The Rwandan The Rwandan GenocideGenocide

By: Brett, Kelly, Courtney, and By: Brett, Kelly, Courtney, and AdrienneAdrienne

Background InformationBackground Information RWANDA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM BELGIUM IN RWANDA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM BELGIUM IN

19621962 THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE KINYARWANDA, KINYARWANDA,

FRENCH AND ENGLISHFRENCH AND ENGLISH   THE CAPITAL CITY IS THE CAPITAL CITY IS KIGALIKIGALI LOCATED IN CENTRAL LOCATED IN CENTRAL

RWANDA RWANDA LAND AREA ROUGHLY LAND AREA ROUGHLY 26340 KM26340 KM SQUARED SQUARED CURRENT CURRENT 2010 POPULATION IS ROUGHLY 10 746 2010 POPULATION IS ROUGHLY 10 746

311 311 ETHNIC COMPOSITION ETHNIC COMPOSITION 90% HUTU, 9% TUTSI AND 90% HUTU, 9% TUTSI AND

1% OTHER1% OTHER 47% OF THE POPULATION47% OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER THE IS UNDER THE AGE AGE OF 15OF 15

Before the GenocideBefore the Genocide Rwanda was Rwanda was originally ruled by Germanyoriginally ruled by Germany

but but later by Belgium after World War 1later by Belgium after World War 1.. The Belgians used a “divide and The Belgians used a “divide and

conquer”conquer” strategystrategy to rule over Rwanda. to rule over Rwanda. The Belgians The Belgians favoured the Tutsi Minorityfavoured the Tutsi Minority and used them to help govern the country.and used them to help govern the country.

Tutsis were given privilegesTutsis were given privileges such as such as Western style education, which the Hutu Western style education, which the Hutu Majority was excluded from.Majority was excluded from.

In 1926, Belgians introduced a In 1926, Belgians introduced a ethnic ethnic identification systemidentification system..

Before the Genocide contd.Before the Genocide contd.

In the 1950’s Educated Tutsi’s began In the 1950’s Educated Tutsi’s began to question Colonial ruleto question Colonial rule

Belgians pulled a Belgians pulled a “turn face”“turn face” in in which they began to favour the Hutu which they began to favour the Hutu majority instead of the Tutsismajority instead of the Tutsis

In the Early 1960’s In the Early 1960’s Belgium Belgium organizedorganized Elections elected Hutus to Elections elected Hutus to powerpower

In In 19621962 Belgium Withdrew from Belgium Withdrew from RwandaRwanda

A picture of A picture of Belgium’s Belgium’s former former Rwanda, which Rwanda, which broke up into broke up into Rwanda and Rwanda and Burundi in Burundi in 19621962

Before the Genocide contd.Before the Genocide contd. After independence from Belgium on After independence from Belgium on July 1July 1stst

19621962, Rwanda was declared an Republic, ruled , Rwanda was declared an Republic, ruled by the majority Party of the Hutu Emancipation by the majority Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement, known as Movement, known as ParmehutuParmehutu.  . 

Gregoire KayibandaGregoire Kayibanda was the first president but was the first president but was later was later ousted by Juvenal Habyarimanaousted by Juvenal Habyarimana who ruled from 1973-1994who ruled from 1973-1994

In the 1980’s Tutsis who had fled Hutu ruled In the 1980’s Tutsis who had fled Hutu ruled Rwanda and lived in Uganda began forming a Rwanda and lived in Uganda began forming a rebel group, the rebel group, the RPF(Rwandan Patriotic RPF(Rwandan Patriotic FrontFront) )

Habyarimana used the RPF as a way to gain Habyarimana used the RPF as a way to gain support from Hutus by increasing hatred of the support from Hutus by increasing hatred of the TutsisTutsis

Before the Genocide contd.Before the Genocide contd. In 1990, the RPF invaded RwandaIn 1990, the RPF invaded Rwanda and a and a

civil war broke out against the Francophone civil war broke out against the Francophone backed Hutu Rwandabacked Hutu Rwanda

Ethnic tensions began to increaseEthnic tensions began to increase, and the , and the ideology that Tutsi’s wanted to enslave and ideology that Tutsi’s wanted to enslave and murder the Hutu’s emergedmurder the Hutu’s emerged

Amongst the fighting, a Amongst the fighting, a cease firecease fire was was ordered in 1993ordered in 1993

However, On However, On April 6th, 1994April 6th, 1994, Rwandan , Rwandan President Habyarimana's plane was shot down President Habyarimana's plane was shot down near Kigali airport, and the near Kigali airport, and the

Genocide beganGenocide began President Habyarimana

The GenocideThe Genocide

After the death of Habyariman, After the death of Habyariman, instantlyinstantly killings began killings began

Agathe Uwilingiyimana took power, but Agathe Uwilingiyimana took power, but was was assassinatedassassinated 14 hours later. 14 hours later.

The The Hutu extremist radioHutu extremist radio - RTLM, and - RTLM, and also the state supported radio - Radio also the state supported radio - Radio Rwanda, encouraged the mass murder of Rwanda, encouraged the mass murder of the "the "cockroachescockroaches". These cockroaches ". These cockroaches were were Tutsis and Hutu moderatesTutsis and Hutu moderates

Mass killings, organized and not, began to Mass killings, organized and not, began to plague the country.plague the country.

The GenocideThe Genocide Most Victims were Most Victims were Killed in their own villagesKilled in their own villages

and towns and towns by neighborsby neighbors usually by being usually by being hacked to death by machetes.hacked to death by machetes.

