CONTENTS

Foreword

ChapterI:OriginsorModernSocialismChapterII:MarxianSocialism(Pre-WarPeriod)

ChapterIII:AnarchismandSyndicalismChapterIV:TheWarandPacifismChapterV:TheRussianRevolutionChapterVI:WorldBolshevism

ChapterVII:BolshevisminGreatBritainChapterVIII:TheCaptureofTradeUnionism

ChapterIX:TheBolshevisationofBritishTradeUnionismChapterX:SubsidiaryCommunistOrganisations

ChapterXI:Pacifism(Post-War)ChapterXII:YouthMovements

ChapterXIII:SocialismandChristianityChapterXIV:Conclusion

DiagramoftheMoscowOrganisationAbbreviationsIndexofpersonsGeneralindex

FOREWORD

TheobjectofthisbookisnottoprovideahistoryofSocialism,butmerelyanaccountoftheSocialistorganisationsofmoderntimes.HencenomentionismadeofisolatedSocialisttheorists,butonlyofpeopleconnectedwith,orgivingriseto,concretesocietiesorgroups.Secretoroccultsocietiesdonotenterintothescopeoftheinquiry,whichisnotconcernedwithmysteriousinnercircles,invisiblesorhighinitiatesworkinginthedark,butonlywithopenmovements—societieswithrecognisedheadquarters,offices,executivecommittees,publishedlistsofmembers,officialorgans,statementsofaims,etc.Thoughsuchapresentationoftherevolutionarymovementisnecessarilyincomplete,andmayfailtosatisfythosewhocaretoinquireintocauses,itwillappealthemoretopracticalpeoplewhoareunwillingtoconsideranythingtheycannotseebeforetheireyes.

Ithasseemedtomethatasortofguide-bookofthiskind,accompaniedbyachart[theHQPDFofthechartisfreelyavailablehere.—Ed.],mightbeuseful,inviewofthefactthattheramificationsoftheSocialistmovementhavenowbecomesovastandcomplicatedthatitisalmostimpossibletofollowthem.TheverydifficultieswithwhichIhavebeenfacedinthecourseofmyworkhaveencouragedmeinthisidea.OftenIhavebeenobligedtosearchfordaysinordertodiscoversomesimplefact,owingtotheextraordinaryvaguenesswithregardtodatesandpracticaldetailswhichcharacteriseSocialistpublications—histories,pamphlets,yearbooksandmanualsalike.Longpagesaredevotedtothedoctrinesofsomesociety,butwhenitwasfounded,whereandbywhom,maynotperhapsoncebementioned.Again,oneisconfrontedbyconflictingevidencewhichhastobesiftedinordertoarriveatthetruth.

Whatwonder,then,thattheso-called“CapitalistPress”fallsintothestrangestblunderswhendealingwiththedifferentphasesofthismovement,andthatanti-Socialistwriters,whoseparticularbusinessitistostudythesubject,fromtimeto

timecommitinaccuracieswhichdetractfromthevalueoftheirwork?InthislittlebookIlaynoclaimtoinfallibility;indeed,Idonotbelieveit

wouldbepossibleforasinglehumanbraintomasterallthedetailsofthisbewilderingnetworkandtoavoidgoingwrongonsomepoint—aninternationalcommitteeofexpertswouldbeneededtoachievesucharesult.AllIcanclaimisthatIhavesparednopainstofindoutthefactsofthecasebyseekingmydataintheSocialists’ownliterature,rangingfromthepamphletsofBabeuftothoseoftheKomintern.If,then,inaccuraciesofanyimportanceoccur,itwillnotbeforwantoflongandarduousresearch,andinthiscaseIshallbegladtohavethempointedouttomewithaviewtocorrectioninafurtheredition.Myonlyconcernistofindoutthetruthandmakeitknown.

Aylesbury

CHAPTERI

ORIGINSOFMODERNSOCIALISM

AlthoughthemaindoctrinesofSocialismhavemanifestedthemselvesatintervalsthroughoutthewholehistoryofcivilisation,thepresentSocialistmovementcannotbesaidtodatebackfurtherthantheeighteenthcentury.Untilthenattacksontheexistingsocialorderhadtakentheformonlyofsporadicoutbreaks,butwiththephilosophers,theEncyclopædistsandtheFreemasonsofFrance,thesocialrevolutionbegan,andsincethatperiodhasneverceasedtoagitatetheworld.Inaword,therevolutionofwhichthe1789explosioninFrancewasthefirstoutwardexpressionisthesamerevolutionwearelivingthroughtoday.Thisisprovedconclusivelybythecharthereappended[theHQPRFofthechartisfreelyavailablehere—Ed.],wheretheunbrokencontinuityofthemovementisshownintheformofagenealogicaldescentwhichadmitsofnodispute.

TheJacobins.—Beginningatthetopright-handcorner,wefindthefirstorganisedassociationofmenandwomenformedforthepurposeofoverthrowingtheexistingsocialorder—theSocietyofJacobins.StartingastheClubBretonin1789,theJacobinClubsoonformedavastsocietywithbranchesineverycornerofFranceandwithrelatedgroupsinforeigncountries.AlthoughthedoctrinesoftheJacobinswerenotyetknownunderthenameofSocialism,they,nevertheless,embodiedcertainSocialistideas.Tojudgebythepublicspeechesandwritingsoftheleaders,thesemorecloselyresembledthetheoryprofessedbythesmallbodyofmodernSocialistsknownas“Distributionists”thantothatofCollectivism,yetinreality,accordingtothetestimonyofacontemporary,Marx’sideason“classwarfare”and“wageslavery”werealreadycurrentamongthem.

“TheplanoftheJacobinswastostiruptherichagainstthepoorandthepooragainsttherich.Tothelattertheysaid:‘YouhavemadeafewsacrificesinfavouroftheRevolution,butfear,notpatriotism,wasthemotive.’Totheformertheysaid:‘Therichmanhasnobowelsofcompassion;underthepretextoffeedingthepoorbyprovidingthemwithworkheexercisesoverthemasuperioritycontrary

totheviewsofNatureandtoRepublicanprinciples.Libertywillalwaysbeprecariousaslongasonepartofthenationlivesonwagesfromtheother.Inordertopreserveitsindependence,itisnecessarythateveryoneshouldberichorthateveryoneshouldbepoor(FantinDesodoards,HistoirephilosophiquedelaRévolutionFrançaise,IV.344,publishedin1807).

Babouvistes.—In1795,however,afterthefallofRobespierre,thecompletetheoryofCommunismasadvocatedbythemodernBolshevikswasformulatedbyFrançois-NoëlBabeuf,whoassumedthenameof“Gracchus”andplacedhimselfattheheadofaconspiracyfortheviolentoverthrowofthegovernmentanditsreplacementbyaCommunistState.ThesystemadvocatedbyBabeufwasinalmosteverydetailidenticalwiththatofmodernCommunism—Statecontrolofindustryanddestructionofprivateenterprise,compulsorylabourtobepaidfornotinmoneybutinkind(asindicatedbyBukharin,oneofthepresentSovietleaders,inhisProgrammeoftheWorldRevolution),theworkersnottobeallowedtochoosetheirprofession,buttoldoffingangstodowhateverworktheStaterequired(cf.RussianCodeofLabourLaws),thenationalisationofchildrenanddestructionoffamilylife,etc.TheBolsheviksofRussiathusrightlydescribedthemselvesintheirfirstManifestoasthe“directsuccessors”ofBabeuf(TheNewCommunistManifestooftheThirdInternationale,withprefacebyWilliamPaul,publishedbytheSocialistLabourPress,Glasgow,1919).

UtopianSocialism.—AfterthesuppressionoftheBabouvisterisingandtheexecutionofitsleaders(in1796),thedoctrinesofBabeufandofhiscolleague,Buonarotti,continuedtoholdswayamongstthesecretpoliticalsocietiesofFranceduringthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.Thisperiodmaybedescribedasthe“GoldenAge”ofSocialism;Socialistdoctrinaires,inmanycasessincereidealists,suchasLouisBlancandBuchezinFranceandRobertOweninEngland,followedeachotherinquicksuccession,andputforwardeveryconceivableschemeforthereconstructionofsocietyonaCollectivistbasis.Severalofthesemenprovedtheirbeliefintheirowntheoriesbyputtingthemintopracticeundertheformofassociationsandsettlements—all,however,unsuccessful.Ofthese,RobertOwen’s“NewHarmony”settlement,Fourier’s“phalansteries,”andCabet’scommunityinTexasarethebestknown.Buttherevolutionof1848andthefailureoftheSocialistprovisionalgovernmentinFranceputanendtoallsuchtheorising,andby1850Socialismwasgenerallyregardedasdead—anexplodeddoctrinethatcouldneverberevived.

CHAPTERII

MARXIANSOCIALISM(PRE-WARPERIOD)

Marxism.—WiththecollapseofFrenchSocialismthesocialrevolutionenteredonanewphase.AlthoughtheCollectivisttheoriesofBabeufhadpersistedamongsttheUtopianSocialists—asMarxdescribedthem—inFranceandEnglandduringthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,theclasswarwagedbytheJacobinsandtheBabouvisteshadlargelydieddown,andexceptamongstthefollowersofBlanquipacificmethodshadbeenpreferredtoviolence.Further,themilitantatheismoftheJacobinshadplayednopartintheSocialistbutonlyintheAnarchistmovement.ButthesecharacteristicsweretoberevivedbythemanwhomustberegardedasthepioneerofthemodernSocialistmovement,theGerman-JewKarlMarx.

WhilstUtopianSocialismwasstillonitstrial,in1847KarlMarxandhiscolleague,FriedrichEngels,publishedthefamousCommunistManifestowhichtothisdayformstheCredoofBolshevism.ThecontentionofcertainMarxiststodaythattheBolsheviksinadvocatingviolentrevolutionhavemisinterpretedthedoctrineoftheProphetiseffectuallydisprovedbytheconcludingwordsoftheManifesto:

“TheCommunistsdisdaintoconcealtheirviewsandaims.Theyopenlydeclarethattheirendscanonlybeattainedbytheforcibleoverthrow[myitalics]ofexistingsocialconditions.LettherulingclassestrembleataCommunisticrevolution.Theproletarianshavenothingtolosebuttheirchains.Theyhaveaworldtowin.”

ItwasnotuntilMarxobtainedcontrolofaconcreteorganisationthathistheorieswereabletomakeconsiderableheadway.

The1stInternationale.—In1862anumberofFrenchworking-men,pacificinterpretersofProudhon’ssyndicalisttheories,hadformedthe“Working-men’sAssociation”withaviewtoimprovingtheconditionsoflabour.ThiswastheorganisationwhichMarxsucceededincapturing.AtaninauguralmeetinginSt.Martin’sHall,London,onSeptember28,1864,theFrenchworking-men’s

societybecametransformedintotheInternationalWorking-men’sAssociation—nowknownasthe1stInternationale.BeforelongtheFrenchleaders,TolainandFribourg;theEnglishmembers,Cremer,Odger,Weston,ProfessorBeesly,andalsotheMazzinisteWolff,weregraduallysupersededbytheGermanandJewishclique—KarlMarx,HermannJung,Eccarius,Lessner,MosesHertz,etc.Thehistoryofthe1stInternationale,likethehistoryoftheJacobinClub,consistedmainlyinastrugglebetweencontendingfactions,fromwhichtheMarxistsemergedtriumphant.FirstcamethestruggleagainsttheMazzinistes,whowerespeedilyeliminated.TheProudhoniansheldtheirgrounduntil1868,whenattheBrusselsCongresstheMarxisttheorygainedtheascendant,andin1869,atthefourthCongress,inBasle,sofarprevailedthatFribourgdeclared“theInternationaleoftheFrenchfounderswasdead,quitedead.”

TheSocialDemocraticAlliance.—MeanwhiletheAnarchistshadenteredthelists.In1864theRussianMichelBakuninhadfoundedhis“AllianceSocialeDémocratique”onasecretsocietybasis,forthepurposeofviolentlyoverthrowingtheexistingsocialorder,notinfavourofCommunism,butofcompleteAnarchy.

ThedifferencebetweenthetwocreedsisshowninthedefinitionofMarx’ssystemgivenbytheSocialistMalon,memberofthe1stInternationale,andbyBakunin’srésuméofhisownprogramme:

Marx:“TheStateSocialismofMarxwascomprisedintheconquestofpoliticalpower,thatistosay,oftheState,bytheworking-classwhichhasforitshistoricmissiontoputanendtotheclasswarbytheabolitionofclasses,andtothepresenteconomicmiseriesandcontradictionsby‘thenationalisationofproductionanddistributionofwealth’.”Bakunin:“AbolitionoftheStateinallitsreligious,juristic,political,andsocialrealisations;

reorganisationbythefreeinitiativeoffreeindividualsinfreegroups.”

ItwasthisformulathatbecamelaterthatofAnarchism.“IabominateCommunism,”declaredBakunin,“becauseitisadenialof

freedom,andIcannotunderstandanythinghumanwithoutfreedom.”IntheiradvocacyoftheclasswarandofmilitantatheismtheBakuninisteswere,however,atonewiththeMarxists,andin1869the“AllianceSocialeDémocratique”wasadmittedtothe1stInternationale.ThenthestrugglebetweentheCommunistsandAnarchistsbegan,andin1872thelatterwereexcluded,leavingtheMarxistsinpossessionofthefield.Theheadquarterswerethen

removedtoNewYork,andfouryearslater,in1876,the1stInternationalecametoanendinPhiladelphia.

The2ndInternationale.—ForthirteenyearsnoSocialistInternationaleexisted.ThentheideawasrevivedatCongressesinParisandBrusselsin1889,the2ndInternationalewasfounded“andconstitutedasacentralInternationalSocialistBureauin1900.”

AttheoutbreakoftheGreatWar—

“itincludedtwenty-sevencountries,withamembershipoftwelvemillions.ThesewerecomposedofthegreatSocialistorLabourParties,whicheachpursuedtheirparticularactivitiesinthevariouscountriesalongtheirownlines,andwithvirtualindependence.Atperiodicalintervals,usuallyofthreeyears,thepartiesmetinanInternationalSocialistCongresstopassresolutionsonSocialistpolicyandgeneralquestions.…IntheinterveningperiodstheInternationalSocialistBureau,consistingofthreedelegatesfromeachnationalsection,wasentrustedwiththeworkofcarryingoutthedecisionsoftheCongressesandarrangingforfutureCongresses.TheInternationalSocialistBureauusuallymetonceayear,andthecontinuousbusinesswascarriedonbyanexecutivecomposedofmembersoftheBelgiansectionworkingwithasecretariatatBrussels.ThisExecutiveconsistedofVandervelde(Chairman),CamilloHuysmans(Secretary),andtwoothermembersoftheBelgiansection.TheexpensesoftheBureauweredefrayedbycontributionsfromtheNationalLabourandSocialistorganisationsofthecountriesaffiliated”(R.PalmeDutt,TheTwoInternationals,p.1.1920).

AdolpheSmith,oftheSocialDemocraticFederation,whoactedasOfficialInterpreterattheCongressesoftheInternationalefromtheoutset,expressedtheopinionthatby1893ithadbecomecompletelyGermanised.TherepresentativesoftheBritishTradeUnions,distinguishedathomefortheir“greattenacitycombinedwithmoderationandcommonsense,”abroad“displayedcompleteignoranceofracialdifferences,foreignhistory,customsandlanguages,”andwerethereforeunabletoholdtheirownindiscussionswiththeContinentaldelegates.This“gavetheGermanstheirchance,”and“GermanascendancywasdemonstratedattheZurichCongressof1893,becauseitwasthendefinitelydecidedthattheBritishTradeUnionswouldnolongerattendintheirofficialcapacity.FromthattimetheBritishTradeUnionsceasedtoappointdelegatestotheCongressesoftheInternationale,”althoughtheyhelpedtheCongressoftheInternationaletomeetinLondonin1896(AdolpheSmith,ThePan-GermanInternationale,p.7).

Fromthetimeofthe1stInternationaleonwardswesee,then,theMarxistsgaininggroundeverywhereandUtopianSocialismretreatingfurtherintothebackground.Weshallnowfollowthecourseofthismovementindifferent

countries.

SocialisminAmericaBeginningattheleft-handofthechart,wefindSocialisminAmericatohavebeenGermanincharacterfromtheoutset.ToquotetherésumégivenintheadmirableReportoftheJointLegislativeCommitteeintheSenateoftheStateofNewYorkonRevolutionaryRadicalism,underSenatorLusk(filedApril24,1920),knownusuallyas“TheLuskReport”:

“ThepresentSocialistmovementintheUnitedStatesmustbedistinguishedfromtheearlyexperimentsinUtopianideals,representedbythesectariancommunitiessuchastheShakers,ortheexperimentinCommunismmadebytheOwenites,ortheFourieristsandtheIcariancommunities.“ThemodernmovementoforganisedSocialismmaybedatedfromtheformationoftheSocialParty

ofNewYorkandvicinitywhichwasorganisedinJanuary,1868,intheGermaniaAssemblyroomsontheBowery.Themembershipofthisorganisation,recruitedsolelyfromtheGermanlabourcircles,anditspoliciesandplatform,wereinaccordwiththeprinciplesthensetdownbytheInternationalWorking-men’sAssociation.“In1868thispartynominatedanIndependentticket,butthenumberofvoteswhichitsecuredwas

negligible.Theorganisationdidnotsurvivethisdefeat,butinthesameyearsomeoftheleadingspiritsofthisorganisationorganisedwhathasbeentermedbyMorrisHillquit‘thefirststrictlyMarxianorganisationofstrengthandinfluenceonAmericansoil,’whichwasknownastheAllgemeinerDeutscherArbeiter-Verein.“In1869thisorganisationwasadmittedtotheNationalLaborUnionNo.6ofNewYork,andinthe

followingyearjoinedtheInternationalWorking-men’sAssociationasSectionI,NewYork.ItshouldbenotedthatthepioneerelementoftheRadicalandrevolutionarymovementinthiscountrywasGerman.…“ThemovementwasgenerallystimulatedbytheactiontakenintransferringtheGeneralCouncilof

theInternationalfromLondontoNewYork.ThegeneralsecretaryofthecouncilatthistimewasS.A.Sorge,whowasanintimatefriendofbothKarlMarxandFriedrichEngels.Hebecamethemostactiveoftheorganisersinthenewmovement.”(LuskReport,I.505,506.)

SocialDemocraticWorking-men’sParty—SocialistLaborPartyofNorthAmerica.—In1871theSocialDemocraticWorking-men’sPartyofNorthAmericawasformedbydissidentmembersoftheInternational,andafterthedissolutionofthelattercarriedontheworkofSocialism.AtaconventionheldinPhiladelphiain1876theNorthAmericanFederationoftheInternationalWorking-men’sAssociation,theSocialDemocraticWorking-men’sPartyofNorthAmerica,theLabourPartyofIllinois,andtheSocio-PoliticalLabourUnionsofCincinnati,wereallconsolidatedintoaneworganisationknownasthe

Working-men’sPartyoftheUnitedStates,foundeduponMarxianprinciples,whichinthefollowingyeartookthenameoftheSocialistLabourPartyofNorthAmerica.ThiswasledbytheJewishMarxian,DanieldeLéon.

“ForabouttwentyyearstheSocialistLabourPartywasthedominantfactorintheSocialistmovementinthiscountry.Itwasrecruitedlargelyfromalienelements,andparticularlyundertheinfluenceofGermanleaders.ItwaswhollyoutoftouchwithAmericanlifeandAmericanprinciples.ThedespoticcharacterandextremelynarrowviewpointofthepartyleadershipfinallyresultedinalienatingnewlyconvertedSocialistsfromtheparty,andanewparty,knownastheSocialDemocraticPartyofAmerica,cameintobeingin1899.“Anattempttoharmonisethedifferencewasmadeinthefollowingyearandaconventionwasheld

inIndianapolisonJuly29,1901,representingthevariousSocialistorganisationswiththeexceptionoftheNewYorkfactionoftheSocialistLabourParty.TheresultofthisconventionwastheformationoftheSocialistPartyofAmerica,whichhasledtheSocialistmovementinthiscountrysincethattime.”(LuskReport,I.509,publishedin1920.)

IntercollegiateSocialistSociety.—In1905theIntercollegiateSocialistSocietywasorganisedinNewYork,ostensibly“forthepurposeofpromotinganintelligentinterestinSocialismamongcollegemenandwomen,”butinrealityopenlypropagatingSocialism(LuskReport,I.1119).AmongstthefounderswereA.J.MusteandaRussianJew,MiscaHilkowicz,whohadassumedthenameofMorrisHillquitandlaterplayedaleadingpartintheLeftWingSocialistmovement(CongressionalRecord,December19,1925,pp.4and5).TheIntercollegiateSocialistSocietyhasnowbecometheLeagueforIndustrialDemocracy,underwhichnameitcarriesonpropagandaamongsttheyouthofAmerica.

RandSchoolofSocialScience.—In1906theAmericanSocialistSociety,amembershipcorporationwithaboardofdirectorselectedannually,foundedtheRandSchoolofSocialScience,whichbecameapowerfulcentreofSocialistpropaganda.Intheyears1918–19itsregisteredstudentsnumberedover5,000.ButbythisdatethecourseoftherevolutionarymovementinAmericahadlargelyveeredtowardsSyndicalism,withwhichweshalldealinthefollowingchapter.

SocialisminGreatBritainBefore1881noSocialistorganisationofanykindexistedinthiscountry,thespiritofclasswarfarethattheJacobinsofFrancehadcommunicatedtotheir

alliesintheBritishrevolutionarysocietieshadbeenextinguishedinthewaveofreactionthatfollowedonthefirstFrenchRevolution,theoreticalCommunismhadendedwithRobertOwen’sfiascoin1827,whilsttheChartistriotshadrousedthenationtothedangerofpopularviolence.Onlythelittlebandof“ChristianSocialists,”ledbyCharlesKingsleyandFrederickMaurice,continuedtopreachthenecessityforacompletereconstructionofthesocialsystem,butwithoutthespiritofclasshatred,andalsowithoutanyorganisationattheirdisposalwherewithtobringpressuretobearonpublicopinion.Meanwhile,intheworldoflabourthegrowingstrengthoftheTradeUnionandtheCo-operativemovements,andinthepoliticalarenathehumanitarianschemesofLordShaftesbury—alwaystheopponentofSocialism—didmuchtocounteracttheworkofagitators.DuringthethirtyyearsthatelapsedafterKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelscametoliveinEngland(in1849),theirtheoriesmadelittleornoheadway,andhere,asontheContinent,itwasnotuntilanotherconcreteorganisationwasformedthatMarxismwasabletogainafootinginthiscountry.

TheDemocraticFederation.—Intheautumnof1880“afewEnglishmembersoftheforeignRoseStreetClubinSoho”—adistrictthathasalwaysbeenthehauntofalienagitatorsfromMarattothepresent-dayAnarchists—“settoworkonthedifficulttaskofawakeningthewageearnersofthiscountrytothetruthsofscientificSocialismandSocialDemocracy.”WequotethewordsofH.W.Hyndman,leaderofthisgroupandtheformerallyofMazzini,whoin1866hadformedhis“UniversalRepublicanAlliance”operatingontheContinent,butwithitsSupremeCouncilinLondon.HyndmanhadnowpassedundertheinfluenceofMarx,andsotheDemocraticFederation“propagatingtheMarxiandoctrineofclasswar”(M.Beer,AHistoryofBritishSocialism,II.197.1920)cametobefounded.

ThefirstconferencewasheldattheMemorialHall,FarringdonStreet,onJune8,1881.AfewRadicalswerepresentonthisoccasion,butmostofthesewerescaredawaybythedeclarationofpurelySocialisttheories,andHyndmanwithhisSocialDemocraticfollowerswereleftinpossessionofthefield.

AmongsttheearliestmembersoftheDemocraticFederationwereHerbertBurrows,theRadicalandFreethinkerDr.G.B.Clark,theIrishhistorianJustinM’Carthy,thePositivistProfessorBeeslyofthe1stInternationale,Butler

JohnstoneforfifteenyearsTorymemberforCanterbury,severaljournalists,includingMorrisonDavidsonandJosephCowen,M.P.,oftheNewcastleChronicle,anumberofoldChartists—JamesandCharlesMurray,Morgan,W.TownsendandS.Oliver—alsoJohnWilliams,James(notRamsay)MacDonald,Garcia,HelenTaylor,thestepdaughterofJohnStuartMill,andWilliamMorris,thepoet.In1882abandof“ChristianSocialists”—J.L.Joynes,anEtonmaster,Frost,H.H.Champion,RoyalArtillery,alsoChampion’sdisciple,GeorgeLansbury,joinedthemovement.

TheS.D.F.—TheDemocraticFederationsoondeveloped,asHyndmanhadhoped,“intoathoroughgoingrevolutionaryorganisation,”andonAugust4,1884,bywayofemphasisingitsSocialistcharacter,changeditsnametotheSocialDemocraticFederation.Manyyearsafterwards—from1908to1911—itwasknownastheSocialDemocraticParty.

AmongsttheearlymembersofthefirstS.D.F.wereJohnBurns,TomMann,AnnieBesant,WillThorne,GuyAldred,HarryQuelchandBenTillett.

TheSocialistLeague.—ButattheoutsetasplithadtakenplaceintheFederation.NosoonerhadtheS.D.F.beenformedthantoquotethewordsofAdolpheSmith,whobecamealeadingmember—Marxandhisfriends“madetheirdescentuponthenewmovement.Marxdiedin1883,butheorEngelsdeputedhisdaughter,EleanorMarx,andher‘husband,’Dr.Aveling,tojoin.”ThentheybroughtintheAustrianAnarchist,AndreasScheu,andBelfortBax,andtogethertheypersuadedWilliamMorris“tosplitawayfromtheSocialDemocraticFederationandfoundtheSocialistLeague,becauseHyndmanandtheotherswouldnotfollowtheordersofEngels.…EleanorMarxwasthefirsttoleave.”ShewasfollowedbyWilliamMorris,BelfortBaxandAndreasScheu.Thiswasattheendof1884.HyndmannowbecamethetargetoftheGermangroup.Already,intheirletterstoSorge,MarxandEngelshaddescribedhimas“thecurseofSocialisminGreatBritain”—anopinionwhichHyndmanobserveswasreaffirmedlaterbyKeirHardie,RamsayMacDonaldandPhilipSnowden—andatthediscussionwhichprecededthesplitofffromtheS.D.F.,Hyndmanrelatesthathewasobligedtositandlisten“tothemostvirulentabuse”ofhimself“forthreesolidhours.”

