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The Social Realities of The Social Realities of AgingAging
Video Activity 1Video Activity 1
My heart leaps up when I beholdMy heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky:A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began;So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man;So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old,So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die!Or let me die!
The Child is father of the Man;The Child is father of the Man; I could wish my days to be I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety. Bound each to each by natural piety. William Wordsworth, 1802.William Wordsworth, 1802.
Video: 42 UpVideo: 42 Up
““Show me the boy at age 7, and I will Show me the boy at age 7, and I will show you the man.”show you the man.”• Is the child the father of the man?Is the child the father of the man?
Agree or disagree? Why?Agree or disagree? Why?
Influences on development? Types?Influences on development? Types?
Hand in Activity Sheet Hand in Activity Sheet • Make sure you write your nameMake sure you write your name
Milestones and Tasks of Milestones and Tasks of Adulthood?Adulthood?
Adolescence and Young AdulthoodAdolescence and Young Adulthood• 12-20 years12-20 years• 20-40 years20-40 years
Middle AdulthoodMiddle Adulthood• 40-65 years40-65 years
Late AdulthoodLate Adulthood• 65+ yrs65+ yrs
Life-Span developmentLife-Span development
lifelong process lifelong process both increases and decreases, and both increases and decreases, and
gains and losses, in behaviour gains and losses, in behaviour Is modifiable or reversible: plasticityIs modifiable or reversible: plasticity Multidimensional, multidirectional, Multidimensional, multidirectional,
multicausalmulticausal Multiple cultural, social, historical Multiple cultural, social, historical
contextscontexts
Domains of Adult DevelopmentDomains of Adult Development
Physical, cognitive, personality, Physical, cognitive, personality, socialsocial
PhysicalPhysical• Concepts of agingConcepts of aging• Structural and functional change over Structural and functional change over
timetime• Reserve capacity: “over-engineered”Reserve capacity: “over-engineered”
CognitiveCognitive• Declines in some domainsDeclines in some domains
Memory, timingMemory, timing
• Gains in others Gains in others Wisdom, expertise, post-formal thinkingWisdom, expertise, post-formal thinking
PersonalityPersonality• Intimacy, generativity, integrationIntimacy, generativity, integration
SocialSocial• Tasks of development?Tasks of development?
Successful AgingSuccessful Aging• Increased period of health and activity Increased period of health and activity
in later years (thriving)in later years (thriving)• Decreased period of decline and Decreased period of decline and
disabilitydisability
Social Realities of AgingSocial Realities of Aging
Demography of AgingDemography of Aging
• World TrendsWorld Trends
• ModernizationModernization
• GlobalizationGlobalization increased influence of events, trends increased influence of events, trends
happening elsewherehappening elsewhere
Increased aging populationIncreased aging population
Number countries with more than 2 Number countries with more than 2 million elderly (65+)million elderly (65+)• 1991: 271991: 27• 2020: 49 (projected)2020: 49 (projected)
Projection 1985-2025Projection 1985-2025• Greatest expansion of elderly in Greatest expansion of elderly in
developing countriesdeveloping countries• Canada: 135 % increaseCanada: 135 % increase
Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid
Approaching rectangular shape in Approaching rectangular shape in CanadaCanada
Subpopulations differ Subpopulations differ • E.g. NunavutE.g. Nunavut
IncomeIncome• Drops (retirement)Drops (retirement)• Females < MalesFemales < Males
OccupationOccupation• Significant percentage over 65 years Significant percentage over 65 years
continue workingcontinue working
Faster growth in aging population in Faster growth in aging population in Canada than U.S.Canada than U.S.
