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The Russian Revolution
1917 - 1921
Fall of the Tsar (Czar?)• The Duma
– Russia’s Congress
• Criticizes the war effort in 1916
• Tsar Nicholas II closes it down
Rasputin
– Grigori Rasputin
• Mystic monk
• Claimed to be able to heal Alexi’s hemophilia
• Influenced royal couple
–Nicholas goes to the front, leaving wife and Rasputin in charge
• December 29, 1916
–Relatives invite Rasputin to dinner
Creepy?
While at Dinner
• Relatives poison and shoot Rasputin
– HE DOESN’T DIE
– Throw his body in the Neva River
Problems Continue
• Food Shortages
– Where’s my Beef Stroganoff?
• Fuel Shortages
• Military told to fire at protestors
– won’t fire and join protestors
Tsar Steps Aside
• March 15, 1917
–Tsar Nicholas II ends the Romanov dynasty and steps down
• Romanovs had been in power for 300 years
Provisional Government
• Liberals call for elections– Mostly members of the Duma– Saw the need for support from the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies• Socialistic groups
– Mensheviks – moderates– Bolsheviks – radicals
• Run by Alexander Kerensky– Member of the Petrograd Soviet
Kerensky
Provisional Government (con’t)
• Does not pull out of WWI– Desertion grows, economy drops– Could not make changes that the Soviets
wanted – BIG PROBLEM
Lenin to the rescue
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
• Big Brother, Alexander tries to kill Nicholas’ father Tsar Alexander III– Fails and is hanged
• Vlady vows to lead revolution
• Exiled to Siberia in 1895– Leaves Russia after his release
• Germany sends him back after Nicholas abdicates the throne (Why?)
Lenin’s Work
• Promised “Peace, Land, Bread” – Get out of WWI– Peasants would get land– Everyone gets enough to eat
• “ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS”– Soviets (committees) should be the nation’s
only government
The Revolution
• Summer 1917– Gov’t issues warrants
for Bolshevik leaders
• Fall 1917– Bolsheviks control
Petrograd Soviet through elections
• November 1917– Storm communication,
train, and electric hubs– Turn the guns of the Aurora on the Tsarist palace
– Provisional Government surrnders
What Happened Next
• Elections held– Social Democrats - 420 seats– Bolsheviks - 225 seats
• Bolsheviks dissolve gov’t the next day– Seize power under Lenin
• Signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany– Russia gives Baltic provinces, Ukraine, and Poland to
Germany
Civil War
• White– Opposed Bolsheviks– Could be
• Tsarists – want to restore the Romanovs
• Liberals – want a capitalistic democracy
• Moderate Socialists – want democracy and state run economy
• Red– Bolsheviks
• Begin to call themselves communist
• Choose red as color of revolution
Whites get help
• Allies want to get rid of Bolsheviks– Bring Russia back into the war with Germany– Give soldiers and money to Whites
Why the Reds Win
• Leon Trotsky– Reorganized the army
• Restored discipline• Fostered loyalty
– Taught soldiers how to read an write
• Lack of unity on White side– Different groups didn’t trust one another
• Lenin used terror– Cheka – secret police arrests anyone who is “enemy
of the revolution”
What Happens to the Romanovs
• July 1918– Lenin orders Tsar and his family killed
• Were in Siberia– Taken to basement of their home and shot
The Royal Family
Lenin and Religion
• Lenin sees religion as against the revolution– Places severe restrictions on the Russian
Orthodox Church
Ending the Civil War
• Many socialist that support Lenin flee Russia
• Communists control entire country by 1921
• White armies surrender in 1921 due to disorganization, lack of equipment, etc.
• LENIN WINS
Problems for Lenin
• Rebellion at Krondstadt Naval Base (1921)
• Saw Lenin as a dictator – not true to promises
• Quickly crushed by Red Army
–Survivors are publically hanged
Lenin’s Plans
• New Economy Plan– Slows down Revolution
– Allows agriculture and retail to remain private
– Brings heavy industry (coal, oil, steel, etc.) under government control
Lenin’s Plans
• Changes country’s name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics– Attempt to incorporate non-Russian
people
• Forms All-Union Communist Party– Only party allowed
– Allows Lenin to control everything
Lenin’s Downfall
• Starting in 1921, Lenin suffers a series of strokes– Gradually removed from having power
by colleagues
• “keeping him from stressing”
• Dies on January 21, 1924
Lenin’s Tomb
Next Up
•STALIN!!
Stalin’s Background
• Joseph Dzhugashvili – Son of a shoemaker
– Studies in seminary
– Exiled for revolutionary activity
• Robs banks, prison breaks, etc.
