The Significance of Dependent Origination ~ Nyantiloka Mahathera

8/9/2019 The Significance of Dependent Origination ~ Nyantiloka Mahathera

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Buddhist Publication Society Kandy Sri Lanka,

Wheel Publication NO. 140


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PrefacePrefacePrefacePreface

The author of this essay, the late Venerable Nyanatiloka

Mahthera (18781957, foun!er of The "slan! #er$ita%e,

&o!an!u'a (eylon, is 'i!ely kno'n for his )rofoun!

scholarshi) an! har!ly nee!s an intro!uction to stu!ents of

*u!!hist literature+

hen, in the year 19-7, the )resent instructi.e treatise 'as'ritten, the .enerable author ha! been in the /an%ha for

thirty0three years+ The essay is the )ro!uct not only of his

etensi.e an! !ee) stu!y of the Pali tets but also of his o'n

insi%hts !e.elo)e! by $ature thou%ht an! $e!itation+ Those

'ho ha! the benefit of $eetin% hi$ kno' that his 'as a $in!

by no $eans shackle! by co$$entarial or any other

tra!ition, but, in the essential features of the &ha$$a, his)enetrati.e $in! confir$e! the un!erstan!in% e$be!!e! in

those ancient sources+ This a))lies, in )articular, to the

sub2ect of this treatise, the !octrine of &e)en!ent

3ri%ination, the )rofun!ity of 'hich the Master hi$self ha!

stresse!+ The author foun! su))ort for the co$$entarial

inter)retation of it in the ol!est /utta tets, 'hich are 4uote!

in this treatise+

"n this essay, reference is $a!e to the inter)retation of

&e)en!ent 3ri%ination )ut for'ar! by &r+ Paul &ahlke+ s the

.ie's of the latter ha.e recently been re.i.e! by so$e

conte$)orary 'riters, it 'as felt o))ortune to )resent this

essay a%ain+ "t shoul! be $entione! that, in other res)ects,


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the 'ritin%s of &r+ &ahlke 'ere hel! in hi%h estee$ by the

.enerable author+

There al'ays ha.e been those 'ho, in a rather s'ee)in%

$anner, ha.e 4uestione! the .alue of the ancient Pali

o$$entaries, an! this hy)er0critical attitu!e see$s to be

%ainin% )o)ularity a%ain in certain 4uarters+ 6e%ar!in% this,

the Venerable Nyanatiloka once re$arke! that there are

those 'ho re2ect the o$$entaries because they )refer to

$ake their o'n+

This essay 'as first )ublishe! in eylon for Vesak 19-7, by

The *u!!hist *rotherhoo! of an!y, un!er the title Paticca

Samuppda The Law of Dependent Origination Explained in

accordance with the PaliTradition+ "n the )resent )ublication

has been incor)orate! so$e a!!itional $atter taken fro$ a

later .ersion, a))earin% as an ))en!i to the authors Guide

through the Abhidhamma Pitaka (:irst ;!+, olo$bo 19-8>8+ The ori%inal title has been chan%e!

in this ne' e!ition+

Nyana)onika Thera

and!" #ul! $%&%


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"ntro!uc"ntro!uc"ntro!uc"ntro!uctiontiontiontion

None of all the teachin%s of *u!!his$ has %i.en rise to

%reater $isun!erstan!in%s, to $ore contra!ictory an! absur!

inter)retations than the !octrine of &e)en!ent 3ri%ination

(Paticca'Samuppda+ This is es)ecially true 'ith re%ar! to

so$e estern 'riters an! scholars 'ho too often !i! not

)ossess e.en the ru!i$ents of kno'le!%e re4uire! for

treatin% such a !ifficult sub2ect+ 3b.iously so$e of the$ !i!

not e.en un!erstan! the correct $eanin% of the t'el.e basic

ter$s of the for$ula, an!, instea!, base! theirinter)retations on their o'n i$a%ination+

"n $any cases (es)ecially in the ol!er estern literature on

*u!!his$, there 'as the atte$)t to )resent the &e)en!ent

3ri%ination as an e)lanation of the )ri$e.al be%innin% of all

thin%s< an! one sa' in ?"%norance@ (a(i)), /anskrit a(id!

the causeless first )rinci)le out of 'hich in the course of ti$eall conscious an! )hysical life ha! e.ol.e!+ ll that in s)ite of

the *u!!has re)eate! an! !efinite !eclaration that an

absolute first be%innin% of eistence is so$ethin%

unthinkable (na$ata%%a /a$yutta an! that all such

s)eculations $ay lea! to insanity (n%uttara Nikya "V,77pdna'pacca! bha(o

A0A"+ /ha(a'pacca! )ti

A"A""+#ti'pacca! maranam +oka'paride(a'dukkha'

domana++up!+ +ambha(anti7 E(am'eta++a ke(ala++a

dukkhakkhandha++a nirodho hoti+

A(i))!a t(e(a a+e+a'(irga'nirodh +ankhra'nirodho,

+ankhra'nirodh (innna'nirodho,

(innna'nirodh nmar@pa'nirodh +al!atana'nirodho,

+al!atana'nirodh pha++a'nirodho,

pha++a'nirodh (edan'nirodho,

(edan'nirodh taAh'nirodho,

tanh'nirodha updna'nirodho,updna'nirodh bha(a'nirodho,

bha(a'nirodh )ti'nirodho,

)ti'nirodh )ar'maraAa/ +oka'paride(a'dukkha'

domana++up!+ niru))hanti+

E(am'eta++a ke(ala++a dukkhakkhandha++a nirodho hoti7


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Tran+lationTran+lationTran+lationTran+lation

"""+ Throu%h "%norance (a(i)) con!itione! are the ar$a0:or$ations (+ankhra+

"""""+ Throu%h the ar$a0:or$ations (+ankhra con!itione!is onsciousness ((innna< in a ne' birth+

""""V+ Throu%h onsciousness ((innna con!itione! areMentality an! or)oreality (nmar@pa+

"VV+ Throu%h Mentality an! or)oreality (nma'r@pa

con!itione! are the si /ense0*ases (+al!atana+

VV"+ Throu%h the si /ense0*ases (+aE!atana con!itione!is /ense0"$)ression (pha++a+

V"V""+ Throu%h /ense0"$)ression (pha++a con!itione! is:eelin% ((edan+

V""V"""+ Throu%h :eelin% ((edan con!itione! is ra.in%(tanh+

V""""A+ Throu%h ra.in% (tanh con!itione! is lin%in%(updna+

"AA+ Throu%h lin%in% (updna con!itione! is the Process

of *eco$in% (bha(a+

AA"+ Throu%h the (karmic Process of *eco$in% (bha(a

con!itione! is 6ebirth ()ti+

A"A""+ Throu%h 6ebirth ()ti con!itione! are &ecay an!&eath ()ar'maraAa, sorro', la$entation, )ain, %rief an!!es)air+