TheManifestooftheSocialistLeague,issuedbyWilliamMorrisandBelfortBax,givesthefollowingasitsobject:

“Socialismmoansthattheland,thecapital,themachinery,factories,mines,workshops,stores,meansoftransit,banking,allmeansofproductionanddistributionofwealthmustbedeclaredandtreatedasthecommonpropertyofall”(DanGriffiths,WhatisSocialism?p.99;GrantRichards,Ltd.).

TheSocialistLeagueonlysucceededinenlistingafewhundredmembers,inspiteofitsenergyinthecirculationofSocialistliterature.Itsorgan,TheCommunist,waseditedbyWilliamMorris,whoin1890wrotehisfamousdescriptionofaSocialistEnglandunderthenameofNewsfromNowhere.ButbythistimeAnarchistelementsintheLeaguehadgainedtheupperhand,andin1889haddeposedMorrisaseditorofTheCommunist,whichtheyhandedovertoanAnarchistworkman,FrankKitz.Morris,thenrecognisedtheadvisabilityofreturningtohisallegiancetoHyndman,andafterthecollapseoftheSocialistLeaguein1892practicallyrejoinedtheS.D.F.,towhichtherestofthedissenters,BelfortBax,Aveling,EleanorMarxandScheu,alsoreturned.TheprogrammeofthepresentS.D.F.iscomprisedinthefollowingformula:

“TheestablishmentoftheSocialistCommonwealthonademocraticbasis;thecommonownershipofthemeansofproductionanddistribution;theproductionofwealthfortheuseandenjoymentofall,insteadoftheproductionofcommoditiesfortheprofitofthefew.”

TheorganoftheS.D.F.wasJustice.TheFabianSociety.—InJanuary1884,justbeforetheDemocratic

FederationchangeditsnametotheSocialDemocraticFederation,theFabianSociety,namedafterFabiusCunctator,theRomanGeneral,cameintoexistence,undertheleadershipofProfessorThomasDavidson,“anethicalAnarchistCommunist,”whoaimedat“reconstructinghumanlifeontheprincipleofthehighestmorality”(Beer,II.274).Davidsonwasquicklysupersededbytwoyoungmenwho,afewmonthslater,enteredthemovement—ajournalist,GeorgeBernardShaw,andaclerk,SidneyWebb,sonofaLondonhairdresser.OtherearlymembersoftheFabianSocietywereGrahamWallas,HubertBlandandWilliamClarke,alsoSydneyOlivierandAnnieBesant(nowPresidentoftheTheosophicalSociety),whocameovertoitfromtheS.D.F.LaterH.G.Wellsbecameoneofitsleadingmembers.

ItisdifficultforthelaymindtounderstandtheantagonismthathasalwaysexistedbetweentheF.S.andtheS.D.F.BotharefundamentallyMarxianintheiradvocacyofthesocialisationoflandandindustry,buttheFabianshavealwaysbeenessentiallythe“drawing-roomSocialists”ofEngland,disdainingstreet-

corneroratory,recognisingtherightofnon-manuallabourtoaplaceintheschemeofthings,andprofessingdisapprovalofviolentrevolutionarymethodsforbringingabouttheSocialistparadise.Hyndmanspeaksof“thebureaucraticFabianSocietywhichhassoassiduouslypromulgatedthedoctrinesofmiddle-classpermeationandhigh-tonedintrigue”(Reminiscences,p.310);yetitisprobablethatFabianism,preciselybyitsmethodofmiddle-classpermeation,notablyintheCivilService,hasdonemoretoacceleratetherevolutionarymovementthanthecruderagitationoftheS.D.F.

TheprogrammeoftheFabianSocietyisnowasfollows:

“TheFabianSocietyconsistsofSocialists.ItthereforeaimsatthereorganisationofSocietybytheemancipationofLandandIndustrialCapitalfromindividualownership,andthevestingoftheminthecommunityforthegeneralbenefit.Inthiswayonlycanthenaturalandacquiredadvantagesofthecountrybeequitablysharedbythewholepeople.“TheSocietyaccordinglyworksfortheextinctionofprivatepropertyinland,withequitable

considerationofestablishedexpectations,anddueprovisionastothetenureofthehomeandthehomestead;forthetransfertothecommunitybyconstitutionalmethods,ofallsuchindustriesascanbeconductedsocially;andfortheestablishment,asthegoverningconsiderationintheregulationofproduction,distributionandservice,ofthecommongoodinsteadofprivateprofit.”(WhatisSocialism?p.98.)

TheofficesoftheFabianSocietyareat25TothillStreet,London,S.W.1,anditsofficialorganistheFabianNews(monthly).

FabianResearchDepartment.—AlaterdevelopmentoftheFabianSocietywastheFabianResearchDepartment,foundedintheautumnof1912byMr.andMrs.SidneyWebb,MajorH.J.Gillespie,EmilDavies(aGerman),Mrs.PemberReevesandG.D.H.Cole,thenaDonofMagdalenCollege,Oxford.AnotherFabian,JuliusWest,authorofabookonChartism,wasfirstmadesecretary,andwassucceededafewmonthslaterbyWilliamMellor,formanyyearsAssociateEditoroftheDailyHerald,whichwasstartedasTheHeraldinthesameyear.

Intheautumnof1914G.BernardShawbecametheChairman,andremainedinthisposttilltheendofthewar.G.D.H.ColebecameVice-Chairman,G.P.BlizardHonorarySecretary,SidneyWebbcontinuedasChairmanoftheInsuranceInquiryandMrs.WebbasChairmanoftheInquiryintotheControlofIndustry.AftertheoutbreakofwarafurtherCommitteewasformed,todealwiththequestionofInternationalrelations,forwhichLeonardS.Woolfdrewupamemorandum(R.PageArnot,HistoryoftheLabourResearchDepartment).

In1918theFabianResearchDepartmentbecametheLabourResearchDepartment,ofwhichanaccountwillbegivenlater.

TheI.L.P.—AlthoughboththeFabianSocietyandtheS.D.F.hadadoptedMarxiandoctrines,neitherappearstohavebeensufficientlyGermanisedtosatisfythemanwhomMrs.Marxwaswonttodescribeasherhusband’s“evilgenius”—FriedrichEngels.Accordingly,somefouryearsafterthedeathofMarx,hesettoworkonanewmovement,underthecontroloftheMarx-Engelsclique,consistingofhimself,EleanorMarx,knownas“Tussy,”Marx’syoungestdaughter,andher“husband,”Dr.Aveling,towhominrealityshewasneverlegallymarried.OnMay4,1887,EngelswrotetoSorge:

“AvelingismakingafamousagitationintheEastEndofLondon…heandTussyarehardatwork.ItisamatteroffoundinganEnglishLabourPartywithanindependentclassprogramme.This,ifitgoeswell,willthenforcetheSocialDemocraticFederationandtheSocialistLeagueintothebackground,whichwillbethebestsolutionoftheundecidedquarrel”(Briefe…anSorge,p.263).

Marx’sdaughterwasthendeputedtogainafootinginthetradeunions,andsoonEngelswasabletowritecomplacentlyoftheGasWorkersandGeneralLabourersbeing“bossedbyTussy”(dievonTussygebosstenGasWorkersandGeneralLabourers).In1892Engelswroteagain:“WearemakinggreatprogresshereinEngland.Affairsadvancesplendidly.NextyeartherewillbeseenmarchingbehindGermanynotonlyAustriaandFrance,butalsoEngland.”Engelswasrightinhisforecast,andinJanuaryofthefollowingyear,1893,theIndependentLabourPartywasfoundedundertheleadershipofEngels’tool,KeirHardie,whomhecontemptuouslydescribedasan“over-slyScot”(eineruberschlauerSchotte)and“apoordevilofaScotchminer,”runningaweeklypaper,theLabourLeader,whichEngelsdeclaredtohavebeenfinancedwithTorymoney(BriefeanSorge,p.414).Theyearof1893thusmarkedadoubletriumphfortheGermans—theexclusionofBritishtradeunioninfluencefromtheContinentalInternationaleandthepenetrationofthetradeunionsinEnglandbyGermaninfluencethroughthefoundationoftheI.L.P.,undertheguidanceoftheMarx-EngelscliqueinLondon.TheplanoftheI.L.P.hadalreadybeenmootedin1888inaManifestototheworkersofScotlandbymembersoftheScottishLabourParty,ledbyKeirHardie,CunninghameGraham,Dr.StirlingRobertsonandGeorgeGerrie,andthewayfurtherpavedbytheLabourUnionofBradford,foundedin1890byBenTillett,RobertBlatchford(editorofThe

Clarion,founded1891)andJosephBurgess.TheinauguralmeetingoftheI.L.P.atBradfordwasattendedbyabout120

delegates,fivefromtheS.D.F.,twelvefromtheF.S.,includingBernardShaw.“NodifferencecouldbedetectedbetweentheprogrammesoftheI.L.P.andtheS.D.F.,butmarkeddivergencesexistedbetweenthemintheirattitudetowardsthetradeunionsandinthetoneoftheirpropaganda”(Beer,II.304).

TheProgrammeoftheI.L.P.isnowasfollows:

“TheI.L.P.isaSocialistOrganisationandhasforitsobjecttheestablishmentoftheSocialistCommonwealth.“TheSocialistCommonwealthisthatStateofSocietyinwhichLandandCapitalarecommunally

owned,andtheprocessesofproduction,distributionandexchangearesocialfunctions.“TheIndependentLabourPartybelievesindemocracyorganised,bothinitspoliticalandindustrial

aspects,forcommunalends.“Thebasisofpoliticaldemocracymustbethewholebodyofcitizens,exercisingauthoritythrougha

nationalrepresentativeassembly,directlyelectedbythepeople,withadecentralisedandextendedsystemoflocalgovernment.“Thebasisofindustrialdemocracymustbe:(1)theorganisationofthewageandsalaryearners,and

(2)theorganisationofconsumers.“Acentralbody,representativeofthepeoplebothasproducersandconsumers,mustdecidethe

amountandcharacterofcommunalproductionandservicenecessary.Theinternalmanagementofeachindustrymustbeinthehandsoftheworkers,administrative,technicalandmanual,engagedtherein,operatinginconjunctionwiththerepresentativesoftheorganisedconsumers.Experiencewilldeterminethemethodsofco-operationandthedetailedformoforganisation,asstepbystepistakentowardstheattainmentoftheSocialistCommonwealth.”(WhatisSocialism?pp.97,98.)

TheidentitybetweentheprogrammeofthevariousSocialistorganisationsatthisdateisshownbytheJointManifestoofBritishSocialistBodies,issuedinthissameyearof1893,inwhichitisstatedthat:

“Ouraim,oneandall,istoobtainforthewholecommunitycompleteownershipandcontrolofthemeansoftransport,themeansofmanufacture,theminesandtheland.Thuswelooktoputanendforevertothewagesystem,tosweepawayalldistinctionsofclass,andeventuallytoestablishnationalandinternationalcommunismonasoundbasis.”(WhatisSocialism?p.99.)

Aslongago,then,as1893theaimofBritishSocialistsofallpartieswasadmittedlyCommunism.

TheparticularimportanceoftheI.L.P.consistedinthefactthat,justasEngelshadplanned,itsucceededinpenetratingtheLabourmovement,andthisformedthefirstjunctionbetweentheSocialistdoctrinairesandthemanualworkers.Itwasthiscoalitionthatfacilitatedtheformationoftheparliamentarygroup

workingforSocialismunderthenameof“Labour.”AmongsttheearlymembersoftheI.L.P.wereTomMann,formerlyofthe

S.D.F.,BruceGlasier,J.RamsayMacDonald,PhilipSnowden,RobertSmillie,FredJowett,J.R.Clynes,GeorgeN.Barnes,G.H.RobertsandRobertBlatchford.

TheLabourLeader,createdbyKeirHardieasasuccessortohisearlierpaper,TheMiner(foundedin1887),waseditedbyhimuntil1904,whenitbecametheofficialorganoftheI.L.P.ItisnowknownastheNewLeader,appearingweekly,whilstthemonthlyorganofthePartyistheSocialistReview.TheofficesoftheI.L.P.arenowat14GreatGeorgeStreet,London,S.W.1.

TheLabourPartyIn1892,theyearprecedingthefoundationoftheI.L.P.,three“Labour”memberswereelectedforthefirsttimetoParliament.ThesewereKeirHardieforWestHam,JohnBurnsforBatterseaandJ.H.WilsonforMiddlesbrough.BenTilletthadstoodforBradford,butfailedagainsttheLiberalcandidate.OnthefalloftheLiberalGovernmentin1895,theI.L.P.tookuptheelectoralcampaign,undertheleadershipofKeirHardieandTomMann,andputuptwenty-eightcandidates,allunsuccessful.TheConservativesthentookoffice.

TheLabourRepresentationCommittee.—AfurtherattemptwasnowmadebytheI.L.P.tocapturetheTradeUnionmovementforSocialism,andthoughstoutlyresistedbytheoldertradeunionleaders,aresolutionforco-operationbetweentheSocialistandLabourcampswaspassedby546,000votesto434,000attheTradeUnionCongressof1895.TheresultofthisdecisionwastheformationoftheLabourRepresentationCommitteeataConferenceofLabourandSocialistdelegatesonFebruary27and28,1900.TheCommitteeconsistedofsevenTradeUnionists,twomembersoftheI.L.P.,twomembersoftheS.D.F.,andonememberoftheFabianSociety;J.RamsayMacDonaldwaselectedsecretary.

Attheelectionof1900fifteencandidateswereputupbytheL.R.C.,butonlyKeirHardieandRichardBellweresuccessful.In1901theS.D.F.withdrewfromtheL.R.C.,butindividualmembersjoineditasrepresentativesofotherorganisations,tradeunions,etc.

TheLabourParty.—In1906theL.R.C.becameofficiallyknownasthe

LabourParty.ThePartyimmediatelybecamepenetratedbySocialistinfluence.Althoughin

itsoriginalprogrammeithadstatedthatitwasnecessaryforthetradeunionsofthiscountry“tousetheirpoliticalpowertodefendtheirexistence”anddeprecatedtheintroductionofmerepartypoliticsintothemovement,attheeighthannualconference,heldatHullin1908,anamendmentwasproposedbyWilliamAtkinson,S.D.F.delegateofthepaper-stainers,declaringthattheaimoftheLabourPartywas:

“toorganiseandmaintainaParliamentaryParty,withitsownWhips,whoseultimateobjectshallbetheobtainingfortheworkersthefullresultsoftheirlabourbytheoverthrowofthepresentcompetitivesystemofcapitalismandtheinstitutionofasystemofpublicownershipandcontrolofallthemeansoflife.”

AlthoughthispurelySocialistamendmentwasdefeatedby951,000votesto91,000,thesameconferencetwodayslaterpassedaresolutionnolessSocialistic:

“thatintheopinionofthisConferencethetimehasarrivedwhentheLabourPartyshouldhaveasadefiniteobjectthesocialisationofthemeansofproduction,distributionandexchange,tobecontrolledbyademocraticStateintheinterestoftheentirecommunity;andthecompleteemancipationofLabourfromthedominationofcapitalismandlandlordism,withtheestablishmentofsocialandeconomicequalitybetweenthesexes.”

Bytheadoptionofthisformula,towhichitstilladheres,theLabourPartyproclaimeditselftobenotonlySocialistbutMarxianSocialist.Itaims,notonlyatthesocialisationofthemeansofproduction,asadvocatedbycertainpeacefulgroupsofFrenchSocialistsandpartiallyrealisedbytheCo-operativemovementinthiscountry,butatthesocialisationofthemeansofdistributionwhichentailstheestablishmentofanautocraticbureaucracy.Inaword,itsetsouttodestroyallindividualenterpriseandinitiative.

Since1908,therefore,theBritishLabourParty,controlledbytheI.L.P.,hasceasedtorepresentreallabour,whichisinthegreatmajorityindividualist,andhasbecomesimplythePartyofMarxianSocialism.TheofficesoftheLabourPartyareat33EcclestonSquare,S.W.1.ItsofficialorganistheDailyHerald.

S.L.P.—ThemorerevolutionaryformsofMarxismwererepresented,however,atthetimetheLabourPartycameintoexistencebytwobodieswhichhadsplitofffromtheS.D.F.ThefirstofthesewastheSocialistLabourParty,

foundedinGlasgowin1903byScottishSecessionists,whohadfallenundertheinfluenceofDanieldeLéonandtheSocialistLaborPartyofAmerica.ThepolicyoftheS.L.P.isablendofrevolutionaryMarxismandSyndicalismanditsprincipalleadersuptill1920wereArthurMacManus,WilliamPaulandJ.T.Murphy.TheS.L.P.onitsfoundationorganisedtheSocialistLabourPress,andhaspublishedagreatnumberofpamphletsonIndustrialUnionismandMarxism.TheheadquartersoftheS.L.P.areat50RenfrewStreet,Glasgow.ItsofficialorganisTheSocialist.

TheS.P.G.B.—TheyearaftertheformationoftheS.L.P.,inAugust1904,aLondongroupofsecessionistsfromtheS.D.F.ledbyC.L.Fitzgerald,foundedtheSocialistPartyofGreatBritainonstrictlyMarxianlinesandadvocatingunrelentingclasswarfare.

AgeneralmeetingwasheldattheCommunistClub,107CharlotteStreet,Soho,onSeptember18,withJ.KentinthechairandC.LehaneasGeneralSecretaryofthenewparty.ThelecturersforthesocietyincludedF.C.Watts,I.Blaustein,H.Belsey,T.Jacobs,A.Albury,etc.InitsDeclarationofPrinciplestheobjectoftheS.P.G.B.isstatedtobe:

“Theestablishmentofasystemofsocietybaseduponthecommonownershipanddemocraticcontrolofthemeansandinstrumentsforproducinganddistributingwealthandintheinterestofthewholecommunity”(WhatisSocialism?p.99).

ThisformulaseemsindistinguishablefromthatoftheLabourParty,buttheS.P.G.B.goesontodeclarethatit“entersthefieldofpoliticalactiondeterminedtowagewaragainstallotherpoliticalparties,whetherallegedlabouroravowedlycapitalist.”ThemonthlyorganoftheParty,theSocialistStandard,hasrecentlybeenloudinitsdenunciationsoftheLabourParty,largelyonaccountofthelatter’stolerationofreligion,whichitattributestothepolicyofvote-catching.IntheissueforJune1925,itquoteswithapprovalMarx’s“strikingphrase”:“Religionistheopiumofthepeople”;andLenin’sopiniongivenattheCongressoftheCommunistInternationalein1922,thatitisofparamountimportance“thatamagazinedevotingitselftoproblemsofmilitantmaterialismshouldatthesametimebeconductinganuntiringcampaignofpropagandaforatheism.”

InapamphletentitledSocialismandReligion,publishedbytheS.P.G.B.in1911,thefollowingpassagesoccur:

“ItisthereforeaprofoundtruththatSocialismisthenaturalenemyofreligion”(p.27).“AChristianSocialistisinfactananti-Socialist”(p.31).“Themostabsurdclaimofall…isthatChristwasaSocialist.…Christ’sdenunciationofwealthis

notSocialism.‘Sellthatthouhastandgivetothepoor’wasHisadvicetoarichman.ThisisnotSocialism,butanarchismandsocialsuicide,forthewholesaledistributionofalmsisa‘remedymoredeadlythanthedisease.’…Socialism,onthecontrary,istheappreciationofthethingsofthisworldandtheendeavourtomakeaparadisehere”(pp.30,37).“Christianity…istheveryantithesisofSocialism”(p.38).

Onp.42BelfortBaxoftheS.D.F.isquotedassaying:“ItmaybeconvenientforSocialistswithaviewtoelectionexpediencytoseektoconfinethedefinitionofSocialismtotheeconomicissue,abstractedfromalltheotherissuesoflifeandconduct”;andthepamphletgoesontoattacktheSocialDemocraticPartyforopposingoutof“electionexpediency”thesaleofapamphlet,Christ,theEnemyoftheHumanRace.

TheS.P.G.B.thusshowsitselfconsistentlyMarxian.Itisnot,however,animportantbody,anditspresentleadersseemtobeobscureindividuals,whoappendpseudonymstotheirarticlesintheSocialistStandard.ThenamesofthemembersoftheExecutiveCommitteedonotappearinthepublicationsoftheSociety,norintheLabourYearBook.

TheheadquartersoftheS.P.G.B.areat17MountPleasant,London,W.C.1.

SocialisminIrelandInIrelanduptill1896therevolutionarymovementhadretainedanalmostexclusivelynationalcharacter.The“UnitedIrishmen,”foundedin1791undertheinspirationoftheFrenchrevolutionariesandGermanIlluminati,theFeniansof1858withwhomKarlMarxandthe1stInternationaleenteredintorelation,andthatmostdeadlyofsecretsocieties,theIrishRepublicanBrotherhood,resemblingtheCarbonariandtheeleventh-centuryAssassinswithitsfearfuloathsandobligationsanditsmurdergangs,neverthelessdependedfortheirpowerlessonContinentalaidthanonIrishfanaticism.ItwasnotuntiltheIrishSocialistRepublicanPartywasfoundedin1896,undertheleadershipoftheveteranagitatorJamesConolly,thatMarxianSocialismgainedafootinginthecountry.Marx’sopinionofthemanwhowastorepresenthisteachinginIrelandisinteresting.OnMay9,1865,hewrotetoFriedrichEngels:

“Aseverywhereelse,thereexistsnaturallyamongsttheEnglishworkingmenaknotofasses,fools

androguesrallyingaroundascoundrel.Thescoundrelisinthiscase‘GeorgePotter,’aratofaman,supportedbyacorruptibleandwittyman,andasastumporatoradangerousIrishmannamedConolly…leaderofthe‘Beehive,’theofficialorganoftheTradeUnionists”(Briefwechsel,III.255).

From1896onwardstherevolutionarymovementinIrelandhasbeendualincharacter,carriedoutundertwoflags—thegreenflagofnationalandCatholicfanaticismandtheredflagofInternationalAtheistSocialism.

SocialistPartyofIreland—IrishTransportandGeneralWorkers’Union.—TheoreticalSocialismhas,however,nevermadeastrongappealtotheIrishtemperament,andtheMarxian“SocialistPartyofIreland,”foundedin1904,exercisedfarlessinfluencethanthe“IrishTransportandGeneralWorkers’Union,”inauguratedin1909undertheleadershipofJamesLarkin,theagitatorwhohasplayedaprominentpartinthetroublesinIrelandandalsointheAnarchistdisturbancesintheUnitedStates.theIrishrevolutionarymovementhas,infact,beenlargelydirectedfromAmerica,butbytheAnarchist-CommunistratherthantheSocialistelementsinthatcountry;itsfurthercoursemust,therefore,bereservedforalaterchapter.

SocialismontheContinentOntheContinent,asinGreatBritain,theMarxianinfluencehassteadilygainedgroundsincetheformationofthe1stInternationale.

Germany.—InGermanytheSocialDemocraticParty,ledduringthelifetimeofMarxbyWilhelmLiebknechtandAugustBebel,hadincreasedby1903tosuchproportionsastowin3,000,000votesatthepolls.BeforethewarthePartywasdividedintothreegroups:theRightWing,ledbyScheidemann;theCentrebyKarlKautsky,whohassincebeenindictedbyTrotskyforhisoppositiontoTerrorism;andtheLeftWingbyKarlLiebknecht,thefutureSpartacist.

France.—InFranceitwasJulesGuesdewhoin1877succeededincapturingalargepartoftheSocialistmovementforMarxism,inspiteoftheoppositionoftheBroussistes.AgroupofIndependentSocialists,includingMillerand,Clemenceau,JaurèsandViviani,wasformedlater,butmoderateMarxismcontinuedtoholditsownundertheleadershipofMarx’sgrandson,JeanLonguet,untiltheoutbreakoftheGreatWar.TherevolutionaryelementsinFrancewere,however,lessinclinedtoSocialismthantoSyndicalism,withwhichweshalldeallater.

Russia.—InRussiatherevolutionarymovementhadbeenpredominantlyAnarchistuntil1883,whentheMarxistssucceededinfoundingapartynamedthe“GroupfortheEmancipationofLabour,”undertheleadershipofGeorgiV.Plekhanov,supportedbytheGerman-Jews,R.AxelrodandLeoDeutsch,andtheRussian,VeraZassulitch,whoin1878hadattemptedtoshootTrepoff,theprefectofpoliceinSt.Petersburg.

In1898thisGroupassumedthenameoftheRussianDemocraticParty,stillledbyPlekhanov,butin1903,ataConferenceheldinLondon,splitintotwopartiesoverapointofpolicy;themajority,underLenin,beingknownastheBolsheviks,fromtheRussianwordbolshee,signifyinggreater;andtheminority,underMartov,beingknownastheMensheviks,frommenshee,signifyinglesser.

Italy.—InItalybetween1880and1890aMarxistgroupwasformedundertheleadershipofTurati,buthere,asinFranceandotherLatincountries,therevolutionarymovementwasratherSyndicalistthanSocialistincharacter.

SuchwasthestateofSocialisminthemostimportantcountriesoftheworldatthetimeoftheoutbreakoftheGreatWar.

CHAPTERIII

ANARCHISMANDSYNDICALISM

FrenchAnarchists.—TheoriginofAnarchismandSyndicalism,asofSocialism,mustbesoughtinFrance.Proudhon,knownas“theFatherofAnarchy,”wasthefirsttoformulatethecreedlatertobeknownasSyndicalisminthephrase:

“‘Accordingtomyidea,railways,amine,amanufactory,aship,etc.,aretotheworkerswhomtheyoccupywhatthehiveistothebees,thatis,atthesametimetheirinstrument,andtheirdwelling,theircountry,theirterritory,theirproperty.’HenceProudhonopposed‘theexploitationoftherailwayswhetherbycompaniesofCapitalistsorbytheState’”(LaRévolutionauXVIIIèmesiècle,p.249).

RussianAnarchists.—TheGermanandRussianAnarchists,however,advocatednosuchdefiniteschemeofindustrialorganisation,butconcentratedsolelyondestruction.

Nihilists—RevolutionarySocialists.—InRussiabetween1862and1881theNihilistsandRevolutionarySocialistscommittedaseriesofoutrageswhichspreadtoothercountriesandculminatedinthe“tragicperiod”inauguratedonMay1,1891,andlastinginParisforthreeyears,duringwhichRavacholandhisgangterrorisedthepopulationwithbombsanddynamite.Attemptsonthelivesofkingsandpresidentscontinuedthroughoutthenexttwentyyears.

ItalianAnarchists.—InItaly,wherethegroupwasledbyCafieroandMalatesta,inSpainandinPortugal,thepropagandaofAnarchyfoundafertilebreeding-ground.

AmericanAnarchists.—IntheUnitedStatestheideasofProudhonhadgainedaconsiderablefollowing.HisprincipalfollowerswereStephenP.Andrew,WilliamGreenandLysanderSpooner.In1881anotherAnarchist,BenjaminR.Tucker,startedaperiodicalnamedLiberty,advocatingmodifiedProudhonism(LuskReport,p.843).

