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The SKS Spectrometer and Spectroscopy of Light L Hypernuclei (E336 and E369). Osamu Hashimoto Tohoku University. KEK PS Review December 4-5, 2000. Outline. Motivation Some history The SKS spectrometer E336 experiment Light L hypernuclear spectroscopy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The SKS Spectrometer and Spectroscopy of Light Hypernuclei
(E336 and E369)
KEK PS Review
December 4-5, 2000
Osamu HashimotoTohoku University
Outline
• Motivation
• Some history
• The SKS spectrometer
• E336 experiment – Light hypernuclear spectroscopy for 7
Li, 9Be,( 10
B,) 12C, 13
C, 16O
• E369 experiment– 12
C 1.5 MeV resolution spectrum
– 89Y high quality spectrum
Significance ofhypernuclear investigation
• A new degree of freedom– Deeply bound states– Baryon structure in nuclear medium– New forms of matter H dibaryon...
• New structure of hadronic many-body system with strangeness– Nucleus with a new quantum number– Characteristic structure– Electromagnetic properties
• Hyperon-nucleon interaction(B-B interaction)– A valuable tool
• hyperon scattering experiments limited– Potential depth, shell spacing, spin-dependent
interaction
• Weak interaction in nuclear medium– Weak decay processes
• Nonmesonic decay• Decay widths, polarization
Hypernuclear bound states
YN, YY Interactions and
Hypernuclear Structure
Free YN, YY interactionFrom limited hyperon scattering data
(Meson exchange model: Nijmegen, Julich)
YN, YY effective interaction in finite nuclei(YN G potential)
Hypernuclear properties
Energy levels, splittingsCross sectionsPolarizations
Weak decay widths
iiFiFii
N
rkckba
rv
)/exp()(
)(222
Excited states of hypernuclei
n or p
n
p
B
Bp
Bn
208Pb
207Tl
207Pb
Weak decay nonmesonic mesonic
Narrow widths< a few 100 keVLikar,Rosina,PovhBando, Motoba, Yamamoto
hypernuclear spectroscopy
• Narrow widths of nucleon-hole -particle states
– less than a few 100 keV• N interaction weaker than NN
• N spin-spin interaction weak
• isospin = 0
• No exchange term
• A hyperon free from the Pauli exclusion principle
• Smaller perturbation to the core nuclear system
hypernuclear structurevs.
N interaction
Precision spectroscopy required
Issues of hypernuclear physics
• Single particle nature of a hyperon in nuclear medium
• New forms of hadronic many-body systems with strangeness– core excited states, genuine(supersymmetric) stat
es, clustering structure,….
• YN and YY interactions– central, spin-spin, spin-orbit, tesor
• Hyperon weak decay in nuclear medium– Lifetimes as a function of hypernuclear mass– Nonmesonic weak decay
n/p ratios, I=1/2 rule
S=-1 hyperon production reactionsfor hypernuclear spectroscopy
Z = 0 Z = -1 commentneutron to proton to
(+,K+) (-,K0) stretched, high spin
in-flight (K-,-) in-flight (K-,0) substitutional at low momentum
stopped (K-,-) stopped (K-,0) large yield, via atomic states
virtual (,K)
spin flip, unnatural parity
(p,p’K0) (p,p’K+) virtual (,K)
(p,K+) (p,K0) very large momentum transfer
(e,e’K0) (e,e’K+)
(+,K + )
Cross section vs. momentum transferfor some hypernuclear production reactions
Stopped (K-,)
(,K + )
(p,K+ )
Inflight(K-,)
Hy p
ernu
c le a
r C
r oss
sec
tio n
Momentum transfer (MeV/c)
mb/sr
nb/sr
b/sr
0 500 1000
Elementary cross section of the (+,K+) reaction
Comparison of
the (+,K+) and (K-, -) reaction
The (+,K+) spectroscopy
• Large momentum transfer– angular momentum stretched states are
favorably populated
– neutron-hole -particle states are excited
• Higher pion beam intensity compensates lower cross sections
– 10 b/sr for (+,K+) vs 1 mb/sr for (K-,-)
• Pion beams are cleaner than kaon beams
• 1 GeV/c pion beam is required
For the spectroscopy
a good resolution beam spectrometerand
a good-resolution and large-solid angle spectrometer
Required Resolution
Good resolution 1-2 MeV High resolution a few 100 keV
(1) hypernuclei (K-,-),(,K+),(e.e’K+),…Major shell spacing( Heavy hypernuclei) ~ 1 MeVSpin dependent int.(Light hypernuclei) < 0.1-1 MeV
(2) hypernuclei (K-,-),(,K+) wide N ---> N
a few MeV for 4He, Coulomb assisted states
(3) hypernuclei (K-,K+) 5-10 MeV or narrower( 1 MeV ?)