Those who did not get involved in the murders Those who did not get involved in the murders were often murdered themselveswere often murdered themselves

Some massacres that occurred include the Some massacres that occurred include the massacure at massacure at NyarubuyeNyarubuye, where 1500 Tutsis , where 1500 Tutsis took refuge in a church. The Interahamwe began took refuge in a church. The Interahamwe began bulldozing the church, those who tried to escape bulldozing the church, those who tried to escape were hacked to death.were hacked to death.

Rape Rape was also used as a weapon during the was also used as a weapon during the Genocide, up to 500 000 Tutsi women were Genocide, up to 500 000 Tutsi women were raped.raped.

The GenocideThe Genocide

An estimated An estimated 10 00010 000 people were people were murdered murdered each dayeach day..

An estimated An estimated 800 000800 000 people were people were murdered in the course of roughly murdered in the course of roughly 100 days, most of whom were 100 days, most of whom were Tutsis.Tutsis.

400 000 children were left 400 000 children were left orphansorphans..

Bodies Bodies found in found in mass mass graves. graves. Some mass Some mass graves graves contained contained over 50 over 50 000 bodies.000 bodies.

Bullet Holes on a school Bullet Holes on a school where Hutus raided and where Hutus raided and murdered hiding Tutsismurdered hiding Tutsis

Thousands of Thousands of murdered murdered Tutsis were left Tutsis were left to rot in to rot in ditches around ditches around Rwanda or in Rwanda or in Rivers.Rivers.

Skulls of those murdered during the Genocide at a memorial at Nayamata Church.

WARNING: THE NEXT SLIDE IS VERY GRAPHIC

Decomposing Decomposing bodies found bodies found by Ugandan by Ugandan FishermenFishermen

in Lake in Lake Victoria.Victoria.

Now a memorial, this is the corner where 10 Belgian UNIMIR soldiers were murdered.The Belgians were protecting Agathe Uwilingiyimana along with 5 Ghanaian soldiers, but due to mandate were unable to fire at Rebel groups. The Ghanaian soldiers were let go but the Belgains “were castrated, gagged with their own genitalia, and then murdered.”(Scott Peterson (2001). Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda.)

International InvolvementInternational Involvement

UN and international involvement was UN and international involvement was limited due to little national interest.limited due to little national interest.

The UN and UNAMIR forces did little The UN and UNAMIR forces did little but witness the crimes infront of them, but witness the crimes infront of them, Infact, The U.N. withdrew many of its Infact, The U.N. withdrew many of its forces, and those remaining could do forces, and those remaining could do nothing.nothing.

International troops were deployed, International troops were deployed, but to evacuate foreigners only.but to evacuate foreigners only.

After the GenocideAfter the Genocide

The The Rwandan Patriotic frontRwandan Patriotic front, the Tutsi , the Tutsi rebel ground eventually took power of rebel ground eventually took power of Rwanda and has maintained power for the Rwanda and has maintained power for the past 9 years.past 9 years.

General Paul KagameGeneral Paul Kagame was the was the leader leader of the invasion in 1994of the invasion in 1994, and is now the , and is now the president of Rwanda. In 2003 Kagame president of Rwanda. In 2003 Kagame became Rwanda’s first elected president became Rwanda’s first elected president since the genocide. Not only did he win, he since the genocide. Not only did he win, he received received 95%95% of the votes of the votes

After the GenocideAfter the Genocide

Rwanda was left with a crisis amongst the Rwanda was left with a crisis amongst the children. Many of which were either children. Many of which were either orphaned or forced to join in the orphaned or forced to join in the massacremassacre, leaving them with haunting , leaving them with haunting memories.memories.

UNICEF has worked with the Rwandan youth UNICEF has worked with the Rwandan youth to educate and help cope with the Genocideto educate and help cope with the Genocide

Rwanda is also facing an Aids outbreak, Rwanda is also facing an Aids outbreak, greatly due to the mass Rape that occurred greatly due to the mass Rape that occurred during the Genocide.during the Genocide.

After the GenocideAfter the Genocide

However, Rwanda now looks towards However, Rwanda now looks towards the the futurefuture, By promoting , By promoting forgivenessforgiveness and tackling Economic and tackling Economic growth, Human rights, and growth, Human rights, and Environmental concernsEnvironmental concerns

Rwanda is considered a Rwanda is considered a success success storystory after the genocide based on its after the genocide based on its growth and way of dealing with the growth and way of dealing with the GenocideGenocide

Other FactsOther Facts

In the movie “Shake Hands with the In the movie “Shake Hands with the Devil”, Agathe Uwilingiyimana’s house Devil”, Agathe Uwilingiyimana’s house is raided, and she is infact murdered, is raided, and she is infact murdered, but however, her but however, her children were able children were able to escapeto escape, and eventually took , and eventually took refuge in Switzerland.refuge in Switzerland.

It is sometimes believed that It is sometimes believed that French French soldiers assisted in the Genocidesoldiers assisted in the Genocide through training and killings.through training and killings.

EndEnd

By the time you’ve gone threw this By the time you’ve gone threw this PowerPoint, approximately 70 people PowerPoint, approximately 70 people would have been murdered.would have been murdered.

If our class was all Tutsi’s only If our class was all Tutsi’s only around 4 of us would have survived.around 4 of us would have survived.

Of those 4 who survived, 3 of you Of those 4 who survived, 3 of you would be women, and 2 of you would would be women, and 2 of you would have acquired HIV from rape during have acquired HIV from rape during the genocide.the genocide.