The Smart City vision:

Abstract

The Smart City vision:How Innovation and ICT

can build smart, “liveable”, sustainable cities.

The city is a core paradigm for the mankind, where trade, technology, art and culture converge in designing and building the solutions to the civilization risks. Most people on the earth already live in bigger cities and urbanization is accelerating: it is growing the demand for a more efficient, sustainable, “liveable” model for cities.

We can better face new threats, by looking at innovation and best practices, in re-inventing the city organization, leveraging ICT enabled nervous system, building smarter cities. In fact we know that the human population growth cannot be stopped, nor the expectation of a better life, that makes people moving to bigger towns and pressing local government and all stakeholders to get involved.

The target of this research is very compelling: since a “smart city” is a complex multi-dimensional network of “system of systems”, and the cultural, economical, social and geographic constraints of each city are unique, then both an analytic and holistic approach are needed to describe a smart city.

I think that a detailed taxonomy of the smart city’s components and stakeholders can help in decomposing the problem in more manageable components. The top level classes of the proposed taxonomy, further detailed in this document, are: Info-mobility and ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) smart mobility, logistic and technology; Developing human resources and social capital: Smart People; Economics 2.0: Smart Economy for competiveness, Quality and Sustainability of living; Ecosystem: Sustainable Environment, renewable energy and other resources; E-democracy, e-Government 2.0, Smart Government.

This document is the first step of a path, that will include for example smart city best practices, technologies and vertical solutions, ICT proposition from leading companies and examples of innovative researches. The final scope is that of taking the best of each point of views, indentify low hanging fruits and long term strategies, build a general framework, that is still flexible enough to be applied to specific needs and scenarios.

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The Innovation Knowledge Foundation

author: Donato Toppeta I October 2010

THINK! REPORT 005/2010

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The town development, from the Greece’s “polis”, the roman’s “urbis”, the renaissances cities like “Florence”, signs major milestones in our civilization history, up to the contemporary, global metropolis, where advanced services have replaced industrial plants. The city is a core aggregation and socialization paradigm for the mankind, where trade, technology, art and culture can help in designing and building the solutions to many core global issues (i.e. economical double dip, fossil energy and other resources exhaustion, environmental climate change and pollution, social pressed by unemployment, poverty and demographic growth, cultural for radical changes in communication in digital life and globalization, biodiversity loss, etc.).

We can better face these threats by leveraging our ability to improve the efficiency and re-invent the organization and ICT enabled nervous system of smarter cities, because we know that human population growth cannot be stopped easily and quickly, nor the expectation of a better life, that keep on moving people to bigger towns in search of work and other services.

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Smart City as a system of multiple sub-systems


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“Climate change is not just about the environment. It is THE social, economic and political issue for every city in Europe and worldwide. Cities have a key role to play in enabling local economies to anticipate and adapt to climate change to achieve economic recovery and sustainable growth.”

Mona Heiberg former Deputy Mayor of Copenhagen

IBM has already successfully stated that a “smart city” is a complex infrastructure of “system of systems”; I would like also to stress that this statement is true on multiple dimensions; the most obvious one is the territorial and administrative scale unit:

• Neighborhoods, where the integrated design of newones like Vauban (Freiburg) or Sjostad (Stockholm) prove the effectiveness of the sustainable approach to urban planning,

• Smaller territorial aggregations that share anoptimization approach in energy usage for smart building with home automation, remote heating and management, like in a condominium.

• Large, integrated, metropolitan areas resulting frommerging towns or the role of fast trains1 and high speed digital c o m m u n i c a t i o n network that allow to lower the distance barriers for work and services like shopping and entertainment districts.

There are many dimensions that describe the scope of a smart city such as:

• Integration and interaction of different services andinfrastructures, both physical and virtual

• Smartutilitiesgrids(notonlythedistributedelectricityand gas grids with bidirectional flow in a distributed generation, that requires real time exchange of information, but also remote heating/cooling to leverage co/tri-generation, clean and grey water with detailed per user/usage billing that encourage collection and reuse, underground pipes for differentiated waste collection).