N --->
The SKS spectrometer
• Good energy resolution --- 2 MeV FWHM• Large solid angle --- 100 msr• Short flight path --- 5 m• Efficient kaon identification
Optimized for the (+,K+) spectroscopy
Large superconducting dipoleat KEK 12 GeV PS
The performance of the SKS spectrometer was demonstrated by the 12
C excitation spectrum
Brief history of hypernuclear physics experiments
with the SKS spectrometer
• 1985 2,4 Workshop on nuclear physics using GeV/c pions• 1985. 6 Proposal #140 submitted• 1985.10 Workshop on physics with a medium-resolution
spectrometer in GeV region• 1985.10 E150 approved
– Study of hypernuclei via ( +,K+) reaction with a conventional magnet ---> PIK SPECTROMETER
• 1987. 4 Construction budget of the SKS approved ( INS )• 1989. 3 Proposal #140 conditionally approved as “E140a”
– Study of hypernuclei via ( +,K+) reaction with a large-acceptance superconducting kaon spectrometer
• 1991. 9 The SKS magnet successfully excited to 3 Tesla in the North Experimental Hall
• 1992. 3 Proposal #269 approved• 1992.11 E269 data taking• 1993. 2 - E140a data taking• 1993 10 E278 data taking• 1995. 1-11 E307 data taking• 1995.11-2 E352 data taking• 1996. 4-10 E336 data taking• 1997.11-2 E369 data taking• 1998.5-7 E419 data taking• 1999. 10-12 E438 data taking• 2000. 11-12 E462 data taking
KEK PS Experiments with the SKS spectrometer
• E140a (Hashimoto, Tohoku)– Systematic spectroscopy of hypernuclei
• E269(Sakaguti, Kyoto)– Pion elastic scattering in 1 GeV/c region
• E278 (Kishimoto, Osaka)– Nonmesonic weak decay of polarized 5
He
• E307 (Bhang, Seoul)– Lifetimes and weak decay widths of light and
medium-heavy hypernuclei• E336 (Hashimoto,Tohoku)
– Spectroscopic investigation of light hypernuclei• E352(Peterson, Colorado)
– Pion-nucleus scattering above the resonance• E369 (Nagae,KEK)
– Spectroscopy of 89Y
• E419 (Tamura,Tohoku)– Gamma ray spectroscopy of 7
Li
• E438(Noumi,KEK)
– Study of N potential in the (pi-,K+) reactions • E462(Outa, KEK)
– Weak widths in the decay of 5He
Pion beam : 3 x 106/1012ppp at 1.05 GeV/cYield rate : 5 - 8 events/g/cm2/109 pions for 12
Cgr
( ~ 5 - 800 events/day )
E140a 10B, 12C, 28Si, 89Y, 139La, 208Pb
2 MeV resolution, heavy hypernucleiE336 7Li, 9Be, 12C, 13C, 16O
high statistics, angular distributionabsolute cross section
E369 12C, 89Ybest resolution(1.5 MeV), high statistics
Absolute energy scale +- 0.1 MeV at B(12
C ) = 10.8 MeV examined by 7
Li, 9Be
Momentum scale linearity +- 0.06 MeV/c
Energy resolution(FWHM) 2.0 MeV for 12C
1.5 MeV
Summary of hypernuclear spectra obtained with the SKS spectrometer
Heavy hypernuclei
• Three heavy targets with neutron closed shells
8939Y50 g9/2 closed 2.2 MeV
13957La82 h11/2 closed 2.3 MeV
20882Pb126 i13/2 closed 2.2 MeV
Background as low as 0.01 b/sr/MeV
KEK PS E140a
Hypernuclear mass dependence of -hyperon binding energies were derived taking into account
major and sub-major hole states
Absolute energy scale
MHY-MA = -B + Bn - Mn+M
MHY ~ p/ -pK/K
(1) MHY adjusted so that B(12
C) = 10.8 MeV
(2) Energy loss corrected for + and K+ in the target
±0.1 MeV + B(12C)
Binding energies of 7Li, 9
Be ground states are
consistent with the emulsion data well within ±0.5 MeV.
La & Pb Spectra
Fitting by assuming ….
Background level in heavy spectra
Heavy hypernuclear spectrasmoother than those of DWIA calculation
binding energies are derived taking into account #1 and #2.
(1) Spreading of highest l neutron-hole states of the core nucleus(2) Contribution of deeper neutron hole states of the core nucleus(3) Other reaction processes not taken into account in the shell-model + DWIA calculation.(4) Larger ls splitting ?
binding energies
Heavy hypernuclear spectrasmoother than those of DWIA calculation
1. Spreading of highest l neutron-hole states of the core nucleus
2. Contribution of deeper neutron hole states of the core nucleus
3. Other reaction processes not taken into account in the shell-model + DWIA calculation.
4. Larger ls splitting ? E369
binding energies are derived taking into account #1 and #2.