Immigration (adults)Immigration (adults) Increased life expectancyIncreased life expectancy Declining birthrateDeclining birthrate
• 1960: 31.4 births/1,000 persons1960: 31.4 births/1,000 persons• 1994: 13.4 births/1,000 persons1994: 13.4 births/1,000 persons
Proportion of elderly in CanadaProportion of elderly in Canada• (1992): 12 percent(1992): 12 percent• (2000): 13 percent (15% in Manitoba)(2000): 13 percent (15% in Manitoba)
Challenges?Challenges?• Assisted livingAssisted living• AgeismAgeism
AgeismAgeism
Stereotyped attitudes toward elderly Stereotyped attitudes toward elderly by younger groupsby younger groups
Limits to human opportunityLimits to human opportunity Interacts with other sources of Interacts with other sources of
stereotypingstereotyping• gendergender• ethnicityethnicity• SESSES
Myths/MisconceptionsMyths/Misconceptionsabout Agingabout Aging
poor healthpoor health low incomelow income lonelinessloneliness limited occupationslimited occupations poor housingpoor housing
Institutional ChallengesInstitutional Challenges
curriculum materialscurriculum materials
coursework in professional programscoursework in professional programs
TV, popular culture, advertisingTV, popular culture, advertising
Professional attitudesProfessional attitudes
Research interest/biasResearch interest/bias
Clinicians’ preferencesClinicians’ preferences
HomogenizationHomogenization
InfantalizationInfantalization
Elder Abuse/NeglectElder Abuse/Neglect
physicalphysical psychologicalpsychological financialfinancial
Ideas and IssuesIdeas and Issues
Influences on DevelopmentInfluences on Development Lifespan developmentLifespan development
• Domains of developmentDomains of development Changing demographicsChanging demographics ChallengesChallenges Need for more information about Need for more information about
development in adulthooddevelopment in adulthood
Research in Adult Research in Adult DevelopmentDevelopment
Goals of ResearchGoals of Research
Description (age-related change)Description (age-related change) Prediction (correlations)Prediction (correlations) Understanding (causes of change)Understanding (causes of change) Control Control
• TherapyTherapy• GuidanceGuidance
Research processResearch process
1. Theory/observation generates 1. Theory/observation generates hypothesishypothesis
2. Hypothesis “operationalized” 2. Hypothesis “operationalized”
3. Method designed, results collected3. Method designed, results collected
4. Hypothesis confirmed or rejected4. Hypothesis confirmed or rejected
5. Confidence in theory is increased or 5. Confidence in theory is increased or decreased (modified theory)decreased (modified theory)
Challenges of Studying AdultsChallenges of Studying Adults
No “captive audience”No “captive audience”
Sampling problems (external validity Sampling problems (external validity – Generalizability)– Generalizability)• Cohort effectsCohort effects• Selective attritionSelective attrition
Tools to assess behaviourTools to assess behaviour• Age-appropriate?Age-appropriate?
ValidityValidity ConstructConstruct
• Measure reflects what is true about the Measure reflects what is true about the target characteristictarget characteristic
IQ test norms don’t always cover entire life IQ test norms don’t always cover entire life spanspan
Internal (causality)Internal (causality)• Necessary conditions:Necessary conditions:
Correlation between traitsCorrelation between traits Time-ordering (cause before effect)Time-ordering (cause before effect) No alternative explanations (experimental No alternative explanations (experimental
control)control)
ReliabilityReliability
Consistency of resultsConsistency of results• If study repeated on same individuals, If study repeated on same individuals,
expect similar resultsexpect similar results• Test-retest Test-retest • Inter-observer (if more than one “judge” Inter-observer (if more than one “judge”
of behaviour)of behaviour)
Data CollectionData Collection
ObservationObservation• Naturalistic (real world, no control, Naturalistic (real world, no control,
reactivity)reactivity)• Laboratory (control, artificial)Laboratory (control, artificial)
Self-ReportsSelf-Reports• Surveys, questionnairesSurveys, questionnaires• Easy, quick, but Easy, quick, but
Social desirability, demand characteristicsSocial desirability, demand characteristics
Case Study, ArchivalCase Study, Archival• Rich informationRich information• Retrospective, limited generalizabilityRetrospective, limited generalizability
Research DesignsResearch Designs
CorrelationCorrelation• Relationships between traitsRelationships between traits• predictionprediction
ExperimentationExperimentation• Internal validity: random allocation to Internal validity: random allocation to
treatment/placebotreatment/placebo• causalitycausality
Developmental DesignsDevelopmental Designs
Test for effects:Test for effects:• AgeAge• CohortCohort• HistoryHistory
LongitudinalLongitudinal• Developmental changeDevelopmental change• Age effectsAge effects
• Time, expenseTime, expense• ConfoundsConfounds
Selective attritionSelective attrition History (events between testing periods)History (events between testing periods)