• Public transportation and road network that aimto manage the mobility needs with an appropriate Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that takes care of congestion charging, reduce pollution and accident rate, manage parking, car and bike sharing, reserved lanes, digital signing, integrated payments by vehicle pollution category, etc.

• ICTnetworkthatleveragehighspeedservices,mobileadvanced location based services, social networking and collaborative crowd sourcing, info-tainment, tele-working, remote assistance and medical surveillance for disabled or elderly people, touristic orientation and guidance.

“During the past years, the digital revolution and the emergence of a global internet connecting people, enterprises and – increasingly – objects, have generated a massive opportunity to “dematerialize” daily life in cities.”

EBR 2010, Planning a Smarter Society - GIORGIO ANDREOLI, CARLO MARIA MEDAGLIA

1 A very fast intercity railway (up to 350 km/h) is connecting Beijing and Tianjin in 27 min (180 km) anticipating

a slowly merge of the two metropolitan areas to a huge one. A futuristic project has been announced in the Beijing’s Mentougou District: the “straddling bus” that looks like a subway or light-rail train bestriding the road.

Introduction:

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• Integration of public local administrative serviceswith central private ones, to improve coordination, information sharing and dematerialization, cooperation with not for profit sector, accessibility and reduce the transaction cost and environmental payload.

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2 Density for example makes economic sustainable the investment in public transportation, reduces the

need to use a private car to reach closer entertainment or work destinations, allows to implement centralized remote heating systems that take advantages of co-generation. This argument is extensively discussed in “Green metropolis” by David Owen, that compares the environmental footprint of an average New York citizen versus a generic U.S. resident.


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Cities consume approximately only 2% of earth ground (density can also be an advantage for sustainability2) but 55% of the world population already live in towns and according to several institutions’ forecast the percentage will grow up to70%(or6.4billionpeople)by2050(inEuropeandNorthAmerica the astonishing 80% has already been achieved and IBM Business Value institute forecast that it may grow up to 88%). There are already more than 450 cities with at least 1 million citizens (20 over 10 millions), according to “world atlas” the largest are Tokyo, Japan with 28 millions, Mexico City, San Paolo and Mumbai,India 18-19 millions; but the extended concept of megalopolis involves up to 200 million in the Indo-GangeticPlainthatgroupsDelhi and other cities. 21 megacities account for 9 per cent of the world urban population; 97 of 100 the fastest growing cities are in growth markets, 8 in China, 11 in India.

The impressive growth of Cities and their environmental impact

According to the study, worldwide population will jump from 6,615 billion in 2007 to 9,075 billion by 2050. Average increase tax per year will be 1.1%, from 2005 to 2010. Throughout the same period, the world’s urban population – currently reaching half of the global inhabitants, unequally distributed among regions and continents – will register 2.0% of incremental taxes in our planet. Such increase will be 0.5% year after year in richer countries, 2.5% in developing regions and 4.0% in less developed countries. The large cities’ population in Asian and African countries will double from 2007 to 2030.

United Nation World Urbanization Prospects: economic and territorial implications

McKinsey estimated in a report last year that an additional 350 million people, more than the population of the U.S., would move to the cities by 2015. More than 220 Chinese cities will have more than one million people (there are currently only 35 in Europe). A new skyscraper seems to bloom in Shanghai every other month. China is pushing for

urban infrastructure, with McKinsey estimating that 170 new mass transit systems could be built in China by 2025.

If India urbanization keeps on growing as estimated 500 new cities will born in the next two decades. Also in Africa large towns are growing quickly. Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, established in 1889, is facing a major urban migration into the city since 1970s, driven mainly by unemployment, poverty, and declining agricultural productivity. The population is projected to roughly double by 2020 from 3.4 million in 2007. 27% of Ethiopia’s urban population lives in the capital city, and this process has created substantial pressure on the city’s infrastructure, housing, and urban services.