ItwasinJulyofthesameyearthattheAnarchistsheldasmallInternationalRevolutionaryCongressinLondon,presidedoverbytheGermanAnarchist

JohannMostandtheGerman-JewishNihilistHartmann,whohaddevisedtheplotforblowinguptheTzar’straintwoyearsearlier.PrinceKropotkinewasalsopresent.AsaresultofthecriminalintentionsrevealedatthisConference,JohannMostwascondemnedtoeighteenmonths’imprisonment,afterwhichheleftEnglandandjoinedBenjaminTuckerinAmerica.Herehecontinuedthepublicationofhispaper,Freiheit,which—owingtotherecalcitranceoftheprinters—hehadbroughtoutwithsomedifficultyinEngland.FromthatmomenttheAnarchistmovementintheUnitedStatescontinuedwithoutabreakuntilafterthewar.

EnglishAnarchists.—InEnglandAnarchyhadbeenabletomakelittleheadway,eitherunderthepersonaldirectionofJohannMostorPrinceKropotkine.

FreedomGroup.—OnlyasmallandobscurebodyofKropotkineAnarchists,callingthemselvesthe“FreedomGroup,”continuedtocarryonpropaganda,andjustbeforethewarwereledbyS.LindnerandRudolfRocker,whowasforatimeeditoroftheLondonYiddishrevolutionarypaper,DerArbeiterFreind.

CommunistPropagandaGroups.—In1906GuyAldredsecededfromtheS.D.F.andenteredintorelationswiththeFreedomGroup.Althoughananti-Parliamentarian,AldredremainedaMarxiananddidnotaltogetheragreewithpureAnarchism,sohefoundedthe“CommunistPropagandaGroups”inLondonin1907.In1910hestartedTheHeraldofRevolt,andin1912wenttoGlasgow,whereanumberofSocialistandAnarchistgroupshadbeenestablished—S.L.P.,I.L.P.,KropotkineAnarchistsandCommunistPropagandaGroups—thetwolattermuchopposedtoeachother.

GlasgowCommunistGroup.—Aldrednowfounded(in1912)theGlasgowCommunistGroupasanAnti-ParliamentaryCommunistOrganisation.ThisbecamemostactiveandsucceededindefeatingtheAnarchistGroup,whichfinallycollapsed.TheremainingmembersthenjoinedupwithAldred’sGroup,which,however,wasfromthismomentuntil1920usuallydescribedastheAnarchistGroup.InMay1917ittookupitspresentquartersat13BurnbankGardens.

Totheuninitiatedallthesedifferencesofdoctrineandnomenclaturemustremainincomprehensible,andweshallnotattempttoexplainhowAldredsucceededincombiningallegiancebothtoMarxandBakunin,whointheir

lifetimeshadbeenbitterenemies,orwhyheopposedthedisciplesofKropotkine,whohadfollowedinthefootstepsofBakunin.

InGreatBritain,aselsewhere,thespiritofAnarchy,likethetheoriesofSocialism,didnotbecomeformidableuntilithadpenetratedintothetradeunions.

C.G.T.—ItwaswhenthedestructiveideasofAnarchybecamealliedwiththecorporativespiritoftheindustrialworkersunderthenameofSyndicalismthattherevolutionarymovementbegantomakeheadway.ThisjunctionwaseffectedbytheFrench“ConfédérationGénéraleduTravail,”foundedin1895,whichbecamedividedintotwocamps:ReformistSyndicalists,workingforindustrialreorganisationonconstitutionallines;andAnarcho-Syndicalists,concentratingontheplanoftheGeneralStrikefortheforcibleoverthrowof“Capitalism,”firstproposedattheCongressofthe1stInternationaleinBrusselsin1868.ThedoctrinairesofthelatterpartyinFrancewereEmilePouget,authorofLeSabotage,Lagardelle,Griffuelhes,andespeciallyGeorgesSorel,authorofRéflexionssurlaviolence(translatedintoEnglishasReflectionsonViolence)whosucceededininterpretingMarx’sdoctrinesinaSyndicalistsense.

T.U.C.—AtthetimethatAnarcho-SyndicalismwasdefinitelyformulatedbytheleftwingoftheC.G.T.,TradeUnionismhadnotbecomerevolutionary.TheBritishTradeUnionCongress,foundedin1868andholdingitsfirstcongressinthefollowingyear,hadabjuredallclasswarfareandconcerneditselfwiththeorganisationoflabourinaperfectlyconstitutionalmanner.Aslateas1895ithadformallydisassociateditselffrom“SocialistAdventurers.”

AmericanFederationofLabour.—TheAmericanFederationofLabour,foundedin1881,pursuedthesamemoderatepolicy.

I.F.T.U.—In1901thefirstattemptwasmadetoorganiseTradeUnionisminternationally,andaCongresswasheldatCopenhagen.Theoutcomeofthiswastheformationin1903ofanInternationalSecretariat,headedbyKarlLegien,PresidentoftheGermanFederationofTradeUnions.TenyearslaterthisdevelopedintotheInternationalFederationofTradeUnions,withKarlLegienasPresident(LabourYearBookfor1924,p.359).

TheI.W.W.—AsacounterblasttotheconstitutionalpolicyoftheCopenhagenCongressin1901,anInternationalSyndicalistCongresswasheldinthefollowingyear,andfromthismomentSyndicalismbegantogainground

bothinEuropeandAmerica.WilliamD.Haywood,oftheWesternFederationofMiners,“theembodimentoftheSorelphilosophy…abundleofprimitiveinstincts”(RamsayMacDonald,Syndicalism,p.36),tooktheleadinformingthe“IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld”inAmericain1905onSyndicalistlines,andcameovertoEngland,wherehemetwithawarmreception.“IsawhimatCopenhagen,”saysRamsayMacDonald,“amidsttheleadersoftheworking-classmovementsdrawnupfromthewholeworld,andtherehewasdumbandunnoticed;IsawhimaddressingacrowdinEngland,andtherehiscrudeappealsmovedhislistenerstowildapplause”(ibid.,p.37).

From1905untiltheadventoftheBolshevikstopower,theI.W.W.constitutedthemostformidablerevolutionaryorganisationintheUnitedStates.TheAmericanFederationofLabour,whichhadhithertopursuedaconstitutionalpolicy,splitintotwowings,bothledbyJews,therightledbythesanetradeunionleader,SamuelGompers,andtheleftbyWilliamZ.FosteroftheI.W.W.,whohassinceidentifiedhimselfwitheveryphaseofrevolutionaryactivity.TheI.W.W.nowbecameablendofSyndicalismandrevolutionaryMarxism,drawingintoittheMarxistleader,DanieldeLéon,whoin1908headedtheDetroitbranchofthenewmovement.Fromthisdevelopedin1915theWorkers’InternationalIndustrialUnion,whichjoinedupwithDanieldeLéon’s“SocialistLabourParty,”makingthealliancebetweenthetwomovementscomplete.

MeanwhileSyndicalismhadbeencarriedtoEngland,whereitfoundexponentsintheS.L.P.(SocialistLabourParty)ofGlasgow,whichhadsecededfromtheS.D.F.undertheinfluenceoftheSocialistLaborPartyofAmerica(Beer,II.355).

RuskinCollege.—In1899twoAmericans,WalterVroomanandDr.CharlesBeard,hadgonetoOxfordandfoundedaLabourCollege,namedRuskinCollege,withtheobjectofteaching“menwhohavebeenmerelycondemningoursocialinstitutions…howinsteadtotransformtheseinstitutions,sothatinplaceoftalkingagainsttheworldtheywillbeginmethodicallyandscientificallytopossesstheworld,torefashionit,”etc.(TheBurningQuestionofEducation,issuedbytheExecutiveCommitteeofthePlebsLeague).TheCollegesoonwonsupportfromthetradeunions,andalsofromprominentmembersof“theoppressingclass”—tousetheexpressionofaRuskinstudent—suchastheDukesofFifeandNorfolk,LordsAvebury,Crewe,Rosebery,Ripon,Rothschild,

etc.TheUniversitytookaninterestintheschemeand“manyoverworkedtutorsgavetimeeveryweekwhichtheycouldillsparetosmallclassesofRuskinCollegestudents.”Butthoseovertureswerenotappreciatedbythestudents,whostronglyobjectedtoanyassociationwiththeUniversity,whichtheylookeduponastheenemyoftheworking-classandprogress”(TheBurningQuestionofEducation,p.3).

PlebsLeague.—Inorder,therefore,topreventthecollegebeingdominatedbyUniversityinfluence,thestudentsandex-studentsinOctober1905formedanorganisationcalledthe“PlebsLeague,”withtheobjectofbringingaboutadefiniteandmoresatisfactoryconnectionbetweenRuskinCollegeandtheLabourmovement.ThePrincipal,DenisHird,becameeditorofPlebs,themagazineoftheLeague.ThisdispleasedtheExecutiveoftheCollege,whichmetandforbadeHirdtohaveanythingmoretodowiththePlebsmovement.Hirdwasfinallydismissedandthestudentswentonstrike.ThePlebsCommitteethen“decidedthatRuskinCollegeasanaidtotheworkerswasworthless”andthatthetradeunionistsmustbeaskedtofoundacollegeoftheirown.

CentralLabourCollege.—TheresultwastheinaugurationoftheCentralLabourCollegeatOxfordinSeptember1908,underaProvisionalCommitteethatincludedDenisHird,GeorgeSims,S.D.P.andI.L.P.,FredBurgess,I.L.P.,andNoahAblett,I.L.P.andoftheSouthWalesMiners’Federation.ThemovementhadnowbecomedefinitelySyndicalist.

IndustrialSyndicalistLeague.—Inthefollowingyear,1909,theIndustrialSyndicalistLeague,withitsorgan,TheSyndicalist,wasformedundertheleadershipofTomMann(whohadbeenpresentattheInternationalConferenceof1902),andin1913the“Miners’ReformMovement,”withtheSyndicalistslogan,“TheMinesfortheMiners,”wasstartedbyNoahAblettandA.J.Cook,thepresentleaderoftheMiners’Federation.Inthepamphletissuedbythisbody.TheMiners’NextStep,theSyndicalistprogrammewasmadeperfectlyclear.

GuildSocialism.—MeanwhilethelessextremeformofSyndicalismknownas“GuildSocialism”hadcomeintothefield.TheleaderofthismovementwasG.D.H.ColeoftheFabianSocietyandtheFabianResearchDepartment,whoatthetimethelatterwasfoundedhadveeredfromFabianismtoRevolutionaryTradeUnionism.Itwas“asareinforcementofSyndicalismthatG.D.H.ColewrotehisWorldofLabour(1913)andasSyndicalists,ColeandMellor(together

withMrs.Townshend,Mrs.G.R.S.Taylor,H.D.Harbenandothers)werecompelledtotakeratheradifferentoutlookfromthosewhofollowedthestrictletteroftheWebbs.”BeatenbytheolderFabians—BernardShaw,SidneyWebb,E.R.Pease,etc.—intheFabianResearchDepartment,ColeandhissupportersstartedtheblendofSocialismandSyndicalismtheycalledGuildSocialism,andwhich,whilstsettingouttoplaceallpowerinthehandsoftheGuildsinsteadofintheState,accordingtothesystemofStateSocialism,doesnot,likeSyndicalism,aimattheabolitionoftheState,whichistoactasanumpireand“trusteeforthecommunity.”

Oneshouldnot,however,bemisledbythenameof“Guilds”intosupposingthatGuildSocialismvisualisesareturntothepeacefulworkingguildsoftheMiddleAges,nolessthanSyndicalism“itistoRevolutionaryTradeUnionismtheGuildidealooks”(TheGuildIdea,p.14),andMarx’sdoctrineoftheclass-warenterslargelyintoitsprogramme.

NationalGuildsLeague.—GuildSocialismisnowpracticallynon-existent.InApril1922aNationalGuildCouncilhadbeenformedrepresentingboththeproducingGuildsandtheNationalGuildLeague,theobjectbeingmainlypropaganda.TheNationalGuildsLeaguehassincebecomeincorporatedintheCouncil.In1922theTradeUnionCongresspassedaresolutionwelcomingandapprovingtheactivitiesoftheGuildandtheformationoftheNationalGuildCouncil.TheCongressdecidedalsotoassociateitselfactivelywiththeworkandpropagandaoftheCouncil(LabourYearBookfor1924).ThecollapseinMay1922oftheNationalBuildingGuild,institutedin1920undertheauspicesoftheN.G.L.,dealtaheavyblowtotheGuildidea,andalthoughtheLabourYearBookfor1924recordsthatseveralotherguildswerestillworkingsuccessfullyatthatdate,itsnextissueof1925,asalsothatof1926,omitsallreferencetothemovementbeyondtheinsertioninitslistofaddressesoftheNationalGuildLeague,39CursitorStreet,E.C.4.

Such,then,wasthestateofrevolutionaryorganisationontheoutbreakofwar.EverywhereMarxiantheoryandMarxianmethodshadtriumphed,bothovertheUtopianSocialismofearlynineteenth-centuryFranceandoverthesaneTradeUnionismofEngland,FranceandAmerica.AlreadythestormofsocialrevolutionwasthreateningwhentheGreatWarburstupontheworld.

CHAPTERIV

THEWARANDPACIFISM

TheoutbreakoftheWarin1914broughtanotherissuetotheforeinthefieldofSocialistpolitics—NationalismversusInternationalism.PacifisminthesenseofInternationalismwas,ofcourse,nonewthing,buthadexistedeversinceithadbeendenouncedasa“dangerousdream”byMirabeauinthecourseoftheFrenchrevolution.

Inthiscountrythefirstpacifistgroupshadbeenformedin1816,when(onJune14)thepresent“PeaceSociety”wasfoundedunderthenameof“TheSocietyforthePromotionofPermanentandUniversalPeace,”withRobertMarsdenasChairman.

Butitwasnotuntiltheendofthecenturythatpacifistsocietiesbegantomultiply.ThefollowingaretheprincipalorganisationsformedinGreatBritainbeforetheoutbreakoftheGreatWar:

1880.TheInternationalArbitrationandPeaceAssociation;Chairman:FelixMoscheles.Vice-Chairman:C.E.Maurice.

1883.IrishPeaceSociety.1904.BritishNationalPeaceCongress.President:LordCourtney

ofPenwith(brother-in-lawofSidneyWebb).1905.NationalPeaceCouncil.President:Hon.LordWeardale.

Secretary:CarlHeath.1910.RationalistPeaceSociety.President:J.M.Robertson,M.P.1910.ChurchofEnglandPeaceLeague.President:Bishopof

Lincoln.1911.SchoolPeaceLeague.President:BishopofHereford.

Chairman:C.E.Maurice.1912.BandofPeaceUnion;ComradesofPeace.Juvenile

branchesofPeaceSociety.

1912.CatholicPeaceSociety.1912.CambridgeUniversityWarandPeaceSociety.1913.TheGartonFoundation.(Alliedwithanumberofminor

PacifistgroupssuchastheWarandPeaceSocietiesofOxford,CambridgeandLondonUniversities,theNormanAngellLeague,etc.)

1914.TheJewishPeaceSociety.President:TheChiefRabbi,Dr.Hertz.Secretary:MissE.Behrens.

SuchwasthenetworkofpacifistorganisationinthiscountryonwhichGermanynotunreasonablycountedtopreventEngland’sresistancetoherschemeofworlddomination.OntheContinentSocialisttheoryprovidedlittleornoobstacletotheoutbreakofwar,andin1914onbothsidesthenationalspirittriumphedoverthedoctrinesofInternationalSocialism.TheFrenchSocialistPartyunderAlbertThomasandRenaudel,theGermanSocialistPartyunderScheidemannandEbert,theAustrianSocialDemocraticPartyunderRennerandPernerstorfer,theBelgianLabourPartyunderVanderveldeanddeBrouckère,theRussianRightWingSocialDemocrats—thatistosay,theNationalistMenshevikgroupledbyPlekhanov—andtheItalianSocialistUnionunderMussolinisupportedtheirgovernmentsinenteringtheWar.

B.S.P.—InEnglandonlytheLabourPartystoodbytheGovernment,theI.L.P.,S.L.P.,andS.P.G.B.allopposedthewarandpreachedPacifism,whilsttheS.D.P.,whichin1911hadbecometheB.S.P.(BritishSocialistParty)—stillledbyHyndmanandcomprisingHunterWatts,DanIrving,RussellSmart,VictorFisherandAdolpheSmith—weredividedonthequestion.Atthe1916ConferencethisdifferenceofopinionledtoaclimaxandthePartysplitintotwo.Theanti-warparty,comprisingAlbertInkpin,E.C.Fairchild,Fineberg,PetroffandJohnMacLean,retainingthenameoftheB.S.P.,whilstthepartysupportingthewartookthenameoftheNationalSocialistParty.

NewB.S.P.—ThenewB.S.P.wasformedasfollows:

GeneralSecretary:AlbertInkpin.ExecutiveCommittee:

F.W.LlewellynA.A.WattsCharlesDukes

AlbertWardFredShawG.DeerJ.F.HodgsonJohnMacLeanMrs.DoraB.Montefiore

Headquarters:21aMaidenLane,W.C.2.

TheopposingfactionhavingcarriedofftheorganoftheParty,Justice,theB.S.P.startedanewpaper,TheCall.

TheN.S.P.—TheNationalSocialistParty,ledbyHyndman,hadanExecutiveCommitteeofthefollowing:

H.M.HyndmanA.BurdenF.J.GouldAdolpheSmith(aliasA.S.Headingley)CouncillorJ.J.JonesCouncillorA.WhitingG.C.BeresfordCouncillorF.H.GorleEmilyHayesR.TraversHyndmanH.W.LeeJohnStokesJ.HunterWattsJ.G.WebsterHon.Treasurer:WillThorne.

AfewmembersoftheI.L.P.nowjoinedtheN.S.P.,butthemainbodyoftheI.L.P.tookuparigidlyPacifistattitude.

I.L.P.—FromthemomentoftheoutbreakofhostilitiesitwastheI.L.P.whichtooktheleadinPacifistagitation.“Oneofthefirstacts”ofitsNationalAdministrativeCouncil,whichincludedRamsayMacDonald,W.C.Anderson,EgertonWake(laterNationalOrganiseroftheLabourParty),BruceGlasier,etc.,“wastheorganisationofacampaignthroughoutthecountryagainstrecruiting.

…Theseanti-recruitingmeetingsoftheI.L.P.formedthenucleusoutofwhichalltheDefeatistandBolshevikmovements…developed”(seriesofarticlesinMorningPost,entitled“BolshevisminGreatBritain,”firstweekofDecember1918).

U.D.C.—InSeptember1914theI.L.P.wasinstrumentalinformingtheUnionofDemocraticControlwiththefollowingpersonnel:

ExecutiveCommittee:NormanAngell(I.L.P.,onDirectorateofGartonFoundation)J.A.HobsonJ.RamsayMacDonald,M.P.(I.L.P.)E.D.Morel(I.L.P.,NationalPeaceCouncil)ArthurPonsonby(I.L.P.)Mrs.H.M.SwanwickCharlesTrevelyan,M.P.(I.L.P.)Hon.Secretary:E.D.Morel.

TheGeneralCouncilincludedW.C.Anderson,H.N.Brailsford,F.SeymourCocks,B.N.Langdon-Davies,Dr.MarionPhillips,M.PhilipsPrice,Hon.Mrs.Franklin,ArthurHenderson,G.H.Hardy,F.W.Jowett,BertrandRussellandIsraelZangwill.

TheostensibleobjectoftheU.D.C.was:

“Toaimatsecuringsuchtermsthatthewarwillnot,eitherthroughthehumiliationofthedefeatednation,oranartificialarrangementoffrontiers,merelybecomethestarting-pointfornewnationalantagonismsandfuturewars.”

TheorganoftheU.D.C.,ForeignAffairs,waseditedbyE.D.Morel,reallytheprimemoveroftheorganisation,whowasaccusedinParliamentbyWillThorneoftheS.D.F.onApril6,1916,ofbeing“apaidagentoftheGermanGovernment,”andinthefollowingyear(onSeptember4,1917)wassentencedtosixmonths’imprisonmentforsendinginformationoutofthecountry.

NoConscriptionFellowship.—AfurtheroutcomeoftheI.L.P.andU.D.C.wasthe“NoConscriptionFellowship,”formedinOctober1914withtheobjectofopposingeveryefforttointroducecompulsorymilitaryservice.By1916ithadsucceededinbandingtogetherinoneorganisationthevastmajorityofconscientiousobjectors,andincollectingamembershipof15,000to20,000

people,includinganumberofQuakers.TheHon.SecretarywasA.FennerBrockway,theChairmanCliffordAllen,

whilstamongthesupportersofthemovementwereC.H.Norman,J.H.Hudson,M.A.,LordCourtneyofPenwith,PhilipSnowden,ArnoldRowntree,etc.

FellowshipofReconciliation.—Twomonthslater,inDecember1914,camethe“FellowshipofReconciliation,”foundedatCambridgebyagroupofabout130peopleprofessingasChristianstobe“forbiddentowagewar”andtobeworkingfor“theenthronementofloveinpersonal,social,commercialandnationallife.”

TheleadersincludedtheRev.L.Richards(Secretary),theRev.Dr.OrchardandMissMaudeRoyden.Thisorganisationstillexists,withheadquartersat17RedLionSquareandP.W.BartlettasSecretary.

LeagueofPeaceandFreedom.—OnJuly8and9the“LeagueofPeaceandFreedom”wasfounded,withtheobjectof“carryingoneducationalpropagandaforpeaceinthewidestsense.”

TheExecutiveCommitteeincludedH.Baillie-WeaveroftheTheosophicalSociety,S.V.Bracher,A.HonoraEnfield,CharlesWeiss,etc.Hon.Secretary,EdwardJ.Smith.

TheWomen’sInternationalLeague.—InthesameyeartheWomen’sInternationalLeaguewasfounded,beingtheBritishsectionofthe“InternationalCommitteeofWomenforPermanentPeace,”formedattheHagueCongressforWomeninApril1915.AnaccountofthiswillbegivenlaterinconnectionwiththeAmericanPacifistmovement.

TheBritishW.I.L.wasformallyconstitutedonSeptember30andOctober1,1915,ataGeneralMeeting,andtheresolutionspassedattheHagueCongresswereacceptedasabasisfordefiningtheobjectsoftheW.I.L.“ItwasagreedthattheBritishorganisationshouldbeformed,withtheobjectoflinkingtogethertwomovementsfelttobevitallyconnected:theWomen’smovementandthePacifistmovement.”Headquarterswereestablishedat12LittleCollegeStreet,Westminster,withthefollowingpersonnel:

Chairman:Mrs.H.M.Swanwick.Vice-Chairmen:

MissA.MaudeRoyden.MissMargaretAshton.

MissK.D.Courtney.Hon.Secretary:Mrs.PethickLawrence.

OthermembersoftheExecutiveCommitteeincludedLadyCourtneyofPenwith,MissMargaretBondfield,Mrs.Despard,Mrs.PhilipSnowden,Mrs.BruceGlasier,Mrs.C.P.Trevelyan,etc.

Women’sPeaceCrusade.—AfurtherdevelopmentoftheW.I.L.wastheWomen’sPeaceCrusade,runbyMrs.PhilipSnowden.Mrs.HelenCrawfurd,alsooftheWomen’sInternationalLeagueandnowamemberoftheCommunistParty,wastheorganiseroftheCrusade,whichbeganoperationsontheClydeonJune10,1917.Herspeechesweredescribedas“quiteBolshevikintone”bytheMorningPost,whichwentontoobserve:

“TheWomen’sPeaceCrusadeaimedatcreatingapanickyfeelingamongthewomenrelativesofthesoldiers.Mrs.SnowdenwasparticularlyanxiousthatconditionsshouldariseinthiscountrythatwouldcompelBritainandherAlliestomakepeacewiththeCentralPowersbeforeAmericacouldtakeadecisivepartinthewar.ThiswasclearlystatedatameetingatLeicesterinAugustoflastyear”(MorningPost,series“BolshevisminGreatBritain,”December1918).

Workers’PeaceCouncil.—ThisorganisationresultedintheformationduringthesameyearoftheWorkers’PeaceCouncilinGlasgow,composedofrepresentativesfromtheI.L.P.,U.D.C.,B.S.P.,S.L.P.,N.C.F.,ClydeWorkers’Committee,etc.,whichcarriedoncontinuousagitationontheClyde.

NationalCouncilAgainstConscription—NationalCouncilforCivilLiberties.—AtaboutthesamedatetheNationalCouncilagainstConscriptionwasorganisedbyAdrianStephenandLangdon-Davies—thetwoprincipalorganisersintheU.D.C.office.Thisbody,whichlaterchangeditsnametotheNationalCouncilforCivilLiberties,hadnaturallytheeffectofdisorganisingnationalwarfareagainstGermanybyorganisinganti-nationalwarfareagainstGreatBritain.Itsactivitieswerealmostexclusivelyconfinedtomunitionandcoal-producing(MorningPost,ibid.).

ThePresidentwasRobertSmillie,andSecretaryB.N.Langdon-Davies,whilsttheExecutiveCommitteeincludedCliffordAllen,C.G.Ammon,MargaretBondfield,AlexanderGossip,GeorgeLansbury,RobertWilliamsandH.W.Massingham.

1917Club.—In1917afurtherorganisationwasfoundedcalledthe1917Club,combiningPacifismwithdefinitelyrevolutionaryaims.Thewhole

ExecutiveCommitteeoftheU.D.C.,i.e.NormanAngell,J.A.Hobson,RamsayMacDonald,E.D.Morel,ArthurPonsonby,Mrs.H.M.SwanwickandCharlesTrevelyan,becamemembers.Theprospectusofthenewclub,whichwasprivatelycirculated,appealedtoall“thosewhodesirethatthechangesafterthewarshouldfundamentallyalterthestructureofsociety”(MorningPost,September12,1917).

Amongstthesignatorieswerethefollowing:

W.C.AndersonMargaretBondfield(TradesUnionCongress,FabianSociety,I.L.P.)G.LowesDickinsonAlexanderGossip(N.A.F.T.A.)J.A.Hobson(Exec.Committee,U.D.C.)JosephKing(I.L.P.)HenryW.Nevinson(writer)A.MaudeRoyden(writerandpreacher)EvelynSharp(journalist,lateronstaffofDailyHerald)EthelSnowden(Mrs.PhilipSnowden)(I.L.P.)JosiahC.Wedgwood(I.L.P.)L.S.Woolf(writer,T.U.C.,LabourResearchDepartment).

Thereis,unfortunately,notspaceinthisbooktodealwiththevariousramificationsofPacifismontheContinent,butabriefsurveyofthemovementinAmericamustbegivenhere.

