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THE ROLE OF THE KENYAN THE ROLE OF THE KENYAN GOVERNMENT IN SAFEGUARDING GOVERNMENT IN SAFEGUARDING
LAKE NAIVASHALAKE NAIVASHA
PARITA PARITA SHAH (JUNE 2012)SHAH (JUNE 2012)PARITA PARITA SHAH (JUNE 2012)SHAH (JUNE 2012)UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIUNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESSTUDIES
PRESENTATION MADE AT PRESENTATION MADE AT THEUNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGHTHEUNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
LAKE NAIVASHALAKE NAIVASHA�� Rift valley lake Rift valley lake –– fresh waterfresh water
�� Three water bodies Three water bodies –– Crater Lake (Crater Lake (SonachiSonachi))
-- Main LakeMain Lake
-- OloidienOloidien LakeLake-- OloidienOloidien LakeLake
�� Main water sources Main water sources –– River River GilgilGilgil and and MalewaMalewa
�� No outlet No outlet -- lake area 158 km²lake area 158 km²-- catchment area 3400 km²catchment area 3400 km²
-- mean depth 8 mmean depth 8 m
-- altitude 1890 maltitude 1890 m
STATUS OF THE LAKESTATUS OF THE LAKE
�� Protected area Protected area –– RAMSAR site 1995RAMSAR site 1995
-- Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) 1999Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) 1999
-- Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992-- Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992
�� Important Bird Areas (IBA) Important Bird Areas (IBA) -- over 470 bird over 470 bird speciesspecies
�� Wildlife area Wildlife area –– zebras, hippos, water bucks, zebras, hippos, water bucks, giraffesgiraffes
NAIVASHA TOWNNAIVASHA TOWN�� Population growth very highPopulation growth very high
�� Exponential growth Exponential growth –– 1999 1999 –– 147,000147,000
-- 2009 2009 -- 767,000767,000
�� In ten years, population increase more than In ten years, population increase more than 5x5x5x5x
�� Cosmopolitan town Cosmopolitan town –– flower farmsflower farms
Kamere settlement
PROBLEMS OF THE LAKEPROBLEMS OF THE LAKE
Wide spread catchment degradation drying rivers Water overuse through riparian irrigationWide spread catchment degradation drying rivers Water overuse through riparian irrigation
Water hyacinth boats getting stuck in the hyacinth empty fish landing beach Kamere
Pastoralism, crop farming, grazing and cutting of papyrus along riparian area of the lakePastoralism, crop farming, grazing and cutting of papyrus along riparian area of the lake
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
�� Environmental Management and Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)1999 Coordination Act (EMCA)1999 ––safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of riparian lands, control quality of water, riparian lands, control quality of water, Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)(EIA)
�� National Environmental Management National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Authority (NEMA) –– management and management and coordination issuescoordination issues
�� National Environmental Action Plan National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) Committees (NEAP) Committees
�� Establishment of National Biodiversity Establishment of National Biodiversity Action PlansAction Plans
�� National Wetlands Standing CommitteeNational Wetlands Standing Committee�� National Wetlands Standing CommitteeNational Wetlands Standing Committee
�� National RAMSAR Standing CommitteeNational RAMSAR Standing Committee
�� National Wetlands Forum National Wetlands Forum –– brings both brings both private and public stakeholders private and public stakeholders togethertogether
�� National Water Resources Management National Water Resources Management PolicyPolicy
�� Forest PolicyForest Policy
�� National Biodiversity Strategy Action National Biodiversity Strategy Action PlansPlans
�� District Development and District District Development and District �� District Development and District District Development and District Environment CommitteesEnvironment Committees
�� Provisional Environment CommitteesProvisional Environment Committees