Cities are directly in charge of a growing environmental footprint, including: 71% of total Green House Gas that is altering the climate, and other pollutants such as particulate. Cities account for 60% of all water allocated for domestic human use, while human demand for water is expected to increase six fold in the next 50 years and some municipalities lose up to 50% of precious water through leaky infrastructure. Even where water is relatively plentiful, water pollution is increasingly a concern. Beijing, notorious for water stress issues, is rapidly depleting groundwater sources that are now 100m below sea level and threatened by saltwater intrusion. The solution to date, damming and diverting rivers (spending tens of billions of dollars), is too slow and is also inadvertently causing water deprivation in southern China and other countries as well. Chinese can now afford piped water, private bathrooms, washing machines, homes with gardens, cars that need washing, and more food, which needs water for growing. A different smarter management of water resources is needed implementing a more sustainable ‘cascade type water reuse’ with smart water distribution and collecting grids.

Figure: urban population by major geographical area (in per cent oF total population)

Source: United Nations, Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospects, the 2009 Revision.

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An improved collaboration becomes possible when the stakeholders use a common language and create a shared vision of success for Smart Cities, improving community engagement through sustainability initiatives that stimulate innovation and economic recovery and preserve the environment and the culture.

The increasing consumption of energy, soil and other non-renewable resources, difficulty in waste management, acoustic pollution; altered microclimate, urban traffic congestion, hard to provide home care for the elderly, poor security and social integration are some examples of the growing cities’ issues that require timely and effective solutions, with more and more difficult to find resources for local government, called upon to assume direct responsibility. A good carbon management strategy in the town government is also essential for managing the potential risks associated on a global scale with climate change, that very often can have a massive impact on high density urban areas.

These risks include:

• Physical risks from the direct impacts of climate change, like severe weather events: heating is often up to 6 C higher in the city center (urban heat land effect), soil erosion and extreme precipitation, most towns are near to river or the coast and therefore are exposed to flooding , ecosystem alterations that favor new invasive plants and pests with habitat destruction, fire exposure, etc.

• Regulatory and Litigation risks from tightening national and international regulations like in EU: pollution due to concentrated traffic and buildings’ heating is a serious concern not only for health consequences on citizens but also for penalties that can be applied. Climate change-related law suits and public actions by NGOslikeGreenPeacearenowbeingseenintheUS,EUandsome other states.

• Competitive risks from cities that have a better environmental reputation and a shared sustainability approach versus ones whose citizens perceive a lack of action to address climate change and pollution. Consumer sustainability awareness is a growing topic in the local political agenda, where the link with territory is stronger. As the sustainability mandate expands, cities committed to social and environmental causes are likely to attract the top talent; also investors now look at sustainability performance. There could also be consequences for economies dependent on tourism.

• Operational risks from changes like rising electricity prices or transportation costs linked to fossil fuels and other depleted natural resources, like potable water (exposed to exhaustion and pollution), can have a direct impactontheOPEXofthelocalpublicadministration.The increased “environmental refugees” pressure might also affect cities.

The main risks that the Cities must address


43 Annapolis is surrounded by six bodies of water and was subjected to the destructive effects of a higher sea level on the

downtown area during a hurricane in 2003. New York City, Amsterdam and Venice are especially vulnerable to sea level rises and coastal storms while the City of New Orleans is below sea level and has already suffered catastrophic effects.4 EUROCITIES and the European Commission have acknowledged - alongside initiatives like Smart 2020 and Information

and Communication Technologies for Energy Efficiency, “ICT4EE” - the important contribution ICT can make to increasing energy efficiency, reducing emissions and generally realizing a sustainable,low-carbon society

A proposed taxonomy for smart Cities

Smart cities are those that are combining ICT and Web 2.0 technology with other organizational, design and planning efforts to de-materialize and speed up bureaucratic processes and help to identify new, innovative solutions to city management complexity, in order to improve sustainability and “liveability”. New combined, holistic strategies (“look at the forest,not the trees”) are needed to govern the change and generate consensus, such as: the smart planning of the infrastructures and distributed renewable energy, the publication of incentives or the imposition of standards for energy efficiency in buildings, issuing of specific guidelines for governing the territory and supporting the economy, the choice of policies for promoting public transport and measures for limiting the private traffic and the accident rate. This approach can be summarized by a simple but effective definition: “People want to live in smart cities, with a higher quality of work, study, life and social relations; capable of supporting the expectation of a better future, individually and collectively; compatible with the planets finite resources and people’s human right.”