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Thus arises this 'hole $ass of sufferin%+ Throu%h the entirefa!in% a'ay an! etinction of this "%norance, ho'e.er, thear$a0:or$ations beco$e etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinctionof the ar$a0:or$ations, onsciousness beco$es

etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinction of onsciousness, Mentalityan! or)oreality beco$e etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinction ofMentality an! or)oreality, the si /ense0*ases beco$eetin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinction of the si /ense0*ases,/ense0"$)ression beco$es etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinctionof /ense0 "$)ression, :eelin% beco$es etin%uishe!+Throu%h etinction of :eelin%, ra.in% beco$es etin%uishe!+Throu%h etinction of ra.in%, lin%in% beco$es

etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinction of lin%in%, the Process of*eco$in% beco$es etin%uishe!+ Throu%h etinction of theProcess of *eco$in%, 6ebirth beco$es etin%uishe!+Throu%h etinction of 6ebirth, &ecay an! &eath beco$eetin%uishe!, as 'ell as sorro', la$entation, )ain, %rief an!!es)air+ Thus takes )lace the etinction of this 'hole $ass ofsufferin%+


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9.APTEB $9.APTEB $9.APTEB $9.APTEB $

"n the Path of Purification (*i+uddhimagga, ch+ AV"", it is)ointe! out that, an! the reason 'hy, the *u!!ha e$)loye!.arious $etho!s in !ealin% 'ith the Paticca0/a$u))!a+:our such $etho!s are ee$)lifie! in that 'ork+

The 1st an! usual $etho! lea!s in )ro%ressi.e or!er fro$ "GA""< the =n!, in )ro%ressi.e or!er fro$ V""GA""< the -r!, inretro%ressi.e or!er fro$ A"""< the Cth, in retro%ressi.e or!er

fro$ V"""G"+ *esi!es these four, there are ho'e.er, still other$etho!s to be foun! in the /utta Pitaka, e+%+, one lea!in%fro$ """A"" (Ni!+ /a$y+ C9 an! one fro$ """A"" (ib+ C-+ "nthe Vibhan%a of the bhi!ha$$a Pitaka, e.en t'el.e!ifferent $etho!s are %i.en+ "n the follo'in%, ea$)les are4uote! for the four first0$entione! $etho!s+

(1st $etho!+ This is the usual t'el.e0link for$ula )rece!in%

this cha)ter+

(=n! $etho!+ ?n! 'hilst a))ro.in% of the :eelin% (V"" an!cherishin% it ra.in% s)rin%s u)+ *ut cra.in% for :eelin%s$eans lin%in%, an! throu%h lin%in% con!itione! is theProcess of *eco$in%, throu%h the Process of *eco$in%con!itione! is 6ebirth, an! throu%h 6ebirth con!itione! are&ecay an! &eath (A"", sorro', la$entation, )ain, %rief an!

!es)air+ Thus arises this 'hole $ass of sufferin%@ (MN -8+

(-r! $etho!+ ?Throu%h 6ebirth con!itione! are &ecay an!&eath (A""< thus it 'as sai!+ *ut are, 3 $onks, &ecay an!&eath really con!itione! throu%h 6ebirth, or notH 3r ho' isitH@G?&ecay an! &eath, 3 Lor!, are con!itione! throu%h6ebirth+ Thus 'e think+@G?Throu%h the Process of


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The T'entyThe T'entyThe T'entyThe T'enty0000:our on!itions (:our on!itions (:our on!itions (:our on!itions (Pacca!aPacca!aPacca!aPacca!a

1+ 6oot on!ition #etu0)accaya

=+ 3b2ect on!ition ra$$ana0)accaya-+ Pre!o$inance on!ition !hi)ati0)accaya

C+ Proi$ity on!ition nantara0)accaya

5+ onti%uity on!ition /a$anantara0)accaya

B+ o0nascence on!ition /aha2ta0)accaya

7+ Mutuality on!ition nna$anna0)accaya

8+ /u))ort on!ition Nissaya0)accaya

9+ &ecisi.e /u))ort on!ition O)anissaya0)accaya

1>+ Pre0nascence on!ition Pure2ta0)accaya

11+ Post0nascence on!ition Pacch2ta0)accaya

1=+ :re4uency on!ition se.ana0)accaya

1-+ ar$a on!ition a$$a0)accaya

1C+ ar$a0result on!ition Vi)ka0)accaya

15+ Nutri$ent on!ition hra0)accaya1B+ :aculty on!ition "n!riya0)accaya

17+ hna on!ition hna0)accaya

18+ Path on!ition Ma%%a0)accaya

19+ ssociation on!ition /a$)ayutta0)accaya

=>+ &issociation on!ition Vi))ayutta0)accaya

=1+ Presence on!ition tthi0)accaya

==+ bsence on!ition Natthi0)accaya=-+ &isa))earance on!ition Vi%ata0)accaya

=C+ Non0!isa))earance on!ition .i%ata0)accaya


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These t'enty0four con!itions !o not necessarily eclu!e oneanother, as 'e shall see later on+ /o$e are e.en fullyi!entical 'ith each other+ ll these t'enty0four con!itions,accor!in% to theAbhidhammattha'Sangaha, $ay be re!uce!

to only four, na$ely 3b2ect (=, &ecisi.e /u))ort (9, ar$a(1-, an! Presence (=1+

1+ 6oot1+ 6oot1+ 6oot1+ 6oot0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition .et.et.et.etuuuu''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aust as a tree rests on its roots an! cannot eist 'ithoutthe$, so are all kar$ically 'holeso$e (ku+ala )heno$ena!e)en!ent on the )resence of three 'holeso$e $oti.es, or6oots (hetu, or m@la Eree!lessness (unselfishness,

#atelessness (%oo!0'ill, or On!elu!e!ness ('is!o$, an!the three kar$ically un'holeso$e )heno$ena on the)resence of un'holeso$e $oti.es, or 6oots Eree!, #atre!,or &elusion (lobha, do+a, moha+ Thus, to the associate!'holeso$e or un'holeso$e $ental )heno$ena as 'ell as tothe cor)oreal )heno$ena )ro!uce! by the$, these si)heno$ena are sai! to be a con!ition by 'ay of 6oot+