Cross-sectionalCross-sectional• Developmental differences (between Developmental differences (between
age groups)age groups)• Age effectsAge effects
• Inexpensive, quickInexpensive, quick• Potential confoundsPotential confounds
Cohort effectsCohort effects
Sequential DesignsSequential Designs
Check on confoundsCheck on confounds• Selection (cohort)Selection (cohort)• History (events/changes between test History (events/changes between test
times)times)• Testing (practice)Testing (practice)
Time of TestingTime of TestingBirthBirth
(cohort)(cohort)19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
19301930 5050 6060 7070 8080
19401940 4040 5050 6060 7070
19501950 3030 4040 5050 6060
19601960 3030 4040 5050
19701970 3030 4040
Age Effects: LongitudinalAge Effects: Longitudinal
BirthBirth 19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
19301930 5050 6060 7070 8080
19401940 4040 5050 6060 7070
19501950 3030 4040 5050 6060
19601960 3030 4040 5050
19701970 3030 4040
Age Effects: Cross-SectionalAge Effects: Cross-Sectional
BirthBirth 19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
19301930 5050 6060 7070 8080
19401940 4040 5050 6060 7070
19501950 3030 4040 5050 6060
19601960 3030 4040 5050
19701970 3030 4040
Cohort EffectsCohort Effects
BirthBirth 19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
19301930 5050 6060 7070 8080
19401940 4040 5050 6060 7070
19501950 3030 4040 5050 6060
19601960 3030 4040 5050
19701970 3030 4040
History EffectsHistory Effects
BirthBirth 19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
19301930 5050 6060 7070 8080
19401940 4040 5050 6060 7070
19501950 3030 4040 5050 6060
19601960 3030 4040 5050
19701970 3030 4040
TheoryTheory
Theoretical ApproachesTheoretical Approaches
MechanisticMechanistic OrganismicOrganismic ContextualContextual
Nature-Nurture interactionsNature-Nurture interactions Stage/continuousStage/continuous Many paths/universalMany paths/universal
World ViewsWorld Views MechanisticMechanistic
• Nurture: environment, life Nurture: environment, life circumstancescircumstances
• ContinuousContinuous• Individual – many paths, all experience Individual – many paths, all experience
is uniqueis unique
OrganismicOrganismic• NatureNature• StageStage• UniversalUniversal
ContextualContextual• Nature and nurture interactNature and nurture interact
Development as product of biology, Development as product of biology, environment, historic influencesenvironment, historic influences
• Stage and continuousStage and continuous• Universal and individualUniversal and individual
Domains of DevelopmentDomains of Development
Personality/SocialPersonality/Social• Mechanistic: traitMechanistic: trait
McCrea & Costa: “Big Five” personality traitsMcCrea & Costa: “Big Five” personality traits
• Organismic:Organismic: Erikson: psychodynamicErikson: psychodynamic Levinson: stages of lifeLevinson: stages of life
• Life transitionsLife transitions
• ContextualContextual Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems theoryBronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems theory
CognitiveCognitive• MechanisticMechanistic
Learning, social learning theoryLearning, social learning theory Information processingInformation processing
• OrganismicOrganismic Piaget: Cognitive developmentalPiaget: Cognitive developmental
• ContextualContextual Vygotsky: social cognitiveVygotsky: social cognitive Bronfenbrenner: ecological systemsBronfenbrenner: ecological systems
Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development
Contextual approachContextual approach
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems TheoryTheory
• Biological, cognitive, emotional, social Biological, cognitive, emotional, social elements intertwinedelements intertwined
• Reciprocal interactions of influence on Reciprocal interactions of influence on developmentdevelopment
• Microsystem: face-to-face dyads, Microsystem: face-to-face dyads, institutionsinstitutions
• Mesosystem: interactions between Mesosystem: interactions between microsystemsmicrosystems
Exosystem: committees, institutionsExosystem: committees, institutions• No direct contact with individualNo direct contact with individual• Community: child-care support for lone Community: child-care support for lone
parent (effects?)parent (effects?)
Macrosystem: cultural beliefs, valuesMacrosystem: cultural beliefs, values• Social classSocial class• Blueprint for other levelsBlueprint for other levels
Personality Personality DevelopmentDevelopment
PersonalityPersonality
Essence of personEssence of person• Unique identityUnique identity• Distinctive patterns of behaviour, Distinctive patterns of behaviour,
thought, emotions in adapting to thought, emotions in adapting to situationssituations
Inferred from behaviourInferred from behaviour• Structure of mind, emotionsStructure of mind, emotions• Adaptation – situations, eventsAdaptation – situations, events• Generalizations about selfGeneralizations about self
Self schema, locus of controlSelf schema, locus of control Stable/changeable?Stable/changeable?
Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development
Maintaining stable concept of selfMaintaining stable concept of self Consistent with age-related Consistent with age-related
“transpositions” required by social “transpositions” required by social demands and individual’s demands and individual’s expectationsexpectations• Erik EriksonErik Erikson
Origins of PersonalityOrigins of Personality
InheritenceInheritence ExperienceExperience
TemperamentTemperament• Innate dispositionsInnate dispositions• Inherited ability to adapt (easygoing, Inherited ability to adapt (easygoing,
resistant, slow to warm up, etc.)resistant, slow to warm up, etc.)• Genetic component (shyness, Genetic component (shyness,
leadership)leadership)
Environmental InfluencesEnvironmental Influences
Twin studies: significant variation Twin studies: significant variation due to differences in experiencedue to differences in experience
Interacts with temperament Interacts with temperament (disposition reinforced by parents’ (disposition reinforced by parents’ responses)responses)
Models of Adult PersonalityModels of Adult Personality
Stability or Change?Stability or Change?
StageStage• OrganismicOrganismic• Universal sequence of developmentUniversal sequence of development• Individuals show predictable changeIndividuals show predictable change
TraitTrait• MechanisticMechanistic• Focus on attributes, temperamentFocus on attributes, temperament• Reduce personality to basic elementsReduce personality to basic elements• Individual shows stabilityIndividual shows stability
Timing of EventsTiming of Events• ContextualContextual• Change not age-relatedChange not age-related
Depends on circumstances and events in the Depends on circumstances and events in the individual’s lifeindividual’s life
Stage ModelsStage Models
Normative personality changeNormative personality change• Common to everyoneCommon to everyone• Recognize individual variation, butRecognize individual variation, but
Successive periodsSuccessive periods• Marked by “crises,” “transitions,” or “life Marked by “crises,” “transitions,” or “life
tasks”tasks”• Occur at about the same age for allOccur at about the same age for all
EriksonErikson
Development through the life spanDevelopment through the life span Balance positive and negative Balance positive and negative
tendenciestendencies Eight critical stages (crises)Eight critical stages (crises) Successful resolution results in Successful resolution results in
emergence of a “virtue”emergence of a “virtue” Four stages in adolescence to Four stages in adolescence to
adulthood (identity, intimacy, adulthood (identity, intimacy, generativity, integrity)generativity, integrity)
Identity/Identity Confusion (stage 5)Identity/Identity Confusion (stage 5) adolescenceadolescence develop concept of selfdevelop concept of self integrate past with future directionintegrate past with future direction
Intimacy vs Isolation (stage 6)Intimacy vs Isolation (stage 6) 20’s – 30’s20’s – 30’s tolerant acceptance of otherstolerant acceptance of others develop cooperative, affiliative develop cooperative, affiliative
relationshipsrelationships
Generativity vs. Stagnation (stage 7)Generativity vs. Stagnation (stage 7) 40 – 6540 – 65 personal concern about otherspersonal concern about others outward focus, mentoringoutward focus, mentoring productivity, contributingproductivity, contributing
Integrity vs. Despair (stage 8)Integrity vs. Despair (stage 8) 65 +65 + reflect positive qualities from earlier reflect positive qualities from earlier
stages (trust, autonomy, industry, stages (trust, autonomy, industry, identity)identity)
integrate past experience with integrate past experience with current realities, produce “wisdom”current realities, produce “wisdom”
self-acceptance self-acceptance
Criticisms of Stage TheoriesCriticisms of Stage Theories
Overemphasis on chronological ageOveremphasis on chronological age• Masks individual variabilityMasks individual variability
No clear markers to denote start or No clear markers to denote start or finish of a stagefinish of a stage
Deviations from norm may Deviations from norm may mistakenly be seen as mistakenly be seen as maladjustmentmaladjustment
Downplay sociohistorical contextDownplay sociohistorical context
CriticismsCriticisms
Meaning of time and age confusedMeaning of time and age confused• Multiple meanings of ageMultiple meanings of age• FunctionalFunctional• BiologicalBiological• PsychologicalPsychological• SocialSocial• Increased desynchrony between time Increased desynchrony between time
and aspects of age over life spanand aspects of age over life span Chronological age poorer predictor later in Chronological age poorer predictor later in
lifelife
Western orientationWestern orientation• Distinctions between “individualist” and Distinctions between “individualist” and
“collectivist” ignored“collectivist” ignored