To help comparing and integrate different contribution I’ve built the following taxonomy of the ICT and innovation role in the Smart City extending the original one from the EUROCITY4 charter and European Smart Cities, an EU project led by the Vienna University of Technology:

1. Info-mobility and ITS: smart mobility, logistic and technology

2. Developing human resources and social capital: Smart People

3. Economics 2.0: Smart Economy for competiveness4. Quality and Sustainability of living5. Ecosystem: Sustainable Environment, renewable

energy and other resources6. E-democracy, Government 2.0, Smart Government

It’s very difficult to compile an exhaustive list of the solutions and technologies that can be associated to each main entry of the ICT role in Smart City, since it keeps on evolving due to the innovation, plus some components that have broad impacts on several factors.

• Tracking dangerous goods with intelligent access permissions, disabled people’s assisted mobility and video surveillance with automatic detection of abnormal situations and alarm for security services, while protecting privacy. Crowd Sourcing for collecting demand for minor maintenance (holes in the streets, hidden or damaged signs, illegal parking, blocked drains, lights out, gas or liquid oil leaks, wildlife in danger, etc.), ideas to improve services or offers of collaboration.

• Mathematical models and computer assisted simulation to compare different road and transport infrastructure scenarios (based on regulatory and enabling technology), in order to predict environmental and social effects and evaluate the expected economical outcomes.

• Venice: from the Doges to a digital city 2.0: the network of channels and pedestrian road in the city, the Green Port with cold ironing, and the broad-band digitalcommunication5 as linking elements of new services (i.e. e-commerce, tele-work, etc.) and infrastructure of smart city with a rich history and a mass tourism. Most towns where built over a river or near a port, some have a web of water channel (i.e. Amsterdam, New York,Zhouzhuang, etc.); many are rediscovering the role of water links not only for tourism and landscape, but also for transport and heating or cooling (heat pumps). Clean and grey water infrastructure has a growing importance since water will be the most critical resource in the future.

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Info-mobility and ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) smart mobility, logistic and technology

• Integrated, variable charging schemes for transport and other services (e.g. transit & parking tolls, vehicle licensing and compliance, infotainment and touristic services, etc.) based on direct infrastructure cost and LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) of environmental cost,automatic fares collection and micro payments via proximitycardsandmobilephone(NFC,SMS),etc.

• Enhanced travelers information services (CRM integrated): Searching, by smart-phone, mobile devices, touch screen and gesture interfaces, for stops, connections, destinations and estimated real time arrival time by public transport, bike sharing and car pooling availability, van sharing (for goods optimized loading and delivery path), events reservation and touristic monuments self guided tours, search for nearest bus / taxi, browse for local shops or restaurants, location based social community, games and services, etc.

• Detection and analysis of traffic flows and intelligent management of signage, giving priority to emergency and public transport (taking into account their demand and delay), automatic detection of drive code violations and road danger (such as traffic lights failures, flooding, fog, explosions, etc.). Geo-location and automatic alarm in case of incident, reporting accidents to vehicles and signposts information, machine to machine communication. Geo-referenced driving charging by time shift, pollution, number of vehicle’s passengers (pooling), integrated insurance, driving rules enforcements, service provided (goods smart delivery, health assistance), etc. Business Intelligence for managing a growing amount of sensor based data that can provide insight by multi-modal, real time analysis.

5 According to Eurostat 2009 households in urban regions tend to have higher Internet access rates than in rural ones. At

EU-27 level, 65 % of households in densely populated areas have access to the Internet, while only 51% in less populated areas. In general, regions with big cities (e.g. Lisbon, Madrid, Barcelona, Rome, Milan, Vienna, Budapest etc.) are islands in the surrounding regions owing to higher levels of Internet access.

• Lifelong learning systems and computer assistedpermanent education, e-books loan, support forums and expert advice in collaboration with the third sector, information on trends in employment opportunities and meeting for facilitation in re-skilling, incentives for employment and development of the labor market linked to SME and new technologies, micro-credit for entrepreneurship.

