The Science of BiologyChapter 1

Mason KA, Losos JB and Singer SR Biology  9th ed.,  MacGraw Hill. 2010.

1.小考數次 (15%)2.期中考兩次和期末考一次共三次 (共 75%)3.平時表現和主題報告 (10%)

項次 上課日期 教學進度

1 09-14

Introduction---Unifying Themes in biology(Chap 1) ---The Spanish flu(1918, A(H1N1)-->The Asia flu (1957), A(H2N2)-->The Hong Kong flu of 1957, A(H3N2)---The HIV infection cycle (p536-p537)---Viral targets for therapeutic drugs

2 09-21 Cell structure (Chap4)---Prokaryotes and fundamentally different from  eukaryotes  p547-p549

3 09-28 I. Membrane structure and function (Chap 5)II. Phospholipids form membranes, p54-55

4 10-05 C Cell communication (Chap9) 

5 10-12 H How cells divide (Chap 10)---Control of the cell cycle

6 10-19 Midterm Exam (I) 

7 10-26 Sexual reproduction and meiosis (Chap11)--- The process of meiosis

8 11-02 Patterns of inheritance (Chap12)---Extensions to Mendel

9 11-09 Chromosomes, mapping, and the meiosis---Inheritance  connection (Chap13)--- Selected human genetic disorders

10 11-16 Proteins: Molecules with diverse structures and functions (Chap3)

11 11-23 DNA: The genetic material (Chap14)---Eukaryotic replication and DNA repair

12 11-30 Midterm Exam (II) 

13 12-07 Genes and how they work(I) (Chap15)---Central dogma of molecular biology

14 12-14 Genes and how they work(II) (Chap15)---Central dogma of molecular biology

15 12-21 Control of gene expression (I) (Chap16)--- Prokaryotic regulation

16 12-28 Control of gene expression (II) (Chap16)--- Eukaryotic regulation

17 01-04 Biotechnology (Chap17)

18 01-11 Final exam

The Nature of Science• Science aims to understand the natural world

through observation and reasoning• Science begins with observations, therefore,

much of science is purely descriptive– Classification of all life on Earth– Human genome sequencing

• Science uses both deductive and inductive reasoning – make specific predictions– uses specific observations to develop general

conclusions

5

The Science of Life

• Biology unifies much of natural science• Living systems are the most complex

chemical systems on Earth• Life is constrained by the properties of

chemistry and physics

• Science is becoming more interdisciplinary– Combining multiple fields

6

1. Composed of cells2. Complex and ordered3. Respond to their environment4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce5. Obtain and use energy6. Maintain internal balance7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation

7 characteristics of all living organisms

• Living systems show hierarchical organization– Cellular level

• Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells• Cell is the basic unit of life

– Organismal level• Tissues, organs, organ systems

7

– Populational level• Population, community

– Ecosystem level– Biosphere

• Earth is an ecosystem we call the biosphere

• Each level has emergent properties– Result from interaction of components– Cannot be deduced by looking at parts

themselves– “Life” is an emergent property

8

9

Unifying Themes in Biology• Cell theory

– All organisms composed of cells

– Cells are life’s basic units

– All cells come from preexisting cells

• Molecular basis of inheritance– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

– Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s information

– Gene – discrete unit of information

• Structure and function

10

11

Voyage of the BeagleDarwin’s contribution was a mechanism

Natural selection

Darwin and Evolution•Diversity of life arises by evolution

12

Taxonomy : based on common ancestry

3 domains

Bacteria- unicellular prokaryoteArchaea- unicellular prokaryoteEucarya- unicellular to multicellular eukaryotes

4 kingdomsProtista, fungi, plantae and animalia

ETYMOLOGY(詞源 ) OF KEY TERMS

• bio- life or relating to living organisms (from the Greek bios- mode of life)

• carya- see karyo below• eu- good; well; true (from the Greek eu- well)• homeo- likeness; resemblance; similarity (from the Greek homoios- like)• karyo nucleus of a cell (from the Greek karyon- nut or kernel)• -logy a field of study; an academic discipline; the study of (from

the Greek logos- word)• meta- change; transformation; following something in a series

(from the Greek meta- change)• photo- light (from the Greek photos- light)• pro- before; for; in front of (from the Greek and Latin pro- for or

before)• stasis unchanging (from the Greek stasis- standing)• synthesis to make or assemble (from the Greek synthesis- placing

together)