THE SIXTIESTHE SIXTIES

LIVING WITH GREAT TURMOILLIVING WITH GREAT TURMOIL

I. Election of 1960I. Election of 1960

A. Kennedy the A. Kennedy the Candidate: his Candidate: his handsome look and handsome look and appearance, the appearance, the voters' mood of voters' mood of restlessness and restlessness and Nixon's response to Nixon's response to the jailing of Martin the jailing of Martin Luther King, Jr. Luther King, Jr. helped his candidacy.helped his candidacy.

B. Televised DebatesB. Televised Debates

1.1. First televised First televised presidential debate.presidential debate.

2.2. In the Kennedy-Nixon In the Kennedy-Nixon debates, Richard M. debates, Richard M. Nixon was hurt by a Nixon was hurt by a lack of experience with lack of experience with television.television.

3.3. JFK’s strong JFK’s strong performance helped performance helped him in the polls and him in the polls and win.win.

II. President KennedyII. President Kennedy

A.A. Youngest and first Youngest and first Catholic elected Catholic elected president.president.

1.1. Inaugurated Jan. Inaugurated Jan. 20, 1961.20, 1961.

2.2. “ “ Ask not what Ask not what your country could your country could do for you, ask do for you, ask what you can do what you can do for your country!”for your country!”

          

B. Kennedy Takes B. Kennedy Takes CommandCommand

1.1. The defense policy The defense policy called "flexible called "flexible response" was response" was designed to allow the designed to allow the United States to United States to engage in military engage in military actions that stopped actions that stopped short of nuclear short of nuclear attack.attack.

2.2. the United States the United States strengthened its non strengthened its non nuclear forces.nuclear forces.

III. Cuba Missile CrisesIII. Cuba Missile Crises

A.A. Fidel Castro leader of Fidel Castro leader of Cuba on the promise of Cuba on the promise of democracy but declares democracy but declares himself a communist.himself a communist.

B.B. CIA trained Cuban exiles CIA trained Cuban exiles to retake Cuba with the to retake Cuba with the promise of air support.promise of air support.

C.C. The Bay of Pigs invasion The Bay of Pigs invasion humiliated the United humiliated the United States by making the States by making the government appeargovernment appear

D.D. U-2 planes U-2 planes discover nuclear discover nuclear missiles in Cuba.missiles in Cuba.

E.E. JFK orders a naval JFK orders a naval blockade of Cuba.blockade of Cuba.

F.F. For 13 days the For 13 days the US and the USSR US and the USSR come to the brink come to the brink of nuclear war.of nuclear war.

G.G. Soviet Premier Khrushchev promises to Soviet Premier Khrushchev promises to remove the missiles if JFK promises not remove the missiles if JFK promises not to invade Cuba.to invade Cuba.

H.H. Khrushchev would fall from power.Khrushchev would fall from power.

I.I. Many Cuban exiles blame Kennedy and Many Cuban exiles blame Kennedy and the Democrats for “losing Cuba.”the Democrats for “losing Cuba.”

IV. The Berlin WallIV. The Berlin Wall

A.A. 20% of the East 20% of the East German population German population flees to West Berlinflees to West Berlin

B.B. The construction of the The construction of the Berlin Wall resulted in Berlin Wall resulted in an,end to the immediate an,end to the immediate Berlin crisis, a huge Berlin crisis, a huge decrease in the number decrease in the number of East German of East German refugees and an refugees and an increase in cold war increase in cold war tensionstensions

C. Cold War TensionsC. Cold War Tensions

1.1. Kennedy and Khrushchev establish a Kennedy and Khrushchev establish a telephone hot line.telephone hot line.

2.2. The US and USSR sign the Limited The US and USSR sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty-barring nuclear Test Ban Treaty-barring nuclear testing in the atmosphere, this eased testing in the atmosphere, this eased Cold War tensionsCold War tensions

The New FrontierThe New Frontier

I. The Camelot Years I. The Camelot Years 1961-19631961-1963

A.A.Kennedy gives Kennedy gives special recognition to special recognition to American Art and American Art and Culture. Culture.

B.B. The Public is The Public is fascinated by the fascinated by the President and his President and his families glamour.families glamour.

C.C. Kennedy surrounds Kennedy surrounds himself with young , himself with young , bright advisor.bright advisor.

I. The Camelot YearsI. The Camelot Years

C.C. Advisors: Advisors:

1.1. Robert F. Kennedy as Robert F. Kennedy as Attorney General.Attorney General.

2.2. Robert McNamara Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense.Secretary of Defense.

3.3. Dean Rusk Secretary Dean Rusk Secretary of State.of State.

4.4. McGeorge Bundy McGeorge Bundy National Securtiy National Securtiy Advisor.Advisor.

II. The Promise of II. The Promise of ProgressProgress

A.A. Kennedy outlines Kennedy outlines his New Frontier his New Frontier proposals but has proposals but has difficulty fulfilling difficulty fulfilling many of them many of them because he lacks a because he lacks a popular mandate.popular mandate.