• Tele-medicineservices,managementoffire,floodingandanti-theft alarms (integrated with home automation), mobility assistance and prevention of social isolation for elderly, disabled and chronical illnesses.

• Discussiongroups,socialnetworkingandcollaborativedesign (e.g. Ning, Kublai, LinkedIn, Xing, Architizer,Sermo, BootB, Skypso, etc.) for entrepreneurs. Incubators for start-up in collaboration with universities, venture capitalists, business angels, research institutions, etc.

• Locationbasedproximityservices(plusaffinitiesandprofile) to provide advertisement, digital signage, tourist information, social networking, etc.

• Eco-tourism services, virtual museums, augmentedreality, digital art and new media co-creation and enjoyment, custom guides, live assisted translation and cultural mediation, exploration games.

• Incubators linked to universities, chambers ofcommerce, analysts and consulting companies, professional services, etc.

• Tailor services for the citizen, including emphasis oneducation and training leveraging on-line tools and crow sourcing.

• Modulardecentralizedoffices(virtualsatelliteoffices)with broadband access, equipped to support tele-work and able to provide ancillary services (e.g. secretary, regular mail, canteen or kitchen area) plus opportunities for socialization and training.

• CloudcomputingfromdecentralizedGreenDataCenterswhere smart power management, optimized HVAC and dynamic power grow (containerized Data Centers) can be leveraged.

• Logisticssystemsofneighborhoodforwithdrawalorderonline (often associated with preference for biological and local goods) and lowered packaging impact.

• Infrastructure for fixed and mobile broadband, smartgrid for the integration of renewable distributed generation and accumulation (e.g. BetterPlace) as astep towards the Internet of Things.

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Developing human resources and social capital: Smart People

6 For example the following web sites helps in matching volunteers and not for profit organizations in U.S.A. http://www.volunteermatch.org/and Italy http://www.socialidarity.it 7 Co-housing is a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods and have access to extensive common facilities (i.e. open space, courtyards, a playground and a room with industrial based, high efficiency washing machines, etc.). Examples of cohousing are: Swan’s Market - Oakland – CA, Eastern village - Washington DC, Older women’s CoHo - London – U.K., Sanpolino Brescia – Italy.8 Co-working is a community of professionals, usually with workplace flexibility, that share a common physical workspace, values and relations or services while having independent activities. Co-workers often have in common a nomadic work style, attention to sustainability and use of social networking and web services. Two examples are the network “The Hub” a “places for people who change things” in 12 cities of 4 continents and the network “Cowo”.

Economics 2.0: Smart Economy for competiveness

• Complementary marketplace for jobs in not for profitorganizations6 (volunteermatch.org, socialidarity.it, etc), km0 and Fair-trade products, farmers’ markets, bank of time, cooperative buying groups (or investment or production),micro-creditandsociallending(e.g.ZOPA,Prestiamoci.it,Jakbank,Terzovalore.com,etc.),crowdbased fund raising, cash converters / swap shops, neighborhood e-auctions & bartering sites.

• Internet based temporary aggregation of services;partners and customers for creative solutions are achievable by Web 2.0 in SaaS mode (e.g. ZOOPPA,Zoes).

• “Co-working”building(like“theHub”)withreservationof space and equipment rental, professional services provided in tele-work arrangements, support of “nomadic computing workers”.

Quality and Sustainability of living

• WebGIS systems for smart urban developmentplanning, simulation and analysis, with services and balanced flow analysis of needs and risks (flood, earthquake, etc.), in order to manage densification and achieve a sustainable social, environmental and generational mix. modern

• Software for CAD including energy dynamic flowand optimization, acoustic verification, certification and efficiency and sustainability adjustment (LEED,BREEM, ITHACA, etc.), security and building core-level planning, investment return rate estimator tools.

• Thankless water heaters, solar water heaters,geothermal heating systems, cool-roofs, rooftop photovoltaic, residential wind systems, home energy monitoring systems & home automation, smart domestic appliances.

• Integrated solutions for remote management, remoteheating and cooling co/tri-generation and renewable energy integration, accounting for drinking water usage, groundwater management, charging by volume and categories of the waste collection with effective incentives to minimize packaging, increase reuse and recycle, energy (heat or bio-gas) extraction.