=+ 3b2ect=+ 3b2ect=+ 3b2ect=+ 3b2ect0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition????rammanrammanrammanramman''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aust as a 'eak $an $ust lean u)on his crutches to be ableto 'alk, so !o the si sense0ob2ects (rammana, lit+ K)ro)s orKsu))ortsGi+e+ the .isible ob2ect, soun!, o!our, taste,tan%ible ob2ect, an! $in!0ob2ect, be they )ast, )resent, orfutureGfor$ the )ro)s or su))orts to the corres)on!in% sikin!s of consciousness an! the $ental )heno$ena

associate! there'ith+ Thus they are sai! to be toconsciousness a con!ition by 'ay of 3b2ect+

-+ Pre!o$inance-+ Pre!o$inance-+ Pre!o$inance-+ Pre!o$inance0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!itionAdhipatiAdhipatiAdhipatiAdhipati''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca!The four )re!o$inant factors are concentrate! "ntention,concentrate! onsciousness, concentrate! ;ner%y,

concentrate! "n.esti%ation (chanda, citta, (iri!a, (Cmam+a+


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hene.er throu%h the )re!o$inance of one of these factorsa state of consciousness co$es to arise, then this factorfor$s to consciousness an! its conco$itant $ental)heno$ena an ai!, or a con!ition, by 'ay of Pre!o$inance+

C+ Proi$ityC+ Proi$ityC+ Proi$ityC+ Proi$ity0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!itionAnantaraAnantaraAnantaraAnantara''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca!"$$e!iately u)on eye0consciousness (cakkhu'(innna therefollo's the $in!0ele$ent (mano'dhtu, an! i$$e!iatelyu)on the $in! ele$ent there follo's the $in!0consciousness0ele$ent (mano(innna'dhtu etc+ (seeha)ter =, section ""+ ust so it is 'ith ear0consciousness etc+Thus, eye0consciousness an! its conco$itant )heno$ena are

to the $in!0ele$ent etcGan! in the sa$e 'ay, the $in!0ele$ent to the $in!0consciousness0ele$ent, an! all the)rece!in% )heno$ena to all the i$$e!iately succee!in%)heno$enaGa con!ition by 'ay of )roi$ity+ Therefore,'hene.er in )roi$ity to 'holeso$e or un'holeso$e)heno$ena, other )heno$ena !o arise, then the for$er)heno$ena are to the latter )heno$ena sai! to be acon!ition by 'ay of )roi$ity, 'ithout 'hich the latter)heno$ena cannot arise+

5+ onti%uity5+ onti%uity5+ onti%uity5+ onti%uity0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition SamanantaraSamanantaraSamanantaraSamanantara''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aThis con!ition is i!entical 'ith the fore%oin% an! only!ifferent in na$e+

B+ oB+ oB+ oB+ o0000nascencenascencenascencenascence0000ccccon!itionon!itionon!itionon!ition Saha)taSaha)taSaha)taSaha)ta''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a

ust as the burnin% la$) is a con!ition for li%ht, so are thefour $ental %rou)s (feelin%, )erce)tion, $ental for$ations,consciousness one to another a con!ition by 'ay of their o0nascence or si$ultaneous arisin%+ That $eans, none of these)heno$ena can arise alone+ "f any of the$ arises, the othersalso !o so si$ultaneously, so that the arisin% of any of the$is con!itione! throu%h the si$ultaneous arisin% of the others+The sa$e relationshi) eists bet'een the four ele$ents

(soli!, li4ui!, heat, $otion, an!Gbut only at the $o$ent of


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conce)tionGalso bet'een cor)oreality (r@pa an! $entality(nma+

7+ Mutuality7+ Mutuality7+ Mutuality7+ Mutuality0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!itionAnnamannaAnnamannaAnnamannaAnnamanna''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a

ll afore$entione! co0nascent )heno$ena (No+ B are, as a$atter of course, also con!itione! by 'ay of Mutuality+

8+ /u))ort8+ /u))ort8+ /u))ort8+ /u))ort0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition i++a!ai++a!ai++a!ai++a!a''''pacca!7pacca!7pacca!7pacca!7This con!ition refers to a )heno$enon 'hich is ai!in% other)heno$ena in the sense of a foun!ation or su))ort, 2ust asthe trees ha.e the earth as their foun!ation, or as an oil)aintin% rests on the can.as+ Thus, all the abo.e co0nascent

(No+ B an! $utually (No+ 7 con!itione! )heno$ena are oneto another also a con!ition by 'ay of /u))ort+ lso the si)hysical bases of consciousness (eye, ear, nose, ton%ue,bo!y, an! the )hysical or%an of the $in! are to the si kin!sof consciousness (eye0consciousness, ear0consciousnessetc+ a con!ition by 'ay of /u))ort+

9+ &ecisi.e9+ &ecisi.e9+ &ecisi.e9+ &ecisi.e0000/u))ort/u))ort/u))ort/u))ort0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition >pani++a!a>pani++a!a>pani++a!a>pani++a!a''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca!This con!ition refers to a )heno$enon 'hich is ai!in% other)heno$ena as a )o'erful an! !ecisi.esu))ort or in!uce$ent+ "t is of three kin!s &ecisi.e /u))ort(1 by 'ay of 3b2ect (rammanupanu+a!a, (= by 'ay ofProi$ity (anantarupani++a!a, (- by 'ay of Naturalon!ition (pakatupani++a!a+

(1 "f, e+%+, after ha.in% )erfor$e! a 'holeso$e or anun'holeso$e !ee!, one is intensi.ely reflectin% on this !ee!as ob2ect, it beco$es a stron% an! !ecisi.e su))ort by 'ay of3b2ect (on!ition =+

(= ny )rece!in% 'holeso$e )heno$enon is to anysuccee!in% 'holeso$e )heno$enon to so$e of thesuccee!in% un'holeso$e )heno$ena to any succee!in%


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neutral )heno$enon etc+, etc+, a &ecisi.e /u))ort by 'ay ofProi$ity (see on!ition C+

(- Eoo! or ba! 4ualities, as faith, $orality, learne!ness,

!elu!e!ness, etc+, are a &ecisi.e /u))ort by 'ay of Naturalon!ition+ Moreo.er, anythin% 'hate.erG)ast, )resent orfuture, real or i$a%inaryG$ay beco$e a !ecisi.e con!ition toour $in! an! bo!y, e+ %+ the !esire! future health or 'ealth,or e.en Nir.ana, $ay beco$e a !ecisi.e con!ition to our)resent eertions+

1>+ Pre1>+ Pre1>+ Pre1>+ Pre0000NascenceNascenceNascenceNascence0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition PuraPuraPuraPura'''')ta)ta)ta)ta''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca!