II. The Promise of II. The Promise of ProgressProgress

B.B. Kennedy tries to stimulate the Kennedy tries to stimulate the economy by engaging in deficit economy by engaging in deficit spending,and tax cuts. spending,and tax cuts.

C.C. Funds new types of foreign aid. Funds new types of foreign aid.

D.D. The Peace Corps was developed as a The Peace Corps was developed as a means of helping disadvantaged means of helping disadvantaged countries.countries.

E. The Mercury Project.E. The Mercury Project.

1.1. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin becomes A. Gagarin becomes the first human in the first human in space.space.

2.2. Commitment made in Commitment made in landing a man on the landing a man on the moon before the moon before the decade is out.decade is out.

3.3. Col. John Glenn the Col. John Glenn the first American to orbit first American to orbit the earth.the earth.

                      

III. Tragedy in DallasIII. Tragedy in Dallas

A.A. November 22, November 22, 1963: JFK arrives 1963: JFK arrives in Dallas with Jackie in Dallas with Jackie to mend political to mend political fences.fences.

B.B. Kennedy received Kennedy received warm applause warm applause from the crowd.from the crowd.

III. Tragedy in DallasIII. Tragedy in Dallas

C.C. Texas Schoolbook Texas Schoolbook Depository: As the Depository: As the motorcade motorcade approached, three approached, three shots rang out and shots rang out and struck the struck the president.president.

D. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E66__vymfPA

III. Tragedy in DallasIII. Tragedy in Dallas

D.D. JFK is assassinated JFK is assassinated on Nov. 22 1963on Nov. 22 1963

E.E. Vice President Vice President Lyndon Baines Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force in aboard Air Force One.One.

III. Tragedy in DallasIII. Tragedy in Dallas

C.C. Lee Harvey Lee Harvey Oswald is Oswald is arrested and arrested and charged with the charged with the murder of the murder of the President.President.

D.D. The Warren The Warren Commission Commission concludes that concludes that Oswald acted Oswald acted alone.alone.

LBJ and the Great LBJ and the Great SocietySociety

I. LBJ’s Path to Power:I. LBJ’s Path to Power:

A.A. Johnson's imitates Johnson's imitates FDR’s leadership style.FDR’s leadership style.

B.B. Johnson proved Johnson proved himself to be a master himself to be a master of party politics. Gets of party politics. Gets the Civil Rights Act of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.1957 passed.

C.C. LBJ’s connection in LBJ’s connection in Congress and and Congress and and Southern Protestant Southern Protestant background secure him background secure him a slot with JFK.a slot with JFK.

II. Johnson’s Domestic II. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda.Agenda.

A.A. In the early 1960’s the nation faced In the early 1960’s the nation faced unemployment, civil rights abuses and unemployment, civil rights abuses and poverty.poverty.

B.B. LBJ persuades Congress to pass in Feb. LBJ persuades Congress to pass in Feb. 1964 a tax reduction bill over $11 billion into 1964 a tax reduction bill over $11 billion into law.law.

C.C. In July 1964, LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act of In July 1964, LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law prohibiting discrimination based 1964 into law prohibiting discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender.on race, religion, national origin and gender.

C. War on PovertyC. War on Poverty

1.1. LBJ declares an “unconditional war on LBJ declares an “unconditional war on poverty.”poverty.”

2.2. Economic Opportunity Act is passed, Economic Opportunity Act is passed, providing $1 billion for youth programs, providing $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans antipoverty measures, small business loans and job training.and job training.

3.3. VISTA (volunteers in Service to America and VISTA (volunteers in Service to America and Head Start are formed to help the poor.Head Start are formed to help the poor.

D. Election of 1964D. Election of 1964

1.1. The Republicans faced an uphill battle to The Republicans faced an uphill battle to defeat LBJ, they nominate Sen. Barry defeat LBJ, they nominate Sen. Barry Goldwater (AZ) a conservative for president.Goldwater (AZ) a conservative for president.

2.2. Goldwater suggested he might use nuclear Goldwater suggested he might use nuclear weapons on North Vietnam and Cuba.weapons on North Vietnam and Cuba.

3.3. LBJ plays to American fears of nuclear war.LBJ plays to American fears of nuclear war.

4.4. LBJ wins by a landside, the Democrats LBJ wins by a landside, the Democrats increased the majority in the Congress.increased the majority in the Congress.

II. Building the Great II. Building the Great SocietySociety

A.A. The Great Society focused on providing The Great Society focused on providing solutions to the problems of poverty and solutions to the problems of poverty and civil rights.civil rights.

B.B. The Elementary and Secondary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act: money for textbooks, Education Act: money for textbooks, library materials and special ed.library materials and special ed.

C.C. Medicare: hospital insurance and low Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for over 65.cost medical insurance for over 65.

D.D. Medicade health insurance to welfare Medicade health insurance to welfare recipients.recipients.

