The role of the political elite culture in inefficiency of

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The role of the political elite culture in inefficiency of

NGOs in Iran

Mohammad Ali Khosravi

Assistant Professor, PhD in Political Sciences,

Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Shohreh Shahsavari Fard Ph. D Candidate in political sciences, Central Tehran Branch,

Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding Author

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analysis the political culture of the ruling elite and its role in

inefficiencies of NGOs. In fact, the author has tried to show that the underdevelopment of NGOs

in governments after the revolution has close relationship with political culture of ruling elite of

these eras. In addition to questionnaire to assess the type of political culture, their performance

was examined based on Gabriel Almond model. To validate the reagents, in addition to previous

studies, we used the views of a number of sociologists and political science professors and after

confirmation of expert community and passing the validity stage to examine the internal

consistency of questionnaire items, Cronbach's alpha was obtained as 77 using SPSS software.

Then, political culture was examined by assessing the political participation, political trust,

citizenship rights, and tolerance. Freedom of speech was investigated in 9 components. Results

reflected the fact that the culture of ruling on elite is a allegiance with thick, tough, and stable

clusters closing the ways for political development. Reluctance to answer some questions and

lack of proportionality among some answers with performance of this population are strong

evidence in this regard.

Keywords NGOs, political culture, the ruling elite, centralization, allegiance culture

1- Introduction

Nowadays, there is no place for individual working independent from institutions, since

as the demands of the citizens from governments increase government cannot provide

all services alone. That is why due to the government's failure to provide adequate and

appropriate services in recent years, support and interest in NGOs have increased.

Accordingly, in majority of developed and developing countries, these civil institutions

are established to complement government efforts to political development of

governments. Studying political development has been a major concern of the political

thinkers in terms of ruling elite. However, since 1950 onwards, thinkers such as

Almond-Verba and Lucian Pye conducted direct and accurate investigation of political

culture in their comparative studies. They stated that elite political culture concerns

with "attitudes, feelings and behavior models of those who have achieved active roles

through workflow particular to political recruitment and have a direct impact on the

outcomes of regime" (Lucian Pye and et al, 2001).

As political culture described, if the entire people of society is divided into "elite" and

"mass", then we must ask that whether political culture of elite or political culture of

mass will have greater role in political development process and consolidation of civil

organizations. Historical experience shows that the development or fall of any society

depends on the role and culture of elite since their thought is effective in implementing

The role of the political elite culture in inefficiency of NGOs in Iran

Khosravi and Fard / Argos Special Issue, 2016/pp. 47-60

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political - social programs. While political elite is defined and explained as formal group

that is elected legally in West industrialized countries, the elite definition in developing

countries, including Iran, is still more consistent with the definitions of Pareto and

Mosca. Pareto consider in two general and specific meanings. In a general meaning, elite

refers to individuals who have achieved the highest scores in their activities. In other

words, they are small number of people that each of them has achieved success in their

own sphere of activity and high level of the professional hierarchy (Aron, 1998,

Bottomore, 1998). In specific meaning, it refers to "ruling elite" (Aron, 1998), the second

understanding of the elite has been folloed by Mosca and Lasswell, while Mosca uses

"ruling class" and Lasswell uses "political elites" terms (Badii, 2001). In this regard, to

recognize the political elite traditionally, it was started from government members since

government is an institution that its members are questioned by society and in terms of

performance, it is the only institution that takes major decisions (Harold, 2004).

It is claimed a type of allegiance and non-participatory political rather than

participatory political culture has been a major cause of serious political

underdevelopment." In fact, many of the political obstacles and problems has been due

to anti-development character and culture of political elite and despite extensive

developments in Iran and multiple change in political systems in the last few centuries,

the political culture of Iranians, including the political elite - has not been changed

significantly.

To evaluate the hypothesis, based on requirements of the studied problem and due to its

qualitative nature, the population of study was estimated 200 people in an estimation

conducted by some experts, that it was reduced to 75 people according to Cochran

equation, but the question is why 220 people? There is no right and convincing answer

for this question. All these 220 people can be regarded as the political elite as the

number of political elite can be limited to 5 people voluntary. Selection of this number is

not because that this number was simple and easy, but it is due the fact that we want to

face with a large mass group that is statistically valid on the Iranian political elite. As

Alexis De Tocqueville wrote: "The moral authority of the majority (in America) is based

in part on the fact that intelligence and wisdom are high in set of individuals who are

united and cohesive rather than alone and unique people". That is why we tried to give

verdict on elite political culture based on a majority of the ruling political elite (De

Tocqueville, 1954).