�� Kenya Wetlands Forum Kenya Wetlands Forum –– Development Development of Legal Notice on Lake of Legal Notice on Lake NaivashaNaivashaCatchment (under Water Act)Catchment (under Water Act)
�� Water Resource Authorities (WRUAs) Water Resource Authorities (WRUAs) ––permits, data collection, compliance, permits, data collection, compliance, revenuerevenue
�� Wetlands Regulations of 2008 Wetlands Regulations of 2008 –– public public participation in line with CBD, RAMSAR, CMSparticipation in line with CBD, RAMSAR, CMS
�� Use of topUse of top--down and bottomdown and bottom--up up approaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainings
�� Constitution of Kenya 2010 Constitution of Kenya 2010 –– environmental environmental sustainability and utilization, effectiveness sustainability and utilization, effectiveness and domestication of Multilateral and domestication of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
�� Physical Planning ActPhysical Planning Act
�� Wildlife Act of 2009 Wildlife Act of 2009
�� Forest Act of 2005Forest Act of 2005�� Forest Act of 2005Forest Act of 2005
�� Trust Land ActTrust Land Act
�� Fisheries ActFisheries Act
�� Local Government ActLocal Government Act
�� ImarishaImarisha NaivashaNaivasha –– Office of the Prime Office of the Prime Minister Minister –– Gazette Notice No. 1476Gazette Notice No. 1476
�� Aim Aim identify problems of the lakeidentify problems of the lake
Restore and promote sustainable developmentRestore and promote sustainable development
Participatory approachParticipatory approach
stakeholdersstakeholders
Regulations Regulations –– RAMSAR, CBD, WRUAs, EMCARAMSAR, CBD, WRUAs, EMCA--local actslocal acts-- wetlands wetlands
ProgrammesProgrammes and projects e.g. tree planting, restoration of and projects e.g. tree planting, restoration of NaivashaNaivasha Sewage Treatment Plant, EIA of River Sewage Treatment Plant, EIA of River MalewaMalewa Delta, Delta, Compliance with laws, installation of water meters Compliance with laws, installation of water meters
INSTITUTIONS INVOLVEDINSTITUTIONS INVOLVED
�� Kenya Fisheries Research InstituteKenya Fisheries Research Institute
�� Kenya Wildlife SocietyKenya Wildlife Society
�� National Museums of KenyaNational Museums of Kenya�� National Museums of KenyaNational Museums of Kenya
�� Nature KenyaNature Kenya
�� Community based Organizations (CBOs)Community based Organizations (CBOs)
�� World Wildlife FundWorld Wildlife Fund
OTHER STAKEHOLDERSOTHER STAKEHOLDERS
�� Lake Lake NaivashaNaivasha Riparian Association Riparian Association (LNRA 1929) (LNRA 1929) – Riparian landowners
– Predominantly former colonial settlers
�� LNRA developed management planLNRA developed management plan
�� LNRA lobbied for lake as RAMSAR siteLNRA lobbied for lake as RAMSAR site
�� Under the Chair of Lord Under the Chair of Lord EnniskillenEnniskillen
�� LNRA LNRA –– 70 years of formation and won 70 years of formation and won RAMSAR prestigious prize in 1999RAMSAR prestigious prize in 1999
�� Lake Lake NaivashaNaivasha Growers Group (LNGG)Growers Group (LNGG)––pressure from Europe pressure from Europe –– ecoeco--friendly friendly productsproducts
�� LNGG working towards a management LNGG working towards a management planplan
�� LNGG Performance LNGG Performance –– trying trying –– integrated integrated �� LNGG Performance LNGG Performance –– trying trying –– integrated integrated pest management, constructed wetlandspest management, constructed wetlands
�� Ken GenKen Gen
�� Research Institutions Research Institutions -- UniversitiesUniversities
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY�� 223 223 people were interviewed from all people were interviewed from all around the lakearound the lake
�� Areas interviews taken Areas interviews taken –– NaivashaNaivashatown, town, MoiMoi NdabiNdabi, , KinangopKinangop –– Engineer Engineer town, town, MoiMoi NdabiNdabi, , KinangopKinangop –– Engineer Engineer sub location and Hells Gate areasub location and Hells Gate area
�� Random samplingRandom sampling
Map showing Lake Naivasha and the sites used during
interviews
Kinangop
Naivasha
town
Hells Gate
Moi Ndabi
AWARENESS LEVELSAWARENESS LEVELS
�� Are people around aware that the lake Are people around aware that the lake is protected?is protected?
