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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
P. David PollyDepartment of Geological SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, Indiana 47405 [email protected]
(from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History)
Colonization of Land
The Silurian and Devonian
Objectives
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
1. Climate and atmosphere in the Paleozoic;2. Silurian and Devonian rock units in Indiana;3. Events of the Silurian and Devonian;4. Paleogeography and major structural features, including Illinois
and Michigan Basins;5. Stromatoporoid reefs;6. First land plants in Silurian;7. Falls of the Ohio State Park.
Quiz for next Wednesday (27 Feb)
Metazoan phyla (slide 19 from lecture on Short History of Life)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Rise in sea level in late Ordovician (Richmondian invasion and other biotic pulses)
Onset of glaciation in Gondwana
Major drop in sea level
Extinction
End-Ordovician (Hirnantian) extinction
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Ice Storm, Bloomington, IN (photo by PD Polly)
Modern climate in Indiana
Mean annual temperature
10.9° C 51.6° F
Mean Jan Cold -7.9° C 17.7° FMean July Warm 29.5° C 85.1° CMean annual precipitation
1016 mm 40 in
Mean annual temperature
14.0° C 57.2° F
Nitrogen 78.00%Oxygen 20.90%Water vapor 0.90%
Carbon dioxide 0.04% 355 ppm (2013: 395.5 ppm)
Indiana (1971-2000)
Global (1971-2000)
Atmosphere (1990)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(Royer, Berner, Montañez, Tabor and Beerling, 2004. CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today, 14: 4-10)
Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Phanerozoic
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(Berner and Canfield, 1989. A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science,
289: 333-361)
Atmospheric oxygen through the Phanerozoic
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Temperature (via 18O) through the Phanerozoic
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Sequences and sea-level in the mid continent
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History)
Silurian and Devonian events
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Early Silurian (430 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Late Silurian (420 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Beginning of Kaskaskia sea level sequence
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Early Devonian (400 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Middle Devonian (385 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Time of New Albany Shale
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Late Devonian (360 mya)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Tapestry of Time and Terrain, USGS
Structural features of eastern North America
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
The Illinois Basin
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Silurian and Devonian Surface Bedrock in Indiana
Three formations are of special interest:
• Waldron Shale(amazingly rich in fossils in places)
• Jeffersonville Limestone(Falls of the Ohio State Park)
• New Albany Shale
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Cumings and Shrock , 1927. The Silurian reefs of Northern Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
Sedimentary structure at Bluffton, IN
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(Mesolella, 1978. Paleogeography of some Silurian and Devonian Reef Trends, AAPG Bulletin, 62: 1607-1644)
Reefs in the Middle Silurian
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Ault, C.H., Becker, L.E., Droste, J.B., Keller, S.J., and Shaver, R.H., 1992, Map of Indiana Showing Thickness of Silurian Rocks and Location of Reefs, Indiana
Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map 54.
Silurian reefs in Indiana
Fort Wayne Bank
Terre Haute Bank
Patch reefs
Reef banks
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(from Stanley, 2005. Earth System History)
Structure of a Silurian reef bank
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
(from Camp and Richardson,1999. Roadside Geology of Indiana)
Structure of Silurian patch reefs
Cumings and Shrock , 1927. The Silurian reefs of Northern Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Kenrick and Crane, 1997. Origin and Early Evolution of Land Plants.
First land plants
Oldest known land plant:Cooksonia(Psilopsids)Middle Silurian
small, simple, spore producing, no leaves, no true roots
Cooksonia (Middle Silurian)
Baragwanathia reconstruction (Upper Silurian)
Aglaphyton reconstruction (Upper Silurian)
Photo by Canley, 2012
Stanley, 2005. Earth System History
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Falls of the Ohio State ParkClarksville, INMiddle Devonian, Jeffersonville Limestone
Exceptionally good preservation of corals and other mid-Devonian marine life
Louisville
Clarksville New Albany