The statistical population of study includes:

- Deputy of ministers, general managers, and heads of departments of various ministries

in the period after the revolution - effective and politically influential members -

governors and heads of major departments and agencies of provinces –heads and

members of committees or central committees of political parties, political newspapers

and magazines publisher and responsible managers- universities presidents and their

deputies and prominent professors. The conceptual model of study was developed as

follows:



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Figure 1: The conceptual model of study was developed as follows:

2- Definition of concepts

A) NGOs: NGO is a concept that neither can we find a specific, accurate and

comprehensive definition for it, nor there is possibility of searching e specified history

since its creation.

However, the unprecedented growth of these organizations, especially in recent decades

has caused that its structure to be changed from almost unknown concept to fixed and

limited scope of tasks so surprisingly and become a powerful actor in national and

international arena and the ability to influence alongside governments and international

organizations. Perhaps, one of the main reasons for this change can be sought in the

development of "global civil society" concept in recent years. However, despite

remarkable history, NGO concept is not clear.

In a structure – operating study, Johns Hopkins University (1990) believes that an NGO

has five characteristics as follows: being organized (being established and stabilized),

being non-governmental, self-dependence or independence, being non-profit, being

voluntary.

B) Political culture:Almond Verba, that this study is based on it, believes that each

political system require a specified model from orientation to actions, or in other words,



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it has an organized subjective realm on policy giving meaning to society, institutions

and reliance of communities on individual actions (Almondm 1956). He believes that

four criteria must be considered in assessing the level of political culture of a given

society: (Palmer, M., Stern, & L., Garyl, 1988).

1. What knowledge a person does have about the nation, political system, history,

constitution, and so on?

2. What does he know about the structure and the role of the political elite and proposed

political policies and what is his feeling about these things?

3. What view and judgment does that person have on the implementation of policies in

low levels, structures, people, and decisions involved in this process, in addition to

knowledge and feeling?

4. How does he consider himself as a member of the political system and what is his view

on about his capacities? Which norms of participation does he know? In simple terms, it

can be said that political culture has three dimensions or basic components:

1. Cognitive dimension

2. Emotional dimension

3. Evaluative dimension

The first dimension indicates the knowledge and beliefs of the people and the elite, the

second dimension indicates their emotional orientation, and third dimension indicates

their judgment on political system and rules, roles, and input and output of system.

C) ruling elite: we should not forget that there are two political cultures: political culture

of elite and political culture of mass people. Elite political culture concerns with feelings

and behavioral models of those who achieved active role from political recruitment and

has direct impact on the outcomes of system. Political culture of mass also is formed with

attitudes and orientations of the people (as a whole) against policy that cannot control

outcomes of outcomes of system (Pye et al, 2001).

By understanding the concept of culture and political culture, the question arises how

political culture is in general and in particular among the elite as effective group in Iran.

James Rosenau believed that the main task of an academic person is to simplify complex

phenomena under the node of Iranian political culture from the perspective of current

international development (Sariolghalam, 2013).

In the case of political culture of Iran, many discussions have been made, but in general,

two approaches were published in this regard. One group that is largely dependent on

the flow of Iranian intellectuals that consider no positive point in the political culture of

pre-revolution in Iran. Authoritarianism, conspiracy, anti-culture, authority, tolerance,

open-mindedness, and violence are the main components of the political culture of Iran

before the revolution. However, another set of analyses that examines various cultural-

historical sources of Iran, including ancient Iran, Islam caliphate Sunni, Shiite and

modern thinking and tries to compare the pros and cons of each with each other.

Since the political elite are selected from public people and moral qualities of mass

people is flowing in their vessels. “Rene Gruseh" considers Iran as a country on the road

and crossing of cultures, groups, and major historical mainstreams. The fact that Iran is

located at the crossroads of events plays an important role in determining the Iraninan

personality, power structure, and the type of political. One of the sources of diverse and

beliefs and behaviors and sometimes conflicting of Iranians is geographical and

historical situation.