E.E. Housing Urban and Development low Housing Urban and Development low income housing. Robert Weaver , first income housing. Robert Weaver , first African-American to hold a cabinet post.African-American to hold a cabinet post.

F.F. Acts were passes to protect the Acts were passes to protect the environment.environment.

The Great Society The Great Society

Congress doubled the appropriation on the Congress doubled the appropriation on the Office of Office of Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity to $2 billion and granted to $2 billion and granted more than $1 billion to refurbish Appalachia, which more than $1 billion to refurbish Appalachia, which had been stagnating.had been stagnating.

Johnson also created the Johnson also created the Department of Department of TransportationTransportation and the and the Department of Housing Department of Housing and Urban Developmentand Urban Development (HUD), headed by (HUD), headed by Robert Robert C. WeaverC. Weaver, the first Black cabinet secretary in the , the first Black cabinet secretary in the United States’ history.United States’ history.

Johnson gave money to students, not schools, thus Johnson gave money to students, not schools, thus avoiding the separation of church and state by not avoiding the separation of church and state by not technically giving money to Christian schools.technically giving money to Christian schools.

In 1965, new programs called In 1965, new programs called MedicareMedicare and and MedicaidMedicaid were installed, which were installed, which have certain rights to the elderly in terms have certain rights to the elderly in terms of medicine and health maintenance.of medicine and health maintenance.

The The Immigration and Nationality ActImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the “national origin” of 1965 abolished the “national origin” quota and doubled the number of quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. annually, to 290,000.annually, to 290,000.

..

G.G. Ralph Nader wrote Ralph Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Unsafe at Any SpeedSpeed criticizing the U.S. auto industry. criticizing the U.S. auto industry.

H.H. Dept. of Transportation is established. Dept. of Transportation is established.

III. The Warren Court.III. The Warren Court.

A.A. The Supreme Court reflects the wave of The Supreme Court reflects the wave of liberal reform that characterizes the liberal reform that characterizes the Great Society.Great Society.

B.B. Congressional Reapportionment. Urban Congressional Reapportionment. Urban areas received more representation areas received more representation than before. Balancing between Urban than before. Balancing between Urban and Rural voters.and Rural voters.

C. Rights of the AccusedC. Rights of the Accused

1.1. Mapp v. Ohio -Mapp v. Ohio - evidence seized illegally evidence seized illegally can not be used in court.can not be used in court.

2.2. Gideon v. Wainwright - Gideon v. Wainwright - free legal free legal counsel.counsel.

3.3. Miranda v. Arizona – Miranda v. Arizona – suspects must be suspects must be read their rights.read their rights.

IV. Impact of the Great IV. Impact of the Great SocietySociety

A.A. LBJ extends the power of the federal LBJ extends the power of the federal government more than any president in post government more than any president in post –WWII.–WWII.

B.B. The reforms made by the Great Society help The reforms made by the Great Society help create a new awareness of social problems.create a new awareness of social problems.

C.C. Debates over the effectiveness of the Great Debates over the effectiveness of the Great Society programs result in a conservative Society programs result in a conservative backlash.backlash.

1.1. In 1966 Ronald Reagan a conservative wins the In 1966 Ronald Reagan a conservative wins the California governorship.California governorship.

2.2. Costs of the programs have skyrocketed.Costs of the programs have skyrocketed.

I. The Segregation I. The Segregation SystemSystem

A.A. Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson affirmed the legality affirmed the legality of segregating the races and prompted of segregating the races and prompted the passage of Jim Crow laws.the passage of Jim Crow laws.

Colored Water

B. Segregation in the 20B. Segregation in the 20thth CenturyCentury

1.1. African-American flee the South to the North African-American flee the South to the North to escape discrimination in the late 1890’s.to escape discrimination in the late 1890’s.

2.2. They discovered racial prejudice existed in They discovered racial prejudice existed in the North as well.the North as well.

3.3. World War II inspires African-Americans to World War II inspires African-Americans to fight for their civil rights.fight for their civil rights.

a.a. Jobs open up.Jobs open up.

b.b. Soldiers fighting in combat units.Soldiers fighting in combat units.

c.c. End Jim Crow and segregation.End Jim Crow and segregation.

II. Challenging II. Challenging Segregation in CourtSegregation in Court

A.A. The NAACP exposes The NAACP exposes the unequal state of the unequal state of education funding education funding under segregation to under segregation to challenge challenge Plessy v. Plessy v. Ferguson.Ferguson.

B.B. Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall would win 29 cases would win 29 cases before the Supreme before the Supreme Court.Court.

C.C. Thurgood Marshall represented the Thurgood Marshall represented the NAACP in arguingNAACP in arguing Brown v Board of Brown v Board of Education Education before the Supreme Courtbefore the Supreme Court..

D.D. The Supreme Court decision in The Supreme Court decision in Brown Brown v.Board of Education v.Board of Education overturns overturns separate but equalseparate but equal relating to public relating to public education in 1954.education in 1954.