–Becomes known to Lenin
Stalin’s Rise to Power
• Positions– Politburo – policy committee
– Orgburo – organization committee
– General Secretary of the Secretariat
• Seen as busy work by others
• Control Party membership and positions
Stalin’s Rise to Power
• Trotsky’s Decline– 1925 – gives up Commissar of War
position
• Thinks he will succeed Lenin
– 1927 – forced from Politburo and the Party
– 1928 – exiled abroad (Kazakhstan)
Stalin’s Rise to Power
• Without Trotsky – Stalin becomes undisputed ruler
Stalin’s Economic Policies
• Five Year Plan– Sets targets that have to met within 5
years for industry and agriculture
• Hard to increase everything at once
• Leads to famine
Stalin’s Economic Policies
• Collectivization– Consolidates all farms into state-run
collectives
• Problems
–Compensation
–Animals
–Gardens
Stalin’s Economic Policies
• Collectivization (con’t)– Policy is discontinued during the ’29-’30
winter.
– Re-started at harvest 1930
Stalin’s Terror
• Politburo– Of the six original members only one
survives – Stalin
• 4 ordered dead by Stalin
– Packed with Stalin supporters
Stalin’s Terror
• Army– 20% wiped out
– 40,000 officers killed
• Seen as possible threat to Stalin
Stalin’s Terror
• Peasants– If opposed to Stalin’s policies:
• Deported to Siberia
• Killed
–2,000 killed a day in Moscow for one summer
Stalin’s Successors
– At time of death• “conspiracy” of Jewish doctors trying
to kill him– planning to execute all Soviet
Jews• Beria controlling doctors
– Dies of cerebral hemerage on March 6, 1953
Stalin’s Death
Stalin’s Successors
• Georgi Malenkov and the Presidium (Politburo)
– Kill Beria, who had tried to take power
– Sees the USSR as weaker than thought
• Wants to compete with USA without fighting them
– Forced out in 1955
Stalin’s Successors
• Nikita Khrushchev– Named Party Secretary in 1953– Becomes Premier in 1956– “Secret Speech”
• given to Congress of Communist Party (1956)
• denounces Stalin’s policies• leaves out anything he had a part in• CAUSES PROBLEMS
Secret Speech
Stalin’s Successors
• Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy– Eastern Europe
• signs Warsaw Pact
– gave Eastern block countries some control
• Patches relationship with Yugoslavia
Stalin’s Successors
• Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy– Eastern Europe
• Poland–riot demanding change
»threatens military action, but backs down
• Hungary–wants free elections–want to withdraw from Warsaw Pact
»USSR tanks roll in to crush protests
Hungary Uprising
Stalin’s Successor
• Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy– World
• Looking for Allies
• brokers deal between Czechoslovakia and Egypt
• offers aid to Afghanistan, India, and Burma
Stalin’s Successors
• Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy– USA
• Berlin Wall• meets with Kennedy in Vienna (1961)• wants USA out of East Germany
– Kennedy increases military presence in West Berlin» USSR builds Berlin Wall» cut of flow of people moving from
East Berlin to West Berlin
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
Stalin’s Successors
• Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy– USA
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
– USA finds missile silos built in Cuba
» blockades Cuba
» USSR backs down
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stalin’s Successors
• Khrushchev’s Domestic Policy– Lessens grip but keeps control
• Allows more freedom of press– not complete
– economic ideas• de-centralization
– relaxed collectivization of farms• opened “virgin land”• initially work and then decline
Stalin’s Succesors
• Khrushchev’s Downfall– 1964
• many think he does too much, too soon, and did it poorly
– “resigned”
• October 1964 – voted out of power
• Told to resign
“Stalin” Characters
What They Really Looked Like and What Happens
Kirov
Trotsky
Kamenev
Zinoviev
Bukharin
Sergo Ordzhonikidze
Voroshilov
Voroshilov
• Not a professional soldier
• Liked the spotlight– Often out with Medals on
• Whipping boy for Stalin
• Becomes President of USSR after Stalin’s death
• Pardoned by Khrushchev
• Dies in 1970 at the age of 89
Kaganovich
Kaganovich
• Ruthless– Sent to bring Ukraine under control– Big during Purges
• Expelled from Politburo in 1957
• Khrushchev accuses him of crimes– Even though he helped Khrushchev
• Appointed manager of cement works
• Dies in 1991 at 98 years old in Moscow
Molotov
Molotov
• Molotov means “hammer”– Was used to smash opposition
• Signed “Non-Aggression” pact with Germany• Opposes Khrushchev after Stalin’s death• Ambassador to Ulan Bator• Delegate to International Atomic Energy Agency
in 1960• Thrown out of the Party in 1961
– Re-instated in 1984
• Dies in 1986 at 96 years old
Yagoda
Yezhov
Beria
Beria
• Slowed down Purges
• Placed in charge of USSR nuclear program
• Possible target of Stalin late in life
• Tried to take power upon Stalin’s death– Others put aside differences and had him
killed in 1953