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From this perspective, a society that is passing through the history and civilization,

people face with two negative and positive personalities: on the one hand, they have

open, vision and flexible thought with new conditions, and on the other hand, they are

highly exposed with cultural metamorphosis (Abtahi, 2003). Therefore, the researchers

of Iranian culture introduce it as subordinate culture rather than participatory culture

due to several reasons.

In this culture, people are not able to have a strong cooperation and they have low trust

in each other. These issues that negative attitudes to political power - political passivity

-distrust in each other, a weak spirit of collective cooperation – getting the satisfaction

of ruler in anyway -fear of government actions- claiming the ownership of people lives

and properties by the government.

"Marvin Zonis": He considers four characteristics for Iranian political culture, especially

the political elite:Political pessimism, individual distrust, a sense of insecurity, and

interpersonal exploitation (abuse) . (Zonis, 2008),but how this culture has played

negative role in the realization of civil organizations and political development.

To answer this question, in addition to the questionnaire to assess the type of political

culture, we have considered three periods. Then, based on three periods, we selected

three examples of discourse on the impact of political culture of elite on performance of

NGOs. In questionnaire, it was tried that political participation, political trust, the view

of population on citizens' rights to freedom of speech, tolerance, and civil institutions

factors to be measured to assess the type of political culture. Reluctance to answer the

questions and considerations of population of study encouraged the author to assess the

answers with their performance.

3- Assessment of samples of study

Among 75 political elite, 69% of respondents were male and 31% of them were female. In

terms of age, 21% of them were up to 40 years old, 40% of them were 40-50 years old,

27% of them were 50-60 years old, and 8% of them were 60-70 years old. In terms of

education, 47% of them were graduate, 51% of them were undergraduate, 27% of them

were PhD, and 1% of them had Seminary educations. In terms of professional history, 61

of them had below 20 years of work experience, 19% of them had 20-30 years of work

experience, and 11% of them refused to answer this question. Regarding political

orientation, 70% of them belonged to independent party, 15% of them belonged to

conservative party, and 15 of them were reformists. In order to investigate the normal

distribution of research variables, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used.

In the form of seven political options, It was tried that elite membership status of

various organizations to be investigated. It was hypothesized that there is a significant

relationship between being participatory and membership status.

Bar graph of the frequency distribution of the membership status of respondents in

different organizations and groups



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Figure 2 : frequency distribution of the membership status of respondents in different

organizations and groups

Additionally, the rate of use of information sources by population of study was

measured. It was hypothesized that there is significant relationship between

awareness of people and their use of these options. The significance number related

to the use of satellites was below 5 percent, which means that the null hypothesis of

equality of the first group and the second is not approved.

As the observed ratio of first group (less or equal to moderate) is 0.64, so it can be

concluded that satellite has a weak situation as a source of information on the daily

lives of the respondents. Regarding radio and television, the significance number is

not lower than 5 percent, so it can be said that two groups (less or equal to moderate

and higher than the moderate) are not significantly different, which means that

domestic radio and television, as satellite, does not have a proper place in everyday

life of respondents.

Regarding other sources of information, including newspapers, magazines and books,

as the significance number was lower that error level of 5% and the observed ratio of

second group (many) is higher than first group (less or equal to moderate), so it can

be said these sources of information have proper place in the daily lives of the

respondents.

3-1- Components of measuring political culture:

Political culture of the ruling elite were evaluated in nine components based on Gabriel

Almond so that type of political culture of population to be determined. This theorist

stated three political cultures –participatory, obedience, and tribal known as

authoritarian and democratic political culture about political elite.



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H1 :P1=P2

H0 :P1 P2

● Emotional orientation to system: a person states degree of his sense of pride to three

options of Iran history and art and characteristics of Iran people. Through these

questions, it was tried that the view and sense of elite to be examined.

Table 1 : Results of two-option test related to emotional orientation to system variable

Group of answers Observed value

Test value

Significance number

Less or equal to moderate (disagree) 0.11 0.5 0.000

More than moderate (agree) 0.89

As it is seen in table above, the obtained significance number is lower than error level of

5%. This means that the null hypothesis of equality of the two groups of respondents is

approved, so as the value of second group (those who were agree) was higher, we can

conclude that the respondents have a positive emotional orientation to system.