IntheUnitedStates,asinEngland,PacifistsocietiescameintoexistencedirectlyaftertheoutbreakoftheGreatWar,andthere,ashere,showedthemselvesthroughoutconsistentlySocialistandpro-German.

FirstEmergencyPeaceFederation.—AsearlyasOctober1914theEmergencyPeaceFederationwasorganisedbyLouisP.Lochner,MadameRosikaSchwimmer,aHungarianJewessandaGermanagent(LuskReport,p.971),whowenttoAmericaasrepresentativesoftheInternationalSuffrageAlliance,togetherwithMrs.PethickLawrencefromEngland.

ThepreliminarymeetingwasheldinChicagoonDecember5,1914,andwaspresidedoverbyMissJaneAddams.AcommitteewasformedtosettletheWaronthelinesdrawnupbytheSouthGermanSocialDemocrats,theAnti-War

CouncilofHolland,theInternationalPeaceBrethrenandtheU.D.C.ofEngland.ThedirectionoftheFederationwasleftalmostentirelytowell-knownSocialistleaders,includingMorrisHillquitontheExecutiveCommitteeoftheSocialistPartyofAmerica,whilstLochnerwasanAmericancitizenofGermandescent,concernedinSocialistpublicityorganisation.

ThelegislativebranchoftheEmergencyPeaceFederationwasrepresentedbytheAmericanUnionAgainstMilitarism,theAmericanPeaceSocietyandtheWomen’sPeaceParty.

AmericanLeaguetoLimitArmaments.—OnDecember18ofthesameyear(1914)the“AmericanLeaguetoLimitArmaments”wasorganisedinNewYorkbyacommitteeincludingmanyofthepeoplewhowereatthesametimeactiveintheEmergencyPeaceFederationofChicago.TheseincludedLouisLochner,MorrisHillquitandJaneAddams.

NationalPeaceFederation.—InMarch1915theEmergencyPeaceFederationassumedthenameoftheNationalPeaceFederation,andbegantoextenditsactivitiestoEurope.

Women’sInternationalCommitteeforPermanentPeace.—ItwasthenthatJaneAddams,Lochner,RosikaSchwimmerandanumberofotherPacifistswenttoHollandandconvenedtheHagueCongressonApril28,1915,atwhichtheyorganisedthe“Women’sInternationalCommitteeforPermanentPeace,”referredtoonpage35,ofwhichtheBritishsectiontookthenameoftheWomen’sInternationalLeague.Representativesofeighteencountrieswerepresentandthefollowingpersonnelwaselected:

Chairman:JaneAddams.Vice-Chairman:Dr.AlettaJacobs.Secretary:ChrystalMacmillan.TreasurerprotemandAssistantSecretary:RosaManus.

TheCentralBureauwasinstitutedatKeisersgracht467,Amsterdam,andtheofficialorganwastheInternational.

AmericanNeutralConference.—InJuly1916theAmericanNeutralConferencewasformed,undertheChairmanshipofHamiltonHolt,withJaneAddamsandDr.GeorgeKirchweyamongsttheVice-Chairmen,andwithanExecutiveCommitteewhichincludedB.W.Huebsch,BerthaKuntzBakerand

theRabbiStephenWise.TheorganisationwaslargelycarriedoutbyMissRebeccaShelley.

“Thiswasshort-lived;startinginFebruaryandmerging,beforethemiddleofthesummer,intotheFirstAmericanConferenceforDemocracyandTermsofPeace.ButduringthefewmonthsitfunctioneditwasexceptionallyactiveinimplantingthoughtsantagonistictotheUnitedStates.AmongstthoseprominentinthismovementwereMrs.HenryVillard,EmilyGreenBalch,LouisLochner—throughallofthemovementsrunstheactivitiesofthisman,nowsafelyenthronedasaCommunistpublicityagentinBerlin,etc.”(FredR.Marvin,YeShallKnowtheTruth,1926,p.14).

InFebruary1917theAmericanNeutralConferenceCommitteeinNewYorkwastransformedintoasecondEmergencyPeaceFederation,withMrs.HenryVillardasChairmanandanumberofthesamePacifists—Lochner,RebeccaShelley,Dr.KirchweyandEmilyGreenBalch—amongstthepromoters.

FellowshipofReconciliation.—Anumberofthese,asalsoJaneAddams,figuredagainintheAmericanbranchofthe“FellowshipofReconciliation”—constitutedthesameyearundertheleadershipoftheRev.NormanThomas—andstillagaininthe“FirstAmericanConferenceforDemocracyandTermsofPeace,”whichhelditsfirstmassmeetinginMadisonSquareonMay30,1917,undertheChairmanshipoftheRabbiJudahL.Magnes,referredtoinaReportbytheAmericanminersas“headoftheJewishKehillahinNewYorkCity”(AttemptbyCommuniststoseizetheAmericanLaborMovement.PreparedbytheUnitedMineWorkersofAmerica,Washington;GovernmentPrintingOffice,January1924).

BythistimetheRussianRevolutionhadtakenplace,andtheprogrammeoftheConferencewasthereforeto“beinthoroughaccordwiththatoftheRussianCouncilofWorkmenandSoldiers,”sothatthepeopleofAmericashould“joinhandswiththepeopleofRussia”insecuringapeacewhichcouldonlyatthisjuncturebefavourabletoGermany.

From1914to1917Socialistactivitieswerethusmainlyrestrictedtoanti-waragitationredoundingtotheadvantageofGermany,sinceinGermanyitselfthefirmactionoftheImperialGovernmentandthenationalistcharacteroftheGermanSocialistspreventedPacifistpropagandamakingheadway.OnlytheLeftWingSocialDemocrats,latertobeknownasSpartacists,ledbyKarlLiebknecht,refusedtovoteforthewarcredits.

ZimmerwaldCongress.—InSeptember1915theSocialistPacifistsof

elevencountriesheldanInternationalConferenceatZimmerwaldinSwitzerland.NoEnglishdelegateswereallowedbytheGovernmenttoattend,butFrance,Germany,ItalyandRussiawereallrepresented.AManifestowasdrawnupbytheConferenceaddressedto“TheProletariatsofallNations,”accusingthecapitalistsofbringingonthewarandcallingontheworkersoftheworldtocondemnit.

ConsideringthattheGermandelegates—LedebourandHoffman—wereamongstthesignatoriestothisManifesto,thismightappeartohavebeenagenuinepeacemove,butGermanImperialismhaditsownagentattheConference,inthepersonofNicolaiLenin,whowastobesentbytheGermanGeneralStafftwoyearslatertoRussiainthefamoussealedtrain,tobringaboutthecollapseoftheRussianarmyandsetuptheBolshevikregime.ThustheZimmerwaldCongresspavedthewayfortheBrest-LitovskTreatyandtheestablishmentofthe3rdInternationale.

MeanwhilerevolutionarypropagandawasbeingcarriedonbytheagentsofGermanImperialisminthecountriesoftheAllies.InEnglandthiswasonlypartiallysuccessful,producingmerelyafewstrikesthatservedtoembarrassmilitaryoperations—notablytherailwaystrikeof1915thatdelayedthetransportofmunitionstothefront.OnlyinRussiatheagentsofGermanymetwithcompletesuccessintheautumnof1917.

CHAPTERV

THERUSSIANREVOLUTION

UptothisdatewehaveseentheWorldRevolutionarymovementdirectedfromseveraldifferentquarters;fromFranceduringthefirstFrenchRevolutionandtheepochofUtopianSocialism;fromtheMarx-EngelsfactioninSwitzerlandinthesixtiesofthelastcentury,andinLondonlater;thenAnarchycarriedWestfromFranceandRussia;andfinallySyndicalismarisinginFrance,passingovertoAmericaandthencetoEngland.Butin1917themovemententersonanewphase,andRussia,hithertothestrongholdofautocraticmonarchy,becomestheG.H.Q.ofWorldRevolution.

TheG.H.Q.,butnotnecessarilytherealcentreofdirection!PeoplewhoareaccustomedtoregardthethingwecallBolshevismasamodernsporadicgrowth—theoutcomeoftheworld-warandof“Tzaristtyranny”—completelyoverlookthefactshownbythechartaccompanyingthisbookthatthewholespirit,thewholetheoryandplanofcampaignofBolshevismexistedlongbeforetheBolsheviksofRussiacameintoexistence;whatthecoupd’étatofNovember1917didwastoestablishavisiblecentreofdirectioninMoscowwhich,withanarmy,vastwealth,ahugeandfertilecountryatitsdisposal,wasabletocarryMarx’sinstructionsfromthedomainoftheoryintopractice.ThedecreesoftheSovietGovernmentweresimplytheresolutionsofthe1stInternationalepassedintolaw.

TheBolsheviks,ashasbeenshown,wereinnowaytheoutcomeoftheRussianRevolutionarymovement.Marxism,representedbytheRussianSocialDemocraticParty,whichhaddevelopedfromthelittle“GroupfortheEmancipationofLabour,”hadneveracquiredapowerfulinfluenceoverthemindsoftheRussian“revolutionaryproletariat.”TheindigenousrevolutionarymovementinRussiahadalwaysbeenAnarchistincharacter,whetheroftheviolentorderrepresentedbyBakuninandKropotkine,orofthevisionarytyperepresentedbyTolstoi.AtthesametimetheSocialRevolutionaryParty,founded

ontheteachingofrealRussians,suchasLavroff,OgareffandHerzen,andstandingforthepeasantsratherthanfortheindustrialworkers,hadacquiredaconsiderablefollowing,whichin1917wasdividedintofourgroups—theLeftWing,ledbyMariaSpiridonova,theModerateInternationalistsunderTchernov,thePeople’sSocialPartyunderTschaikowsky,andtheRightWingunderKerensky.ThiswasthePartythatmadetherevolutionofMarch11–13,1917,thatoverthrewthemonarchyandformedtheProvisionalGovernmentwhichruledRussiauptothemomentoftheBolshevikcoupd’état.

TheSoviet.—AtthesametimetheSocialistandAnarchistelementsofPetrogradhadestablisheda“SovietofSoldiers’,Workmen’sandSailors’Deputies,”ofwhichthefirstPresidentwasTcheidze,aMenshevik,withKerenskytheSocialRevolutionaryasVice-President.InMay1917theSovietforcedtheCabinetoftheProvisionalGovernment,headedbyPrinceLvoff,toresign,andKerenskybecamePremier.

AmonthearlierNicolaiLenin,whohadbeenincubatingBolshevisminSwitzerlandwithaSaxon-Jew,FritzPlatten(naturalisedasGerman-Swiss),ashisprincipalassociate,wassenttoRussiawithanumberofhissupportersbytheGermanImperialStaff,actingontheadviceofamemberoftheGermanSocialDemocraticParty—AlexanderParvus,aliasIsraelLazarevitchHelphand.LeninreachedPetrogradinthefamoussealedtrainonthenightofApril16,1917,whilstTrotskyarrivedfromNewYorkatalmostthesamemoment.Onarrival,theBolsheviksfoundthemselvesoutnumberedbytherivalfactions;onMay18theSovietvoteshowedonlysevenoutofforty-onetobeinfavourofBolsheviktheory,whilstatthefirstmeetingof1,000peasantsfromallpartsofRussia,whoformedtheAll-RussianCongressofPeasants,itwasfoundthathardlyanyheldBolshevikviews,thegreatmajoritybeingSocialRevolutionaries.

OnJuly17theBolsheviksmadetheirfirstattempttoseizethereinsofpowerbyforce,butweredefeated,andtheleadersoftherising—Lenin,Trotsky(aliasBronstein)andZinoviev(aliasApfelbaum)—escapedtoFinland.

TheProvisionalGovernment,whichhadestablishedaLiberalratherthanaSocialistregime,failedtofollowupthisvictoryandconsolidateitspositionbyadoptingfirmmeasures.ItwouldnotlistentoGeneralKornilovwhenheurgedthenecessityforrestoringdisciplineinthearmy,andtoGeneralKaledin,theelectedrepresentativeoftheCossacks,whenhewarneditthat“inthebitter

struggleforexistencewhichRussiaisnowwaging,itshouldutilisealltheRussianpeople,allthevitalforcesofallclassesinRussia.”

“TheProvisionalGovernment,however,remaineddeaftoallappeals.Itfearedtobeaccusedofbeingreactionary.ItapparentlybelievedthattheonlymethodtodealwiththeSocialistelementswhichwereunderminingitspowermustbetograntthemgreaterlibertiesandfreedomtocarryontheirprogrammeofnationaldestruction”(LuskReport,I.220).

Afewmonthslater:

“TheProvisionalGovernmentwasoverthrown,aneventwhichwasthedirectresultoftheoscillating,timorousandconciliatorypolicywhichithadalwaysmaintainedtowardsdomesticenemies”(LuskReport,I.220).

ItwastheoldstoryoftheGirondinspavingthewayfortheTerrorists,whichwastoberepeatedagainlaterinthecaseofHungary,withKarolyiintheroleofKerensky.

Bolsheviks.—OnNovember7,1917,whenLeninandTrotsky,whohadreturnedfromFinland,broughtofftheirsuccessfulcoupd’étatwhichoverthrewtheProvisionalGovernment,theBolshevikswerestillintheminority.NotonlyweretheyoutnumberedbytheSocialistRevolutionaries,butopposedbytheAnarchists,andalsobytheRightWingoftheirownParty,theMensheviks,whohadbeenincontroloftheSovietssincetheMarchrevolution.Thiswingwasitselfdividedintotwofactions—theNationalists,undertheoldSocialDemocraticleader,GeorgiPlekhanov,andtheInternationalists,underMartov.

OwingtoskilfulBolshevikpropagandaamongstthesoldiersandlackofleadershiponthepartoftheanti-Bolshevikmajority,theKerenskyGovernmentwasforced,onthissamedayofNovember7,toabdicate.PetrogradwascapturedbytheRedGuards,andtheBolshevikGovernmentwasinstituted,withLeninandTrotskyatthehead.AllresistancewasthensuppressedbyorganisedTerrorism.

TheaccessionoftheBolshevikstopowertransformedthewholeSocialistmovement,notonlybytheinaugurationofavisiblecentreofdirection,butbydividingtheMarxianSocialistsofeverycountryintothesametwogroupswhichwereknowninRussiaunderthenameofBolsheviksandMensheviks.HithertotheRightandLeftWingsoftheSocialDemocraticPartieseverywherehadworkedtogether,butnowthattheprincipleofforcehadbecomepractical

politics,theLeftWings,correspondingtotheBolsheviksofRussia,definitelysplitofffromtherest,andwhentheBolshevikPartyofRussiadecidedtocallitselfofficiallytheCommunistParty,thecorrespondingpartiesabroadfollowedsuit.ThusthewordCommunism,whichinthepasthadcoveredallformsofCollectivism,whetheroftherevolutionaryorofthepacificandevenreligiousvariety,cametosignifythepolicyofinstitutingStateSocialismbymeansofviolenceandterrorism,asopposedtotheinstitutionofthesamesystembymeansoflegislation.Itisimportanttounderstandthispoint,becausetheperversionoftheoriginalmeaningofthewordCommunismhascreatedmuchconfusionofthought.InrealityallSocialistsareCommunists—astheManifestooftheUnitedSocialistbodiesofGreatBritainin1893wasreadytoadmit—andtherepudiationofthenamebytheSocialistopponentsofforcehasonlybeennecessitatedbyitsmodernidentificationwithBolshevism.AsthelateAdolpheSmithablydemonstrated,theBolsheviksofRussiawereneversincereCommunists,butagangofpoliticaladventurerssentinthefirstinstancebyGermanyattheinstigationofParvus-Helphand“tolayRussialow”—asLudendorffhimselfexpressedit(seearticlebyAdolpheSmith,“Lenin,RussianTraitorandGermanAgent,”intheNationalReviewforApril1921).Onceinpower,theymadeuseonlyofthedestructivemethodsofCommunismasinterpretedbyKarlMarx—theabolitionofprivateenterpriseandofpersonalliberty—butneverattemptedtoputtheprinciplesoftrueCommunismintopracticebyestablishinganysemblanceofequality.Thisexplainswhytheywereablelatertowinthesupportofalldestructionists,notonlyofStateSocialistvariety,butoftheformeropponentsofStateSocialism—theSyndicalists.

Soastrangeanomalyhasbeencreated—theBolsheviksofRussia,whilstcallingthemselvesCommunists,wereneverreallyCommunistsatall;ontheotherhand,theso-calledmoderateMarxianSocialistsareinrealityCommunistsbecause,whilstdisavowingthename,theycontinuetopreachthedoctrinesofCommunismasformulatedthroughoutthepre-Bolshevikera.AllthatthelatterreallymeanwhentheysaytheyarenotCommunistsisthattheydonotwishtoseetheSocialistStateinauguratedbymeansofbloodandterror,butbythepacificmethodofwinningtheelectorateovertotheirside.

Itisthisdivergenceofmethodwhich,sincetheriseoftheBolshevikstopower,hasdividedtheSocialistmovementintotwocamps,notopposedinaim,

butonlyinmethod,andmarchingtowardsthesamegoalbydifferentroutes.Thesetwocampsarenowledbythe2ndand3rdInternationales.

The3rdInternationale.—“Theideaofformingthe3rdInternationalewasfirstmadeknownonJanuary24,1919,whenawirelessmessagewentoutfromMoscowtotherevolutionariesofotherlands.ThatmessagewasthefirstinvitationtotheInauguralConferenceofthe3rdorCommunistInternationale”(R.PalmeDutt,TheTwoInternationals,p.22).

Theaimsandmethodsoftheneworganisationweredescribedasfollows:

“(1)Theseizureofthegovernmentalpowerinordertoreplaceitbytheapparatusofproletarianpower;(2)thedisarmingofthebourgeoisieandthegeneralarmingoftheproletariatinordertomaketherevolutionsecure;(3)theuseofthedictatorshiptosuppressprivatepropertyinthemeansofproductionandtransferit‘totheproletarianStateundertheSocialistadministrationoftheworkingclass.’Themethodis‘themass-actionoftheproletariatasfarasopenconflictwitharmsagainstthegovernmentalpowerofcapitalism’”(Ibid.,p.24).

The2ndInternationale.—Inoppositiontothisprogrammeofviolence,themoremoderateSocialistsnowmadeanefforttorevivethe2ndInternationale,which,ashasbeensaid,wentintoabeyanceontheoutbreakofWar.ItslastCongresshadbeenheldatCopenhagenin1910.

AccordinglyinFebruary1919—themonthafterthemessagehadgoneoutfromMoscow—aConferenceofLabourandSocialistbodies,bothpoliticalandindustrial,metatBerne.Twenty-sixcountries,includingGreatBritain,France,GermanyandItaly,wererepresented.TheBelgianLabourPartyandtheAmericanFederationofLabourrefusedtoattend,beingunwillingtomeettheGermans.TheSwedishleader,Branting,waselectedPresident.Thiswasnotinrealityameetingoftheold2ndInternationale,butitpreparedthewayforitsreorganisation.AtthisConferencethedifferenceofopinionontheRussianquestionbecameapparent,themajorityunderBrantingrepudiatingBolshevism,theminorityundertheAustrian-JewFriedrichAdlerandtheFrench-JewLonguet,grandsonofKarlMarx,opposingtheplacingofanystigmaontheRussianSovietRepublic(PalmeDutt,TheTwoInternationals,p.16).

Foundationofthe3rdInternationale.—Inthefollowingmonth,ataConferenceheldinMoscowfromMarch2–6,1919,theRussianBolsheviksfoundedthe3rdorCommunistInternationale,sometimesknownasthe“Komintern”fromacombinationoftheRussianwordsKommunistitcheski

Internazional.Thirty-twodelegateswerepresentrepresentingtwelvecountries—Russia,

Germany,Hungary,German-Austria,Sweden,Norway,Bulgaria,Roumania,Finland,Ukrainia,EsthoniaandArmenia.InadditiontotheseaccrediteddelegateswereindividualsconnectedwiththeSocialistmovementsinothercountries,someofwhomtookanactivepartintheworkoftheConference;theseincludedRakovskyoftheBalkanSocialistFederation,A.GuilbeauxandCaptainJacquesSadoul,bothoftheFrenchSocialistParty,andFritzPlattenoftheSwissSocialistParty.

TheManifestooftheConference,issuedonSeptember8,1919,callingupontherevolutionariesoftheworld,whetherSocialist,SyndicalistorAnarchist,touniteassoonaspossibleandformaunifiedCommunistParty,wasdraftedbyacommitteeconsistingofLenin,Trotsky,Zinoviev,RakovskyandFritzPlatten.Zinoviev,aliasRadomyslsky,aliasApfelbaum,aliasOvseGershonAronovitch,waselectedPresidentoftheExecutiveCommittee—knownastheI.K.K.I.(fromtheinitialsoftheRussianwordsIspolnitelniKommitetKommunistitcheskovoInternazionala)andhasoccupiedthatpositioneversince.AmongstthosewholaterformedtheExecutivewereW.MacLaineandTomQuelchoftheB.S.P.,JackTannerandJ.T.MurphyoftheFactoryandWorksCommitteeofEngland,JacquesSadoul,A.RosmerandDelignetforFrance,L.FrainaandA.StoklitskyoftheAmericanCommunistParty,A.BilanoftheAmericanCommunistLabourParty,theJewishleaderoftheDutchCommunists,D.Wynkoop,whilstthePetrogradCommitteeoftheRussianCommunistPartywasrepresentedbyN.Bukharin,V.Vorovsky(latermurderedinSwitzerlandbyConradi),G.KlingerandAngelicaBalabanova—awell-knownwomanrevolutionarywhohadactedasaGermanagentduringtheWar(GeneralSpiridovitch,L’HistoireduBolchévisme,Russianedition,p.279).

AspecialinvitationtotheConferencehadbeensenttoSenKatayama,leaderoftheSocialistgroupsofTokioandYokohama,whohassinceplayedaleadingpartintheJapaneseCommunistmovementandevenintheWorldRevolution.

ThefoundationoftheKominternbroughtmatterstoacrisis,andtheSocialistPartiesoftheworldwerecalledupontodecidebetweentheprinciplesofthetwoInternationales.Asaresult,theBritish,French,Belgian,DutchandSwedishparties,theGermanMajoritySocialists,etc.,retainedtheirallegiancetothe2nd

Internationale,whilsttheNorwegianLabourParty,SwedishLeftSocialistParty,HungarianCommunistParty,SwissSocialDemocraticParty,ItalianSocialistParty,etc.,declaredforaffiliationwiththe3rdInternationale.

AmsterdamConference—LucerneConference.—Afurtherattemptwasnowmadetorevivethe2ndInternationale.AsecondConferencemetatAmsterdaminApril1919,andathirdatLucerneinthefollowingAugust,anditwasthendecidedtocallaGeneralCongress,notaConference,atGenevainFebruary1920.ThiswaslaterpostponedtillJuly31,andthenatlast,inAugust1920,the2ndInternationale,contemptuouslydescribedbytheBolsheviksastheYellowInternationale,wasdefinitelyreconstitutedatGeneva.

The2ndInternationaleReconstituted.—Manyofthepeoplewhohelpedtoorganiseithad,however,nothingtodowiththeold2ndInternationale;as,forexample,TomShaw,whowasappointedChairmanoftheGenevaCongress.AdolpheSmith,oftheS.D.F.,OfficialAnglo-FrenchInterpreterattheCongressesofthe2ndInternationale,thuscommentsonthecharacteroftherevivedorganisation:

“Onefeature,andthisistheworstfeature,oftheSecondInternationalwasmaintainedatGeneva.TheverysameindividualswhohadpulledthestringsinsuchamannerthattheSecondInternationalhaddegeneratedintoaPan-GermanAssociationwereallowedyetagaintodecidewhatnationsshouldberepresentedandhowmanyvotestheyshouldhave.ItwasthereforeperfectlycertainbeforehandthattheGermaninfluencewouldpredominateatGeneva,inAugust1920,asitdidwhentheSecondInternationallastmetatCopenhagen,in1910”(TheTimes,June21,1921).

Thisbeingthestateofaffairs,theS.D.F.“tookgoodcarenottogotoGeneva,”buttheI.L.P.andLabourPartydelegateswhoattendedshowedthemselves“morepro-GermanthantheGermansthemselves”(AdolpheSmithinprivatecorrespondence).

The2ndInternationalethendecidedtoremoveitsbureau,i.e.ExecutiveCommittee,fromBrusselstoLondon,withCamilleHuysmansasoneofthethreeGeneralSecretaries.

The3rdInternationaleCongress.—Atthesamemomentthatthe“YellowInternationale”wasbeingreconstitutedinGenevatheRedInternationalewasholdingitsSecondCongress,whichonJuly19,1920,metatPetrograd,andthencontinueditssessionsinMoscowfromJuly23toAugust7.

Thistimeitwasabletocallitselfa“WorldCongress,”fornolessthanthirty-

sevencountrieswererepresented.TheFrenchSocialistParty,theAmericanSocialistPartyandtheGermanIndependentPartysentdelegates.Themostimportantcountrieswererepresentedasfollows:

RUSSIA:N.Lenin,G.Zinoviev,N.Bukharin,L.Trotsky.GERMANY:P.Levy,E.Meyer,J.Walcher,R.Wolfstein.GERMAN-AUSTRIA:K.Steinhardt,K.Toman,Stromer.FRANCE:A.Rosmer,F.Sadoul,A.Guilbeaux.ENGLAND:T.Quelch,W.Gallacher,SylviaPankhurst,W.MacLaine.AMERICA:Flynn,Fraina,A.Bilan,JohnReed.ITALY:D.M.Serrati,N.Bombacci,Graziadei,A.Bordiga.NORWAY:A.Fries,Shefflo,A.Madsen.SWEDEN:K.Dalstrom,Samuelson,Winberg.DENMARK:O.Jorgenson,M.Nilsen.HOLLAND:Wynkoop,Jansen,VanLeuven.SPAIN:Pestana.SWITZERLAND:Herzog,J.Humbert-Droz.HUNGARY:Rákosy,A.Rudniamsky,Varga.POLAND:U.Marchlevsky.INDIA:Ashtaria,Sheffik,Roy.

AtthissecondCongresstheattitudeoftheKominternwasmadeclearontwoimportantpoints:ParliamentarianismandSyndicalism.Withregardtotheformer,itwasfranklystatedthattheaimoftheCommunistswastodestroyparliamentarianismwhich“hasbecomea‘democratic’formoftheruleofthebourgeoisie.”AtthesametimeCommunistsshouldnotrefrainfromparticipatinginapoliticalcampaignonthescorethatparliamentisabourgeoisgovernmentinstitution.“TheCommunistPartyenterssuchinstitutionsnotforthepurposeoforganisationwork,butinordertoblowupthewholebourgeoismachineryandtheparliamentitselffromwithin.”HenceAnti-Parliamentarianism“inthesenseofanabsoluteandcategoricalrepudiationofparticipationintheelectionsandtheparliamentaryrevolutionarywork…isanaïveandchildishdoctrine”(TheCommunistInternationale,officialorganoftheKomintern,No.13,pp.2405–2407).

