The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Middle AgesMiddle Ages Scientific authorities Scientific authorities included:included:•Ancient GreeksAncient Greeks

Ptolemy Ptolemy AristotleAristotle

•The BibleThe Bible

Middle AgesMiddle Ages Ptolemy and Aristotle:Ptolemy and Aristotle:•Earth - sphere Earth - sphere •Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory - - Moon, Sun, and planets Moon, Sun, and planets all revolve in circular all revolve in circular paths around Earth.paths around Earth.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution – – new way of thinking new way of thinking about the natural about the natural world, based on careful world, based on careful observation.observation.•Logic and reasonLogic and reason

Scientific MethodScientific Method Pioneered by: Pioneered by: •Francis Bacon (British)Francis Bacon (British)•Rene Descartes (French)Rene Descartes (French)

Scientific MethodScientific Method Logical procedure for Logical procedure for

gathering information gathering information about the natural world.about the natural world.•ExperimentationExperimentation•ObservationObservation

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Led to advances in:Led to advances in:•AstronomyAstronomy•PhysicsPhysics•ChemistryChemistry•MedicineMedicine•TechnologyTechnology

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

AstronomyAstronomy

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus Polish cleric (monk)Polish cleric (monk) Studied planetary Studied planetary motion for 25 years.motion for 25 years.

Developed Developed Heliocentric Heliocentric TheoryTheory

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus Feared how Feared how

people would people would respond to his respond to his ideas.ideas.

Did not publish Did not publish his theories his theories until 1543, until 1543, when he was when he was dying.dying.

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus Copernicus’ Copernicus’ Heliocentric Heliocentric TheoryTheory held that the held that the Earth and other planets Earth and other planets revolve in circular paths revolve in circular paths around the Sun.around the Sun.

Tycho BraheTycho Brahe Danish astronomerDanish astronomer Recorded years of Recorded years of mathematical datamathematical data about planetary motion about planetary motion until his death in 1601.until his death in 1601.

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Brahe’s assistantBrahe’s assistant•German mathematicianGerman mathematician•Discovered patterns in Discovered patterns in Brahe’s mathematic dataBrahe’s mathematic data

Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Laws of Planetary MotionLaws of Planetary Motion•Earth and other planets Earth and other planets revolve around the Sunrevolve around the Sun

•Planets’ orbits are Planets’ orbits are ellipticalelliptical, NOT perfect , NOT perfect circles.circles.

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Elliptical orbitElliptical orbit

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei Italian astronomer / Italian astronomer /

physicistphysicist Studied the heavens with Studied the heavens with

his own, home-made his own, home-made telescope. telescope.

Disproved many of the Disproved many of the Church’s theories at the Church’s theories at the time.time.

Galileo vs. The ChurchGalileo vs. The Church Galileo supported Galileo supported

Heliocentric Theory, and Heliocentric Theory, and mocked the Pope for not mocked the Pope for not believing in it.believing in it.

The Pope had Galileo tried The Pope had Galileo tried by the Roman Inquisition.by the Roman Inquisition.

Galileo had to Galileo had to recant recant (take (take back) what he had said.back) what he had said.

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

PhysicsPhysics

Galileo Galilei (again)Galileo Galilei (again) Law of the PendulumLaw of the Pendulum – –

each swing of a pendulum each swing of a pendulum takes the same amount of takes the same amount of time, regardless of time, regardless of distance.distance.

Galileo Galilei (again)Galileo Galilei (again) Law of Falling ObjectsLaw of Falling Objects – –

objects fall at a fixed rate.objects fall at a fixed rate.•Larger / heavier objects Larger / heavier objects fall at the same speed as fall at the same speed as smaller / lighter ones.smaller / lighter ones.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton English scientistEnglish scientist Law of GravityLaw of Gravity – every – every

object in the universe object in the universe attracts other objects.attracts other objects.•Gravity is responsible for the Gravity is responsible for the movement of planets, moons, movement of planets, moons, etc.etc.

Laws of MotionLaws of Motion

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton How Newton discovers gravity?How Newton discovers gravity?

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

ChemistryChemistry

Robert BoyleRobert Boyle Investigated Investigated mattermatter Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law – how the – how the volume, temperature, volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas and pressure of a gas affect each other.affect each other.

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

MedicineMedicine

William HarveyWilliam Harvey English doctorEnglish doctor Described the heart, Described the heart,

blood vessels, blood vessels, and their and their functions.functions.

Edward JennerEdward Jenner English doctorEnglish doctor Invented Smallpox vaccine Invented Smallpox vaccine

using cowpox.using cowpox.•InoculationInoculation – using live – using live germs to build the body’s germs to build the body’s immunity.immunity.

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

TechnologyTechnology

TelescopeTelescope Uses lenses to magnify far Uses lenses to magnify far

off objects.off objects. Galileo was Galileo was

probably the first toprobably the first touse one to look use one to look into space.into space.

MicroscopeMicroscope Uses lenses to magnify Uses lenses to magnify

extremely small objects.extremely small objects. Invented by Zacharias Invented by Zacharias

Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass maker.maker.

BarometerBarometer Measures atmospheric Measures atmospheric pressure to predict the pressure to predict the weather.weather.

Invented by Evangelista Invented by Evangelista Torricelli (one of Torricelli (one of Galileo’s students).Galileo’s students).

ThermometerThermometer Uses mercury in a glass Uses mercury in a glass

tube to measure tube to measure temperature.temperature.

Invented by Gabriel Invented by Gabriel Fahrenheit.Fahrenheit.

Other AdvancementsOther Advancements All-weather roadsAll-weather roads•Gravel / cobblestonesGravel / cobblestones

Beginning of an Beginning of an Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution•New farm toolsNew farm tools

Even better ship designsEven better ship designs