●Evaluative orientation to system: to assess this concept , the judgments of person with

respect to various aspects of the system, including political system performance, the

position of country in the international system, NGOs performance and parties were

developed and one person states that if he is agree or disagree on these items.

Table 2 : Results of two-option test related to evaluative orientation of system variable


Test value

Significance number

Less or equal to moderate (disagree)

0.49 0.5 0.001


As it is seen in table above, the obtained significance number is higher than error level

of 5%. This means that there is no reason to reject the null hypothesis of equality of the

two groups, so we can conclude that the respondents do not have a positive evaluative

orientation to system.

● Cognitive orientation of the system: to assess this concept, the understanding of one

person to type of government, and the relationship of government with political

participation were assessed.

Table 3 : Results of two-option test related to cognitive orientation of system variable


Test value

Significance number

Less or equal to moderate (disagree)

0.12 0.5 0.000



5%. This means that there the null hypothesis of equality of the two groups is rejected,

so we can conclude that the respondents have a positive cognitive orientation to system.

●emotional orientation to output (process): a person assesses his self-confidence to

political participation, political parties, and freedom of speech.



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Table 4 : Results of two-option test related to emotional orientation to input


Test value

Significance number





so as the first group (those who were disagree) number was higher, it can be concluded

that respondents do not have a positive emotional orientation to input.

●cognitive orientation to input: a person states his recognition of his political duties in

the society.

Table 5 : Results of two-option test related to cognitive orientation to input


Test value

Significance number





so as the second group (those who were agree) number was higher, it can be concluded

that respondents have a positive cognitive orientation to input.

●evaluative orientation to input: in this study, to assess this concept, individual

evaluations of political roles and channels of political participation of women in society

were developed in which one states that if he agree or disagree in this regard.

Table 6 : Results of two-option test related to evaluative orientation to input


Test value

Significance number






that respondents do not have a positive evaluative orientation to input.

● Emotional orientation to output: one person states his sense of optimistic to main

program and policy of system in terms of NGOs status

Table 7 : Results of two-option test related to emotional orientation to output


Test value

Significance number






that respondents do not have a positive emotional orientation to output.



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● Cognitive orientation to output: one person assesses his recognition of civil rights.

Tolerance and the role that these concepts can play in development of NGOs are

assessed.

Table 8 : Results of two-option test related to cognitive orientation to output


Test value

Significance number





so as the first group (those who were agree) number was higher, it can be concluded that

respondents have a positive cognitive orientation to output.

●evaluative orientation to output: in this assessment, the evaluation of one person of

causes of inefficiency of NGOs as output is assessed.

Table 9 : Results of two-option test related to evaluative orientation to output


Test value

Significance number



As it is seen in table above, the obtained significance number is higher than error level

of 5%. This means that there the is no reason to reject null, so it can be concluded that

respondents do not have a positive evaluative orientation to output.

3-2- analysis of "political culture impact on the efficiency of NGOs

H0 :P1=P2

H1 :P1 P2

Table 10 : Results of two-option test related to political culture impact on efficiency of NGOs

Row Text of statement Group of answers

Observed value

Test value

Significance level

1 Non-governmental organizations are

result of change in perspective from

centralization to decentralization

3 >=(disagree) 0.24 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.76

2 Security view of political elites to

functioning of these organizations is

effective in their inefficiency.

3( >=disagree) 0.29 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.71

3

Awareness of the political elite of

civil rights is one of the efficiency

factors of non-governmental

organizations

3( >=disagree) 0.15 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.85

4

.

We must do our best to consolidate

these organizations as pillars of civil

3( >=disagree) 0.25 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.75



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society

5

Considering more important issues,

"any spiritual and material

investment in the development of

these organizations is a waste of

time.

3( >=disagree) 0.89 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.11

6 These institutions endanger

national security, despite their

deceptive appearance

3( >=disagree) 0.89 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.11

7

As political elite believe that non-

governmental organizations are not

part of civil society, so they are

weak institutions.

3( >=disagree) 0.59 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.41

8 Non-governmental are not efficient

due to reduced social capital and

public trust

3( >=disagree) 0.38 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.62

9

Non-governmental organizations

have not achieved their main goals

and position because of political

obstacles

3( >=disagree) 0.25 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.75

10 Everyone has the right to

participate in civic organizations.