• Co-housing7 and co-working8, micro-nurseries.

• Smart traffic control systems to prioritize the trafficmobility by category and needs (e.g. quick, pleasant, and effective public and emergency transportation, pedestrian and cycle safety, increased autonomy of the disabled, reduced traffic contribution to air and noise pollution, prevented traffic jams).

• Charging the private traffic according to theenvironmental impact and infrastructure use (pollution, occupation of public property, and time zone, etc.). Tele-heating combined with cogeneration and heat pumps to reduce pollution, effective management and continuous monitoring of water and sewer to promote water conservation. Efficient lighting (in particular solid state lighting and stabilization and dimmering for street lighting and indoor).

• Integrated administration and control of the supplychain to identify and prioritize local (km 0, farmer markets) products or fair trade ones, adopt green procurement policies, reduce packaging and waste and increase the percentage of recycling/reuse.

• Trackingoftheproductionandlabeling(RFID,QR-Code)of the products to promote the awareness of:

o Sustainability ethic (prevention of child labor and respect for trade union rules, etc.)

o Environmental sustainability (total CO2,hazardousornon-renewable,LCA,etc.)

o Health safety (carcinogenic or allergenic components, fat content, etc.).

• Transparentsystemsformonitoringandforecastingofthe quality of air and water, noise and electromagnetic pollution, with internet based open reporting and citizens’ feedback to identify potential leakage in the measurement system.

• Connected green spaces/parks and wildlife corridors,Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems and smart irrigation systems to prevent flooding and contamination of ground-water. Vertical farm, green roofs.

• Smartgridoptimizationofdistributedgenerationfromrenewable sources and peak load management, energy trading benefits extended to end users (integration with home automation)

• Smart wireless sensor for pollution, noise, traffic andother environmental data, up to MEMS

Ecosystem: Sustainable Environment, renewable energy and other resources • Green and fair-trade public procurement, LCA based

assessment of the supply chain. Local sourcingincentives and fair trade for imported goods. Integrated, accessible, vertical portals that help to shift from narrow opportunistic behaviors to a long term sustainable vision and transparency.

• Collaborative discussion groups (such as Ning, RCM:PartecipaMI, straight lines, E21-OpenDCN: citymap,barcamp, citycamp9, Online Jam, etc.). Tools fore-democracy and direct communication with public institutions, cultural sector and the third sector, online surveys & widely communicated results.

• Information sharing platforms based on cloudcomputing, common standards and automated workflow for solving cross-cutting issues and lower bureaucracy delay and transaction cost among city districts and agency boundaries. Systems of direct and secure access by internet to local information and public services. De-materialization of bureaucracy by privacy and legal validity of e-documents, automated workflow and business intelligence.

• Social media and crowd sourcing for more frequentinvolvement of all stakeholders in tactical planning and feedback on strategy. Internet saloons (training open spaces to combat digital divide of elder people).

• Ecosystemofcaregiversworkingtogether,resultinginfull, integrated electronic medical record about each patient for emergency, and increase the quality of care. Central smart reservation medical services with unique, automatic compatible donors, beds, analytical instruments and specialists, all while reducing costs. Emergency management and coordination of sanitary forces, epidemiology (better detect, track, prepare for and stay ahead of disease outbreaks also by Internet analytics).

• Improve city safety by reducing crime and emergencyresponse time. Estimation and risk prevention systems alerting based on the location, occupation and exposure to risk (e.g. sensitivity to pollution, extreme summer heating).

• Social gaming (like criticalcity.org), portals andcollective involvement on good practice (e.g. StoptheFever.org, ClimateChange, GenerazioneClima), adventure-based learning, urban gardens.

• Tools to help matching between unemployed workersand working opportunities with focused retraining support and mentoring.

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9 CityCamp is a FREE unconference, a barcamp focused on innovation for municipal governments and community organizations. Content for CityCamp is not programmed for a passive audience. Participants are expected to play active roles in sessions. This provides an excellent format for creative, open exchange geared toward action. The first CityCamp was held January 23-24, 2010 in Chicago, IL.