III. Reaction to the Brown III. Reaction to the Brown DecisionDecision

A.A. Some state and local governments balk at Some state and local governments balk at the the BrownBrown decision. decision.

B.B. In 1955, the Supreme Court orders district In 1955, the Supreme Court orders district courts to enforce the courts to enforce the BrownBrown decision. decision.

C.C. The Little Rock crisis arose when efforts were The Little Rock crisis arose when efforts were made to desegregate the public schoolsmade to desegregate the public schools..

D.D. President Eisenhower responded to the Little President Eisenhower responded to the Little Rock crisis by placing the Arkansas National Rock crisis by placing the Arkansas National Guard under federal control.Guard under federal control.

IV. Montgomery Bus IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott.Boycott.

A.A. Refusing to give up a Refusing to give up a bus seat to a white bus seat to a white person resulted in the person resulted in the historic arrest of Rosa historic arrest of Rosa Parks.Parks.

B.B. African-Americans in African-Americans in Montgomery, Ala, Montgomery, Ala, organize a boycott to organize a boycott to protest discrimination protest discrimination on city buses.on city buses.

IV. Montgomery Bus IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott.Boycott.

C.C. The boycott thrusts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott thrusts Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. into the national spotlight.into the national spotlight.

D.D. Economic pressure was exerted by the Economic pressure was exerted by the Montgomery Improvement Association in Montgomery Improvement Association in response to segregated buses.response to segregated buses.

E.E. For 381 days, African-Americans refused to For 381 days, African-Americans refused to ride the Montgomery bus lines.ride the Montgomery bus lines.

F.F. In a lawsuit filed by the boycotters, the In a lawsuit filed by the boycotters, the Supreme Court outlaws segregated buses.Supreme Court outlaws segregated buses.

VI. Dr. King and the SLCCVI. Dr. King and the SLCC

A.A. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. seeks to promote civil seeks to promote civil rights through rights through nonviolent resistancenonviolent resistance

B.B. King draws his ideas King draws his ideas from the teachings of from the teachings of Thoreau, Gandhi, Thoreau, Gandhi, Jesus and A. Philip Jesus and A. Philip Randolph .Randolph .

VI. Dr. King and the SLCCVI. Dr. King and the SLCC

C.C. Martin Luther King, Jr., Martin Luther King, Jr., was a founder and the was a founder and the first president of the first president of the Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conference Leadership Conference (SCLC).(SCLC).

D.D. In April 1960 Ella Baker In April 1960 Ella Baker helps students form the helps students form the Student Nonviolent Student Nonviolent Coordinating Coordinating Committee (SNCC).Committee (SNCC).

VII. The Movement VII. The Movement Spreads.Spreads.

A.A. Members of the SNCC build on methods of Members of the SNCC build on methods of protest used earlier by the Congress of protest used earlier by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).Racial Equality (CORE).

B.B. Students from North Carolina Agricultural and Students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College refused to leave a Technical College refused to leave a segregated lunch counter at Woolworth's. segregated lunch counter at Woolworth's.

C.C. Sit-ins attract national media attention to the Sit-ins attract national media attention to the civil rights movementcivil rights movement

TRIUMPHS OF A TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADECRUSADE

I. Riding for FreedomI. Riding for Freedom

A.A. CORE attempts to test CORE attempts to test the Supreme Court the Supreme Court decisions banning decisions banning segregated seating on segregated seating on interstate bus routes interstate bus routes and segregated and segregated facilities in bus stations.facilities in bus stations.

B.B. Freedom riders expose Freedom riders expose Southern resistance to Southern resistance to federal desegregation federal desegregation rulings.rulings.

I. Riding for FreedomI. Riding for Freedom

C.C. The MAIN goal of the freedom rides was to The MAIN goal of the freedom rides was to inspire the federal government to enforce the inspire the federal government to enforce the law banning segregation on interstate bus law banning segregation on interstate bus routes.routes.

D.D. In Birmingham, Police Commissioner Eugene In Birmingham, Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Conner beat several freedom riders.“Bull” Conner beat several freedom riders.

E.E. Violence against the freedom riders forces the Violence against the freedom riders forces the Kennedy administration to intervene.Kennedy administration to intervene.

F.F. The Justice Department sends 400 U.S. The Justice Department sends 400 U.S. Marshals to protect the riders to Jackson, Marshals to protect the riders to Jackson, Mississippi.Mississippi.

II. Standing FirmII. Standing Firm

A.A. Civil Rights organizers Civil Rights organizers turn their attention to turn their attention to integrating some integrating some Southern campuses Southern campuses and towns.and towns.

B.B. Federal troops are Federal troops are needed to get James needed to get James Meredith into all white Meredith into all white University of University of Mississippi.Mississippi.

