THE SEALED LIQUIDS

Specific GravitySpecific Gravity• Is a dimensionless number

• It is the ratio of a fluid’s density to that of Water

• Water has a specific gravity of 1

• A fluid with a specific gravity of 0.5 weighs 1/2 as much as the same volume of Water

Specific HeatSpecific Heat• The Amount of The Amount of HeatHeat, in number of , in number of

CaloriesCalories, that is required to raise the , that is required to raise the Temperature of one gram of a Temperature of one gram of a LiquidLiquid one degree one degree CelsiusCelsius

• Specific HeatSpecific Heat is also expressed as is also expressed as the number of the number of British Thermal Units British Thermal Units (BTU’s)(BTU’s) necessary to raise the necessary to raise the Temperature of one pound of a Temperature of one pound of a LiquidLiquid one degree one degree FahrenheitFahrenheit

Specific HeatSpecific Heat• The The Specific HeatSpecific Heat of of WATERWATER is one is one CalorieCalorie

per degree per degree CelsiusCelsius

• One One CalorieCalorie of of heatheat must be supplied to a must be supplied to a gram of gram of WATERWATER to raise the to raise the TemperatureTemperature one degree one degree CelsiusCelsius

• The The Specific HeatSpecific Heat of of WATERWATER is one is one BTUBTU per per degree degree FahrenheitFahrenheit

• One One BTUBTU of of HeatHeat must be supplied to a must be supplied to a Pound of Pound of WATERWATER to raise the to raise the TemperatureTemperature one degree one degree FahrenheitFahrenheit

Vapor PressureVapor Pressure• Is also known as the Boiling Point

• Is the Pressure Below which a liquid at a given temperature will become a gas

• Is the Pressure Above which a gas will become a liquid

• Is also known as the Boiling Point

• Is the Pressure Below which a liquid at a given temperature will become a gas

• Is the Pressure Above which a gas will become a liquid

Vapor PressureVapor Pressure

What is the Vapor What is the Vapor Pressure of Pressure of WATERWATER at at

Sea LevelSea Level ? ?

What is the Vapor What is the Vapor Pressure of Pressure of WATERWATER at at

Sea LevelSea Level ? ?What is the Coldest

Temperature at which you can Boil WATER?

What is the Coldest Temperature at which you can

Boil WATER?

ViscosityViscosity• VISCOSITY: Property of a FLUID that

tends to prevent it from Flowing when subjected to an Applied Force.

• High-Viscosity Fluids Resist Flow; Low-Viscosity Fluids Flow Easily.

• The Tenacity with which a Moving Layer of Fluid drags adjacent Layers of Fluid along with it Determines its Viscosity!

ViscosityViscosity

VISCOSITY VISCOSITY EQUALSEQUALS LUBRICITY WHEN LUBRICITY WHEN

DISCUSSING MECHANICAL DISCUSSING MECHANICAL SEALSSEALS

LIQUIDS CHANGING LIQUIDS CHANGING STATESTATE

• FREEZEFREEZE• SLUSHSLUSH• VAPORIZING / COLLAPSINGVAPORIZING / COLLAPSING• POLYMERIZINGPOLYMERIZING• SHEAR SENSITIVESHEAR SENSITIVE• THIXOTROPIC FLUIDSTHIXOTROPIC FLUIDS• EXOTHERMIC REACTIONSEXOTHERMIC REACTIONS• COKING / REACTING W ATMOSPHERECOKING / REACTING W ATMOSPHERE

HOMOGENEOUS LIQUIDS

HOMOGENEOUS LIQUIDS

• 1. 1. HAVING UNIFORM COMPOSITIONHAVING UNIFORM COMPOSITION: : A Liquid having a Uniform A Liquid having a Uniform Composition.Composition.

LIQUID MIXTURESLIQUID MIXTURESLIQUID MIXTURESLIQUID MIXTURES• 1. 1. BLEND OF INGREDIENTSBLEND OF INGREDIENTS: A Liquid : A Liquid

Substance containing several ingredients Substance containing several ingredients combined or blended together.combined or blended together.

• 2. 2. CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY: Liquid Substance formed : Liquid Substance formed without Chemical Reaction: a substance without Chemical Reaction: a substance consisting of two or more substances that consisting of two or more substances that have been combined without chemical have been combined without chemical bonding taking placebonding taking place

LIQUID LIQUID COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

LIQUID LIQUID COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance Formed by the Combination of Two Formed by the Combination of Two or More different Liquids + or More different Liquids + SubstancesSubstances

LIQUIDS WITH LIQUIDS WITH DISSOLVED SOLIDSDISSOLVED SOLIDS

• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with One or More Solids Dissolved in with One or More Solids Dissolved in it.it.

LIQUIDS WITHLIQUIDS WITHUN-DISSOLVED SOLIDSUN-DISSOLVED SOLIDS

• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with One or More UN-Dissolved Solids or One or More UN-Dissolved Solids or Particles in it.Particles in it.

LIQUIDS WITHLIQUIDS WITHDISSOLVED GASSESDISSOLVED GASSES

• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with One or More Dissolved Gasses with One or More Dissolved Gasses in it.in it.

• A Liquids Ability to Absorb a Gas is A Liquids Ability to Absorb a Gas is Inversely Related to TemperatureInversely Related to Temperature

SOLIDS / PARTICLES IN SOLIDS / PARTICLES IN LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

GENERALLYGENERALLY

Specific Gravity of Particles

Specific Gravity of Liquid• A Number >1 = Particles will Displace Liquid A Number >1 = Particles will Displace Liquid

Toward the Rotating ShaftToward the Rotating Shaft• Stated Differently Particle is Centrifuged Away Stated Differently Particle is Centrifuged Away

from the Shaftfrom the Shaft

SOLIDS / PARTICLES IN SOLIDS / PARTICLES IN LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

GENERALLYGENERALLY

Specific Gravity of Particles

Specific Gravity of Liquid• A Number <1 = Liquid will Displace Particles A Number <1 = Liquid will Displace Particles

Toward the Rotating ShaftToward the Rotating Shaft• Stated Differently Liquid is Centrifuged Away Stated Differently Liquid is Centrifuged Away

from the Shaftfrom the Shaft

SOLIDS, PARTICLES, & SOLIDS, PARTICLES, & FLAKES IN FLAKES IN LIQUIDSLIQUIDS

• The Behavior of a Solid, Particle, or The Behavior of a Solid, Particle, or Flake Inside a Pump Stuffing Box is Flake Inside a Pump Stuffing Box is Highly Dependent on its Shape.Highly Dependent on its Shape.

• The Solid’s Shape and Fluid The Solid’s Shape and Fluid Turbulence Pattern Inside the Stuffing Turbulence Pattern Inside the Stuffing Box will determine its behaviorBox will determine its behavior

• Axial flow Driven by rotating radial surfaces like the back of the seal

• Rotational (Angular Flow)Developed by shaft rotation.

Seal Cavity Flow Components

Rotational FlowRotational Flow

• AbrasivesDriven out to the bore

• AirDriven in to surround the shaft

ENDTHE SEALED

LIQUIDS