3( >=disagree) 0.02 0.5 0.000

3( <agree) 0.98

Based on significant numbers calculated, it can be claimed that:

Given that significance number is lower that error level of 5% and frequency of agree

group is higher than disagree group, it can be concluded that respondents agree with the

statements inserted in rows of 1-2-3-4-8-9 and 10.

Given that significance number is lower that error level of 5% and frequency of disagree

group is higher than agree group, it can be concluded that respondents disagree with the

statements inserted in rows of 5 and 6.

Given that significance number is higher that error level of 5%, so frequency of agree

group has no difference with that of agree group, it means that respondents are neither

disagree nor agree.

In investigations related to political culture, the attitudes of population three political

levels of systems, processes and policy-making were assessed. At the system level, the

perspective on the people and leaders on values and strengthening organizations of

political system were assessed. At policy-making level, it was examined that political

elite has what goals and how they are achieved. In the process level, the tendency of

individuals to engage in the process, support requests from some groups and opposition

with other groups and forms of participation are examined.

4- The ineffectiveness of the political elite

-First paragraph: rotation of elite.

Various factors cause that elite cannot be dynamic, including, spirit and tyranny

character of political actors and their dependence on foreign powers, dependency of

classes and elites on government, and the lack of rotation by elite. However, the most



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important factor that was considered by political scientists is lack of rotation of elite due

to government structure.

In fact, elite rotation as balancing factor in social and political system can have a

decisive role in the stability of the political system. Therefore, if rotation cannot be done

successfully by elite in a society or it is done incomplete or in anon-democratic way, and

incomplete and undemocratic elite and characters participate in the ruling elite group

through legal partner institutions or the use of peaceful methods, they think that they

are forced see to struggle in armed way or peacefully overthrown the power of

incompetent elite. Finally, closed elitist system in Iran at all-time firstly shows the lack

of rotation by elite group and outer layer of the society, and secondly, it suggests

indifference and inaction in main actors of political power. In other words, we are seeing

a cyclical rotation direction rotation that is characteristics of the elite rotation in the

Third World, while the supplementary rotation is correct. (Azghandi, 1997).

Unlike the "modern industrial societies where certain types of the ruling class or the

political elite are created”, third world countries are lack of correct rotation. In these

countries, experts in various political, social, cultural, economic, sports areas are

eccentric and coaxial. It means that all elite groups and their life depend on position of

the ruling party, ruling party, or ruling class; otherwise, they lose their social status.

Accordingly, elite became the main tools of power. In such a structure, the elite do not

compete with each other and their only distinguishing characteristic of them is loyalty

to the ruling power or regime. While the circular rotation is complementary, the nature,

composition and performance of the elite is very different in Western countries and that

is why the elite turn, against the mentioned countries where it is often associated with

violence, occurs in another way. In these countries, elite find their base in the process of

social forces and within the society rather than confirming the ruling power, and

accordingly they complement each other, while they are compete with each other

.(Daheshiar, 2002).

-Second paragraph: The viability of partiality in Iran

The concept of "partiality" in the philosophy of history and political sociology of Ibn

Khaldun was introduced as a basic element (along with nature, civil, kingdom, etc.). Ibn

Khaldun used "partiality" as the main factors in explaining the rise and fall of power of

tribal powers and resulted governments from tribal authorities.

economic elite

social elite

cultural elite

political elite

ruling power

sport elite

political elite

cultural elite

social elite

economic elite



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Geographically, Iran is among the countries was the origin of tribal life and it has been

under the authority of alien tribal governance since old days. In this regard, we can use

the concept of Ibn Khaldun’s partiality in explaining the rise and fall of tribal authority

in Iran. The breakdown of tribal authority was not breakdown of Iran from its

traditional society and culture.

The breakdown that started from preparation period of Constitutional Revolution is

associated with some aspects of traditional society and their more and less compatibility

with conditions of the contemporary society. Partiality can be detected from the

elements that transferred from old traditional society to contemporary society.

Some features of new partiality can be considered as follows:

A) If the origin of the partiality was relative or tribal solidarity, the origin of modern

partiality is derived from the military elite or the mass movement.

The first modern partiality that challenged the old partiality and led to its overthrow

was observed in the military elite partiality commanded by Reza Shah and Cossack

Brigade that its result of emergence of the first modern partiality was the establishment

of Pahlavi Kingdom.