�� 70% YES70% YES�� 70% YES70% YES
�� 30% NO30% NO
�� PiechartPiechart shows how the people knew shows how the people knew and who informed themand who informed them
Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha -- management management challengeschallenges
�� Increasing human activities around the lake Increasing human activities around the lake
�� Large areas of lake frontage exploited for Large areas of lake frontage exploited for horticultural farminghorticultural farming
�� Huge water consumption from the lakeHuge water consumption from the lake�� Huge water consumption from the lakeHuge water consumption from the lake
�� Lake’s horticultural produce nearly 75% of Lake’s horticultural produce nearly 75% of Kenya’s horticultural exportsKenya’s horticultural exports
–– Foreign exchange and job creation for Foreign exchange and job creation for ≈≈ 0.3 0.3 million peoplemillion people
–– Does employment really improve peoples’ Does employment really improve peoples’ livelihoods? livelihoods? -- 1 USD/day or USD 30/month1 USD/day or USD 30/month
CHALLENGES TO THE GOVERNMENTCHALLENGES TO THE GOVERNMENT
Map 1: Land use and lake size in 1987
Source: Nyongesa 2010
Map 2: Land use and lake size changes in 2010
Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha
1976 1986
1976 Landsat MSS: expansion of farms
1976
1986 Landsat TM : expansion of farms
1986
Other management issuesOther management issues
�� Catchment degradationCatchment degradation
–– Loss of natural forestLoss of natural forest
–– Soil loss estimated to over 10 t/kmSoil loss estimated to over 10 t/km22/yr /yr
�� Rising levels of pesticide residues especially Rising levels of pesticide residues especially organochloridesorganochlorides, organophosphates, , organophosphates, organochloridesorganochlorides, organophosphates, , organophosphates, carbamatescarbamates
�� Over fishingOver fishing-- seasonal closures in futureseasonal closures in future
�� Invasive species Invasive species -- SalviniaSalvinia molestamolesta , , EichhorniaEichhornia crassipescrassipes, , PistiaPistia stratiotesstratiotes
� Climate change
ILLEGAL WATER ABSTRACTION ILLEGAL WATER ABSTRACTION THROUGH DITCHES THROUGH DITCHES –– CLOSING OF ACCESS CORRIDORSCLOSING OF ACCESS CORRIDORS
Numbers of Total African Fish Eagles and Immatures in
bars against the annual commercial fish catch in metric
tons in green line
Source: peregrinefund.org/african-fish-eagle (Dr. M. Virani)
Some recent Some recent developmentsdevelopments
�� An integrated management plan An integrated management plan -- LNRALNRA
�� BINU ProjectBINU Project--GEFGEF
–– Identification of biodiversity indicators for Identification of biodiversity indicators for wetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national level
�� Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha -- planning site for freshwater planning site for freshwater wetlandswetlands
�� Preliminary bioindicators already selectedPreliminary bioindicators already selected
–– FishFish
–– WaterbirdsWaterbirds
BINUBINU--Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha
�� WaterbirdWaterbird bioindicatorsbioindicators
�� Environmental trend monitoring using the LPI Environmental trend monitoring using the LPI (water levels)(water levels)
–– Based on estimates of population size of Based on estimates of population size of individual bird speciesindividual bird species
–– Index a percentage of the standing Index a percentage of the standing population against a baseline populationpopulation against a baseline population
–– Nine species for Lake Nine species for Lake NaivashaNaivasha
BINUBINU--Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha
�� Pied Kingfisher Pied Kingfisher -- Water quality (clarity)Water quality (clarity)
�� Great White Pelican Great White Pelican -- State of fisheryState of fishery
�� Great Cormorant Great Cormorant -- State of fisheryState of fishery
�� African Darter African Darter -- Water quality (a diver)Water quality (a diver)�� African Darter African Darter -- Water quality (a diver)Water quality (a diver)
�� YellowYellow--billed Stork billed Stork -- high concentrationhigh concentration
�� YellowYellow--billed Duck billed Duck -- high concentrationhigh concentration
�� African Fish Eagle African Fish Eagle -- sensitive predatorsensitive predator
�� RedRed--knobbed Coot knobbed Coot -- high concentrationhigh concentration
�� African Jacana African Jacana -- floating macrophytesfloating macrophytes
Overall LPI (water Overall LPI (water levels) trendslevels) trends
LPI - Lake Naivasha (1991-2003)
100
We
tla
nd
eco
syst
em
in
de
x
0
20
40
60
80
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
We
tla
nd
eco
syst
em
in
de
x
Wetland LPI
Environmental implications of Environmental implications of
management challengesmanagement challenges
�� Increased vulnerability of Increased vulnerability of lake lake ecosystemecosystem–– Uncertain future Uncertain future
–– Deteriorating environmental healthDeteriorating environmental health
–– Changing birdlife patternsChanging birdlife patterns
�� Declining numbers of key birdsDeclining numbers of key birds
African fish eagleAfrican fish eagle�� African fish eagleAfrican fish eagle
�� The futureThe future–– New Environmental New Environmental lawslaws
–– EMCA (1999)EMCA (1999)
�� Lead Agency Lead Agency -- NEMANEMA
�� EIAEIA
�� EAEA
�� New ConstitutionNew Constitution
�� Active Lake Active Lake NaivashaNaivasha Development PlanDevelopment Plan