THE SCIENTIFIC THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Spread of new technology, combined with Spread of new technology, combined with innovative approaches to seeing knowledge.innovative approaches to seeing knowledge.

New Scientific IdeasNew Scientific Ideas

Nicolaus Copernicus: “The earth is round and revolves around the

sun” Worked in private to avoid persecution Based theories on hypotheses, but did not

prove Challenging the Church:

Johannes Kepler: Able to prove Copernicus right Proved, “planets orbit the sun on ellipses”

Galileo Faced opposition from Church leaders Built a telescope to study space Reasoned, “not all heavenly bodies revolve around

earth” Forced to recant some of his teachings

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Developed by Francis Bacon Identify the problem through observation

Develop a hypotheses Test by experimenting (several x’s) Take record of the results If the hypotheses proves to be true, it becomes scientific law

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

Attended Cambridge University Idea of Gravity:

Keeps things from flying off the earth Holds the Solar System together

1687: Published Principia Developed calculus: calculating

changing forces or quantities

Investigating the Human Investigating the Human BodyBody Andreas Vesalius:

Studied anatomy through dissection 1543: On the Structure of the Human Body

William Harvey: Blood circulates and is pumped by the heart

Robert Hooke: Used the microscope to discover cells

ChemistsChemists

Robert Boyle: Attacked the “four basic elements” Proved that air was a combination of

several elements Element = something that can’t be

broken down into simpler parts by chemical means

Joseph Priestly: Discovered the existence of oxygen Studied carbon dioxide Result: Carbonated beverages

The Impact of ScienceThe Impact of Science

Natural Law: A universal moral law English Philosophers:

Thomas Hobbes: argued that absolutism was best; chaos w/o it 1651: Leviathan, a state w/o government

John Locke: Believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and

property) If government failed, people had a right to

overthrow it Two Treatises of Government: govt. exists to

protect the natural rights of citizens Ideas were used by T. Jefferson in the Dec. of Ind.

Reason Influences Law: Helped end unjust trials Hugo Grotius: wanted an international law

code Believed that one body of rules would allow reason

and order to determine right and wrong. William Penn: Pacifist

Opposed violence as a means of settling disputes Advocated an assembly of nations committed to

world peace Examining Religion:

Educated Europeans applied reason to religious beliefs; turned away from traditional practices

Deism: religious philosophy, intended to make a simpler and more natural religion based on reason and natural law.

Triumph of ReasonTriumph of Reason

Age of Enlightenment: (1600s-1700s) People studied the world as if for the 1st

time Spreading Ideas: (French Philosophes)

Believed in Locke’s ideas/teachings D. Diderot: edited the first Encyclopedia

Banned by the Catholic Church Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws (1748)

Admired the English govt. Promoted the idea of separate branches Power is equally divided (checks and balances)

Voltaire: French author and deist

Women and the Enlightenment: 1750s: began to affirm equality with men Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of

Women Favored equal education

Classical Movements: (calm, rationale style) Focus on form, not content Music – stressed balance, contrast, and emotion Musicians: Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart

Enlightenment Opponents: Wm. Blake – “God is not a mathematical

diagram!!” Jean-Jacques Rousseau: criticized the era’s

excessive reliance on reason Humans are good, civilization was corrupting The Social Contract: Man must submit to the will of

the majority

Enlightenment Opponents (continued): Immanuel Kant: reason can’t answer

questions dealing with metaphysics – (philosophy dealing with the existence God) Critique of Pure Reason (1781): reality consists of

separate physical and spiritual worlds Religious Movements:

Methodism: Founded by John Wesley Stressed the value of personal religious

experience Reaction to the cold formality of the Anglican

Church

The Road to RevoltThe Road to Revolt

1750s: American colonies were thriving and were used to self-government

British left the colonists alone other than trade The Navigation Acts of the 1600s required

colonial imports/exports to go through England Smuggling became an issue

Colonists were governed by a crown appointed governor, but assemblies were set up Wanted to be able to approve or reject new

taxes

Tightening of Colonial Tightening of Colonial ControlsControls

After the 7 Years’ War ended taxes had to be raised to compensate the war debt

G. Greenville became the Lord of The Treasury Colonists couldn’t settle west of the Appalachians Colonists should help pay for the cost of defense Enforced the Navigation Acts Stamp Act (1765): direct tax to Britain

Colonial ProtestsColonial Protests

Colonists began to boycott British goods Stamp Act Congress (1765): 9 colonies

were represented “No taxation w/o representation” Declaratory Acts (1766): taxed most goods

Boston Massacre (1770): 5 colonists were killed Repealed all of the taxes except on tea

Boston Tea Party (East India Tea Co.) Intolerable Acts were passed

First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774)