B) From an economic perspective, modern partiality, old partiality, is based on monopoly

of partiality’s God, but if the foreigner or domestic monopoly of old partiality was based

on direct involvement of police on looting, the modern partiality has relied more on

financial capital flow obtained from oil selling.

C) One of the differences of the modern partiality and old partiality is the nature of its

holder forces. Tribal authority partiality was relied mainly on support of military force of

states from central power, but in the modern partiality integrated police, especially

security police, at the national level or special groups are the main guardians of regime

and government.

D) Politically, modern partiality views society or considers it as a tribe. Therefore, it

assesses the policy issue as the framework of tribal policy. In short, tribe as a separate

and closed space has Khan that is the embodiment of relative soul of tribe and all must

follow and obey patriarchal authority.

E) In terms of legal system, it should be said that in accordance with Ibn Khaldun's

theory, the maintenance of a tribe depends on partiality not law and the social contract.

In fact, law or rule was a means in hand of Partiality Lord, while modern partiality that

live in conditions of law establishment, legal organizations, public area of social life, has

no escape either prevents from establishment of civil and social institutions, or deadlock

them, if failed in the first case. A very important means that modern partiality carries

out its extra legal actions is the multiplicity of decision centers in various areas of social

activity. It can be called as multi-government policy, government in government,

government beside government, government over the government, government guardian

of government, etc.

-From cultural point of view, the most important propaganda of modern of partiality is

patriarchy. Origins and sources of this patriarchy are rooted in past. In this regard,

modern and old partialities are common. However, old partiality looks at past to find

legitimacy, while legitimacy of modern partiality depends on past culturally, the past in

which myth is sacred to be ideological shield of partiality.



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- Psychologically, the reliance of partiality to arbitrary domination on people is based on

fear. However, the distinction between old and new nervousness is that the former

relies on a natural fear, tribal human fear of being isolated from his tribe that is his

main shelter, while the function of partiality is very complex in modern partiality. It is

the result of fear of helplessness compelling him to appeal modern partiality with his

satisfaction.

5- Conclusion

"The problem is when social actors see gap between what is and what should be.” When

in a society a problem become an issue, it will be necessary to do research in order to

discover the causes and social realities related to it. Form and structure of the problem

determine the way of finding the solution and making decision to face with it. Therefore,

studying it is one of the fundamental activities of the policy-making specialists. In our

country, since the period of the Third Development Plan, with emphasis on

decentralization, the way for reducing the size of government, development of public

participation, allocating of non-government affairs to the public and avoid the

government's tenure was paved. However, non-governmental organizations were not

institutionalized in Iran. In examining the cause of the inefficiency of non-governmental

organizations in Iran, there are several reasons, which all mentioned factors are

exaggerating factors in the failure of the NGO but they are not determining factor.

The problem is not only from internal structure of the organization, but it is from a

macro perspective, non-participation culture of political elite that has been an obstacle

in the political development. Elite political culture is attitudinal and intellectual

environment within which the political system works and this intellectual environment

in practice guides and shapes people choices in daily political life, since ordinary people

play less important in political investigations, while minority group (elite) is able to

develop movement.

In industrial societies, institutions that are allowed to have legal participation, that is

parties, Trade unions, the media, and universities are considered as the most important

centers fostering elite, while in Iran, due to type of structure if these centers, it has not

the major role in fostering the political thought. Therefore, elite political culture has

always been patrimonialism. Elite culture indicators include: allegiance and

authoritarianism versus legalism fear of government, subjectivism, imitation versus

wisdom and rationality, seeking submission, obstruction of speech, and behavior versus

tolerance due to polarized political culture with a vertical relationship.

The political elite culture and their performance are so that if there was any structure

that could be led into political development, was destroyed. Therefore, political culture

or political elite ideology has not been influenced by modern orientations due to political

culture arising from partiality, but it was mostly the continuation of patrimonialism

political culture. This modern partiality guided the society to deadlock that is cannot be

solved just by reviewing.

With an objective view, it must be said that there is a big capacity known as non-

governmental organizations and associations in the country as a reality, a capacity that

parts of it are operating actively in organizational missions. However, most part of them

have has case activity. Due to type of view of ruling elite, they have lost their

organizational cohesion and they have been led to passivity. These organizations are as

seeds needing a drink of water to germinate and flourish.



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