C. Birmingham 1963C. Birmingham 1963

1.1. From 1957-1963 From 1957-1963 there were 18 there were 18 bombings in bombings in Birmingham.Birmingham.

2.2. Rev. Fred Shuttle Rev. Fred Shuttle worth invites Dr. worth invites Dr. King to test his King to test his nonviolence nonviolence approach.approach.

C. Birmingham 1963C. Birmingham 1963

3.3. King led a small King led a small band of marchers band of marchers on Good Friday, on Good Friday, April 12.April 12.

4.4. Bull Conner arrests Bull Conner arrests King.King.

C. Birmingham 1963C. Birmingham 1963

5.5. King writes, “Letter King writes, “Letter from a Birmingham from a Birmingham Jail”Jail”

6.6. On May 2On May 2ndnd, King , King plans a children’s plans a children’s march, Conner march, Conner arrests 959 of them.arrests 959 of them.

C. Birmingham 1963C. Birmingham 1963

7.7. A national televised A national televised audience watch police audience watch police use high pressure fire use high pressure fire hoses, attack dogs and hoses, attack dogs and beating those who fell.beating those who fell.

8.8. Protests, boycotts and Protests, boycotts and negative news negative news coverage convinces coverage convinces Birmingham to end Birmingham to end segregation. segregation.

III. March on WashingtonIII. March on Washington

A.A. Civil Rights activists Civil Rights activists organize a great organize a great protest march on protest march on Washington to Washington to pressure Congress into pressure Congress into passing the civil rights passing the civil rights bill.bill.

B.B. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the "I Have a delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech at the Dream" speech at the March on Washington March on Washington on August 28, 1963.on August 28, 1963.

C. More ViolenceC. More Violence

1.1. In September 1963 a bomb exploded on the In September 1963 a bomb exploded on the 1616thth Street Baptist Church killing four girls. Street Baptist Church killing four girls.

2.2. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically The Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically prohibited discrimination in public prohibited discrimination in public accommodations.accommodations.

3.3. The posting of "Whites Only" signs was made The posting of "Whites Only" signs was made illegal by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.illegal by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

IV. Fighting for Voting IV. Fighting for Voting RightsRights

A.A. CORE and SNCC planned a voter CORE and SNCC planned a voter registration drive in Mississippi in the registration drive in Mississippi in the Freedom SummerFreedom Summer of 1964. of 1964.

B.B. Violence and intimidation prevent Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African-Americans in the millions of African-Americans in the South from registering to vote.South from registering to vote.

C. Mississippi BurningC. Mississippi Burning

1.1. Three civil rights Three civil rights workers, Michael workers, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Goodman and James Chaney were murdered Chaney were murdered in Mississippi and in Mississippi and buried in an earthen buried in an earthen dam because of their dam because of their work involving voter work involving voter registration.registration.

D. New Political PartyD. New Political Party

1.1. The SNCC organizes the Mississippi Freedom The SNCC organizes the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to hope to unseat Democratic Party (MFDP) to hope to unseat Mississippi’s regular party delegates.Mississippi’s regular party delegates.

2.2. Fannie Lou Hamer was beaten to a cripple Fannie Lou Hamer was beaten to a cripple because she tried to register to vote.because she tried to register to vote.

3.3. The Democrats compromised with civil rights The Democrats compromised with civil rights leaders to give them two seats and end leaders to give them two seats and end discrimination at the 1968 convention.discrimination at the 1968 convention.

4.4. Hamer and the young supporters of the SNCC Hamer and the young supporters of the SNCC felt betrayed.felt betrayed.

D. Selma marchD. Selma march

1.1. In 1965 the SCLC In 1965 the SCLC decided to march on decided to march on Selma because African Selma because African –American’s counted –American’s counted for half of the for half of the population but 3% of population but 3% of registered voters.registered voters.

2.2. King hopes for violent King hopes for violent white response to the white response to the march to push through march to push through a voting rights act.a voting rights act.

3. Arrests3. Arrests

By the end of By the end of January 1965, more January 1965, more than 2000 African –than 2000 African –Americans were Americans were arrested, Selma arrested, Selma sheriff Jim Clark and sheriff Jim Clark and his men attacked civil his men attacked civil rights demonstrators.rights demonstrators.

4. Violence4. Violence

James Reeb, a white James Reeb, a white clergyman from clergyman from Boston was killed.Boston was killed.

King announces a King announces a march from Selma to march from Selma to Montgomery.Montgomery.

5. Opposition5. Opposition

Alabama governor Alabama governor George Wallace George Wallace vowed to do vowed to do everything in his everything in his power to stop the power to stop the various attempts to various attempts to complete the Selma complete the Selma to Montgomery to Montgomery March. March.

6. Support6. Support

Gathered to support Gathered to support King along the 1965 King along the 1965 march to march to Montgomery were Montgomery were many celebrities many celebrities including Harry including Harry Bellefonte and Tony Bellefonte and Tony Bennett. Bennett.