AstorevolutionarySyndicalismandIndustrialism,these“areastepforward

onlyincomparisonwiththeold,musty,counter-revolutionaryideologyofthe2ndInternationale.ButincomparisonwiththerevolutionaryMarxiandoctrine,theywereastepbackwards…theviewsofSyndicalismandIndustrialism…arereactionary.Theworking-classcannotachieveacompletevictoryoverthebourgeoisiebymeansoftheGeneralStrikealone,andbythepolicyof‘foldedarms.’Theproletariatmustresorttoanarmeduprising”(TheCommunistInternationale,pp.2386and2452).Meanwhile“irondisciplineisthefirstcommandmentoftheCommunists”(ibid.,p.2454).

SoontheonehandconstitutionalgovernmentandontheotherrevolutionarySyndicalismweretobemadeuseoffortheirowndestructionandthetriumphoftheredbureaucracyofMoscow.

Thefoundationofthe3rdInternationalehadimmenselyfacilitatedthespreadofBolshevismbyprovidingtheSovietGovernmentwithacamouflageforitsactivities.Nolongercouldgroupsorindividualsworkinginco-operationwithMoscowbeaccusedofhavingdealingswithaforeignpower,butonlywithanindependentSocialistorganisation.TocorrespondwithZinoviev,memberoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheRussianSocialistSovietRepublic,wasonething,tocommunicatewithhimasPresidentoftheI.K.K.I(ExecutiveCommitteeoftheCommunistInternational)wasquiteanothermatter.Sowelldidthisrusesucceed,thatforayearortwotheGovernmentsofWesternEuropecontinuedtodifferentiatebetweentheSovietGovernmentandtheKomintern,althoughthesamemenwereattheheadofeach.Thepointwasonlyclearedupwhenitwasprovedconclusivelythat,asshowninthediagramattheendofthisbook,thePoliticalBureauoftheRussianCommunistPartycontrolledboththeTs.I.K.(CentralExecutiveCommittee)oftheRussianGovernmentandalsotheI.K.K.I.

WestEuropeanSecretariat.—Bytheendof1919theKominternhadspreaditstentaclesalloverEurope.InDecemberofthatyeartheWestEuropeanSecretariatofthe3rdInternationale,amarvellousorganisationcontrollinganetworkofsmallerorganisations,bothopenandsecret,wasestablishedataConferenceattendedbydelegatesfromRussia,Poland,Germany,Austria,RoumaniaandGreatBritain.AtafurtherConferenceatAmsterdaminFebruary1920,itwasdecidedtomarkoffthisSecretariatasaCentralEuropeanSecretariat,withheadquartersatVienna(laterknowncolloquiallyastheD.I.K.I.),andtosetupanewWesternSecretariatatAmsterdam.ASouthern

EuropeanBureauofthe3rdInternationaleandanEasternSecretariatofPropaganda,comprisingtheFarEast,wereestablishedlater.

CHAPTERVI

WORLDBOLSHEVISM

WeshallnowfollowthecourseoftheCommunistmovementinvariouscountriesoftheworldaftertheBolshevikRevolution.

BolshevisminGermanyThefirstcountrytofollowsuitwasGermany,whereStateSocialismhadalwaysbeenstrong,butwhereBolshevismhadbeenleastabletoobtainapermanentfoothold.TheBolshevikregimemetwithinstantopposition,fromtheRightWingoftheGermanSocialDemocraticPartyunderScheidemannandtheCentreunderKarlKautsky,whopublishedadenunciationofTerrorismwhichmetwithaderisivereplyfromTrotsky.

TheGermanSpartacists.—TheLeftWing,however,knownastheSpartacists,ledbyKarlLiebknecht,withFranzMehringandthetwoJewesses,RosaLuxemburgandClaraZetkine,attemptedarisinginBerlinonDecember25,1918.StreetfightingcontinueduntilJanuary15,1919,whentheGovernmentsucceededinsuppressingthemovement,andLiebknechtandRosaLuxemburgwerekilledbythemob.SpartacistriotsalsotookplaceinBremen,Brunswick,Hamburgandothercities,butonlymetwithsomesuccessinMunich,whereduringthreeweeksofMarch1919theSpartacistsgainedtheupperhand.

In1921arisingwasattemptedundertheleadershipofMaxHeltz,andafurtheronein1923,whichalsoprovedabortive.Sincetheendof1924theinfluenceoftheCommunistshasdecreasedinfavouroftheSocialDemocrats.Themembershipofbothpartiesisstilllarge—thatoftheCommunistPartybeinglargerthaninanyothercountry—butalthoughtheirfiguresmaylookformidableonpaper,theyhavenotpreventedtheriseofField-MarshalvonHindenburgtopowernorimpededtheprosperityofGermanindustry.

TheprincipalorganoftheGermanSocialistsisstillVorwärts,andthatofthe

CommunistsDieRotheFahne.

BolshevisminFranceInFrancethenationalspiritatfirstshoweditselfresistanttotheanti-patrioticpropagandaofBolsheviks,andtheInternationalistfactionintheFrenchSocialistPartyremainedintheminority.

UndertheinfluenceofTrotskyandotherBolsheviks,JeanLonguet,grandsonofKarlMarxandleaderoftheCentre,associatedhimselfwithPressemane,FrossardandotherstoformthemoderatesectionoftheLeftWing,ofwhichtheextremesectionwasledbyLoriot,Rappoport,MarcelCachinandothers.

In1918thetideturnedinfavourofInternationalism,andataNationalCounciloftheFrenchSocialistPartyheldinJulyofthatyear,theformer‘minoritaires’securedaclearmajority.FraternalgreetingsweresentbothtotheGermanSocialists—witheulogisticreferencestoLiebknechtandRosaLuxemburg—andalsototheRussianSovietGovernment.Twoso-calledCommunistgroupswerenowformed,butthesewereinthemainledbySyndicalists,anditwasnotuntiltwoyearslaterthatthepresentCommunistPartywasformed.ThiswastheoutcomeoftheCongress,whichtookplaceatToursinDecember1920,whenthepartyknownasthe“FrenchUnifiedSocialistParty”gavetheiradhesiontothe3rdInternationaleandbecameofficiallyknownastheFrenchCommunistParty.

ThisdecisivestepseemstohavebeenlargelybroughtaboutbytwoJewishemissariesfromLenin,bothSpartacists—ClaraZetkineandAbramovitch(aliasZalewsky,aliasAlbreicht),oneofthemosttrustedcouncillorsofTrotskyandamemberoftheTcheka,whohadbeensentfromMoscowbyLeninattheendofNovembertodirectBolshevistpropagandaintheWestofEurope.BothofthemwerepresentattheToursCongress,whereAbramovitchwasreferredtoas“theeyeofMoscow.”AttheendofJanuaryAbramovitchandeightofhisassociateswerearrestedbytheFrenchpolice,andtheBolshevistplotinFrancewasbelievedtohavebeendefeated.ButtheCommunistPartystillcontinuestoexistinthatcountry,withamembershipofnolessthan57,000,andhasforitspresentleadersMarcelCachin,Vaillant-Couturier,JeanDoriot,AndréMarty,Sémard,Treint,Monmousseau,RenaudJean,etc.

TheorganofthePartyisL’Humanité.

TheFrenchSocialistPartyisledatpresentbyHerriot,CaillauxandLéonBlum,withLaFranceLibreforitsorgan.

BolshevisminItalyFromthebeginningoftheBolshevistregimeinRussia,theItalianSocialistsproclaimedtheirsympathywithCommunismandapprovalofLeninandTrotsky.ThesesentimentswereopenlyexpressedattheRomeConferenceinOctober1918.ConsequentlytheItalianSocialistPartyheldalooffromtheConferencesofthe2ndInternationale,and“wasthefirstSocialistPartyofpowerandinfluencetoallyitselfwiththe3rdInternationale.ThisimportantstepwastakenbytheNationalExecutiveCommitteeoftheParty,whichmetinMarch1919atMilan”(LuskReport,I.93).AttheBolognaConferenceofOctober1919theSovietfactionunderSerratisecuredanoverwhelmingmajorityoverthemoderatewingunderLazzariandTuratiandtheanti-parliamentariangroupunderBordiga.ItwasthendecidedtooverthrowthemonarchyandparliamentarygovernmentandreplacethembytheSovietsystem.AcompleteschemewasdrawnupbyN.BombacciandprintedinAvantiforJanuary28,1920.

ButthetendencyoftheItalianrevolutionarymovementhadalwaysbeentowardsAnarchismandSyndicalism,andfoundexpressionintheseizureoffactoriesbytheF.I.O.M.(Federazioneitalianeoperaimetallurgichi,orMetallurgicalWorkersFederation),whichmetwithnooppositionfromthetimorousgovernment.“TheGovernmentrefusedabsolutelytointervenetoprotectprivateproperty.Asamatteroffact,itdidnotdareintervene.Thetroopscouldnothavebeenmoved.Therailwaymenwouldhavestruck.Thesoldiersmighthaverefused.…”ItwasthesamestoryasinFrance,RussiaandHungarybeforetheRevolution.OnlyinItalyeventstookadifferentturn,andtheweaknessofgovernmentledtoagreatnationalmovement,whichcrushedtherevolutionandestablishedFascismoinitsplace.OwingtotheintensifiedcampaignagainstMussolini,thepublicinthiscountryhastoagreatextentforgottenthatItalywaspassingrapidlyintochaoswhentheformerSocialistleadertookoverthereinsofpower.Thefactorieshadbeenseizedandabandoned,theworkersprovingquiteunabletorunthem,theinscription“VivaLenin!”wasseeneverywhere,peacefulcitizenswerethreatened.Fascismoalone

stemmedthetideofBolshevismflowingwestwards.ItmaybethatMussoliniwasnotonlythesaviourofItalybutofallEurope.

BolshevisminBelgiumBeforethewartheLabourPartywasstronginBelgium,undertheleadershipofVanderveldeandCamilleHuysmans.AtthesametimeBrusselswasthecentreofInternationalSocialism,beingtheheadquartersofthe2ndInternationale.

After1919aBelgiansectionofthe3rdInternationalewasformedunderthenameoftheBelgianCommunistParty,withamembershipof6,000thathasnowrisento35,000.

TheleaderisWillvanOverstraeten,andtheofficialorgansofthePartyaretheDrapeauRouge(daily)andtheRoodeVaan(weekly).Theheadquartersareat59ruedesAlexiens,Brussels.

BolshevisminHollandSocialDemocraticLabourParty.—TheSocialDemocraticLabourPartyofHollandhadbeenfoundedin1894byTroelstraandelevenothers.In1910amorestrictlyMarxiangroupwasformed,callingitselftheSocialDemocraticParty,ledbyaJew,D.Wynkoop,who,withvanRavesteynandCeton,formedthedirectorate.ItwasthisbodywhichsentrepresentativestotheZimmerwaldConferenceandafterwardsjoinedthe3rdInternationaleandchangeditsnametotheCommunistParty.

CommunistWorkers’Party.—Asplittookplacein1920,whentheCommunistWorkers’Partywasformed.

TheleadersoftheCommunistPartyin1924,ofwhichthemembershipwasonly1,500,wereasfollows:

PoliticalDepartment:D.Wynkoop,ontheExecutiveofthe3rdInternationale.Dr.vanRavesteyn,doctorofliteratureandauthor.Ceton,aschoolmaster.H.Sneevliet,aformerrailwayemployé.VanderGlas.

OrganisingDepartment:

L.L.H.deVisser(electedchairmanin1925).Brommert.Sterringa.Mrs.Stamm-Ponsen.Bouvman.

YouthOrganisation:DeZaaierVanLakerveld.

AmongsttheintellectualsconnectedwiththemovementwereMrs.J.RolandHolst,anauthoress;BaarsandBrandsteder,engineersbanishedfromIndia;andColthoff,employedintheColonialOffice.

Recentlyanothersplithastakenplace,andthemoreextremesectionhastakenthenameoftheBondvanKommunistischeStrydenPropagandaClubs(B.K.S.P.).

TheorgansoftheCommunistPartyofHollandare:DeTribuneandDeKlassenstryd(theClassStruggle),whilsttheLeftWingTradeUnionmovement,knownastheFimmengroup,publishesEenheit(Unity).

SeveralrevolutionaryorganisationshavebeenformedintheDutchEastIndies(seeThePatriotforApril23,1925).

BolshevisminSwitzerlandTheBolshevikRevolution,ashasbeensaid,wasmainlyorganisedinSwitzerland,whereLeninhadforhisprincipalassociateFritzPlatten,thesecretaryoftheSwissSocialDemocraticParty.Switzerlandeversincethemiddleofthelastcenturyhasalwaysbeenacentreforrevolutionaryplotting,andduringthewaritbecamealsoacentreofpan-Germanpropaganda.Butasthiswasconductedonthebasisofasecretorganisation,itdoesnotenterintothescopeofthisbook.

AftertheinaugurationoftheBolshevikregimeeffortsweremadetoturnSwissSocialDemocracyinthedirectionofMoscow,andabureauforBolshevistpropagandawasestablishedbyanumberofemissariesfromRussia,headedbyJeanBerzineandLipnitskiinco-operationwithPlatten,whowaspresentatthe1stCongressoftheKominterninMoscow.

TheallegationsconcerningthebribingbytheGermansoftheSwissSocialistRobertGrimm,whowasassociatedwiththeGermanagentsRakovskyandAngelicaBalabanova,hadtheeffect,however,ofunitingagreatmajorityoftheSwissSocialistsagainstthe3rdInternationale.

AlthoughaCommunistPartynowexistsinSwitzerlandnumbering3,600members,itpresentsnoimmediatedanger.

BolshevisminAustriaBeforetheWartheSocialDemocraticLabourPartyofAustriawasledbyVictorAdler,aJew,fatherofFriedrichAdler,whoduringtheWarbecametheleaderofthemiddleLeftWingoftheSocialistParty.ItwasFriedrichwhoin1916murderedtheAustrianPrimeMinister,CountStürgkh,andlaterbecameoneofthetwoGeneralSecretariesoftheL.S.I.

AtfirstadefenderoftheSovietregime,Adlerendedbystronglydenouncingit.

OntheadventoftheBolshevikstopowerinRussia,aCommunistPartywasformedinAustria,andanattemptwasmadetobringaboutarevolutiononNovember2,1918.Thiswassuppressed,andtheCommunistLeaders,FriedländerandSteinhardt,werearrested.

FurtherattemptsweremadeinApril1919andinJune1919,butbothweresuccessfullydefeatedbythepolice,thoughnotwithoutbloodshedonbothsides.

AnAustrianCommunistPartystillexists,however,undertheleadershipofOttoBauer,theformerleaderoftheSocialDemocrats.

BolshevisminHungaryInHungaryaCommunistregimeandRedTerrorwasinauguratedbyaDirectorateofFive,headedbyanemissaryofMoscow,BélaKun,inMarch1919,andlasteduntilAugust1,whentheJewishcamarillawereputtoflightbyAdmiralHorthyandthetroopsoftheAllies.BélaKunescapedtoGermany,andfromthencewentbacktoRussiatorejoinLeninandTrotsky.

EveryattempttobringaboutrevolutionwasafterthischeckedbythebandofMonarchistsknownastheMoveortheAwakeningMagyars,ledbytheDeputyGömbös.

Nevertheless,aHungarianCommunistPartystillexists,althoughdeclaredillegal.

BolshevisminScandinaviaBeforetheWarSocialismwasmainlyrepresentedinScandinaviabytheMajoritySocialistsofSweden,withthemoderateleaderHjalmarBrantingattheirhead.Onthefoundationofthe3rdInternationale,however,theLeftWingoftheSwedishSocialistPartyandtheNorwegianLabourParty,whichwasrepresentedatthe1stCongressinMoscow,declaredforaffiliation.Ofthetwocountries,Norwayshoweditselfthemorerevolutionary.TheleaderoftheNorwegianLeftWingSocialistswasMartinTranmæl,whointhespringof1918succeededingettinghimselfmadesecretaryoftheNorwegianLabourParty,whilstanotherBolshevik,M.Scheflo,gainedcontroloftheofficialorganoftheParty,theSocialdemokrat.TranmælprovedanaptdiscipleofLenin,andopenlydeclaredhiscontemptfordemocraticgovernmentasexpressedbymajorities:“Itisthegreatstupidmassthatdecideselections;andwecannottoleratethat”(MorningPost,October14,1919).AccordinglyTranmæl,Scheflo,apostmasterEugeneNissen,andalawyerEmilStang,constitutedthemselvesastheminoritywhichshouldassumecontrolovertheNorwegianpeople.BeforelongtheyhadsecuredamajorityintheLabourParty,andthroughout1919NorwaybecamethesceneofthewildestBolshevistexcesses,andonestrikefollowedonanother.ButattheCongressofLeftWingScandinavianSocialists,whichmetinStockholmonDecember8and10,1919,asplittookplacebetweentheSocialistsandSyndicalists,andthelatterwontheday.By1921themoderateNorwegianSocialists,momentarilycrushedforwantoffunds,succeededinassertingthemselvesandstartedapaper,whichhasnowresumedtheoldtitleofSocialdemokrat,whilsttheorganoftheCommunistsisnowtheArbeiderbladet,withthesameofficesastheLabourPressBureauandtheNorwegianLabourPartyintheFolketsHus(People’sHouse),13Youngstaten,Oslo.SchismshaverecentlytakenplaceintheCommunistParty,andoppositiongroupshavebeenformed.Scheflo,P.MoeJohansenandFalkdesertedfromthemainbody,andthelastnamedhasdenouncedTranmælasnotsufficientlyrevolutionary,andhasfoundedapaperofhisown,MotDag(TowardsDay).Inretaliation,EinerGerhardsenadvocatedtheexpulsionofFalkandhisfollowers.

TheprincipalrepresentativesofSovietRussiainNorwaywere,untilrecently,AlexandreKoznekow,ConsulatTrömso;Nicolaieff,chiefoftheRussianTradeDelegation,andMme.AlexandraKollontai,MinisterPlenipotentiaryoftheRussianRepublicinNorwayandauthorofseveralbooksonBolshevism,notablyCommunismandtheFamily,whichadvocatestheemancipationofwomenfromalldomesticties.Mme.Kollontaihasjustresignedherpost(February1926),owingtodifferenceswithLitvinovandZinoviev.

BolshevisminAmericaAmericanAnarchists.—InAmericaduringthepre-warperiodtherevolutionarymovementhasbeen,aswehaveseen,largelyAnarchistandSyndicalistincharacter.DuringtheWartheAnarchists,ledbyAlexanderBerkmanandEmmaGoldman,wereintimatelyconnectedwiththePacifistmovement.TheirofficialorganswereMotherEarthandTheBlast;atthesametimetheydistributedalargenumberofanonymouspamphlets.Theywerealsotheorganisersofthe“NoConscriptionLeague,”attheofficesofwhich,inNewYorkCity,theywerearrestedonJune15,1917,andsubsequentlyindictedforviolationoftheEspionageActandimprisoned.

TheirfellowAnarchiststhereuponorganisedtheLeagueofAmnestyofPoliticalPrisoners,withM.EleanorFitzgeraldassecretary.

AtthebeginningoftheBolshevikregimetheAmericanAnarchistssentmessagesofcongratulationtoLeninandTrotsky,althoughnotidentifyingthemselveswithBolshevism.Onegroup,callingitself“TheAmericanAnarchistFederatedCommuneSoviets,”carriedonaviolentcampaignthroughanorgannamedtheAnarchistSovietBulletin,expressingsympathywiththeSovietregime,despitethefactthatinRussiatheirbrotherAnarchistswerebeingsuppressedwiththeutmostvigour.

AnarchistCommunism.—Itwasnolonger,however,thepureAnarchismofProudhonorofBakuninthatthesegroupsrepresented,butakindofhybridtheorycalledAnarchistCommunism—withWorkers’SovietsasitsfinalobjectiveandapproximatingtoAnarcho-SyndicalisminitsadvocacyoftheGeneralStrike.

SocialistPartyofAmerica.—MeanwhilethevariousSocialistorganisationsofAmericaweretakinganewform.TheSocialistLaborPartyhadsplitin1899

andtheSocialistPartyofAmericain1912.“In1916anumberoftheextremistsorganisedtheSocialistPropagandaLeagueatBostonandissuedanewspaperknownasTheNewInternational.InApril1917TheClassStruggleappeared”(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”PartII,p.238.1924).

People’sCouncilofAmerica.—ThefirstrepercussionoftheRussianRevolutioninAmericawastheformationofthe“People’sCouncilofAmerica,”foundedinJune1917—thatistosay,fourmonthsbeforetheadventoftheBolshevikstopower—andmodelledontheCouncilofWorkmen’sandSoldiers’SovietofRussia.TheexecutivesecretarywasLouisLochner;RebeccaShelleywasfinancialsecretaryandDr.DavidStarrJordanwastreasurer.Amongstthemembersofthecommitteewerewell-knownSocialistleaders,suchasEugeneV.Debs,MaxEastman,editorofMasses(NewYork),MorrisHillquit(aliasMiscaHilkowicz),nowInternationalSecretaryoftheSocialistParty,JamesH.Maurer,theRabbiJudahL.Magnes,andBenjaminSchlesinger,presidentoftheInternationalLadies’GarmentWorkers’Union.

AlthoughtheplandrawnupbyLochnerandMissShelleyfollowedcloselyonSovietlines,theSocialisticcharacterofthePeople’sCouncilwasfirstcamouflagedasanationalmovement.InAugust1917RogerBaldwin,anallyofLochner’s,wrotetothelatter:

“DosteerawayfrommakingitlooklikeaSocialistenterprise.Toomanypeoplehavealreadygottentheideathatitisnine-tenthsaSocialistmovement.…Dogetintothemovementjustasstrongaspossibletheleadersinthelabourcircles.…“Wewantalsotolooklikepatriotsineverythingwedo.Wewanttogetalotofgoodflags,talka

gooddealabouttheConstitutionandwhatourforefatherswantedtomakeofthiscountry,andtoshowthatwearethefolksthatreallystandforthespiritofourinstitutions.”

Lochnerreplied:

“Iagreewithyouthatweshouldkeepproclaimingourloyaltyandpatriotism,Iwillseetoitthatwehaveflagsandsimilarparaphernalia”(LuskReport,pp.1057,1058).

Allthetacticsofsocialrevolutionareembodiedintheselines.Throughouttheyears1917and1918aLeftWingoftheSocialistPartyof

AmericawasdevelopingwithamoreandmorepronouncedtendencytowardsCommunism.ACommunistpropagandaleaguewasformedinChicagoinNovember1918;duringthesameyeartheBostonbranchoftheSocialistPartybeganthepublicationofTheRevolutionaryAge,whichadvocatedCommunist

tacticsandwaseditedbyaMexican-Jew,namedLouisFraina(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”PartII,p.238,andLuskReport,p.684).

LeftWingofSocialistParty.—TheseactivitiesledtothedefiniteformationofaLeftWingSectionoftheSocialistPartyatameetingheldintheRandSchoolofSocialScienceinNewYorkonFebruary16,1919.MaximilianCohenwaselectedasexecutivesecretary;L.L.Wolfe,latersucceededbyFannyHorowitz,asrecordingsecretary,andanotherJewess,RosePastorStokes,astreasurer.TheExecutiveCommitteewasselected,consistingofthefollowing:BenjaminGitlow,NicholasI.Hourwich,GeorgeLehman,JamesLarkin(theIrishagitator),L.Himmelfarb,GeorgeC.Vaughan,BenjaminCorsor,EdwardI.LindgrenandMaximilianCohen.

ForeignLanguageFederations.—Thestrikinglyun-Americancharacterofthenewmovementmaybepartlyaccountedforbythefactthatitwasinspiredbyvariousforeignlanguagefederations,whichformedbranchesoftheSocialistParty,notablybytheso-called“RussianSocialistFederation,”ledbyAlexanderStoklitsky,OscarTywerowskyandMichaelMislig,withtheNovyMir,editedbyGregoryWeinstein,asitsofficialorgan(LuskReport,p.676).

ThiscommitteepavedthewayfortheCommunistPartyofAmerica.Inthefollowingmonth,whenthe3rdInternationalewasfoundedinRussia,

S.J.RutgerswasappointedbytheLeftWingSectiontorepresentitattheCongress.TheSocialistLabourParty,whichhadbeenoneofthesignatoriestotheinvitationconveningtheCongress,wasrepresentedbyBorisReinstein.

InJuneaNationalConferenceoftheLeftWingSocialistsmetinNewYorktodiscussthedefiniteformationofaCommunistParty,butdecidedthatadecisionshouldbedelayeduntilSeptember,inordermeanwhile“torallyalltherevolutionaryelements.”Aminority,composedofMichigandelegatesandthoserepresentingtheRussianSocialistFederation,decided,however,onimmediateaction,andafterwithdrawingfromtheConferenceformedaNationalOrganisationCommitteewhichissuedintheNovyMirforJuly7,1919,a“CallforaNationalConventionforthepurposeoforganisingaCommunistPartyinAmerica.ThiswassignedbyDennisE.Batt,D.Elbaum,O.C.Johnson,JohnKeracher,S.Kopnagel,I.StilsonandAlexanderStoklitsky.OnJuly19thiscommitteepublishedthefirstnumberofTheCommunist,astheofficialorganofthenewparty.

CommunistPartyofAmerica.—Itwasnot,however,untilSeptember1,1919,thattheCommunistPartyofAmericawasdefinitelyfoundedataConferenceinChicago.AnExecutiveCommitteewasformedconsistingofCharlesE.Ruthenberg,LouisC.Fraina,IsaacE.Ferguson,SchwartzoftheLettishFederationofBoston,KarossesoftheLithuanianFederationofPhiladelphia,Dirba,secretaryoftheMinnesotaSocialistParty,andH.M.Wicks,aCommunistfromOregon.HarryM.WinitskywaselectedsecretaryinNewYork.AmongstotherimportantleadersofthePartywerethosewhohadfiguredintheLeftWingSocialistSection—IsaacA.Hourwich,AlexanderStoklitsky,D.Elbaum,Bittleman,editoroftheJewishFederationpaperDerKampf,JayLovestone,MaximilianCohen,etc.