Comparison of excitation energies of 16O
states observed by 3 different reactions
11-(p1/2
-1 x s1/2)
12-(p3/2
-1 x s1/2
21+(p1/2
-1 x p3/2
01+(p1/2
-1 x p1/2
22+(p3/2
-1 x p1/2,3/2)
02+(p3/2
-1 x p1/2,3/2)
Light hypernuclei
• Playground for investigating hypernuclear structure and LN interaction
• Recent progress in shell-model calculations and cluster-model calculations prompt us to relate the structure information and interaction, particularly spin-dependent part.
Hypernuclear Hamiltonian
HN(Core) : Core nucleus
t : kinetic energy
vN : effective N interaction
( Nijmegen, Julich ... )
H = HN(Core) + t + vN
E336 Summary
Pion beam : 3 x 106/1012ppp at 1.05 GeV/c
Spectrometer : SKS improved from E140aBetter tracking capability with new drift chambers
Targets :7Li 1.5 g/cm2(99%,Metal) 440 G+
9Be 1.85 g/cm2(metal) 434 G+
13C 1.5 g/cm2(99% enriched,powder) 362 G+
16O 1.5 g/cm2(water) 593 G+
12C 1.8 g/cm2(graphite) 313 G+
Absolute energy scale +- 0.1 MeV at B(12
C ) = 10.8 MeV
Momentum scale linearity +- 0.06 MeV/c
Energy resolution(FWHM) 2.0 MeV for 12C
12C
• The (13-) state at 6.9 MeV is located higher than the
corresponding 12C excited state.• The nature of the state is under discussion
– N spin-spin interaction– Mixing of other positive parity states
• Intershell mixing• The width of the p-orbital is peak broader
– consistent with ls splitting
E140a spectrum
E336 spectrum --- 5-10 times better statistics consistent with E140a spectrum
Example of a good resolution spectroscopyCore-excited states clearly observed
Phys. Rev. Lett. 53(‘94)1245
Peak # E140a E336(Preliminary) Ex(MeV) Ex(MeV) Cross section(20-140)(b)#1(11
-) 0 0 MeV 1.46 ± 0.05#2(12
-) 2.58 ± 0.17 2.70 ± 0.13 0.25 ± 0.03#3(13
-) 6.22 ± 0.18 0.24 ± 0.03#3’ 8.31 ± 0.38 0.16 ± 0.03#4(2+) 10.68 ± 0.12 10.97 ± 0.05 1.80 ± 0.07
Angular distributions and absolute cross sections
6.89 ± 0.42
Statistical errors only
E369 spectrum best resolution 1.45 MeV
12C spectra by SKS
E336
2 MeV(FWHM)
1.45 MeV(FWHM)
11C vs 12C
6.48
4.80
4.32
2.00
0.00
7/2-
3/2-2
5/2-
1/2-
3/2-1
6.905/2+
6.341/2+
0.00
2.71
6.05
8.10
10.97
11C 12C
1-1
(1-2)
(1-3)
(2+)?
2+11C x s11C x p
MeV
MeV
Angular distributionof the 12C(+,K+)12
C reaction
E336
Hypernuclear spin-orbit splitting
• Very small ----- widely believed VSO = 2±1MeV
– CERN data Comparison of 12C, 16
O spectra
• E(p3/2-p1/2) < 0.3 MeV
– BNL data Angular distribution of 13C (K-,-) 13C
• E (p3/2-p1/2) = 0.36 +- 0.3MeV
• Larger splitting ? ----- recent analysis– 16
O emulsion data analysis ( Dalitz, Davis, Motoba)
• E(p3/2-p1/2) ~ E(2+) - E(0+) = 1.56 ± 0.09 MeV
– SKS(+,K+) data new 89Y spectrum (E369)
• > 2 times greater ?
“Puzzle”
Comparison of (K-,) and (+,K+) spectraprovides information the splitting
High quality spectra required
Recent hypernuclear ray spectroscopy
Small ls splitting in 13C, 9
Be observed
16O
11- : p1/2
-1 x s1/2
12- : p3/2
-1 x s1/2
21+ : p1/2
-1 x p3/2
01+ : p1/2
-1 x p1/2
In-flight (K-,-) CERN01
+ populated
Stopped (K-,-) 21
+ and 01+ populated
★ SKY at KEK-PS★ Emulsion new analysis Dalitz et.al. K- + 16O → - + p + 15
N E(21
+) - E(01+) = 1.56 ± 0.09 MeV ?