7. Voting Rights Act of 7. Voting Rights Act of 19651965

The Voting Rights The Voting Rights Act of 1965 enabled Act of 1965 enabled federal officials to federal officials to register voters.and register voters.and outlawed voter outlawed voter literacy tests.literacy tests.

CHALLENGES AND CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE CHANGES IN THE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

I. African-Americans Seek I. African-Americans Seek Greater EqualityGreater Equality

A.A. In the mid-1960’s differences over tactics In the mid-1960’s differences over tactics create divisions in the civil rights movement.create divisions in the civil rights movement.

B.B. De jure segregation segregation by law. (In De jure segregation segregation by law. (In the South).the South).

C.C. De facto segregation is segregation that De facto segregation is segregation that results from habit and tradition.(the North)results from habit and tradition.(the North)

1.1. a concentration of urban African Americans in a concentration of urban African Americans in slum areas is an example of de facto segregationslum areas is an example of de facto segregation

D. Urban ViolenceD. Urban Violence

1.1. Urban riots reveal Urban riots reveal that many African-that many African-Americans suffer Americans suffer economic and economic and political inequality.political inequality.

2.2. A race riot breaks A race riot breaks out in New York in out in New York in July 1964.July 1964.

3.Watts3.Watts

A riot breaks out in the A riot breaks out in the Los Angeles section of Los Angeles section of Watts on August 11, Watts on August 11, 1965.1965.

After six days, 34 people After six days, 34 people were killed and property were killed and property worth $30 million worth $30 million destroyed.destroyed.

In 1967 riots took place In 1967 riots took place in over 100 cities.in over 100 cities.

II.II. Malcolm XMalcolm X

A.A. Early Life:Early Life: Born Born Malcolm Little in 1925.Malcolm Little in 1925.

Malcolm was forced to Malcolm was forced to take care of his siblings take care of his siblings when his mother had a when his mother had a collapse.collapse.

Malcolm was at the top Malcolm was at the top of his eighth grade of his eighth grade class.Was told by his class.Was told by his teacher, “ Who would teacher, “ Who would want a Nigger as a want a Nigger as a lawyer”lawyer”

Elijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad

Malcolm dropped out Malcolm dropped out of school and of school and became a petty thief became a petty thief and drug addict.and drug addict.

B. Transformation:B. Transformation: While in prison , While in prison , Malcolm educates Malcolm educates himself and joins the himself and joins the Nation of Islam under Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad.Elijah Muhammad.

C. Malcolm’s MessageC. Malcolm’s Message

1.1. Malcolm X would Malcolm X would become one of the become one of the early leaders of the early leaders of the Black Power Black Power movement.movement.

2.2. Claimed that whites Claimed that whites were the “devil” and were the “devil” and the cause of their the cause of their condition.condition.

3.3. Malcolm X preached Malcolm X preached Elijah Muhammad’s Elijah Muhammad’s views of separatism.views of separatism.

4.4. He advocated self He advocated self defense, defense, ““If you're not If you're not ready to die for it, put ready to die for it, put the word 'freedom' out the word 'freedom' out of your vocabulary."of your vocabulary."

Malcolm XMalcolm X

5.5. Malcolm X’s Malcolm X’s controversial controversial statements had two statements had two effects. First it effects. First it scared whites and scared whites and second, his second, his popularity was popularity was overriding Elijah overriding Elijah Muhammad’s.Muhammad’s.

D. To MeccaD. To Mecca

1.1. In March 1964, In March 1964, Malcolm breaks Malcolm breaks with Elijah with Elijah Muhammad.Muhammad.

2.2. Takes a pilgrimage Takes a pilgrimage to Mecca. Malcolm to Mecca. Malcolm discovered that discovered that Islam preaches the Islam preaches the equality of all races.equality of all races.

E. Malcolm and KingE. Malcolm and King

1.1. Malcolm X began Malcolm X began preaching a new preaching a new message that message that emphasized exercising emphasized exercising the right to vote.the right to vote.

2.2. On February 21, 1965 On February 21, 1965 Malcolm X is Malcolm X is assonated by three assonated by three followers of the Nation followers of the Nation of Islam.of Islam.

F. Black PowerF. Black Power

1.1. James Meredith in James Meredith in June 1966 leads a June 1966 leads a “March against fear”.“March against fear”.

2.2. Stokley Carmichael Stokley Carmichael head the SNCC, after head the SNCC, after being arrested and being arrested and beaten calls for beaten calls for “Black “Black Power”Power”

3.3. He urged the SNCC to He urged the SNCC to stop recruiting whites stop recruiting whites and focus on Black and focus on Black Pride.Pride.

G. Black PanthersG. Black Panthers

1.1. Huey Newton and Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded Bobby Seale founded the militant political party the militant political party the Black Panthers.the Black Panthers.

2.2. The Black Panthers The Black Panthers advocated Black Power, advocated Black Power, Black nationalism and Black nationalism and community community development.development.