TheConstitutiondrawnupbythePartydeclareditsadherencetothe3rdInternationale,andthereportaddressedtotheI.K.K.I.preparedbyFrainaendedwiththesewords:

“TheCommunistPartyrealisestheimmensityofitstask;itrealisesthatthefinalstruggleoftheCommunistproletariatwillbewagedintheUnitedStates,ourconquestofpoweraloneassuringtheWorldSovietRepublic.Realisingallthis,theCommunistPartypreparesforthestruggle.“LonglivetheCommunistInternational!LonglivetheWorldRevolution!”(LuskReport,p.766.)“AftertheChicagoconventiontheworkoforganisinglocalsandbranchesproceededrapidly.The

localforGreaterNewYorkwasorganised,withHarryM.WinitskyasExecutiveSecretary.ItsheadquartersweremovedfromtheplaceoccupiedbytheoldLeftWingat43WestTwenty-ninthStreetto207EastTenthStreet,andanowweeklypublicationwasestablishedastheofficialorganoftheCommunistParty,LocalGreaterNowYork.ThispaperwascalledCommunistWorld.MaximilianCohenwaselectededitor;BertramD.Wolfeassociateeditor,andGeorgeAshkenouzibusinessmanager.ThefirstissueofthisperiodicalappearedonNovember1,1919.”(LuskReport,p.768.)

ThepropagandaofthePartyinNewYorkCitywasdefinitely“anti-parliamentary,”andaproclamationwasissuedendingwiththewordsincapitals:“BOYCOTTTHEELECTIONS!”

ButalreadyasplithadtakenplaceintheranksofCommunism.Aswehaveseen,theNationalOrganisationCommittee,composedofMichigandelegatesandthosefromthelanguageFederationsthathadformedtheCommunistParty,hadatfirstconstitutedaminorityattheLeftWingConferenceinJune.ThoughtheylatersucceededindrawingoveramajorityoftheNationalCounciloftheLeftWingtosupporttheircallforimmediateaction.CertainmembersoftheLeftWingCouncil,aswellasanumberoflocalsandbrancheswhichhadendorsedtheLeftWingmovement,continued,however,toentertainthehopeof

capturingtheSocialistPartymachinery.“AllthroughJulytheFederationsweremaligningtheLeftWingCouncilascentrists,asafetidswamp.MeanwhiletheCouncilwasmaligningMichiganasparliamentarianandnon-Bolsheviks,andbothMichiganandtheFederationsaspettypoliticalintriguers”(LuskReport,p.800).

CommunistLabourParty.—AsaresultofthesedisputesanumberofLeftWingdelegatespresentedthemselvesattheSocialistPartyEmergencyConventiononAugust30,1919,inChicago,butwereexcluded,whereupontheyappointedacommitteeoffivetomeettheOrganisationCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyformedonSeptember1,andlateralikecommitteeoftheCommunistConventionforthepurposeofseekingunity.Thesenegotiationscametonothing,sothedelegatesorganisedthemselvesintoaseparateConventionandformedthe“CommunistLabourParty”withaprogrammeidenticaltothatoftheCommunistParty,exceptinitspolicyofusingthepresentpoliticalmachineryforpropagandapurposes.TheConventionelectedA.Wagenknechtexecutivesecretary,andasmembersoftheNationalExecutiveCommittee,M.Bedacht,ofCalifornia;AlexanderBilan,Ohio;JackCarney,Minnesota;L.E.Katterfeld,Kansas;EdwardLindgren,NewYork.ProminentintheorganisationwerealsoCharlesBaker,Ohio;JamesLarkin,theIrishagitator;BenjaminGitlow,NewYork;JohnReed,LudwigLoreandCharlesKrumbein.NationalHeadquarterswereopenedinCleveland,Ohio(LuskReport,p.801,andCongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”PartII,p.239).TheofficialorganofthePartywasCommunistLabor.

TheCommunistLabourPartywasfromthefirstaffiliatedtothe3rdInternationale,anddelegatesweresenttothe2ndCongressinJulyandAugust1920,wheretheCommunistPartywasalsorepresented.

Bytheautumnof1919,however,theattentionoftheGovernmenthadbeenarousedwithregardtotheactivitiesoftherevolutionaryelementsintheUnitedStates,andinJunetheRussianSovietBureau,theRandSchoolandtheheadquartersoftheI.W.W.andtheLeftWingSectionoftheSocialistPartywereraided.OnNovember8cametheturnofthetwoneworganisations,atwhoseheadquarterstonsofseditiousandanarchistliteraturewereseizedandanumberofprisonerstaken.AmongstthosearrestedonthechargeofcriminalanarchywereIsaacE.Ferguson,CharlesE.RuthenbergandHarryM.Winitskyofthe

CommunistPartyandJamesLarkinandBenjaminGitlowoftheCommunistLabourParty,who,althoughconvictedandsentencedtolongtermsofimprisonment,weresoonsetatlibertyagain.

Inthefollowingmonth,December1919,anumberofrevolutionariesweredeportedfromAmericatoanunknownportinRussiainthetransportBuford,nicknamedthe“SovietArk.”UnfortunatelythesedidnotincludethemostactiveCommunists,butdidincludetheleadingAnarchists,whoseinfluencewasnowonthewane,EmmaGoldmanandAlexanderBerkman,alsoPeterBianki,theleaderoftheAnarcho-Syndicalistgroup,the“UnionofRussianWorkers.”ThesemartyrstothecauseoffreedomwerereceivedinPetrogradwithtremendousenthusiasm,butalthoughtheywenttoblesstheyreturnedtocurse;andtherevelationsof“RedEmma,”whorecentlyvisitedLondon,haveprovidedoneofthestrongestindictmentsoftheSovietregime.

AsaresultoftheseGovernmentmeasuresattheendof1919,theCommunistPartyintheUnitedStateswashenceforthobligedtofunctionillegallyorinanundergroundmannerduring1920and1921.ButneitherofthetwoCommunistPartieswasdestroyed,andthenecessityforunitingthetwowasurgedbythe3rdInternationaleatMoscow.OnJanuary12,1920,ZinovievaddressedalettertotheCentralCommitteesoftheAmericanCommunistPartyandtheAmericanCommunistLabourParty,pointingoutthatthesplitamongsttheCommunistshadbeenaheavyblowtothemovement,andthatinspiteofdifferencesintacticsthetwoshouldunitetoseizepowerandtoestablishthedictatorshipoftheproletariat.

UnitedCommunistParty.—Accordingly,inobediencetothedictatesofMoscow,negotiationswereatoncesetonfootbythetwoParties,withaviewtoachievingunity.Thesecontinuedamidstmutualrecriminationsanddenunciationsthroughoutthesummerof1920,andfinallyinSeptemberacommonprogrammewasagreeduponandissuedinthenameoftheUnitedCommunistParty.ACentralExecutiveCommitteewasformedwithfivemembersfromeachParty.

InMay1921ajointunityconventionoftheCommunistPartiestookplace,arevisedandstillmoreextremeprogrammeandconstitutionwasadoptedandissuedbytheC.E.C.ThiswaspublishedintheofficialorganoftheCommunistParty,TheCommunistforJuly.

AmericanLaborAlliance.—The3rdInternationaleatitsThirdCongressofJune-July1921noworderedtheCommunistPartyofAmericatoformanopenpoliticalbody,whichcouldoperatelegally.Inordertocarryoutthismandate,theCommunistPartyofAmericaorganisedwhatwasknownas“TheAmericanLaborAlliance,”butasthisdidnotsatisfythe3rdInternationaltheCentralExecutiveoftheParty,onthereturnofitsrepresentative,MaxBedacht,fromMoscow,settoworkonaschemewhichwouldserveasacovertoitsactivities(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”pp.249–54).

Workers’PartyofAmerica.—AccordinglyonDecember3,1921,acallwassentoutfromtheheadquartersoftheAmericanLaborAlliancetoorganise“TheWorkers’PartyofAmerica.”ThefirstconventionofthenewpartytookplaceinNewYorkonDecember23,1921.ThecallhadbeensentoutfromtheA.L.A.andsignedbythatbody,asalsobytheWorkers’Councilandvariousforeignorganisations,butnotbytheCommunistParty;buttheCentralExecutiveoftheWorkers’PartyelectedinthefollowingAugustwasalmostexclusivelycomposedofCommunists,includinganumberofthesamepeoplewhoformedtheCentralExecutiveoftheCommunistParty,suchasRosePastorStokes,C.E.Ruthenberg,JayLovestone,A.Bittleman,etc.WilliamZ.Foster,therevolutionarySyndicalist,wasalsomadeamember(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”pp.267,352).TheWorkerwasadoptedastheofficialorganoftheParty.In1924theC.E.C.oftheWorkers’Partywascomposedasfollows:

AlexanderBittlemanEarlR.BrowderF.BurmanJ.P.CannonWilliamF.DunneJ.L.EngdahlWilliamZ.FosterBenjaminGitlowLudwigLoreJ.LovestoneJohnPepperC.E.Ruthenberg

ItalsohasitsPoliticalBureau:

FosterBrowderCannonPepperLovestoneDunneRuthenberg(RedsinAmerica,p.15.)

ItshouldbenotedthatPepperwasthepseudonymadoptedbytheHungarian-Jew,JosephPogany,whohadbeenamemberofBélaKun’scabinetduringtheRedTerrorinHungary(ibid.,p.44).

OnAugust22,1922,thewhole“colossalconspiracyagainsttheUnitedStates”wasliterally“unearthed”bytheMichiganconstabulary,whodiscoveredtwobarrelsofincriminatingdocuments,buriedinthegroundbytheleadersofasecretconventionoftheCommunistPartyinagrovenearBridgman,who,hearingthataraidwasimminent,concealedtheirpapersbeforetakingflight.Fromthe“names,records,checksfromprominentpeopleintheU.S.A.,instructionsfromMoscow,”etc.,the“wholemachineryoftheundergroundorganisation”waslaidbare.TheauthorofRedsinAmerica,fromwhichwequote,goesontosay:

“ItcanbestatedwithauthoritythattheWorkers’partyofAmericaisabranchofthisorganisation,placedinthefieldbyordersdirectfromMoscowandsupportedbytheillegalbranchesoftheCommunistParty.ItisknownthatagentsoftheCommunistsareworkingsecretly,through‘legal’bodies,inlaborcircles,insociety,inprofessionalgroups,intheArmyandNavy,inCongress,intheschoolsandcollegesofthecountry,inbanksandbusinessconcerns,amongthefarmers,inthemotionpictureindustry—infact,innearlyeverywalkoflife.“Theseagentsarenot‘lowbrows,’butarekeen,clever,intelligent,educatedmenandwomen.They

areexpertsintheirseverallines.Theirprograms,whicharenowknown,showthattheirplansforincitingthenegroes,thefarmers,theclerks,theworkmeninindustry,membersofCongress,employeesinGovernmentdepartmentseverywhere,toviolenceagainsttheconstitutedauthorities,havebeendrawnwithalmostuncannyappreciationofthepsychologyofeachgroup,withfactsandfiguressomanipulatedastoappealtothoseapproached,withfalsepremisessocleverlydrawnastofoolalmostanyone.“Thenamesofpersonsinteresteddirectlyorindirectlyinthismovementareastounding.Theyrange

frombricklayerstobishops,andincludemanyprominentofficialandsocietypeople.Itmustbe

understoodthatbyfarthegreaternumberofthesepeopledonotknowtowhattheyarelendingtheuseoftheirnamesandinfluenceortowhattheyaregivingtheirmoney.TheyhavebeenapproachedtogiveaidtotheWorkers’Party,ortomanyoftherelieforganisationswhichhavesprungupdisguisingCommunisticactivities,ortotheforward-looking,‘advanced’schoolsofpoliticalthought.TheydonotknowthattheirnamesareonwhatareknowninthesecretcirclesoftheCommunistsas‘suckerlists,’comprisingthenamesofpeoplewhohavegiventooneoranotherofthevarious‘causes’whicharemanipulatedbytheCommunistsandwhocan,ifproperlyapproached,beinducedtogiveagain.”

InspiteofthisexposéandthewisepolicyadoptedbytheGovernmentoftheU.S.A.inrefusingtorecogniseSovietRussia,theCommunistmovementinthatcountry,thoughchecked,hasneverbeenentirelydefeated.TheWorkers’PartyofAmericastillcontinuestoexistasanopenpoliticalpartyactingasacovertoCommunistactivities(CongressionalRecordforDecember19,1925,p.3).

FriendsofSovietRussia.—AnotherCommunistorganisationformedinAmericaonAugust7,1921,bytheCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheCommunistPartywasthe“FriendsofSovietRussia,”forthepurposeofcollecting“relieffundsandsuppliesfordirecttransmissiontoRussianSovietauthorities,”andalsoofpresentingtherealfactsaboutSovietRussiatotheAmericanpeople,withaviewtotheliftingoftheblockadeandtheresumptionoftrade(RedsinAmerica,p.98).TheorganisationofthisbodywascarriedoutbyCalebHarrisonandDr.JacobW.Hartmann,andthenamesontheExecutiveandAdvisoryCommitteesincludedthoseofWilliamZ.Foster,RosePastorStokes,JackCarney,MaxEastmanandotherwell-knownCommunists.TheofficialorganofthesocietywasatfirstnamedSovietRussia,butattheendof1922itwaschangedtotheSovietRussiaPictorial,whichistheorganoftheW.I.R.(Workers’InternationalRelief).Infact,the“FriendsofSovietRussia”seemtobetheAmericanbranchoftheW.I.R.foundedinthesameyearof1921inBerlin(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”PartII,p.391.1924).AnaccountoftheW.I.R.willbegivenlater.

TherestofthehistoryofCommunisminAmericamustbereservedforthesectionontheTradeUnionmovement,withwhichithasnowbecomeintimatelyconnected.

CHAPTERVII

BOLSHEVISMINGREATBRITAIN

LeedsConference.—ThefirstrepercussionoftheRussianRevolutioninEnglandwastheLeedsConference,whichtookplaceonJune3,1917,mainlyundertheauspicesoftheI.L.P.andtheB.S.P.withtheobjectofstoppingtheWar,butalso,asfarasanumberofdelegateswereconcerned,forthefurtherpurposeofbringingaboutarevolutioninthiscountry.

“ThisattempttoorganisearevolutiontoendthewarwassupportedbytheU.D.C.,I.L.P.,B.S.P.,Women’sInternationalLeague,HeraldLeague(anoffshootoftheDailyHerald),theClydeWorkers’Committee,etc.SinnFeinersalsoattendedtheConvention.AmongthesupportersoftheschemewereTomMann,ArthurMacManus,W.Gallacher(Clyde),andNoahAblettandotherSyndicalistsfromSouthWales”(MorningPost,November1918).

Therewerealsopresent371delegatesfromtradeunionorganisations,thoughnoneoftheprominenttradeunionleaders,withtheexceptionofRobertSmillie(presidentoftheMiners’Federation)andRobertWilliams(TransportWorkers);besidesthesewererepresentativesofvariousPacifistbodies—theNoConscriptionFellowship,FellowshipofReconciliation,CouncilforCivilLiberties—andanumberofaliens,CzeksandEast-EndJews,asalsoabodycallingitselfthe“ForeignJews’ProtectionCommittee.”

RamsayMacDonaldmovedthefirstresolutioncongratulatingthepeopleofRussiaonthesuccessoftheirrevolution;thiswassecondedbyMrs.D.B.Montefiore,oftheB.S.P.andlateroftheCommunistParty.

Thesecondresolution,draftedandmovedbyPhilipSnowden,pledgedtheConferencetoworkinagreementwiththeinternationaldemocraciesforpeacewithoutannexationsandindemnities.Butthemostimportantresolutionwasthefourth,movedbyW.C.Anderson,M.P.,andsecondedbyRobertWilliams,whichproclaimedthesettingupofCouncilsofWorkmen’sandSoldiers’DelegatesinimitationoftheRussianSovietofSoldiersandWorkersthenexistingundertheKerenskyregime.Amongstthemostactivesupportersofthe

movementwereRamsayMacDonald,theSnowdensandC.G.Ammon,allI.L.P.;CharlesRodenBuxton,PethickLawrenceandBertrandRussell,U.D.C.;E.C.FairchildandMrs.DoraMontefiore,B.S.P.;andSylviaPankhurstoftheWorkers’SocialistFederation.

AccordingtotheEveningStandardtherealinspireroftheWorkers’andSoldiers’CouncilwastherenegadeFrenchman,E.D.Morel,formerlyEdmondMorel-de-Ville,whowasimprisonedafewmonthslaterforcontraveningtheDefenceoftheRealmRegulations.Itisamusing,inthelightoftheindulgenceshowntowardstheleadersoftherecentSocialistGovernment,tonotewhatwasoncesaidaboutthemwhenpatriotismwasstillthefashioninthiscountry:

“TheCommitteeoftheWorkers’andSoldiers’Councilisanoutcomeofthe‘Morel’movement,whichisresponsible,directlyorindirectly,throughtheparentbody,theU.D.C.,forthewholeofthePacifistorganisationsandpropagandathroughwhich‘Morel’isattempting,byavarietyofinsidiousappeals,toweakenthewarresolutionsofthepeopleandfomentindustrialtroublesinordertocrippleourmilitaryefforts.Thisnetworkoforganisationhasbeenwovenbythesamemasterhand.Messrs.PhilipSnowden,RamsayMacDonald,Ponsonby,Trevelyanare,consciouslyorunconsciously,allcreaturesof‘Morel,’andquiteinsignificantwithouthim.Thispro-GermanexploitstheirfolliesandtheirprejudicesinthesomewaythatheusesthecowardsandtheshirkersandtheQuakersandtheSyndicalistsandtheelementsofanarchywherevertheyaretobefound.HehasbeenworkingcunninglyandassiduouslyformanymonthstosavePrussiafromdefeat,andhehasusedanyinstrumentthatcametohishand.Ishallcontinue,therefore,tocalltheWorkers’andSoldiers’Councilaproductofthe‘Morel’movement,whosefoundershouldlongagohavebeendeprivedofhisnaturalisation,byActofParliamentifnecessary,andexpelledthecountryasanundesirablealien”(EveningStandard,July31,1917).

ItwasinMayofthissameyear,1917,thatRamsayMacDonaldappliedforapassporttogotoRussiainordertoconsultwiththeWorkmen’sandSoldiers’Soviets,butinviewofhisPacifistactivitiesduringthewartheNationalSeamenandFiremen’sUnionunderHavelockWilsonrefusedtocarryhim.

Allthisbelongs,however,tothepre-Bolshevikera,sincethebeginningofwhichtheRightWingleadersoftheI.L.P.referredtoabovehaveperiodicallyprofessedabhorrenceoftheSovietGovernment,thoughaslateasOctober14,1922,RamsayMacDonaldwroteinForward:

“IhavebeenanunswervinghopefulregardingtheMoscowGovernment.…WecannowtaketheMoscowSovietCommunistRevolutionaryGovernmentunderourwing,andclotheitinthefursofapologytoshielditfromtheblastsofcriticism.”

“HandsoffRussia”Committee.—Oneofthefirstorganisationstoproclaim

openlyitsadherencetoBolshevikRussiawasthe“HandsoffRussia”Committee,formedatthebeginningof1919ontheinitiativeofJamesCrossley,oneofthefoundersoftheB.S.P.inManchester,withLeninasPresidentandTrotskyasVice-President(evidenceofW.F.Watson,memberof“HandsoffRussia”CommitteeinlibelactionagainsttheDukeofNorthumberland,DailyMail,November17,1921).InallpartsofthecountrylargemeetingswereheldunderthedirectionofColonelL’EstrangeMalone,M.P.,andProfessorW.T.Goode,andonFebruary8,1919,amonsterdemonstrationtookplaceintheAlbertHall,London.TomMannwasinthechair,andspeechesweremadebyColonelMalone,RobertWilliamsandalsobyIsraelZangwill,whodeclaredthat“Bolshevism,farfrombeingtheantithesistoChristianity,wasmerelyanappliedformofit.”ItwasalsoonthisoccasionthatZangwillobserved:“TheBritishGovernmentisonlyBolshevisminembryoandBolshevismisonlySocialisminahurry,Socialismwhileyouwon’twait”(reportofspeechpublishedbyTheWorkers’SocialistFederation,p.7).

OnMay21,1920,the“HandsoffRussia”CommitteepublishedabigadvertisementintheDailyHerald,advocatingatwenty-fourhours’GeneralStriketocoercetheGovernmenttoletRussiaalone,andnothelpPoland.Thesignatoriestothisappealwereasfollows:

Chas.G.Ammon,L.C.C.,L.P.,I.L.P.,1917Club.JohnBromley,Sec.,LocomotiveEngineers,L.P.IsaacBrassington,Sec.,N.U.R.Mrs.M.Bamber,Sec.,WarehouseWorkers.A.G.Cameron,Sec.,AmalgamatedSocietyCarpenters,L.P.,I.L.P.Dr.R.Dunstan,Labourcandidate,I.L.P.R.J.Davies,UnionCo-operativeEmployees,I.L.P.W.T.Goode,ManchesterGuardian.WilliamGallacher,Clydeworker.AlecGossip,Sec.,FurnishingTrades.HaroldGrenfell,NavalAttaché,RussianEmbassy(1912–17).JackJones,M.P.,S.D.F.DavidKirkwood,Clydeworker,I.L.P.GeorgeLansbury(DailyHerald),I.L.P.NeilMacLean,M.P.,I.L.P.

TomMann,Sec.A.E.U.,I.L.P.A.E.Mander,NationalUnionEx-ServiceMen.CecilL’EstrangeMalone,M.P.TomMyers,M.P.,L.P.,I.L.P.J.E.Mills,M.P.,A.E.U.GeorgePeet,NationalSec.,ShipStewards.RobertSmillie,Pres.,Miners’Federation.BenSpoor,M.P.,L.P.,U.D.C.,1917Club.FredShaw,A.S.E.JosiahWedgwood,M.P.,I.L.P.,1917Club.JamesWinston,S.WalesMiners’Federation.

Furthermeetingsofthe“HandsoffRussia”CommitteewereorganisedbyJohnMacLean,B.S.P.,whodescribedhimselfas“BolshevikConsul”inGlasgow(TheCall,January1919),andwhohadbeenimprisonedinMay1918foroffencesundertheDefenceoftheRealmRegulations,andW.McLaine,alsoB.S.P.andmemberoftheExecutiveCommitteeofthe3rdInternationale;A.MacManus,S.L.P.,F.Willis,G.Eburyandothers.

TheH.O.R.CommitteehasnowbecometheAnglo-RussianParliamentaryCommitteeadvocatingrelationswithRussia.ThemembersincludeA.A.Purcell,J.Bromley,A.Gossip,R.Williams,W.P.Coates,etc.

Atthesametimethatthe“HandsoffRussia”campaignwasstartedin1919,anumberofWorkmen’sSovietCommitteeswereformed,withheadquartersinLondon,underW.F.Watsonofthe“HandsoffRussia”Committee,A.MacManus,JohnMacLeanandTomAnderson,I.L.P.(founderoftheGlasgowSocialistSundaySchoolsin1894,andwhohadjuststartedhisProletarianSundaySchoolsinthatcity).

TheseoperatedprincipallyontheClyde,thecentreofJohnMacLean’sactivities,wherehehadbeenindictedforsayinginspeechesfromJanuarytoApril1918that“arevolutionshouldbecreated,”that“theClydehadhelpedtowintheRussianRevolution,”that“thepresentHouseofCommonsshouldbesupersededbyaSoviet,andhedidnotcarewhethertheymetintheusualplaceorinBuckinghamPalace,”andthat“hewaspreparedtorunanyriskifhethoughthecouldbringaboutarevolutioninGlasgow”(pamphlet,CondemnedfromtheDock,publishedbytheClydeWorkers’PropagandaDefence

Committee,1918).“Withadeterminedrevolutionaryminority,”hedeclared,in1919,“weshallbeabletotakecontrolofthecountryandthemeansofproductionatonce,andholdthemtightthroughdisciplinedproductionundertheWorkshopCommitteesandtheDistrictandNationalCouncils.ThroughtheCo-operativeMovementweshallbeabletocontrolthefulldistributionofthenecessariesoflifeandsowinthemassesovertoSocialism.”

ThiswasaclearintimationofthepartitwasintendedthattheCo-operativesshouldplayintheschemeofstarvingthenon-revolutionaryportionofthecommunity.

ItissignificanttonoticethatalltheindividualsandgroupswhoatthisdateproclaimedthemselvesinsympathywithBolshevismwerethosewhohadmoststronglyopposedresistancetoGermanImperialismduringthewar.InviewofthefactthatitwastheGermanGeneralStaffwhich,ontheadmissionofLudendorffandHoffman,hadsentLenintoRussiainthesealedtrain,thehandofGermany,notofSocialistbutImperialGermany,isclearlyseenbehindtheearliestBolshevikagitationinthiscountry.Thisbeingthecase,itwasnaturalthattheB.S.P.,beingthesectionoftheS.D.P.whichhadsplitofffromtherestontheissueofpro-Germanism,shouldbethefirstSocialistbodyinthiscountrytoallyitselfwithMoscow.AtaConferenceofthePartyinOctober1919itwasdecidedbyavoteof98branchesto4tojoinupwiththe3rdInternationale,andW.McLaineandTomQuelchwerethenplacedontheExecutiveCommitteeinMoscow.

OtherBritishpartieswhichby1920wereaffiliatedtotheKominternweretheS.L.P.,theSouthWalesSocialistSociety,theNationalWorkers’CommitteeOrganisationandtheWorkers’SocialistFederation.

Workers’SocialistFederation.—ThelastnamedhadbegunitscareerbeforetheWar,undertheleadershipofSylviaPankhurst,astheWomen’sSuffrageFederation;itthenbecametheWorkers’SuffrageFederation,andfinallytheWorkers’SocialistFederation,withtheWorkers’Dreadnoughtasitsorgan.

SylviaPankhurst,whomLeninatfirstregardedashisprincipallieutenantinthiscountry,wasthenorderedbyhimtoformaCommunistPartyinGreatBritain,astheBritishSectionofthe3rdInternationale,andwassaidtohavebeenpromised£3,522byhimforthepurpose.(MorningPost,November3,1920.)

FirstBritishCommunistParty.—TheplanwasquiteopenlyannouncedintheDailyHeraldofMarch20,1920,wheresympathiserswiththe“definiteformationofaRevolutionaryCommunistParty,affiliatedtothe3rdInternationale,”wereinvitedtocommunicatewithanobscureindividualatAshfordJunction.Theproposalmetwithnointerferencefromtheauthorities.Accordingly,onSaturday,June19,1920,thefirstBritishCommunistPartywasformedatameetingwhichtookplaceattheInternationalSocialistClub,28EastRoad,CityRoad,London.ThisClubwasaresuscitationoftheoldCommunistClubinCharlotteStreet,Soho,whichhadbeenclosedattheendof1919,andtheleadingspiritwasdescribedasa“JewessofRussianextraction”whosenamewasnotgiveninthepress(EveningNewsforJanuary12,1920).