(+,K+) SKS4 distinct peaks21
+ populated
ls partner
Angular distributionof the 13C(+,K+)13
C reaction
E336
Angular distributionof the 16O(+,K+)16
reaction
E336
13C
#1 [12C(0+,0) x s1/2]1/21+ 0
#2 [12C(2+,0) x s1/2]3/2+ 4.81 ± 0.09
#3 [12C(0+,0) x p3/2]3/2- 9.59 ± 0.24 ± 0.5*
#4 [12C(1+,0) x s1/2]1/22+ 11.52 ± 0.20 ± 0.5*
[12C(1+,1) x s1/2]1/24+
#5 [12C(2+,0) x p1/2]5/22- 15.24 ± 0.08
[12C(2+,1) x s1/2]3/24+
★ p1/2 → s1/2 observed by the (K-,-) reaction
E(p1/2) = 10.95 ±0.1±0.2 MeV
M. May et.al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(1997)★ p3/2,1/2 → s1/2 ray measurement E929 at BNL (Kishimoto)
★ The (+,K+) reaction excites the p3/2 state
[12C(1+) x s1/2]1/2+ near the 3/2- peak
[12C(0+) x p3/2]3/2-
[12C(0+) x p1/2]1/2-ls partner
*A systematical error considering possible contamination from the #4(1/22
+) peak is quoted.
Peak # configuration Ex(MeV)[12C(Jc
,Tc) x lj]Jn
E = E(p1/2) - E(p1/2) = 1.36 ± 0.26 ± 0.7 MeV Ex(1/2-) = 10.98 ± 0.03 MeVEx(3/2-) = 10.83 ± 0.03 MeVE = 0.152 ± 0.054 ± 0.036 MeV
E929 at BNLKishimoto et. al.
Excitation spectrumof the 16O(+,K+)16
reaction
E336
9Be
★ microscopic three-cluster modelYamada et.al.
9Be = + x +
x = ** = 3N + N
★ supersymmetric states Gal et.al.(’76) genuine hypernuclear states Bando et.al.(’86)
(+) x p 1-,3-,...
Cluster excitation taken into account
★ microscopic variational method with all the rearrangement channels
Kamimura, Hiyama
A typical cluster hypernucleus
The present spectrum compared with Yamada’s calculation
BNL spectrum
(1) The genuinely hypernuclear states,1-, 3- identified(2) Higher excitation region shows structure not consistent with the calculated spectrum
Excitation spectrumof the 13C(+,K+)13
C reaction
E336
Cluster states of 9Be
SupersymmetricGenuine hypernuclear states
T.Motoba, Il Nuovo Cim. 102A (1989) 345.
7Li
+ d + 3He + t + 5
He + p + n
Cluster model approach
Shell model approach Richter et.al.
Bando et.al.Kamimura,Hiyama
T=1 states around B = 0 MeVstrength observed
Ground : [6Li(1+) x s1/2] 1/2+
First excited : [6Li(3+) x s1/2] 5/2+
E2 transition 5/2+ →1/2+ : 2.03 MeV
What did we learn from MeV hypernuclear reaction spectroscopy ?
• Improvement of the resolution, even if it is small, has a great value– 3 MeV → 2 MeV → 1.5 MeV
• Hypernuclear yield rate also plays a crucial role– feasibility of experiments
– expandability to coincidence experiments
• hypernuclear weak decay
• gamma ray spectroscopy
spin-orbit splitting from the width of 12
C 2+ peak
• p peak assumed to be “equal strength doublet” & 2 MeV resolution– splitting : 1.2 +- 0.5 MeV
• consistent with the emulsion result(Dalitz)– 0.75 +- 0.1 MeV
|21+> ~ 11C(3/2-) x |p 3/2> (97.8%)
|22+> ~ 11C(3/2-) x |p 1/2> (99.0%)
Summary
• The value of good-resolution (+,K+) spectroscopy has been demonstrated with the use of a large acceptance superconducting kaon spectrometer.(SKS)
• Taking the advantage of the (+,K+) reaction that selectively excites bound hypernuclear states, single-particle binding energies are derived up to 208
Pb.(E140a)• Light hypernuclear spectroscopy has been extensively
performed for p-shell hypernuclei and compared with theoretical calculations based on shell and cluster models..(E336)
• High quality hypernuclear structure information plays an important role in the investigation of the N interaction, particularly spin dependent part.
• High quality hypernuclear spectroscopy was carry out for 89
Y. Splittings of major shell orbitals were observed and is under discussion in terms of spin-orbit splitting and/or structural effect.(E369)
• SKS serves also as an efficient tagger of hypernuclear production and has been intensively used for coincidence measurements of weak and gamma decay processes.