3.3. Stokley Carmichael Stokley Carmichael joins.joins.

III. 1968-A Turning PointIII. 1968-A Turning Point

A.A. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Tries to organize a Tries to organize a Poor People’s Poor People’s Campaign to counter Campaign to counter the angry rhetoric of the angry rhetoric of Black Power.Black Power.

B.B. On April 4, 1968 , King On April 4, 1968 , King is assassinated by is assassinated by James Earl Ray.James Earl Ray.

C. Reaction to King’s C. Reaction to King’s DeathDeath

1.1. King’s death sets off King’s death sets off the worst wave of the worst wave of race riots in the race riots in the nation’s history.nation’s history.

2.2. June 4, 1968, June 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Sirhan Sirhan.

IV. Legacy of the Civil IV. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement.Rights Movement.

A.A. According to the Kerner Commission, According to the Kerner Commission, the MAIN cause of urban violence was the MAIN cause of urban violence was white racism. white racism.

B.B. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housingdiscrimination in housing. . Made it illegal Made it illegal to discriminate against African to discriminate against African Americans while awarding a Americans while awarding a construction contractconstruction contract

C.C. The number of African – Americans elected The number of African – Americans elected jumped from 300 in 1965 to over 7,000 in jumped from 300 in 1965 to over 7,000 in 1992.1992.

D.D. The use of tax monies for the inner-city, The use of tax monies for the inner-city, urban riots, and forced busing angered some urban riots, and forced busing angered some whites.whites.

E.E. Affirmative Action: the government passed Affirmative Action: the government passed laws requiring companies and colleges to to laws requiring companies and colleges to to hire or enroll groups that suffered from past hire or enroll groups that suffered from past discrimination.discrimination.

Stepping into the Stepping into the Vietnam QuagmireVietnam Quagmire

The American-backed The American-backed DiemDiem government government had shakily and corruptly ruled Vietnam had shakily and corruptly ruled Vietnam since 1954, but it was threatened by the since 1954, but it was threatened by the Communist Communist Viet CongViet Cong movement led by movement led by Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh..

JFK slowly sent more and more U.S. JFK slowly sent more and more U.S. troops to Vietnam to “maintain order,” but troops to Vietnam to “maintain order,” but they usually fought and died, despite the they usually fought and died, despite the fact that it was “Vietnam’s war.”fact that it was “Vietnam’s war.”

Vietnam VexationsVietnam Vexations

America was floundering in Vietnam and was being America was floundering in Vietnam and was being condemned for its actions there, and French leader Charles de condemned for its actions there, and French leader Charles de Gaulle also ordered NATO off French soil in 1966.Gaulle also ordered NATO off French soil in 1966.

In the In the Six-Day WarSix-Day War, Israel stunned the world by defeating , Israel stunned the world by defeating Egypt (and its Soviet backers) and gaining new territory in the Egypt (and its Soviet backers) and gaining new territory in the Sinai PeninsulaSinai Peninsula, the , the Golan HeightsGolan Heights, the , the Gaza StripGaza Strip, and the , and the West BankWest Bank of the Jordan River, including of the Jordan River, including JerusalemJerusalem..

Meanwhile, numerous protests in America went against the Meanwhile, numerous protests in America went against the Vietnam War and the draft.Vietnam War and the draft.

Opposition was headed by the influential Opposition was headed by the influential Senate Committee Senate Committee of Foreign Relationsof Foreign Relations, headed by Senator , headed by Senator William FullbrightWilliam Fullbright of Arkansas. of Arkansas.

““Doves” (peace lovers) and “war hawks” (war supporters) Doves” (peace lovers) and “war hawks” (war supporters) clashed.clashed.

Vietnam Vexations Con’tVietnam Vexations Con’t

Both sides (the U.S. and North Vietnam) did try to Both sides (the U.S. and North Vietnam) did try to have intervals in bombings, but they merely used have intervals in bombings, but they merely used those as excuses to funnel more troops into the area.those as excuses to funnel more troops into the area.

Johnson also ordered the Johnson also ordered the CIACIA to spy on domestic to spy on domestic antiwar activists, and he encouraged the FBI to use antiwar activists, and he encouraged the FBI to use its counterintelligence program (“its counterintelligence program (“CointelproCointelpro”) ”) against the peace movement.against the peace movement.

More and more, America was trapped in the awful More and more, America was trapped in the awful Vietnam WarVietnam War, and it couldn’t get out, thus feeding , and it couldn’t get out, thus feeding more and more hatred and resentment to the more and more hatred and resentment to the American public.American public.

Vietnam Topples JohnsonVietnam Topples Johnson

Johnson was personally suffering at the American casualties, Johnson was personally suffering at the American casualties, as he wept as he signed condolence letters and even prayed as he wept as he signed condolence letters and even prayed with Catholic monks in a nearby church—at night, secretly, and with Catholic monks in a nearby church—at night, secretly, and the fact that North Vietnam had almost taken over Saigon in a the fact that North Vietnam had almost taken over Saigon in a blistering offensive during blistering offensive during TetTet, the Vietnamese new year, didn’t , the Vietnamese new year, didn’t help either.help either.