AttheConferenceinquestionthedelegatesweredrawnfromvarioussmallCommunistsocieties,includingSylviaPankhurst’sownParty,theWorkers’SocialistFederation.TheConferencethendrewupthefollowingdeclaration:

“We,revolutionaryandCommunistdelegatesandindividuals,pledgeourselvestotheThirdInternational,thedictatorshipoftheproletariat,theSovietSystem,non-affiliationtotheLabourPartyandtoabstentionfromParliamentaryaction;anddecidenottotakepartintheAugust1stunityconferenceorintheunitynegotiationsconcernedwithit.”

TheC.P.G.B.—InabjuringparliamentaryactionthisfirstCommunistPartyhad,however,failedtocarryoutLenin’spolicyof“boringfromwithin.”Lenin,therefore,nowgavehissupporttotheothergroupcallingitself“TheJointProvisionalCommitteefortheCommunistPartyofGreatBritain,”ledbyA.MacManus,whichhadconvokedtheconferenceinquestionwithaviewtoformingaUnitedBritishCommunistParty.InaletterdatedJuly10,1920,Leninwroteasfollows:

“IhavereceivedtheletteroftheJointProvisionalCommitteefortheCommunistPartyofBritaindatedJune20,andhastentoanswerinreplytotheirrequest,thatIentirelysympathisewiththeplantheyhavedevelopedfortheimmediateorganisationofasingleCommunistPartyinEngland.IconsiderthatthetacticsofComradeSylviaPankhurstandoftheWorkers’SocialistFederationaremistakenbecauseoftheirrefusaltojoininaunificationoftheBritishSocialistParty,theSocialistLabourParty,andotherorganisationsintooneCommunistParty.InparticularIampersonallyinfavourofparticipationinparliamentandalsoinfavourofadherencetothelaborpartyundertheconditionofreservingcompletefreedomandindependentcommunistaction;andIshalldefendthesetacticsattheSecondCongressoftheThirdInternationalonJuly15thinMoscow.IconsiderasmostdesirabletheimmediateorganisationofoneCommunistPartyonthebasisofallthesedecisionsoftheThirdInternationalandalsothebringingofthatpartyintotheclosesttouchwiththeIndustrialWorkersof

theWorldandtheshopstewardscommittee,inordertounitecompletelywiththeminthenearestfuture”(LuskReport,II,1605,andMorningPost,August2,1920).

TheresultoftheseinstructionswasthefoundationofthepresentCommunistPartyofGreatBritainonAugust1,1920,ataConferenceheldintheCannonStreetHotel,London.About150delegateswerepresent,mainlyfromtheBritishSocialistPartyandtheSocialistLabourPartyofGlasgow,othersrepresentedsmallerLeftWingSocialistgroups.ArthurMacManus(S.L.P.)presidedandwaselectedchairmanoftheExecutiveCommitteenowformed,consistingofthefollowing:W.Paul,TomBell,A.A.Watts,F.Willis,J.F.Hodgson,W.Hewlett,FredShaw,R.Stewart,Mrs.DoraB.Montefiore,Col.L’EstrangeMalone,G.Deer,andWilliamMellor.A.A.Purcell,whohadjustreturnedfromRussia,andRobertWilliamswereamongstthedelegateswhospoke.ThegeneralsecretaryoftheB.S.P.,AlbertInkpin,becamethesecretaryoftheC.P.G.B.(TimesandDailyHeraldofAugust2,1920).

AlthoughasectionoftheS.L.P.nowenteredtheC.P.G.B.,theS.L.P.hascontinueduptothepresenttimeasaseparatebody,withitsorganTheSocialist.MuchthesamethingtookplaceintheI.L.P.,whichcontainedaconsiderableCommunistelement.ThecloserelationsmaintainedbetweenthissectionofthePartyandthe3rdInternationalewereshownintheReportoftheSecondCongressoftheCommunistInternationale,publishedinPetrogradin1921,whereanarticleappearedsigned,“InthenameoftheLeftWingoftheI.L.P.:HelenCrawfurd,secretary.”ThewriterheredescribestheeffortsoftheLeftWingtoswingtheI.L.P.overtoCommunism,particularlyintheNorthofEngland,ScotlandandWales—MerthyrTydvilbeingindicatedasthecentreofthemovement—andendswiththeassurancethatshouldtheseeffortsproveunsuccessful,atanyrateasectionofthePartywilljoinupwiththeCommunists.Mrs.CrawfurdisnowamemberoftheC.P.G.B.,asarealsocertainothermembersoftheI.L.P.,whilstontheotherhandsomeofthemostviolentCommunistshaveremainedintheI.L.P.,andhavenotjoinedupwiththeCommunistParty.

TheB.S.P.becamemergedwiththeC.P.G.B.atthetimeofthelatter’sformation,andceasedtoexistaltogether,whilstitsorganTheCallwasreplacedbytheorganofthenewParty,TheCommunist.

SecondS.D.F.—AtthesametimetheNationalSocialistParty,ledby

Hyndman,whichhadformedtheRightWingoftheBritishSocialistPartywhentheLeftWingsplitofffromitin1916,resumedtheoldnameoftheSocialDemocraticFederation,whichitbearstoday.Justicecontinuedtobeitsorganuntil1925,whenitwaschangedfromaweeklytoamonthly,withthenewnameTheSocialDemocrat.

SincethedeathofH.M.Hyndmanin1921theS.D.F.hashadnoleaderofoutstandingpersonality.ItsExecutiveCommitteenowincludesthefollowing:TomKennedy,M.P.(GeneralSecretary),H.W.Lee,WillThorne,M.P.,JackJones,M.P.,F.Montague,M.P.,W.G.Cluse,M.P.ThelateDanIrvingwasalsoamember.

TheofficesoftheS.D.F.havejustbeenmovedtotheHyndmanClubandInstitute,54ColebrokeRow,Islington.

TheS.D.F.hasalwayscontinuedtoadvocateMarxianSocialismasinterpretedbyHyndmaninthepast,butithasconsistentlyopposedBolshevismasaviolationofsocialdemocraticprinciples,anddenouncedtheformofPacifismwhichtendstotheadvantageofGermany.ThelateAdolpheSmithwasoneofitsmostenlightenedandpatrioticmembers,whoremainedtotheendofhislifeatruefriendofFranceandenemyofGermanmilitarism.

Bytheendof1920theCommunistmovementinGreatBritainhadpassedentirelyoutofthehandsofSylviaPankhurstintothoseoftheC.P.G.B.Thiswasowing,notonlytoLenin’sdispleasure,buttoSylvia’sarrestinOctoberofthatyearbytheGovernmentofthiscountryonthechargeofpublishingmattercalculatedtocausedisaffectionintheArmyandNavy.AtthetrialshewasfoundnotonlytobeworkingdirectlywithLenin,ZinovievandanEast-EndJewnamedRosenberg,whooccupiedahighpositionintheForeignOfficeatMoscow,butalsotobeintouchwithLouisFraina,internationalsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyofAmerica,throughaRussian-Jew,JacobNosowitsky,whoactedascourierbetweentheUnitedStatesandthiscountry,where,accordingtohisownaccountgivenrecentlyintheHearstPress(ChicagoHerald,October11,1925),hewasalsointheemploymentofScotlandYard.LetterswereproducedaddressedbySylviaPankhursttoLeninandZinovievshowinghowthedistressoftheunemployedwasbeingexploitedbytherevolutionariesandcomplainingofthefailureoftheCommunistPartyto“risetotheoccasion.”Onepassageran:“TheCommunistPartiesarenotlargeenoughorintelligentenoughtomake

capitaloutofthesituation.WearetalkingofaCommunistCouncilofaction.ColonelMalone,withwhomIhavejustbeenspeakingandwhoisamemberoftheExecutiveoftheCommunistParty,tellsmehisExecutivedoesnotwishtojoinwithusorotherparties,buttoabsorbus”(MorningPost,November3,1920.)

ThisrivalryledupfinallytotheexcommunicationofComradeSylviaPankhurstbytheC.P.G.B.afterherreleasefromprison,andthedemandbythisbodythattheWorkers’Dreadnoughtshouldbehandedovertothem.Thiswasnotaccededto,andSylviaretainedpossessionofherorgan.ThelibertyofspeechenjoyedunderCommunismwasthusdescribedbySylviaPankhurstinthisorgan:

“DressedinalittlebriefauthoritythisExecutive,which,meetingonlyfortnightly,isnecessarilycontrolledbythepaidofficialswhoarealwaysonthespot,wasfullofzealtoservetheCommunistPartybycontrollingme.…TheComradesintendedtoenforcedisciplineinitsmoststultifyingaspect.ComradeMacManus,asChairman,informedmethattheywouldnotpermitanymemberofthepartytowriteorpublishabookorpamphletwithoutthesanctionoftheExecutive.ThosewhomaydifferfromtheExecutiveonanypointofprinciple,policyortactics,oreventhosewhosemethodofdealingwithagreedtheoryisnotapprovedorappreciatedbytheExecutive,arethereforetobegagged”(MorningPost,Sept.19,1921).

Workers’CommunistMovement.—RepudiatedbothbyLeninandtheC.P.G.B.,SylviaPankhurstnowjoinedthe4thInternationale,startedinthisyear,1921,inBerlinunderA.BogdanovandclaimingtobemoreadvancedthanMoscow.Atthesametimeshecontinuedtorunhergroup,whichin1923changeditsnametotheWorkers’CommunistMovementaffiliatedtothe4thInternationale(seeaccountofthisinDailyTelegraph,April28,1923).

UnemployedWorkers’Organisation.—Ataboutthesamedatesheformedthe“UnemployedWorkers’Organisation,”inwhichshewasassociatedwithaMissNoraSmythe.

A.P.C.F.—TheseorganisationshavenowceasedtoexistandSylviaPankhursthasretiredfromthepoliticalarena,butanotherbody,somewhatakintohers,isstillagoingconcern,namely,theAnti-ParliamentaryCommunistFederation,formedbyGuyAldredin1921,ThiswastheoutcomeoftheGlasgowAnarchistGroup,describedinanearlierchapterofthisbook,whichhadtakenoveritspresentpremisesat13BurnbankGardens,Glasgow,inMay1917.InMay1920itresumeditsoldnameoftheGlasgowCommunistGroup,

foundedBakuninHouse,andthen,in1921,becametheA.P.C.F.dividedintoFederatedGroups.

InviewofthisuseofthenameofBakunin,who,attheConferenceatBernein1869,haddeclaredthathe“abominatedCommunism,”itisdifficulttounderstandwhyGuyAldredandhisfollowersshouldcallthemselvesCommunistsandnotAnarchists.Thismaybeattributedtoexpediency—owingtothepresentboominCommunismandslumpinAnarchism—orperhapstoawishtodisassociatethemselvesfromtheKropotkineAnarchistsoftheFreedomGroup,consistingofGeorgeBarrett,SirWalterStrickland(aCambridgedon),WillJ.Owen,JohnWakemanandDr.M.Zalkind,editoroftheLondonYiddishpaperDerArbeiterFreind.ForsomeinexplicablereasontheA.P.C.F.hasneverbeenabletoagreewiththisgroup.

TheCommunistFederation(A.P.C.F.),whilstinsignificantincomparisonwiththeCommunistParty(C.P.G.B.),continuestoattractacertainamountofattention—mainlyamongstundesirablealiens—owingtoGuyAldred’spowersofsoap-boxoratory.

ItshouldbenotedthatalthoughtheCommunistFederationsupportstheseditiousactivitiesoftheCommunistParty,thetwobodiesareviolentlyopposed,indeedtheCommune,theofficialpaperoftheformer,stylingitselfuntillately“theorganofhisMajesty’sCommunistOpposition,”andnow“anOrganoftheComingSocialRevolution,”declaresittobethedutyofeverytrueCommunisttodisassociatehimselffromtheCommunistParty.

ThishostilityapparentlyarisesfromthefactthattheCommunistFederationisanti-parliamentariananddisapprovesoftheC.P.G.B.fortakingpartinpolitics,andalsoforitssubserviencetotheBolsheviksofRussia.AnumberofusefultruthsarefrequentlytobefoundintheCommune,thisforexampleintheissueofNovember1925:

“ItisanadmittedfactthattheactivitiesoftheCommunistPartyarenottheresultofaspontaneousproletarianmovementinthiscountry,butthedictationofaselectcommitteepossessingfinancialpowerinMoscow.”

Andthewriter(GuyAldredhimself)goesontoaskhowtheCommunistsrecentlyarrestedcancomplainoftheirtreatment,whilstremainingthe“bribedandhiredupholders”oftheBolshevikregime,withitsRedArmyandCodeofCriminalLaws.“HowcanthatbewronginLondonwhichisrightinMoscow?”

TheCommunistFederationhasthereforeneverallieditselfwiththe3rdInternationale,andsince1920hasappearedtoopposeit.InthewordsofGuyAldred,it“objectstoafewhighpriestsinMoscow,mostlyhypocrites,dictatingtohirelingshere.”Atthesametime,theCommunehasviolentlydenouncedtheAnarchistJewess,EmmaGoldman,forherunfavourablereportonRussia.

“EmmaGoldmancontinuesinherrôleofrevolutionaryscab.HerLondonadmirersconsistofZionistswhohavenotasteforPalestineandJewishmastertailorswhoprefersweatinginLondontoworkinginMoscoworLeningrad”(April1925).

TheCommunistFederationisinrealityapurelydestructiveassociation,towhichitwouldbeabsurdtoattributeanyconsistentpolicy.GuyAldred’soratoryconsistsmainlyinaseriesofdiatribesagainsttheBritishEmpireandallformsofreligion.HatredofChristianityisitsmostdistinguishingfeature.

TheHydeParkSocialistClub.—ConnectedwiththeCommunistFederationisthe“HydeParkSocialistClub,”establishedinSeptember1925,anassociationwhichholdsmeetingsandgivesentertainments.

SucharetheCommunistpartiesatpresentinthiscountry.Ofthethreeexistingin1923—theC.P.G.B.,theA.P.C.F.andtheC.W.P.—onlythefirsttworemain,andofthesetheC.P.G.B.,beingthebodyspeciallychosenandfinancedtocarryoutthedictatesofMoscow,isbyfarthemoreimportant.BeforedescribingitsfurtheractivitiesitwillbenecessaryinthenexttwochapterstostudythedevelopmentoftheTradeUnionmovementfrom1921onwards.

BolshevisminIrelandItisdifficultheretofollowthecourseofBolshevisminIreland,owingtoitsconnectionwithbothsecretandnationalmovements,whichdonotenterintothescopeofthisbook.ThusSinnFein,whichin1903tookovertheworkoftheoldIrishNationalistmovement,whilstforminganopenrevolutionarymovement,cannotbeclassedasapartoftheSocialistorganisation,althoughnodoubtitmaintainedrelationswiththegreatsecretsocietyofIreland,the“IrishRepublicanBrotherhood,”whichinitsturnco-operatedwiththeagentsofworldrevolutioninAmerica.

CommunistPartyofIreland.—TheCommunistPartyofIreland,intowhichtheformerSocialistPartywastransformedin1919afterthecreationofthe3rd

Internationale,wasasmallandnotveryimportantorganisationnumberingonlyabout1,000people.ThenationalchairmanwasRoderickConolly,sonofJamesConolly,founderoftheIrishSocialistRepublicanParty,whichhadprecededtheSocialistPartyofIreland,andthechairmanoftheDublinbranch,LiamO’Flaherty.JimLarkin,afterhisreleasefromimprisonmentintheUnitedStates,broughtintoitfreshinspirationfromtheinnercirclesoftheMoscowandAmericanorganisations,inbothofwhichheplayedanimportantrole.

TheorganoftheC.P.I.wasTheWorkers’Republic.IrishWorkers’League—IrishWorkers’Union.—In1923theCommunist

PartycametoanendandtheIrishWorkers’LeaguewasformedbyJamesandPeterLarkin.Thisin1924becametheIrishWorkers’Union.

IrishTransportWorkers’Union.—MeanwhiletheIrishTransportWorkers’Union,underJamesLarkinandConolly,tookaleadingpartinthe“red”movement.

IrishCommunistBrotherhood.—TherealforceoftheInternationalSocialistmovement,asopposedtotheNationalCatholicmovement,wassuppliednotsomuchbyRussiaasbytheCommunistPartyofAmerica,whichmaintainedcloserelationswiththeIrishRepublicanBrotherhoodandthestillmoresecretIrishCommunistBrotherhood,foundedin1920andcontrolledbyaSupremeCouncilofSix.ThemembersofthesetwoBrotherhoodswereinconstantcommunicationwithbothGermanyandAmerica,particularlythelatter,wheretheClan-na-GaelservedasacovertotheI.R.B.,whilsttheAmericanAssociationfortheRecognitionoftheIrishRepublicformedtheopenorganisationoftheClan-na-Gael.Allthisbeingamatterofsecretcircles,ofwhichthemembers’namescannotbegivenasinthecaseoftheopenorganisationsdealtwithhere,wewouldreferreadersinterestedinthesubjecttotheseriesofarticlesentitled“TheRealitiesofRevolution,”whichappearedinthePatriotfromMarch15toJune14,1923,wheretheamazingplotisatleastpartiallyrevealed.

CHAPTERVIII

THECAPTUREOFTRADEUNIONISM

Itwillhavebeennoticedbyeveryattentivestudentoftheworldrevolutionarymovementthatduring1921and1922alulloccurredandforatimeitseemedasifBolshevismmightbeaspentforce.

Communism,intheformofStateSocialismadministeredbyanautocraticbureaucracyasinMoscow,hadfailedtoattracttheworking-men.Lenin’sinstructionsconcerningthe“higherdisciplineofthetoilers,”theinstitutionof“amercilessdictatorship,”“theabsolutesubmissionofthemassestothesinglewillofthosewhodirectthelabourprocess”(TheSovietsatWork,pp.25,35,40.Englishtranslation,publishedbytheSocialistInformationandResearchBureau)werehardlycalculatedtoinspireenthusiasm.Theslogansthathaveameaningforthe“revolutionaryproletariat”arethosethatconveyaconcreteidea,suchasphysicalforce,materialgainordestruction,whichSyndicalismanditsparentAnarchyhavealwaysknownhowtoframe.“TheMinesfortheMiners”wasnaturallyamorealluringcrythan“theMinesfortheState.”Schemesofnationalisationwhenclearlyexpoundedleftthegreatmajorityoftheworkerscold.

ThegreattriumphoftheBolshevikslay,then,intheirsuccessincapturingtherevolutionaryportionoftheTradeUnionmovementbypersuadingitthatSyndicalismwasnotincompatiblewithCommunism.Lenin’sinitialerrorhadbeentodenythiscompatibility;quitefranklyhehaddeclaredthattheworkerscouldnotrunindustryandthatitwasnopartoftheBolshevikschemetoallowthemtoattemptit(see,forexample,TheChiefTaskofourTimes,byLenin,p.12.)

TheI.W.W.—Zinovievcalculatedmoreshrewdly;heknewthattheonlyhopeforBolshevismlayinwinningovertheSyndicalists.HisfamouslettertotheI.W.W.ofAmericainJanuary1920wasatriumphofsophistry,andmustbequotedatsomelengthinordertoshowthetacticsadoptedbytheBolsheviksfor

enlistingRevolutionaryTradeUnionismintheirsupport.Upto1919theTradeUnionmovementhadshownofficiallylittlesympathy

withBolshevism.TheInternationalFederationofTradeUnions,or“AmsterdamInternationale,”hadforitspresidentthewiseTradeUnionleaderW.A.Appleton,andhadnotasyetdevelopedaLeftWing.

TheBritishTradesUnionCongresshadappearedtoconcernitselfmainlywithindustrialquestions,anditwasnotuntil1919thatitenteredintoaschemeforco-ordinationwiththeLabourParty.ANationalJointCouncilwasfinallyarrangedin1921.

TheConfédérationGénéraleduTravailofFrancewasstilllargelycontrolledbytheReformistsection.InAmericaeventherevolutionaryI.W.W.hadheldalooffromBolshevism.Itsofficialorgan,theOneBigUnionMonthly,hadasked:“WhyshouldwefollowBolshevism?”addingthatalltheBolshevikRevolutionhaddonewas“togivetheRussianpeoplethevote.”

ItwasinanswertothisthatZinoviev,asPresidentoftheI.K.K.I.,wrotehisappeal.Replyingtotheobjectionherequoted,heobserved:

“Thisis,ofcourse,untrue.TheBolshevikRevolutionhastakenthefactories,mills,mines,landandfinancialinstitutionsoutofthehandsofthecapitalistsandtransferredthemtotheWHOLEWORKINGCLASS.”

Buthewentontoexplainthat:

“Theprivatepropertyofthecapitalistclass,inordertobecometheSOCIALpropertyoftheworkers,cannotbeturnedovertoindividualsorgroupsofindividuals.Itmustbecomethepropertyofallincommon,andacentralisedauthorityisnecessarytoaccomplishthischange.Theindustries,too,whichsupplytheneedsofallthepeople,arenottheconcernonlyoftheworkersineachindustry,butofALLINCOMMON,andmustbeadministeredforthebenefitofall.”

ThiswasofcourseadirectrepudiationofSyndicalisttheory,whichadvocatesthecontrolofeachindustrybytheworkersengagedtherein.Moreover,whatwasthe“centralisedauthority”referredtobuttheStatewhichSyndicalistssetouttodestroy?

Zinovievclearlyrecognisedthesedifferencesofopinion,andsetouttoexplainthemawayonebyone.

Firstly.ThequestionoftheState.

“‘ManymembersoftheI.W.W.’…areagainst‘theStateingeneral.’TheyproposetooverthrowthecapitalistStateandtoestablishinitsplaceimmediatelytheIndustrialCommonwealth.…We,

Communists,alsowanttoabolishtheState.TheStatecanonlyexistsolongasthereisclassstruggle.ThefunctionoftheProletariandictatorshipistoabolishthecapitalistclassasaclass;infact,todoawaywithallclassdivisionsofeverykind.AndwhenthisconditionisreachedthenthePROLETARIANDICTATORSHIP,THESTATE,AUTOMATICALLYDISAPPEARS—tomakewayforanindustrialadministrativebodywhichwillbesomethingliketheGeneralExecutiveBoardoftheI.W.W.”

Wenote,however,thattoday,sevenyearsafterthesewordswerewritten,theStateshowsnosignsofdisappearinginRussia,butonthecontraryisstrongerthanever,asshownbytherecentpublicationofitscriminalcode.

Secondly.ZinovievexaminestheweaponofSyndicalism—theGeneralStrike.AfterremarkingthattheCommunistsandtheI.W.W.areinaccordwithregardtothenecessityofattackingtheCapitalistStatebyDIRECTACTIONhesays:

“TheI.W.W.proposestoattainthisendbytheGeneralStrike.TheCommunistsgofurther.HistoryindicatesclearlythattheGeneralStrikeisnotenough.Thecapitalistshavearms.…Moreover,thecapitalistspossessstoresoffood,whichenablethemtoholdoutlongerthantheworkers,alwaysonthevergeofactualwant.TheCommunistsalsoadvocatetheGeneralStrike,buttheyaddthatitmustturnintoARMEDINSURRECTION.BoththeGeneralStrikeandtheinsurrectionareformsofPOLITICALACTION.”

Thirdly.Zinovievdiscussesthequestionofparliamentarianism.“ManymembersoftheI.W.W.arebitterlyopposedtomakingANYuseoflegislationsandotherGovernmentinstitutionsforpurposesofpropaganda.”Buthegoesontoshowtheutilityofpoliticalcampaignsasproviding“anopportunityforrevolutioniststospeaktotheworking-class…toshowthefutilityofreforms…andtopointoutwhytheentirecapitalistsystemmustbeoverthrown.”

HavingthusdisposedtohisownsatisfactionofallthedifferencesdividingtheI.W.W.fromtheBolsheviks,ZinovievconcludesbyappealingtoitandalsototheW.I.I.U.(Workers’InternationalIndustrialUnion),theinsurgentUnionsintheA.F.ofL.,andtheOneBigUniongroup,tocometoanagreementwiththeAmericanCommunistsfor“commonrevolutionaryaction.”Theletterendswiththewords:“TheCommunistInternationalholdsouttotheI.W.W.thehandofbrotherhood.”

Thehandwasgrasped—byasectionoftheorganisation.TheMarchissueofitsorgan,theOneBigUnionMonthly,publishedanarticleinwhichthefollowingpassageappeared:

“TheI.W.W.containstheidenticalpotentialitiesoftheSoviet.…TherealclashofpowerinthiscountryisbetweentheI.W.W.andtheA.F.ofL.…TheI.W.W.istheAmericanSoviet.”

PreciselyayearbeforeZinoviev’sletterwaswritten,theinvitationtothe1stCongressofthe3rdInternationaleinMarchhadbeensentoutfromMoscow,andtheI.W.W.sofAmerica,GreatBritainandAustraliawererequestedtosendrepresentatives.InJunetheweeklyorganoftheI.W.W.,NewSolidarity,announced:

“TheI.W.W.hasrecognisedtheCommunistInternationalbydecidingtosendarepresentativetotheircongress.NowLeftWingers,areyoutrueinyourpreachings?AreyouBolshevik?…Doyoubelieveinunitingalltheenergiesoftheclass-consciousproletariat?Ifyoudo,thereisbutonecourseofactionleft.ThatistojointheI.W.W.TheI.W.W.inAmericahasstoodforthesameprinciplesthattheBolshevikshave—theclassstruggle,nocompromise,theproletariandictatorshipandthefinalactofoverthrowingcapitalism.Areyouconsistent?Proveit.”

ButtheI.W.W.sympathiserswiththeBolshevikregimehadspokenwithouttheassentofalltheircomrades.TheI.W.W.asawholedeclinedtoallyitselfeitherwiththeKominternorwiththeCommunistPartyofAmerica,althoughcertainleadersoffactions,suchastheoldSyndicalistWilliamD.Haywood,wentovertotheCommunists.From1919to1923persistenteffortsweremadebythe3rdInternationaletobringtheI.W.W.intoline;theseeffortsonlymetwithpartialsuccess(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”PartII,p.422.1924).

Asaresultofthisrefractoryattitude,theCommunistsofAmericasetouttounderminetheI.W.W.bycapturingtheTradeUnionmovementthroughotherbodiesworkinginco-operationwithMoscow.InthiscampaignaprominentpartwasplayedbyWilliamZ.Foster,I.W.W.,andleaderoftheLeftWingoftheA.F.ofL.,whointhatorganisationmetwithpersistentoppositionfromtheleaderoftheRightWing,SamuelGompers,astrongopponentoftheBolshevikregime.