The si )hysical sense0or%ans (see on!ition 8, as 'ell asthe fi.e )hysical sense0ob2ects (.isible ob2ect, soun! etc, areto the corres)on!in% kin!s of consciousness (eye0consciousness, ear0consciousness, etc+ a con!ition by 'ay ofPre0Nascence+ "n other 'or!s, eye0consciousness etc+ cannotarise 'ithout the )re0arisin%, or )re0eistence, of the )hysicalor%ans an! )hysical ob2ects+ t the $o$ent of conce)tion ofa bein%, ho'e.er, $in!0consciousness is co0nascent 'ith the)hysical or%an of $in!, as $in!0consciousness arises at the.ery $o$ent of conce)tion+

11+ Post11+ Post11+ Post11+ Post0000NascenceNascenceNascenceNascence0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition PacchPacchPacchPacch'''')ta)ta)ta)ta''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aonsciousness an! its conco$itant $ental )heno$ena areto this alrea!y0born bo!y a con!ition by 'ay of Post0Nascence, ai!in% the bo!y in the sense of a )ro), or su))ort+

1=+ :re4uency1=+ :re4uency1=+ :re4uency1=+ :re4uency0000con!iticon!iticon!iticon!itionononon?+e(ana?+e(ana?+e(ana?+e(ana''''pacca!a7pacca!a7pacca!a7pacca!a7This con!ition refers to a )heno$enon 'hich is hel)in%to'ar!s the co$)etency an! stren%th of the conti%uous)heno$ena by 'ay of :re4uency, 2ust as in rea!in% a book,all the )rece!in% a))lications to books, etc+, !o+ "t isthreefol! by 'ay of 'holeso$e, un'holeso$e, or $erefunctional Ki$)ulsi.e $o$ents ()a(ana, see ha)ter =, """"",

note+ s it is sai! in Tika0Patthna ?ll the )rece!in%


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'holeso$e )heno$ena are to all the succee!in% 'holeso$e)heno$ena a con!ition by 'ay of :re4uency, etc+@

1-+ ar$a1-+ ar$a1-+ ar$a1-+ ar$a0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition ammaammaammaamma''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a

Volition (cetanG$anifeste! in 'holeso$e or un'holeso$ebo!ily, .erbal, or )urely $ental ction (Pali kammaGis to thekar$a0resultant 1(ipka2 four $ental %rou)s (see on!itionB, as 'ell as to those cor)oreal )heno$ena !ue to 6esi!ualkar$a (katatt, a con!ition by 'ay of ar$a+

atatt ; kata++a bh(ena, lit+ ?throu%h ha.in% been !one,@refers to such $inor 'holeso$e or un'holeso$e acts as

ha.e not yet )ro!uce! results+

1C+ ar$a1C+ ar$a1C+ ar$a1C+ ar$a00006esult6esult6esult6esult0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition *ip*ip*ip*ipkakakaka''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aar$a0result ((ipka is a con!ition 'hich, by its )assi.enature, is su))ortin% the other kar$a0resultant )heno$enain their )assi.ity (?effortless cal$ness@ says Patthna+ s itis sai! (ib+ ?The four $ental %rou)s, in so far as they asar$a0results, are one to another a con!ition by 'ay ofar$a0result+@

15+ Nutri$ent15+ Nutri$ent15+ Nutri$ent15+ Nutri$ent0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition?hra?hra?hra?hra''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aThere are four nutri$entsG(1 $aterial foo!, (= sense0i$)ression (pha++a, (- $in!0.olition (mano'+ancetan,(C consciousness ((innAaG'hich are ai!in% the cor)orealan! incor)oreal )heno$ena in the sense of a su))ort, or

)ro)+ Material foo! is the necessary con!ition for the su))ortof this bo!y, 'hilst =C are the nutrient con!itions to theirconco$itant $ental )heno$ena, as 'ell as to the cor)oreal)heno$ena (e+%+ bo!ily an! .erbal inti$ation )ro!uce!thereby (Tika0Patthna+ *y the -r! nutri$ent KMin!0.olition,accor!in% to the o$$entary to theAbhidhammattha+angaha ch+ V"", 'e ha.e to un!erstan!'holeso$e an! un'holeso$e ar$a< 'hilst the Cth

nutri$ent Konsciousness refers to 6ebirth0consciousness,


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i+e+ that state of consciousness that arises at the $o$ent ofconce)tion of a bein%+

1B+ :aculty1B+ :aculty1B+ :aculty1B+ :aculty0000con!ition con!ition con!ition con!ition -ndri!a-ndri!a-ndri!a-ndri!a''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a

There are t'enty :acultiesG)hysical, $ental or $oralG'hichare a con!ition in hel)in% or influencin% other )heno$ena inthe sense of Pre!o$inance (on!ition -+ They are the sisense faculties eye, ear, nose, ton%ue, bo!y, $in!< .itality(either )hysical or $ental< the fi.e faculties of feelin% bo!ily)leasant an! )ainful feelin%, %la!ness, sa!ness, in!ifferentfeelin%< the fi.e ethical faculties faith, ener%y, attenti.eness,concentration, 'is!o$< further, three su)ra$un!ane

faculties )ossesse! by the four kin!s of #oly Men (see $yGuide through the Abhidhamma'Pitaka "" 5+ The fi.e )hysicalsense0faculties (eye, ear, etc+ are a con!ition only to $ental)heno$ena (eye0consciousness, ear0consciousness etc+,'hilst the re$ainin% faculties $ay be so$eti$es a con!itionto )hysical )heno$ena as 'ell+ /o is, e+%+, the )hysical .italityto those cor)oreal )heno$ena !ue to resi!ual ar$a(on!ition 1- a con!ition by 'ay of faculty, 'ithout 'hichthose cor)oreal )heno$ena 'oul! not arise+ The $ental an!$oral faculties are a con!ition to their conco$itant $ental)heno$ena, as 'ell as to the cor)oreal )heno$ena)ro!uce! thereby+

17+ hna17+ hna17+ hna17+ hna0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition####hnahnahnahna''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!ahna is here to be un!erstoo! in its 'i!est sense as a

co$bination of certain $ental constituents !ue to thatconcentration of $in! 'hich is an in!is)ensable factor in anystate of consciousness, be it kar$ically 'holeso$e,un'holeso$e, or neutral< the kar$ically0neutral hna iseither a ar$a0result ((ipka, or a $ere functional state asin the case of the rahat+ There are alto%ether se.en hna0constituents Thou%ht0conce)tion, &iscursi.e Thinkin%,"nterest, oy, /a!ness, "n!ifference, oncentration+ "n 2oyful

consciousness of the sense0s)here (km(acara, as 'ell as


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in the first hna of the for$0s)here (r@p(acara, fi(e hna0constituents are )resent, to 'it Thou%ht0once)tion,&iscursi.e Thinkin%, 6a)ture, oy, 3ne0)ointe!ness of $in!((itakka, (icra, pCti,+ukha,citt3ekaggat;+amdhi+