Johnson also saw a challenge for the Democratic ticket from Johnson also saw a challenge for the Democratic ticket from Eugene McCarthyEugene McCarthy and and Robert KennedyRobert Kennedy, and the nation, as , and the nation, as well as the Democratic Party, was starting to be split by well as the Democratic Party, was starting to be split by Vietnam.Vietnam.

LBJ refused to sign an order for more troops to Vietnam.LBJ refused to sign an order for more troops to Vietnam. Then, on March 31, 1968, Johnson declared that he would stop Then, on March 31, 1968, Johnson declared that he would stop

sending in troops to Vietnam and that he would not run in 1968, sending in troops to Vietnam and that he would not run in 1968, shocking America.shocking America.

Presidential Sweepstakes Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968 of 1968

On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was shot On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was shot fatally, and the Democratic ticket went to fatally, and the Democratic ticket went to Hubert HumphreyHubert Humphrey, Johnson’s “heir.”, Johnson’s “heir.”

The Republicans responded with The Republicans responded with Richard Richard NixonNixon, paired with , paired with Spiro AgnewSpiro Agnew, and there , and there was also a third-party candidate: was also a third-party candidate: George C. George C. WallaceWallace, former governor of Alabama, a , former governor of Alabama, a racist who wanted to bomb the Vietnamese to racist who wanted to bomb the Vietnamese to death (what a radical!).death (what a radical!).

Victory for NixonVictory for Nixon

Nixon won a nail-biter, and Wallace Nixon won a nail-biter, and Wallace didn’t do that badly either, though worse didn’t do that badly either, though worse than expected.than expected.

A minority president, he owed his A minority president, he owed his presidency to protests over the war, the presidency to protests over the war, the unfair draft, crime, and rioting.unfair draft, crime, and rioting.

The Obituary of Lyndon The Obituary of Lyndon JohnsonJohnson

Poor Lyndon Johnson returned to his Poor Lyndon Johnson returned to his Texas ranch and died there in 1973.Texas ranch and died there in 1973.

He had committed American into He had committed American into Vietnam with noble intentions, and he Vietnam with noble intentions, and he really wasn’t a bad guy, but he was really wasn’t a bad guy, but he was stuck in a time when he was damned if stuck in a time when he was damned if he did and damned if he didn’t.he did and damned if he didn’t.

The Cultural Upheaval of The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960sthe 1960s

In the 60s, the youth of America experimented with In the 60s, the youth of America experimented with sex, drugs, and defiance.sex, drugs, and defiance.

They protested a lot against conventional wisdom and They protested a lot against conventional wisdom and beliefs.beliefs.

Such poets like Such poets like Allen GinsbergAllen Ginsberg and novelists like and novelists like Jack KerouacJack Kerouac voiced these opinions. voiced these opinions.

Movies like Movies like Rebel without a Cause Rebel without a Cause also showed this also showed this belief.belief.

At the At the UC BerkeleyUC Berkeley, in 1964, a so-called , in 1964, a so-called Free Free Speech MovementSpeech Movement began. began.

Kids tried drugs, “did their own thing” in new Kids tried drugs, “did their own thing” in new institutions, and rejected patriotism.institutions, and rejected patriotism.

The Cultural Upheaval of the The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s Con’t1960s Con’t

In 1948, Indiana University “sexologist” In 1948, Indiana University “sexologist” Dr. Alfred KinseyDr. Alfred Kinsey had had published published Sexual Behavior in the Human MaleSexual Behavior in the Human Male, and had , and had followed that book five years later with a female version, and his followed that book five years later with a female version, and his findings about the incidence of premarital sex and adultery were findings about the incidence of premarital sex and adultery were very controversial.very controversial.

He also estimated that 10% of all American males were gay.He also estimated that 10% of all American males were gay. The The Manhattan SocietyManhattan Society, founded in LA in 1951, pioneered gay , founded in LA in 1951, pioneered gay

rights.rights. Students for a Democratic Society,Students for a Democratic Society, once against war, later once against war, later

spawned an underground terrorist group called the spawned an underground terrorist group called the WeathermenWeathermen.. The upheavals of the 1960s can largely be attributed to the three The upheavals of the 1960s can largely be attributed to the three

P’s: the youthful population bulge, the protest against racism and P’s: the youthful population bulge, the protest against racism and the Vietnam War, and the apparent permanence of prosperity, but the Vietnam War, and the apparent permanence of prosperity, but as the 1970s rolled around, this prosperity gave way to stagnation.as the 1970s rolled around, this prosperity gave way to stagnation.

However, the “counterculture” of the youths of the 1960s did However, the “counterculture” of the youths of the 1960s did significantly weaken existing values, ideas, and beliefs.significantly weaken existing values, ideas, and beliefs.