The Self-Winding Clock: On the (Credit) Hour

Monique L. Snowden, PhD

Self-Winding Clock and Selling Exact Time

Western Union Standard Time Master Clocks - 4 Time zones - corrected at noon each day - from Naval Observatory signal via Western Union telegraph lines

Improved rail transportation and telecommunications yielded a shift from “local” mean solar time to “standard” time

Time signals were first transmitted in 1852 by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich

Time Standards and Standard Time

Andrew Carnegie Morris Llewellyn CookeCharles William Eliot

“Whatever I engage in, I must push inordinately”

“All business proceeds on beliefs, or judgments of probabilities, and not on

certainties”

“The application of scientific management principles to industry would benefit all of

society”

• Degree requirements • Measures recorded on transcripts • Calculations of grade-point averages • Faculty workload and compensation • Admissions requirements • Determination of enrollment status • Residency requirements • Classroom assignments • Staffing allocations • Financial reporting • Budget allocations • Internal accountability reports • Building and space utilization standard • Financial audits and program reviews

• DOE Title IV Enrollments (credit hour used to convert FTE and head count) o Clock or credit-hour requirements o Academic calendars o Distance-learning status o Review of academic progress o Definitions of branch, off-campus,

or correspondence teaching • IRS (eligibility for tax credits) • Inter-institutional student transfer • Licensure and certification requirements • Rankings services (reporting) • Accreditation standards for degrees,

certificates, and diplomas

“INTERNAL” INSTITUTIONAL USES “EXTERNAL” APPLICATIONS

Phase I: Standard High School Curricula and College Admissions

University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents approved an alternative method by which an applicant may demonstrate that he or she has satisfied the academic unit requirement. This is referred to as Competency-Based Admission.

Phase II: Administrative, Budgetary, and Regulatory Enforcement

The UW System will convert competencies to credit equivalencies on students’ transcripts. There is a “fuzzy margin” between what Wisconsin is doing and more conventional competency-based programs. And those unclear differences probably make it hard for regulators.

Phase III: The “Deinstitutionalization” of Higher Education

Like other CBE programs, the UW System will provide Flex students with traditional transcripts, translating competency mastery into grades and credits, so students may easily apply to graduate schools and jobs.

41% percent of graduates attend a single college 59% attend two or more colleges and 24 of those percent attend three or more colleges

The Self-Winding Clock: On the (Credit) Hour

Thank you!