These )heno$ena are to their conco$itant $ental %rou)s,as 'ell as to those cor)oreal )heno$ena !ue to resi!ualar$a (on!ition 1-, a con!ition by 'ay of hna+

18+ Path18+ Path18+ Path18+ Path0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition ,agga,agga,agga,agga''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aThe t'el.e constituents, of 'hich so$e belon% to the ri%ht,so$e to the 'ron% )ath, are 'is!o$, thou%ht0conce)tion,

ri%ht s)eech, ri%ht bo!ily action, ri%ht li.elihoo!< ener%y,attenti.eness, concentration< 'ron% .ie's, 'ron% s)eech,'ron% bo!ily action, 'ron% li.elihoo!+

Thou%ht0conce)tion, ener%y, attenti.eness an! concentration$ay be either kar$ically 'holeso$e (ri%ht, un'holeso$e('ron%, or neutral (as in the case of the rahat+

These constituents, be they kar$ically 'holeso$e,un'holeso$e, or neutral, are to their conco$itant $ental)heno$ena, as 'ell as to the cor)oreal )heno$ena)ro!uce! thereby, a con!ition by hel)in% the$ in the senseof a release fro$ this or that+

ithin the abo.e cor)oreal )heno$ena are, accor!in% to the

Panha0.ra of usalattika0Patthna, also inclu!e! thecor)oreal )heno$ena !ue to resi!ual ar$a (on!ition 1-+

19+ ssociation19+ ssociation19+ ssociation19+ ssociation0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition Sampa!uttaSampa!uttaSampa!uttaSampa!utta''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a )heno$enon 'hich by its association is ai!in% other)heno$ena is calle! an ssociation0con!ition+ Thus, the four$ental %rou)s 'hich are arisin% si$ultaneously are one toanother a con!ition by 'ay of ssociation (on!itions B, 7+


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con!ition to $entality+ lso consciousness an! the $ental)heno$ena are to the cor)oreal )heno$ena )ro!uce! by$in! a con!ition by 'ay of )resence+ /o are the four )hysicalele$ents to the !eri.e! cor)oreal )heno$ena, the fi.e

sense0or%ans an! ob2ects (K)re0nascent to the fi.e kin!s ofsense0consciousness (eye0consciousness etc+, an! the)hysical or%an of $in! to $in!0consciousness+

==+ bsence==+ bsence==+ bsence==+ bsence0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition atthiatthiatthiatthi''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!aThis con!ition refers to 2ust )asse! (+amanantara $ental)heno$ena, 'hich throu%h their absence are ai!in% the$ental )heno$ena i$$e!iately follo'in% after the$, by

%i.in% the$ an o))ortunity to arise+ Thus, the consciousnessan! $ental )heno$ena 'hich ha.e 2ust )asse!, are to the)resently arisen consciousness an! $ental )heno$ena acon!ition throu%h their absence+ That $eans the )resentconsciousness is con!itione! throu%h the absence of the)ast consciousness+

=-+ &isa))earance=-+ &isa))earance=-+ &isa))earance=-+ &isa))earance0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!ition *igata*igata*igata*igata''''pacca!apacca!apacca!apacca!a"n as $uch as those last $entione! )heno$ena are by their!isa))earance %i.in% other )heno$ena the o))ortunity toarise, they are calle! also a con!ition by 'ay of&isa))earance+

=C+ Non=C+ Non=C+ Non=C+ Non0000&isa))earance&isa))earance&isa))earance&isa))earance0000con!itioncon!itioncon!itioncon!itionA(igataA(igataA(igataA(igata''''pacca!a7pacca!a7pacca!a7pacca!a7This con!ition is i!entical 'ith the Presence0con!ition

(on!ition =1, an! refers to the sa$e)heno$ena+


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#PT;6 ""#PT;6 ""#PT;6 ""#PT;6 ""ExplanaExplanaExplanaExplanation of the formula of Dependent Originationtion of the formula of Dependent Originationtion of the formula of Dependent Originationtion of the formula of Dependent Origination

""""""+ Throu%h "%norance con!itione! are the ar$a""+ Throu%h "%norance con!itione! are the ar$a""+ Throu%h "%norance con!itione! are the ar$a""+ Throu%h "%norance con!itione! are the ar$a0000:or$ations:or$ations:or$ations:or$ations ((((A(i))A(i))A(i))A(i))''''pacca!+apacca!+apacca!+apacca!+annnnkhrkhrkhrkhr7777

K"EN36N;Q (a(i)) is in the /utta0)itaka e)laine! as notun!erstan!in% the four Noble Truths re%ar!in% sufferin%, itsori%in, its etinction, an! the )ath lea!in% to its etinction the 6e%isterin% consciousness(tadrammana, lit+ ?that ob2ect@, after 'hich the 'hole sinksa%ain belo' the threshol! of full consciousness, an! %etsi$$er%e! in /ub0consciousness+ /ta%e si is calle! Min!0ele$ent (mano'dhtu, 71> Min!0onsciousness0ele$ent(mano'(innna'dhtu+

#ence the ar$a0:or$ations are to all the afore0$entione!kar$a0resultant classes of consciousness ('hich inclu!e6ebirth0onsciousness, pati+andhi'(innna a con!ition by'ay of ar$a (on!ition 1-, an! thus also a con!ition by'ay of &ecisi.e /u))ort+ :or it is sai! in the Tika0 Patthna

?holeso$e an! On'holeso$e ar$a (kamma is to itsresult ((ipka a con!ition by 'ay of &ecisi.e /u))ort+@ Thus,the ar$a0:or$ations are to 6ebirth0consciousness(pati+andhi(innAa, too, a con!ition by 'ay of &ecisi.e/u))ort+

6ebirth0consciousness, 'hich of course is a $in!0consciousness (mano'(innAa arises at the .ery$o$ent of

conce)tion+


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"n the /utta it is sai! ?3nce all (" "%norance an! lin%in% isetin%uishe!, neither kar$ically $eritorious, nor!e$eritorious, nor i$)erturbable ("" ar$a0:or$ations are)ro!uce!, an! thus no (""" onsciousness 'ill s)rin% u)

a%ain in a ne' $others 'o$b@ (/N 1=51+

""""""""""""GGGG"V+ Thr"V+ Thr"V+ Thr"V+ Throu%h onsciousness con!itione! are Mentality an!ou%h onsciousness con!itione! are Mentality an!ou%h onsciousness con!itione! are Mentality an!ou%h onsciousness con!itione! are Mentality an!or)oreality(or)oreality(or)oreality(or)oreality(*innn*innn*innn*innnaaaa''''pacca! nmapacca! nmapacca! nmapacca! nma''''r@pa7r@pa7r@pa7r@pa7++++

?:or, if onsciousness 'ere not to a))ear in the $others'o$b, 'oul! in that case Mentality an! or)oreality ariseH@(Ni!+ /utta+ ?ust as t'o bun!les of ree! leanin% one a%ainst

the other, so are Mentality an! or)oreality !e)en!ent ononsciousness+@ (/N 1=B7+

KMentality (nma refers here only to three of the $ental%rou)s, i+e+ feelin%, )erce)tion an! $ental for$ations, for theCth, the consciousness0%rou), has alrea!y been $entione!as the con!ition to the three other %rou)s an! cor)oreality+()art fro$ the Paticca0sa$u))!a for$ula, Mentality, ornma,is a na$e for all four $ental %rou)s+

Kor)orealityQ (r@pa co$)rises the four )ri$ary )hysicalele$entsGsoli!, li4ui!, heat, $otionGan! all the cor)oreal)heno$ena !eri.e! there fro$+ "n the /utta it is sai!?:eelin%, )erce)tion, .olition, sense0i$)ression, $entalreflection these are calle! Mentality+ The four )ri$ary

ele$ents an! the cor)oreality !eri.e! therefro$, this iscalle! cor)oreality@ (Ma22hi$a0Nikya 9+

onsciousness an! Mentalityonsciousness an! Mentalityonsciousness an! Mentalityonsciousness an! Mentality+ t conce)tion, or !urin% life0continuity, 6ebirth0onsciousness or so$e other kar$a0resultant class of consciousness, are to the si$ultaneouslyarisin% three $ental %rou)s (KMentality a con!ition by 'ay ofo0Nascence (on!ition B, Mutuality (7, /u))ort (8,


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ssociation (19, ar$a06esult (1C, Nutri$ent (hereconsciousness< 15, :aculty ($in!0faculty< 1B, Presence(=1, an! Non0&isa))earance (=C+

onsciousnonsciousnonsciousnonsciousness an! or)orealityess an! or)orealityess an! or)orealityess an! or)oreality+ onsciousness is to the si)hysical sense0or%ans (cor)oreality, only 'hen they firstarise, a con!ition by 'ay of o0Nascence, ar$a06esult,Nutri$ent, :aculty ($in!0faculty, &issociation (=>,Presence, Non0&isa))earance, an! Mutuality+ To there$ainin% cor)oreal )heno$ena it is a con!ition in the sa$e'ays, ece)tin% only Mutuality+

ar$ic onsciousness, i+e+ consciousness acco$)anie! byrebirth0)ro!ucin% 'holeso$e or un'holeso$e .olitionsGatthe sta%e of "$)ulsi.e $o$ents< see """""Gis to the kar$a0)ro!uce! or)oreality (i+e+ the )hysical chan%es arisin% fro$$o$ent to $o$ent !urin% life0continuity a con!ition by 'ayof &ecisi.e /u))ort (9+

There are $any $ore 'ays, in 'hich the nu$erous or)orealan! Mental )heno$ena are !e)en!ent on the .arious kin!sof kar$a0resultant onsciousness+ !etaile! e)lanation is%i.en in Patthna+

"V"V"V"VGGGGV+ Throu%h Mentality an! or)oreality con!itione! are theV+ Throu%h Mentality an! or)oreality con!itione! are theV+ Throu%h Mentality an! or)oreality con!itione! are theV+ Throu%h Mentality an! or)oreality con!itione! are the/i /ense *ases(/i /ense *ases(/i /ense *ases(/i /ense *ases(mar@pamar@pamar@pamar@pa''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca! +al+al+al+al!atana!atana!atana!atanammmm++++

The /i /ense *ases (!atana are a na$e for the fi.e)hysical sense0or%ans (eye, ear, nose, ton%ue, bo!y an! theMin!0*ase (man!atana, the latter bein% a collecti.e ter$for the fi.e kin!s of sense consciousness (eye0consciousnessetc+, the $in!0ele$ent (mano'dhtu an! the $in!0consciousness0ele$ent (mano'(innAa'dhtu+ f+ ""G"""+

s con!ition to the /ense *ases, Mentality (nma a%ain

refers to the abo.e $entione! three $ental


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%rou)s, 'hilst or)oreality (r@pa refers to the four )ri$ary)hysical ele$ents, the si )hysical seats ((atthu ofconsciousness (i+e+ eye, ear, nose, ton%ue, bo!y, an! )hysicalseat of $in! an! the )hysical life0faculty+=

Mentality an! Min!Mentality an! Min!Mentality an! Min!Mentality an! Min!0000*ase*ase*ase*ase+ The three $ental %rou)s(KMentality are a con!ition only to the Bth *ase, the Min!0*ase (man!atana, as it is sai! in Vibhan%a ?Throu%hMentality (nma con!itione! is the sith *ase (nma'pacca! chatth!atanam+@

t the $o$ent of conce)tion the three $ental %rou)s

(KMentality are to the $in!0*ase a con!ition in at last se.en'ays, i+e+ by 'ay of o0Nascence (B, Mutuality (7, /u))ort(8, ssociation (19, ar$a06esult (1C< see "", Presence(=1, an! Non0&isa))earance (=C< so$e $ental )heno$ena(KMentality also by 'ay of 6oot (e+%+ kar$ically neutral%ree!lessness, etc+ inclu!e! in the %rou) of Mental:or$ations, or by 'ay of Nutri$ent (e+%+ Min!0Volition an!Min!0"$)ression< see 15+

lso !urin% life0continuity, kar$a0resultant Mentality is to theMin!0*ase a con!ition in the abo.e 'ays, 'hilst the$eritorious an! !e$eritorious Mentality is to it a con!ition inthe sa$e 'ays, ece)tin% only ar$a0result< so$e non0resultant ($eritorious, etc+ $ental )heno$ena $ay be to theMin!0*ase a con!ition by 'ay of 6oot so$e by 'ay of

Nutri$ent+

Mentality an! fi.e )hysical *asesMentality an! fi.e )hysical *asesMentality an! fi.e )hysical *asesMentality an! fi.e )hysical *ases+ ar$a0resultant Mentality!e)en!ent on the fi.e sensiti.e or%ans (e+%+ :eelin% orPerce)tion )ro!uce! throu%h eye0i$)ression, ear0i$)ression,etc+ is !urin% life0continuity, to the fi.e )hysical sense0or%ans

2The )hysical seat of $in! $ust not be confoun!e! 'ith the Min!0base

1man!atana25 cf+ Prece!in% )ara%ra)h+


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(K*ases a con!ition by 'ay of Post0Nascence (11,&issociation (=>, Presence (=1, an! Non0&isa))earance(=-+

lso kar$ically 'holeso$e an! un'holeso$e Mentality is tothe fi.e )hysical sense0or%ans (K*ases a con!ition in theabo.e four 'ays+

or)oreality an! Min! *aseor)oreality an! Min! *aseor)oreality an! Min! *aseor)oreality an! Min! *ase+ The )hysical seat of $in!(inclu!e! in Kor)oreality is, at the $o$ent of conce)tion, tothe Min! *ase a con!ition by 'ay of o0Nascence, Mutuality,/u))ort, &issociation, Presence, an! Non0&isa))earance+

The $in! is functionin% fro$ the .ery first $o$ent ofconce)tion of a bein%+ #ence, at conce)tion, an! only atconce)tion, !oes the )hysical or%an of the $in! arisesi$ultaneously 'ith $in!0consciousness (Ko0Nascenceboth bein% con!itions one to another, 'hilst the )hysicalor%an of the $in! is a /u))ort (or foun!ation to the Min!0base by its Presence an! Non0&isa))earance+

or)oreality an! fi.e )hysical *asesor)oreality an! fi.e )hysical *asesor)oreality an! fi.e )hysical *asesor)oreality an! fi.e )hysical *ases+ The four )ri$ary)hysical ele$ents, i+e+ the soli!, li4ui!, heat an! $otion(inclu!e! in Kor)oreality, are to any of the fi.e )hysicalsense0or%an *ases (i+e+ eye, ear, etc+, only 'hen they firstarise, a con!ition by 'ay of o0Nascence, Presence, an! Non0&isa))earance+ 3f the fi.e sentient or%ans only the bo!y0sensiti.ity a))ears at conce)tion, hence si$ultaneously 'ith

the four ele$ents (Ko0Nascence, 'hilst the other or%ansa))ear later+ The eistence of all these fi.e )hysical *ases,ho'e.er, is !e)en!ent on the /u))ort, Presence an! Non0&isa))earance of the four )ri$ary )hysical ele$ents+

The )hysical Life0:aculty (inclu!e! in Kor)oreality is, atconce)tion an! !urin% life0continuity, to the fi.e )hysicalsense0or%an *ases (eye, ear, etc+ a con!ition by 'ay of

Presence, Non0&isa))earance an! :aculty+ "n other 'or!s,


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5 sense5 sense5 sense5 sense0000or%an *asesor%an *asesor%an *asesor%an *ases+ The fi.e )hysical sense0or%an *ases(eye, ear, etc+ are to the corres)on!in% fi.e kin!s of sense0i$)ression (eye0i$)ression, etc+ a con!ition by 'ay of/u))ort, Pre0Nascence, :aculty, &issociation, Presence, an!

Non0&isa))earance+ #ere it shoul! be re$e$bere! that thesense0or%an *ases are inclu!e! also in the t'enty K:aculties(see 1B+ /ense0"$)ression cannot take )lace 'ithout the)hysical or%ans ha.in% alrea!y arisen (Pre0Nascence,'ithout their bein% K)resent etc+

Min!Min!Min!Min!0000*ase*ase*ase*ase+ The fi.e classes of sense consciousness, .isual,etc+ (inclu!e! in the KMin!0*ase are to the corres)on!in%

kar$a0resultant /ense0"$)ressions a con!ition by 'ay of o0Nascence, Mutuality, /u))ort, ar$a06esult, Nutri$ent,:aculty, ssociation, Presence, an! Non0&isa))earance+ #erea%ain 'e ha.e to re$e$ber that consciousness an! its$ental conco$itants, hence also /ense0"$)ression, are allKsi$ultaneously arisin% (o0Nascence, K$utuallycon!itione! an! inse)arably Kassociate! 'ith each other,an! that the fi.e kin!s of sense0consciousness are allKar$a06esults an! consi!ere! as KNutri$entQ(consciousness an! K:aculties (see 1B+

5 )hysical ob2ect5 )hysical ob2ect5 )hysical ob2ect5 )hysical ob2ect0000*ases*ases*ases*ases+ The fi.e )hysical sense0ob2ect*ases, as .isible ob2ect, soun! etc+, are to the corres)on!in%fi.e /ense0"$)ressions a con!ition by 'ay of 3b2ect, Pre0Nascence, an! Non0&isa))earance+ That $eans, the

eistence of the fi.e /ense0"$)ressions !e)en!s on theeistence of the fi.e )hysical 3b2ects, on their ha.in% Kalrea!yarisen (Pre0Nascence, on their Knot ha.in% !isa))eare!+:or, if the fi.e )hysical 3b2ects ha.e not alrea!y arisen, nocorres)on!in% /ense0"$)ressions 'ill take )lace+

B ob2ectB ob2ectB ob2ectB ob2ect0000*ases*ases*ases*ases+ The si ob2ects, i+e+ the )hysical ob2ects, an!the $in!0ob2ect ('hich latter $ay be so$eti$es also a


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cor)oreal )heno$enon, are to Min!0"$)ression a con!ition$erely by 'ay of 3b2ect, i+e+ throu%h their bein% its ob2ects+

V"V"V"V"GGGGV""+ Throu%h /enseV""+ Throu%h /enseV""+ Throu%h /enseV""+ Throu%h /ense0000"$)ression con!itione! is :eelin%"$)ression con!itione! is :eelin%"$)ression con!itione! is :eelin%"$)ression con!itione! is :eelin%

((((Pha++aPha++aPha++aPha++a''''pacca!(pacca!(pacca!(pacca!(edanedanedanedan++++

There are si kin!s of :eelin% ((edan born of eye0i$)ression, ear0i$)ression, nose0i$)ression, ton%ue0i$)ression, bo!y0i$)ression, an! $in!0i$)ression+ ithe.ery kin! of consciousness, :eelin% is inse)arablyassociate!+ #ere, ho'e.er, only the kar$a0resultant :eelin%sco$e into consi!eration, i+e+ those :eelin%s 'hich are

associate! 'ith the abo.e $entione! classes ofkar$aresultant consciousness (see """"" an! kar$a0resultant sense0i$)ressions (see VV"+