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E-democracy, e-Government 2.0, Smart Government

The next steps of this research will be the collection of detailed descriptions of several emblematic best practices of smart city (e.g. Freiburg, Stockholm, Curitiba, Masdar, Songdo, Melbourne, Amsterdam, Boulder, etc.), innovative towns and eco-districts. Those examples allow to proof the feasibility of smart cities, where ICT and innovation are the enabling components of the new paradigm of sustainable, ICT empowered city, on multiple dimensions: economical, environmental, social and cultural.

Additionally, many European and Global Organizationsand Companies, with a specific, but not exclusive, focus onICTones(e.g.IBM,CISCO,ACCENTURE,etc.),thatdrivethe Smart City revolution, have already proposed very interesting models but that till now they are available only on separate documents.

There are also some technologies and vertical solutions, such as in building, transportation and energy management or e-government that are strongly involved in the transformation of a town in a smart city, with ICT that is often a winning additional tool to find new, cheaper and smarter solution to old and rising problems.

Finally a stakeholder map will be provided to identify most of the actors involved in a smart city.

The final scope of this broad research is that of taking the best of each point of view, indentify low hanging fruits and long term strategies, in order to support a general framework, that is still flexible enough to be applied to specific needs and scenarios. Still a document, even rich of recent content, as I attempted to write, cannot be exhaustive on this topic, for this reason I’m inviting you to participate to the World Smart City Forum, to discuss both in person and by internet based virtual collaboration tools, the future of the network of smart cities, the true laboratory of our future.

Next Step for this research

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Accenture - 2009 - The Accenture Intelligent City Network, Accenture

AndreaCaragliu,ChiaraDelBo,PeterNijkamp-2009-Smart cities in Europe - University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics.

Connected Urban Development - 2009 - Climate Changes: Cities in Action-CUD-Metropolis-CISCO

Daniel Castro - 2009 - What’s Next for Open Government? - The Informatition Technology & Innovatition Foundatition

DavidOwen-2009-Green Metropolis - Riverhead Books

Eurocities - 2010 - Eurocities in 2009: annual report

Eurocities - 2009 - EUROCITIES Response to European Commission Survey on ICT4EE - www.eurocities.eu

European Communities - 2010 - Eurostat regional yearbook 2009 - epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/publications/regional_

yearbook

Gérald Santucci - 2009 - Smart networks, objects, buildings and people: Empowering the Internet for Smarter Cities

Gerry Mooney - 2010 - Smarter Transportation - IBM Smarter Cities Virtual Forum

Giorgio Andreoli, Carlo Medaglia - 2010 - Planning for a Smart Society - EBR

IBM - 2010 - SmarterCities: Learning from Leaders - TheSmarterCitiesLeadershipSeries

IBM Institute for Business Value - 2010 - A vision of smarter cities - How cities can lead the way into a prosperous and sustainable future

IBM Institute for Business Value - 2009 - Intelligent transport - How cities can improve mobility

ICT4EE - 2010 - ICT for Energy Efficiency - Report on the session “Smart Sustainable Cities”

Joel Kotkin - 2010 - The World’s Smartest Cities - www.Forbes.com/smartcities

Monique Meche - 2009 - ICT: Enabling the Sustainable City and Community - CISCO

RosabethMossKanter,StanleyS.Litow-2009-Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities - Harvard Business School (working paper)

UnitedNations-2010-2009 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects (+ on-line DB) - www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm

ViennaUniv.ofTechnology,DelftUniv.ofTechnology,Univ.ofLjubljana-2008-Smart cities Ranking of European medium-sized cities - www.smart-cities.eu

References THINK! REPORT 005/2010

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Covenant of Mayors - www.eumayors.eu

Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission- European Green Capital - www.europeangreencapital.eu

IBMSmarterPlanet:SmarterCities-www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/sustainable_cities/ideas/

ICLEI-LocalGovernmentsforSustainability-www.iclei.org

PortofVenice-www.port.venice.it/en

UNGlobalCompact-www.unglobalcompact.org

Web Site

Documents

The Smart City vision: