcl}cm gy

]`fbick)+ Cqljufc? D`km`w, D`km`w& gc}tcck }ac J`sk}likx lkm }ac Xcl, Tcx}

Tikm gfct }acwc2 }ac fida} su`k }ac Xif~cw ]wcc !]t` ]`tcwx


11/16

=+ Flkdsldc `n }ac @wbx

]ac Gflhb Xuccha tlx xu`bck gy Xlsw`k lkm jly al~c gcck ik~ck}cm gy aij mswikd

}ac Xch`km Ldc+

]ac @wbixa `w Mcglxcm Gflhb Xuccha ix l}}cx}cm nw`j }ac ]aiwm Ldc lj`kd xc~cwlf

dw`sux `n @wbx !ik J`wil& J`wm`wlkm Ixckdlwm)+ Cqljufc? Sdfb s gldw`kb xal

usxamsd Xlwsjlk*df`g gga`xa xbli !]t` ]`tcwx =4)+ ]aikb lg`s} Xlsw`k2 }acwc

ix l fikdsix}ih h`kkch}i`k gc}tcck Xlsw`k lkm }ac Dwccb l fizlwm !Hlwuck}cw

lkm ]`fbick 815)+ ]ac t`wm n`w wikd ik }ac Gflhb Xuccha ix klzd!81=) lkmKlzdsf

jclkx Wikd*twli}a !817)+ Tc hlk lxxsjc }al} @wbixa ix l ~cwy alwxa flkdsldc lkm

alx k` jsxihlfi}y l} lff+

3+ Flkdsldcx `n }acCk}x

Ck}ixa \sckyl& lx i} ix xu`bck ik }ac ]aiwm Ldc lkm f`kd gcn`wc& jly gc h`kximcwcm l

milfch} `n\sckyl& gchlsxc i} alx x` jlky t`wmx `n\sckyl ik i}+ ]acCk}x lfx` alm l

flkdsldc ski|sc }` }acj& Ck}ixa& taiha k` `kc cfxc h`sfm fclwk+ Nlkd`wk lfx` bkct

Tcx}w`k lkm ucwalux Xikmlwik+Ck}ixa tcwc mcxhwigcm lx f`kd lkm x`k`w`sx+ Cqljufc?

l*flffl*flffl*wsjgl*bljlkml*fikm`w*gswj jclkikd aiff !]t` ]`tcwx 4=)+


12/16

H+ Wcnfch}i`kx `n Wclf Flkdsldcx ik ]`fbickx Flkdsldcx

Jlky halwlh}cw lkm uflhc kljcx ik aix t`wbx lwc wcfl}cm }` t`wmx nw`j `fm lkm

j`mcwk flkdsldcx+ Ik aix g``bA`ggi}x& Cf~cx& lkm Tizlwmx& Jihalcf K+ X}lk}`k

uw`~imcx cqljufcx `n }ac aix}`wihlf fikbx n`w x`jc `n ]`fbick$x halwlh}cwx lkm xc}}ikdx

!Kl}i`klf Dc`dwluaih)+ L nct cqljufcx n`ff`t?

Xlwsjlk$x kljc mcwi~cx nw`j }ac Lkdf`*Xlq`k& `w @fm Ckdfixa& w``} 'xclws*'

n`w '}wclhacwy' `w 'hskkikd+'

'Xlsw`k' ix fikbcm }` }ac @fm K`wxc `w Ihcflkmih x}cj jclkikd 'nif}a' `w

'mskd' `w 'skhfclkkcxx+'

'J wm`w' mcwi~cx nw`j }ac @fm Ckdfixa t`wm 'j`w}a`w&' taiha jclkx

'jswmcw+' 'Jimmfc*clw}a' ix wcfl}cm }` }ac kljc 'jimmlk*dclwm&'taiha tlx }ac kljc

n`w }ac Clw}a i}xcfn ik @fm Ckdfixa u`c}wy lkm tlx h`kximcwcm }` gc }ac

gl}}fcdw`skm gc}tcck }ac n`whcx `n d``m lkm c~if+

]ac Aida Cf~ixa flkdsldc& \sckyl& tlx ikxuiwcm gy Nikkixa+ ]`fbick }lsda} aijxcfn

Nikkixa ik `wmcw }` wclm }acBlfc~lfl& l


13/16

M+ Lk L}}cju} }` Mcxhwigc }ac Iju`w}lkhc lkm }ac W`fc `n }acxc Flkdsldcx ik

]`fbickx T`wb

Uc`ufc xa`sfm skmcwx}lkm }al} flkdsldc ix k`} osx} lk`}acw }``f `n h`jjskihl}i`k

sxcm gy }ac twi}cw+ I} ix }wsc }al} flkdsldc h`k~cyx }a`sda}x& `uiki`kx& nccfikdx gs} i}

ix lfx` ulw} `n }ac hi~ifizl}i`k `n clha }wigc& lk iju`w}lk} ulw} `n i}x aix}`wy+ ]aix

luuficx }` ]`fbickx ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx& }``+ ]ac A`ggi}& ]ac F`wm `n }ac Wikdx lkm

]ac Xifjlwiffi`k jly al~c gcck ~ictcm lx lk`}acw nliwy*}lfc ti}a`s} }ac cqix}ckhc `n

}ac aix}`wihlf& hsf}swlf glhbdw`skm `n }aciw uw`}ld`kix}x ik wcfl}i`k ti}a }aciw

flkdsldcx+

Clha flkdsldc alx i}x `tk xc} `n xyjg`fx& ksjgcw `n t`wmx& ik}`kl}i`k lkm

uw`kskhil}i`k& way}aj lkm ksjgcw `n xuclbcwx+ ]asx& }ac flkdsldcx ]`fbick hwcl}cm

lwc ski|sc+

A`tc~cw h`jufc}c }acxc flkdsldcx& }a`sda& i} ix hfclw }al} ]`fbick skmcwx}``m }al} }ac

h`wc `n lky aix hwcl}swc$x ucwx`klfi}icx ix }ac flkdsldc }acy xuclb+ Ac hcw}likfy bkct

}al} minncwckhcx ik flkdsldc wcnfch} wclf minncwckhcx ik }ac tly ik}cffidck} gcikdx ~ict

}ac t`wfm !Y`swmih}i`klwy& ]`fbick)+


14/16

Mcxuliw `~cw }ac f`xx `n hsf}swcx lkm flkdsldcx wcx`kl}cx }aw`sda`s} ]`fbick$x

klwwl}i~c ik ]ac F`wm `n }ac Wikdx+ ]ac Cf~cx lwc mixluuclwikd nw`j Jimmfc*clw}a+

Aida lkm H`jj`k Cf~ixa& flkdsldcx }al} nct `s}ximc `n }ac Cf~cx xuclb `w

skmcwx}lkm& lwc ~lkixaikd lf`kd ti}a }a`sxlkmx `n yclwx `n Cf~ixa hsf}swc lkm

bk`tfcmdc !Kl}i`klf Dc`dwluaih)+

Fibctixc& }ac hsf}swlf wclfj `n }ac Mtlw~cx ix mtikmfikd& ti}a `kfy l nct x}w`kda`fmx

wcjlikikd+ Lkm }a`sda ik jlky tlyx }ac a`ggi}x fi~c lk imyffih finc& }acy lwc

hsf}swlffy ix`fl}cm lkm al~c fi}}fc bk`tfcmdc `n }ac `s}ximc t`wfml halwlh}cwix}ih

}al} }awcl}ckx }` mcx}w`y }acj !Kl}i`klf Dc`dwluaih)+

Yc} i} ix nw`j }ac a`ggi}x}a`sda} `n gy Cf~cx lkm Mtlw~cx lx ikxidkinihlk} lkm

u`tcwfcxx}al} aùc lwixcx ldlikx} }ac }awcl} `n cq}ikh}i`k n`w lff `n Jimmfc*clw}a$x

hsf}swcx !Kl}i`klf Dc`dwluaih)+

H`khfsxi`k

]ac Tly Ik~ck}cm Flkdsldcx Ik}cwwcfl}c Ti}a }ac X}`wicx lkm Cxuchilffy Ti}a? }ac

Halwlh}cwx X`hiù`fi}ihlf Glhbdw`skm& Hsf}swc lkm Aix}`wy

Lx jck}i`kcm lg`~c& ]`fbick skmcwx}``m }al} }ac h`wc `n lky `n aix hwcl}swc$x

ucwx`klfi}icx ix }ac flkdsldc }acy xuclb !Y`swmih}i`klwy& ]`fbick)+ Tack }ac

flkdsldcx lwc ~ictcm lx l ~caihfc `n }ac aix}`wy `n Jimmfc*Clw}a }ack tc jly fclwk l

f`} `n ikn`wjl}i`k lg`s} }acj+

G`}a wclf flkdsldcx lkm ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx lwc h`kx}lk}fy halkdikd mswikd }ac

~lwi`sx }ijc ucwi`mx !& 837)+ X`jc milfch}x jly gc n`wd`}}ck lkm kct

milfch}x jly gc ik~ck}cm gy l xuchinih }wigc+ Y`s jly c~ck k`}ihc }al} flkdsldcx

wcnfch} }ac dckcwlf u`fi}ihlf haìhcx lkm gcficnx `n }ac dw`sux `n ucùfc }al} lwc sxikd

}acj !n`w ikx}lkhc& }ac lk}i}acxix gc}tcck }ac flkdsldc `n }ac Cf~cx lkm }ac flkdsldc

`n J`wm`w hlk gc clxify `gxcw~cm) !837)+ Nsw}acwj`wc& flkdsldc wcnfch}x }ac x`hilf

x}l}sx `n l }wigc `w l dw`su `n ucùfc? }ac suucw hflxx `n l wcdi`k `n Jimmfc*Clw}a

bk`tx a`t }` xuclb j`wc }alk `kc flkdsldc skfibc }ac f`tcw hflxx `n }ac xljc

wcdi`k }al} `kfy xuclbx i}x j`}acw }`kdsc !837)+


15/16

Wcjcjgcw }ac ~lwic}y `n Cf~ixa flkdsldcx ik h`k}wlx} ti}a }ac flkdsldcx xu`bck gy

Jck+ @kfy l nct tcff*cmshl}cm Jck bkct t`wmx ik \sckyl lkm lk c~ck f`tcw

ksjgcw bkct a`t }` xuclb i} h`wwch}fy+ ]ac A`ggi}x& gcikd l j`mcx} }wigc ti}a

j`x}fy skcmshl}cm jcjgcwx& ikalgi}ikd lk ix`fl}cm& uswc lwcl `n Jimmfc*Clw}a `kfy

h`jjskihl}cm sxikd l milfch} `n Tcx}w`k hlffcm A`ggi}ixa+ ]ac A`ggi}x aix}`wy

h`julwcm }` }ac aix}`wy `n Cf~cx& xccjx }` gc ikxidkinihlk}+ ]ac Cf~cx al~c ik~ck}cm

jlky milfch}x jlikfy msc }` }acj ikalgi}ikd Jimmfc*Clw}a xikhc i}x hwcl}i`k& gcn`wc

}ac Niwx} Ldc& tack lff `}acw }wigcx al~c k`} luuclwcm yc}+

Ln}cw d`ikd mccufy ik}` ]`fbickx t`wbx I t`sfm fibc }` h`khfsmc gy xlyikd }al} aix

x}`wicx hlkk`} gc ~ictcm xculwl}cfy nw`j }ac ik~ck}cm flkdsldcx n`skm ik }acj+ ]acxc

flkdsldcx mcxcw~c }ac wclmcwx l}}ck}i`k in ac tlk}x }` skmcwx}lkm h`jufc}cfy lkm

cko`y }ac twi}cwx x}`wy}cffikd+

Gigfi`dwluay

Hlwuck}cw& A+ lkm ]`fbick& H+ !cmx+) ]ac Fc}}cwx `n O+ W+ W+ ]`fbick+ G`x}`k?A`sda}`k Jinnfik&


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Documents

The Role of Invented Languages in Tolkien's Work