The fi.e /ense0i$)ressions (i+e+ eye0i$)ression etc+ are tothe corres)on!in% fi.e kin!s of :eelin% (i+e+ born of eye0i$)ression etc+ a con!ition in ei%ht 'ays, i+e+ by 'ay of o0Nascence, Mutuality, /u))ort, ar$a06esult, Nutri$ent,ssociation, Presence, an! Non0&isa))earance+ #ere a%ainthe rea!er has to re$e$ber that all the $ental )heno$enain one an! the sa$e state of consciousness, hence also theabo.e /ense0"$)ressions an! the corres)on!in% fi.e kin!s of:eelin%, are necessarily !e)en!ent one u)on the other bytheir Ksi$ultaneous arisin% (o0Nascence, their Presence,their ssociation etc+

To those kar$a0 resultant :eelin%s, ho'e.er, 'hich arisealon% 'ith the 6eci)ient, "n.esti%atin%, an! 6e%isterin%sta%es of consciousness, the fi.e /ense0"$)ressions are acon!ition by 'ay of &ecisi.e /u))ort+ To 6eci)ientonsciousness, ho'e.er, they are a con!ition also by 'ay ofonti%uity+


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Min!0"$)ression (mano'+ampha++a is to the si$ultaneouslyarisin% kar$a0resultant :eelin%s of the sensuous s)hereassociate! 'ith 6e%isterin% consciousness, a con!ition in theabo.e ei%ht 'ays (i+e+ by o0Nascence etc++

To those kar$a0resultant :eelin%s of the three s)heres (thesensuous, for$0 an! for$less0s)heres that arise atconce)tion, in sub0consciousness, an! at !eath, as 'ell as tothose :eelin%s that arise alon% 'ith the 6e%isterin%consciousness at the $in!0%ate, to all those !oes Min!0"$)ression associate! 'ith the K!.ertence to the threshol!of the $in! (manod(r(a))ana constitute a con!ition by

'ay of &ecisi.e /u))ort+

V""V""V""V""GGGGV"""+ Throu%h :eelin% con!itione! is ra.in%V"""+ Throu%h :eelin% con!itione! is ra.in%V"""+ Throu%h :eelin% con!itione! is ra.in%V"""+ Throu%h :eelin% con!itione! is ra.in%((((*edan*edan*edan*edan''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca! taFhtaFhtaFhtaFh++++

ith re%ar! to the si ob2ects, there are si kin!s of ra.in%,i+e+ cra.in%, 'ith re%ar! to .isible ob2ects, soun!s, o!ours,tastes, bo!ily sensations, an! $in! ob2ects+ "f, 'ith re%ar! toany of these ob2ects ra.in% arises 'ith the !esire forsensual en2oy$ent, it is calle! K/ensuous ra.in%(kmatanh+ "f it is connecte! 'ith the belief in eternal)ersonal eistence, it is calle! Kra.in% for ;istence(bha(a'tanh+ "f it is connecte! 'ith the belief in annihilationof )ersonal eistence, it is calle!Kra.in% for nnihilation((ibha(a'tanh+

ny :eelin% associate! 'ith any kar$a0resultantconsciousness is to ra.in% a con!ition by 'ay of &ecisi.e/u))ort, irres)ecti.ely 'hether the feelin% be a%reeable,)ainful or in!ifferent+ :or e.en )ainful :eelin% $ay be acon!ition to ra.in%, as !e)en!ent on )ainful :eelin% there$ay arise the !esire an! cra.in% for ha))iness+


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V"""V"""V"""V""""A+ Throu%h ra.in% con!itione! is lin%in%"A+ Throu%h ra.in% con!itione! is lin%in%"A+ Throu%h ra.in% con!itione! is lin%in%"A+ Throu%h ra.in% con!itione! is lin%in%((((TaFhTaFhTaFhTaFh''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca! upupupupddddna7na7na7na7++++

The four kin!s of lin%in% (updna are sensuous clin%in%

(kmupdna, clin%in% to erroneous o)inions (ditthupdna, clin%in% to $ere rules an! ritual(+Clabbat@pdna, clin%in% to the ;%o belief(atta(d@padna+

/ensuous ra.in% (k$a0tanh is to /ensuous lin%in%(k$u)!na a con!ition by 'ay of &ecisi.e /u))ort+ To theother three kin!s of lin%in%Gif associate! 'ith itGit is a

con!ition by 'ay of o0Nascence, Mutuality, /u))ort,ssociation, Presence, Non0&isa))earance, an! 6oot (%ree!p>p>p>pddddnananana''''pacca!pacca!pacca!pacca!bha(obha(obha(obha(o++++

The Process of *eco$in% (bha(a is of t'o kin!s(1 ar$a0Process (kamma'bha(a, bein% the acti.e si!e of eistence, as each of these t'o%rou)s re)resents the ar$a0Process, containin% the fi.ekar$ic causes of rebirth, to 'it 1+ "%norance, t'o ar$a0:or$ations (rebirth)ro!ucin% .olitions, 8+ ra.in%, 9+


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lin%in%, an! 1>+ ar$a0Process (a(i)), +a5khra, taAh,updna, kamma'bha(a+

"n the sa$e 'ay, Erou) -7 is i!entical 'ith Erou) 111=,

as each of these t'o %rou)s re)resents the 6ebirth0Process,containin% the fi.e ar$a0results, to 'it -+ onsciousness(rebirth, etc+, C+ Mentality an! or)oreality (conce)tion, 5+the *ases, B+ /ense0"$)ression, an! 7+ :eelin% ((innAa,nma'r@pa, !atana, pha++a, (edan+ f+ Paisa$bhi!,N#akath No+ C+

?:i.e causes 'ere there in the )ast+

:i.e fruits 'e fin! in )resent life,:i.e causes !o 'e no' )ro!uce,:i.e fruits 'e rea) in future life+8

(*i+uddhimagga AV""+

"n /N 1=-C there are %i.en se.enty0se.en kin!s ofkno'le!%e re%ar!in% the Paicca0/a$u))!a+ They for$ele.en %rou)s, corres)on!in% to the ele.en )ro)ositions ofthe for$ula, each 'ith se.en kin!s of kno'le!%e+ s all theele.en %rou)s are in e.ery res)ect throu%hout analo%ous, "a$ %i.in% here only the first %rou) of se.en kin!s ofkno'le!%e, na$ely

that throu%h "%norance the ar$a0:or$ations arecon!itione!< that, if there is no "%norance, there also are no

ar$a0:or$ations< that also in the )ast the ar$a0:or$ations 'ere con!itione! throu%h "%norance< that, if thereha! been no "%norance, there also 'oul! ha.e been noar$a0:or$ations< that also in the future the ar$a0:or$ations 'ill be con!itione! throu%h "%norance

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The Significance of Dependent Origination ~ Nyantiloka Mahathera