TheT.U.E.L.—UnabletoswingtheA.F.ofL.sufficientlytotheLeft,WilliamZ.FosterinApril1920foundedanewgroupcalledtheTradeUnionEducationalLeague,withtheobjectofcarryingoutinindustrialcirclesthesamepropagandathattheWorkers’PartyofAmericawascarryingoutinthefieldofpolitics(RedsinAmerica,p.13).ThattheT.U.E.L.wasactuallyabranchoftheCommunistPartywasshowninareportthatcametolightintheBridgmanraidof1922(ibid.,p.131).

But,aswillbeshowninthefollowingchapter,anewpowerhadnowarisen,

whichwastoformtherallyingcentreforrevolutionaryTradeUnionism,underthebannerofMoscow,andrelegatetheI.W.W.tothebackground.

Meanwhile,inEnglandintensivepropagandawasbeingcarriedoninthetradeunionsbytheagentsofMoscow,andgraduallythedynamicforceofthesocialrevolutionwaspassingfromthehandsofthetheoreticalSocialistsintothoseoftheorganisersandfinanciersofindustrialtroubles.Theskilfulmannerinwhichtheseventriloquistsprojectedtheirvoicesthroughthemouthof“Labour”wasshownbyBernardShawoftheLabourResearchDepartmentaftertherailwaystrikethattookplaceinOctober1919.Ontheprincipleof“Ifyoudon’twanttobebelievedspeakthetruth,”ShawsaidataLabourmeetingonDecember2:

“TheLabourResearchDepartmentbecamethePublicityDepartmentoftherailwaystrike,andIknewprettywellhowthethinghadtobecarriedon.Putyourmemorybackalittle.TherailwaystriketookplaceonaFriday.OntheSaturdaythewholecountrywascursingtherailwaymen.Yourtrainswereallstopped.Youwereallconvincedbyyournewspapersthathereweretherailwaymen,whohadmadeacombinationpracticallytoextortenormouswagesfromthecommunityattheexpenseofthegeneralcommunity.Wesettowork,andbythefollowingWednesdaythecountryhadbecomeconvincedthattheGovernmenthadbeenengagedinadeliberateattempttoreducethewagesoftherailwaymen”(MorningPost,Dec.3,1919).

BernardShaw’srealsentimentswithregardtostrikeswerethuscallouslysetforthlateronintheLabourMonthlyforOctober1921:

“ASocialistStatewouldnottoleratesuchanattackonthecommunityasastrikeforamoment.IfaTradeUnionattemptedsuchathing,theoldcapitalistlawagainstTradeUnionsasconspiracieswouldbere-enactedwithintwenty-fourhoursandputruthlesslyintoexecution.Suchamonstrosityastherecentcoalstrike,duringwhichthecoal-minersspentalltheirsavingsindamagingtheirneighboursandwreckingthenationalindustries,wouldbeimpossibleunderSocialism.Itwasmiserablydefeated,asitdeservedtobe.”

TheCo-operativeSocieties.—Therailwaystrikeof1919demonstratedthemannerinwhichtheadvocatesoftheGeneralStrikehadnowperfectedtheirsystem.Theolddifficultyofhowthestrikersweretoliveduringanationalhold-upwasbelievedtohavebeengotoverbyaplanofjointactionarrangedbetweentheTradesUnionCongressParliamentaryCommitteeandtheCentralBoardoftheCo-operativeUnion.ThewayinwhichthecommunitywastobestarvedoutwhilstthestrikersthrivedwasthusimpliedbyFredBramley,assistantsecretaryoftheaforesaidT.U.C.ParliamentaryCommittee:

“We…setouttosecurethatiftherailwaydisputewasextended(ifitdevelopedintoageneralstrike)weshouldavoid,ifpossible,thewithdrawalofmenfromco-operativeemploymentinorderthattheco-operativemovementcouldbeusedasafood-distributingagencyonbehalfoftheworkers.“INOTHERWORDS,WEWERENOTGOINGTOCUTOFFOUROWNSUPPLIES”(Evening

Standard,Oct.17,1919).

Thustheco-operativesocieties,thesanestandmostprogressivemovementthat“Labour”hadproducedinthiscountry,hadnowbecomeanimportantpartoftherevolutionarymachine.NowonderthatLenin,desiringaboveallthedownfallofGreatBritain,boastedthat1920wouldrealisehishopes.

CouncilofAction.—OnAugust9ofthatyeartheExecutiveoftheLabourParty,theParliamentaryCommitteeoftheT.U.C.andtheParliamentaryLabourPartymetinanemergencyconferenceattheHouseofCommonsonthepretextthattheGovernmentwascontemplatingtakinguparmsagainstSovietRussiaforthedefenceofPoland.Itwasthendecidedtoforma“CouncilofAction”forthepurposeoforganisingtheworkersto“downtools”insuchaneventuality.ThisCouncilwasformedofmembersofthethreebodiesparticipating,asfollows:

P.L.P.:W.Adamson,M.P.(electedChairman)J.R.Clynes,M.P.HarryGoslingA.SwalesColonelWedgwood,M.P.,T.U.C.A.A.PurcellR.B.WalkerMargaretBondfield

ExecutiveofL.P.:A.G.CameronC.T.CrampFrankHodgesRobertWilliamsJ.Bromley

LocalCouncilsofActionweresetupalloverthecountry.Asin1848inFrancePoland,thenthemartyrcountryoftherevolutionary

Socialistsbutnowtheobjectoftheiranathemas,servedmerelyasapretextfor

rallyingtheforcesofrevolution,anditwasobviousthat“themachinerythuserectedwouldbeavailableforageneralstrike,withotherobjectsinview”(MorningPost,September21,1920).AsshownbyadocumentpublishedinthisissueoftheMorningPost,anessentialpointintheprogrammewasagain:“ThecapturebyLabourofthelocalCo-operativeSocietysoastoensurethedistributionoffoodtothestrikersandtheirfamilies.”Tothisplanofcampaigntheso-calledmoderateLabourleadersontheCouncillenttheirsupport.

WhatwasnotgenerallyknownatthetimewasthattherealinspireroftheCouncilofActionwasKamenev,aliasRosenfeld,whohadcomeovertoLondonwithKrassinintheTradeDelegationinthespringof1920.SuchwasoneofthefirstactsofadelegatefromwhattheBritishGovernmentchosetoregardasafriendlypower.AtaCongressofBolshevistDirectorsofPropagandainForeignCountries,heldatBremeninDecemberofthesameyear,itwasstatedthattheexpensesincurredbytheTradeDelegationtoLondon(KamenevandKrassin)intheorganisationofcentresofagitationinGreatBritainamountedto£23,750permonth(Times,February1,1921).

TheTripleAlliance.—Constitutionaltradeunionleadershad,however,becomeawareofthedangerofpermeationbyBolshevism.In1920W.A.AppletonhadresignedhispresidencyoftheAmsterdamInternationale(I.F.T.U.)becauseitwasbecomingtoorevolutionary,andhisplacehadbeentakenbyJ.H.Thomas.TheTripleAlliance—thatistosay,theleadersofminers,railwaymenandtransportworkers—thenarrangedfortheGeneralStriketotakeplaceonApril15,1921.Thedefeatofthisplanwasaterribleset-backfortherevolutionarymovement.EnglandhavingbeenthemainobjectiveoftheworldrevolutionariesfromMarxtoLenin,thefailuretoreducehertochaosmeant,momentarilyatleast,thefailureofworldrevolution.Forthisfailuretherewereseveralcauses.ThePrimeMinister(LloydGeorge),whohadnotyetdiscoveredthenationalisationofthelandtobethesolutionofallourtroubles,utteredawarningtothenationonthe“GreatPeril,”theriseofapartytopowerwhich“callsitselfLabour,butisreallySocialist,”whichwants“toplantthewildandpoisonousberriesofKarlMarxisminthiscountry.”ThereweresomepeoplewhothoughtSocialismwas“merelyabogey,”butheknewitwas“aterriblemachine”thatwould“tearsocietytopieces”(MorningPost,March24,1921).AtthesametimehemobilisedhisforcespreciselyasthepresentGovernment

didinMay1926.Afurtherobstaclewasprovidedbytherailwaymen,who,itwasfoundatthelastmoment,wereunwillingtocomeout.

Theresultoftherailwaymen’sattitudewasthedecisiontocalloffthestrikeonwhatisknowninrevolutionarycirclesas“blackFriday”(April15),andsotodefeatthealienplotagainstEngland.Itisimpossibletoattributethistotherestraininginfluenceonthepartofthetradeunionleaders.Atthemostcriticalmomentofthecrisis,onApril11,aManifestowaspublishedbytheTripleAlliancecalculatedtoinflamepassionstothehighestdegree.TheGovernmentwasaccusedofstandinginwiththemineownersinanattackon“Labour,”andofhavingadoptedprovocativemeasuresbyorganisingadefenceforceinviewoftheanarchytowhich,astherailwaymenclearlysaw,thestrikewouldinevitablylead:

“Thepresentgovernment,”saidthismanifesto,“isnotanimpartialarbitratorinindustrialnegotiations,butanactive,ifsecretpartisan,andwhileitspeaksofpeaceitbehavesinamannercalculatedtoencouragewar.…InadditiontocallinguptheReserves,ithasadoptedthenewandodiousexpedientofformingavolunteerforceasaninstrumenttobeusedagainstorganisedlabour.Insodoingithaslightlyassumedthegraveresponsibilityofprovokingbloodshedandcivilwar.“Therefore,inviewof…theobvious,calculatedandpersistenthostilityoftheGovernmenttothe

workingclasses,theTripleAlliancehasdecidedtothrowitsfullweightonthesideoftheminers.”

ThisdocumentborethenamesofHerbertSmithandFrankHodgesonbehalfoftheMiners’Federation,ofJ.H.Thomas,C.T.CrampandW.T.AbrahamonbehalfoftheN.U.R.,andofH.GoslingandRobertWilliamsonbehalfoftheTransportWorkers’Federation.(EveningStandard,April12,1921.)

TheI.F.T.U.—Afortnightlater,afterthecollapseofthestrike,theAmsterdamInternationale(I.F.T.U.)publishedafurthercalltoclasswarfareincelebrationofMay1,whichsince1889hasbeenknownas“LabourDay.”

“Thisyear,”declaredtheAmsterdamManifesto,“thedemonstrationofLabourmustbemightierthanever.Reactionhasraisedupitsheadmoreaudaciouslyinallcountries;evergreateristheresistanceofthebourgeoisietothejustdemandsoftheworkers;everrigorousarethepersecutionstowhichclass-consciousorganisedworkersaresubjectedbyGovernments.…Weneedonlyrecallthehorrorsperpetratedagainstourfellow-workersinHungary,Finland,Spain,etc.…WeneedonlypointouttherecalcitranceofleadersoftheLeagueofNationsindealingeffectivelywiththeeconomicrestorationofEuropebysolutionoftheproblemofexchangeorbyimprovementinthedistributionofrawmaterial.Whatcarethesegentlemeniftheirnegligencewillcontributeeverywheretoanincreaseofunemployment,and,consequently,ofdestitutionamongtheworking-classes.”

Thiswassignedby:

J.H.Thomas,ActingPresident.L.Jouhaux,1stVice-President.C.Mertens,2ndVice-President.EdoFimmen,Secretary.J.Oudegeest,Secretary.

OnemighthavesupposedfromthisthattheI.F.T.U.hadgoneredenoughtosatisfyeventhemostthorough-goingofrevolutionaries,butitwillbenoticedtheirparticulardegreeofrednesshasneverbeenthecriterionbywhichtheBolsheviksofRussiahavejudgedgroupsorindividuals.Thisiswhytheterm“Extremist,”appliedtotheirsupportersinthiscountry,isentirelymisleading.OnemaygotothemostextremelimitofrevolutionaryviolencewithoutsatisfyingthepresentrulersofRussia—aswasshownbytheirabandonmentofSylviaPankhurst.TherealdesideratumisabsolutesubserviencetothedictatorshipofMoscow.ThiswastherockonwhichtheAmsterdammersandtheMuscovitessplit:theformer,whilstcomprisinganumberofextremerevolutionaries,werenot,asawhole,preparedtorenounceallindependenceofaction;further,theycommittedtheunpardonablesinofdemandingthatGermanyshouldbemaderesponsibleforthedamageshehaddoneduringthewarinthedevastatedregionsofFranceandBelgium.ConsequentlyitwasdecidedtodestroyAmsterdamandsetupanoppositionTradeUnionInternationale.

Ofcourse,TradeUnionisminRussiacouldonlybeafarce,since,asRobespierreperceived,underthedictatorshipoftheproletariatcorporationsofworkerscouldnotlogicallyexist.AsTrotskyhimselfstated:“InallCommunistStatesofficialsareappointedbytheState,andtradeunionsmustonlydefendtheinterestsoftheworkersbyhelpingtoraiseproduction,andnotbyvariousexaggerateddemandsandthreatsofstrikes”(Pravda,December1920).

HenceinSovietRussiathetradeunions,allofquiterecentbirth,arenottradeunionsinoursenseofthewordatall,butsimplyregimentsofworkerscontrolledbyleaderswhoareatthesametimemembersoftheGovernment.ThiswasshownveryclearlyinthechartpublishedbytheUnitedStatesCongressin1924,whenthesamenameswerefoundinthelistoftradeunionleadersandtheCentralExecutiveoftheGovernmentofRussia.

InordertobringtheworkersundertheheelofMoscowitwasnecessary,

however,tosetupapretenceoftradeunionorganisationinRussia.Accordingly,the“All-RussianCongressofTradeUnions”wasformedin1918;fromthisarosethe“All-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions”underTomsky(aliasJosephIsbitsky).AtaconferenceoftheCentralExecutiveoftheRussiantradeunionsheldinMoscowonJune15,1920,atwhichRobertWilliamsandA.A.Purcellwerepresent,theplanofunitingalltheleftelementsinthetradeunionsoutsideRussiawasdiscussed,andtheseparleyscontinueduntilJuly15,whenanagreementwasreachedbetweentheRussiantradeunions,theItalianFederationofLabour,theSpanish,Jugo-SlavandBulgariantradeunionstofighttheAmsterdamInternationale,andsetupanewTradeUnionInternationalinitsplace.Thepropagandacentrethuscreatedwasgiventhenameof“TheInternationalCouncilofTradeandIndustrialUnions.”

ThiswastheembryooftheR.I.L.U.or“RedInternationaleofLabourUnions,”knownalsoasthe“Profintern”—fromtheRussianwordsProfessionalyeInternazional—whichhelditsfirstCongressfromJuly3–19inthefollowingyear,1921.ThistimeEnglandwasrepresentedbyTomMann,NatWatkins,J.T.MurphyandEllenWilkinson,andthefollowingInternationalExecutiveCommitteewasformed:

Gen.Sec.:A.Lozovsky(aliasSolomonDridzo).England:TomMann.Germany:AntonMayer.Russia:Nogin.Spain:Orlandez.UnitedStates:GeorgeAndreychine.

InthesubsidiarypropagandaorganisationsoftheR.I.L.U.,theEnglishrepresentativesincludedJ.T.Murphy(MetalWorkers),NatWatkins(Miners)andEllenWilkinson(Workers’Union)(KrassneeInternazionalProfsoyusov,BulletinIspolneetelnovoBuro,No.I).

ThefoundationoftheRedInternationaleofLabourUnionswasatriumphofBolshevikstrategy.WhattheKominternwithitsbureaucraticCommunistpropagandahadbeenunabletoaccomplishtheR.I.L.U.wastosucceedincarryingoutbyappealingtothecorporativespiritoftheworkers.Itwasprobablythisstrokeofdiplomacythatturnedthewholecourseofevents,that

avertedthecollapseofBolshevismin1921andbroughtabouttherecrudescenceoftherevolutionarymovementwhichhasledtothecrisisoftoday.

Justasthe3rdorCommunistInternationalewasintendedtodefeatthe2ndorSocialistInternationaleofBrusselsinthepoliticalfield,theR.I.L.U.wasinstitutedtodefeattheI.F.T.U.orAmsterdamInternationaleintheindustrialfield.Fromthismomenttheword“Yellow”appliedtothe2nd(Socialist)InternationalewasalwaysappliedtotheAmsterdamTradeUnionInternationale,whilsttheword“Red”wasofficiallyassumedbytheMoscowTradeUnionInternationale,ofwhichthepropagandaconsistedlargelyofimprecationsagainstthehated“Amsterdammers.”

TheR.I.L.U.wasfromthebeginningavowedly“Anarcho-Syndicalist.”Intheresolutionsofits2ndCongressitisstatedthat:“TheCongressapprovesoftheattemptsoftheExecutiveBureautodrawalltheanarcho-syndicalistorganisationsintotheR.I.L.U.forthejointstruggleagainstthebourgeoisieandagainstreformism.”TheadherentsoftheR.I.L.U.inEngland,America,HollandandFrancewerespeciallychargedwiththetaskofrallyingtheworkerstothebannerofthenewRedInternationale.OneofthefirstbodiestojoinupwithitwastheAnarcho-SyndicalistwingoftheFrenchC.G.T.(ConfédérationGénéraleduTravail),whichonFebruary16,1922,constituteditselfastheC.G.T.U.(ConfédérationGénéraleduTravailUnitaire)andsoonafterdecidedtoaffiliatewiththeR.I.L.U.TheleaderofthispartywasDondicol.

IntheUnitedStatestheT.U.E.L.(TradeUnionEducationalLeague),foundedbyWilliamZ.Foster,wasspeciallyindicatedasthebodytobeentrustedwiththeworkoftheR.I.L.U.,whilstaCouncilwasrecommendedforco-ordinatingtheworkoftheminoritiesintheA.F.ofL.,theI.W.W.andtheindependentunions.Themostactiveofthelatterwere:

(1)TheAmalgamatedClothingWorkers’Union,asplitfromthe“UnitedGarmentWorkersofAmerica,”datedfrom1914,andworkingparticularlyfortheideaofthe“OneBigUnion.”ThePresidentwasJosephHillmanandtheleadingmemberswere:

JosephSchlossbergHymanLumbergSamuelLevinA.D.Marimmpetri

AugustBellancaAlexKohenLazarusMariovitzFrankRosenblum

(2)TheInternationalLadies’GarmentWorkers’Union,startedinconnectionwiththeRandSchoolin1914;thePresidentwasBenjaminSchlesinger,FaniaM.CohnVice-President,andtheofficialorganJustice,withS.WyonopskyaseditorandE.Liebermannasbusinessmanager.Thiswasaffiliatedwiththe“Workers’DefenceUnion,”ofwhichBenjaminSchlesingerwasalsothePresidentandElizabethGurleyFlynntheprincipalleader.

(3)The“AmalgamatedTextileWorkers,”startedin1919withA.J.MusteasGeneralSecretary.

InareportdiscoveredattheBridgmanraidof1922itwasstated:

“AtbesttheprospectsofourinfluencingthelabourmovementaremainlyinthepredominantlyJewishorganisationsliketheInternationalLadies’GarmentWorkers,AmalgamatedClothingWorkers,Hat,CapandMillineryWorkers,etc.OuractivitiesintheI.W.W.haveledtotheirliquidationinanumberofEasterncities.”

TheR.I.L.U.nowformedtherallyingpointforalltheserevolutionarygroups,andfoundinWilliamZ.Fosteritsmostvaluableagent.AttheBridgmanConventionhepointedoutthatthefailureoftheSocialistPartyhadbeennottounderstandtheimportanceofindustrialwork:

“TheCommunistPartyisnotgoingtomakethesamemistake.Thislayingsomuchstressontheimportanceofthetradeunionworkisoneofthemosthelpfulfeaturesofthemovement.Whenwelaystressontheimportanceofthiswork,werealisethatwemustcapturethetradeunionsifwewanttogetanywhere.DifferentCommunistsdifferastotheimportanceofcapturingtheunionsintherevolutionarystruggle.Somesaythatthetradeuniondoesnotamounttoanything;thatitisjustaneutralorganisationandwillneverbecomearevolutionaryunit.Otherssaythatitisoneofthereallyrevolutionalinstrumentsoftheworkersandwillfunctionassuchintherevolutionarystruggle.Syndicaliststakethepositionthattradeunionworkistheonlything.Althoughwemaydifferastothepositivevalueofthetradeunionwork,wemustagreewiththenegative,namely,thatitisabsolutelyimpossibletohavearevolutioninthecountryunlesswewillcontrolthemasstradeunions.ThisfactaloneshouldjustifythepolicythattheCommunistPartyoftheUnitedStatesisworkingout.Ifwewisharevolution,wemusthavetheirsupport.AfterourdelegationcamebackfromMoscowlastyear,itbroughtwithusaprogramwhichwethoughtwasagoodpracticalprogramforthiscountry,andwewanttotellyouthis—alotofpeoplesaythatthoseinMoscowdonotunderstandthesituation.Iwanttodisputethat.IfoundintheRedTradesUnionInternationalandintheCommunistInternationalandgenerallyinMoscow,akeenunderstandingofthefundamentalsofoursituationinthiscountry.Ican

saythatIfoundabetterunderstandingofthegeneralfundamentalsituationinAmericathanwecanboastofhere.ItwasapeculiarthingtofindmenlikeRadekandLenintellingAmericanrevolutionaryorganisationsthattheirindustrialpolicywaswrong”(TheRedsinAmerica,p.29).

Sowere“free-bornAmericans”tobetaughttomanagetheirownaffairsbymiddle-classdoctrinairesintheEastofEuropewithnohistoryoftradeunionorganisationbehindthem.

CHAPTERIX

THEBOLSHEVISATIONOFBRITISHTRADEUNIONISM

BritishBureauofR.I.L.U.—InEnglandtheR.I.L.U.ofMoscowhasfoundalliesreadytohand.InDecember1920J.T.MurphycamebackfromRussiawithplansfortheorganisationofthemovement,andinthissamemonththe“BritishBureau”ofthe“ProvisionalInternationalCouncilofTradeandIndustrialUnions”wasestablishedinManchester,withGeorgePeet(ofManchester)correspondingsecretaryandE.Lismer(ofSheffield)asorganisingsecretary.

AninauguralmeetingwasheldonJanuary23,1921,withthefollowingasmembersoftheBureau:

Chairman:TomMann,A.E.U.,formerlyGen.SecretaryI.L.P.andleaderoftheIndustrialSyndicalistLeague,“HandsOffRussia”Committee.

J.T.Murphy,A.E.U.,formerlyonExecutiveCommitteeS.L.P.,C.P.G.B.,BritishrepresentativeonI.K.K.I.

RobertWilliams,SecretaryNationalTransportWorkers’Federation,I.L.P.,“HandsOffRussia”Committee,directorofDailyHerald,CouncilofAction(1920).

A.A.Purcell,N.A.F.T.A.,C.P.G.B.,nowM.P.EmileBurns,N.U.C.G.Kay.V.Williams,YorkshireMiners’Association.T.Bell,ScottishIronMoulders.

Amongstthosewholaterjoinedthemovementwere:

Mrs.M.Bamber,NationalUnionofDistributiveandAlliedWorkers.EllenWilkinson,nowM.P.(N.U.D.A.W.),C.P.G.B.,andBritishdelegateto

MoscowR.I.L.U.

RobertPageArnot,N.U.C.,C.P.G.B.A.J.Cook,ExecutiveCommitteeM.F.G.B.,I.L.P.NoahAblett,ExecutiveCommitteeM.F.G.B.RichardCoppock,GeneralSecretaryNationalFederationBuildingTrade

Operatives.HarryPollitt,boiler-maker,C.P.G.B.JackTanner(A.E.U.),formerlySyndicalistandI.W.W.GeorgeHardy,formerlyI.W.W.

InSeptember1921theBritishBureauoftheR.I.L.U.wastransferredfromManchestertoLondon,withofficesat3WellingtonStreet,Strand.

TheConstitutionoftheBureaustatedthatitshouldbeindependentoftheCommunistPartyofGreatBritainbutshouldworkinco-operationwithit,thusmakingitclearthattheBritishBureauwasnottheoutcomeoftheBritishCommunists,butwasdirectlyunderthecontroloftheExecutiveoftheProfinterninMoscow,justastheBritishCommunistPartywasunderthecontroloftheExecutiveoftheKomintern.

AfurtherclauseintheConstitutiondeclaredthat:

“TheBureauanditsCommitteesshallconductavigorouscampaignwithinthetradeunionsonbehalfoftheR.I.ofL.U.,preparetheprogrammesofactionforadoptionbytheunionsasalternativestothecompromisingprogrammesoftheyellowleadersofAmsterdam,anddoallinitspowertorevolutionisethepracticeoftheunionsanddrawthemintotheRedInternationalofLabourUnions.”

ThetwoorgansoftheBritishBureauwereAllPower(monthly),editedbyH.Pollitt,andTheWorker(weekly),publishedinGlasgowandpreviouslytheorganoftheNationalWorkers’Committee.

TheBritishBureauoftheR.I.L.U.thusformedthefirstjunctionbetweentheSyndicalistandCommunistmovementsinthiscountry.WithTomMann,theoldSyndicalistleader,atitsheadandNoahAblett,whohadfiguredinthe“MinesfortheMinersMovement”in1913,supportedbyA.A.Purcell,oneoftheprimemoversoftheC.P.G.B.,thetwocampshithertohostilehadnowestablishedapointofcontactwhichwastodevelopthreeyearslaterintoalargerorganisation.

NationalMinorityMovement.—ThiswastheNationalMinorityMovement,whichbeganastheNationalMiners’MinorityMovement,andwasinauguratedatanR.I.L.U.conferenceofminersinLondononJanuary26,1924.NatWatkinsoftheMoscoworganisationwasappointedorganisingsecretary.

Minoritygroupswerethenformedinotherimportantindustries,sothatthemovementnowconsistsofthefollowingsixgroups:

Miners’MinorityMovement.TransportWorkers’MinorityMovement.MetalWorkers’MinorityMovement.BuildingWorkers’MinorityMovement.GeneralWorkers’MinorityMovement.Printers’Section.

TheExecutiveofthecombinedmovementwasformedasfollows:

Hon.Chairman:TomMann.Gen.Secretary:H.Pollitt.OrganisingSecretary:GeorgeHardy.

AfterPollitt’simprisonmentinNovember1925,GeorgeHardybecameActing-GeneralSecretaryandhisplaceasOrganisingSecretarywastakenbyNatWatkins,nowonthePresidiumoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheR.I.L.U.inMoscow.

OtherleadingmembersofthemovementareWalHannington,TomQuelch,Lœber,Horner,SamElsbury,Thom,Booth,etc.

TheofficesoftheNationalMinorityMovementareat38GreatOrmondeStreet,London,anditsofficialorgansareTheWorkerandTheMineWorker.

ItisusualtodescribetheNationalMinorityMovemontastheoutcomeoftheBritishCommunistParty.Thisisincorrect.TheMinorityMovementdevelopedhistoricallyfromSyndicalism,beginningwiththeIndustrialSyndicalistEducationalLeagueof1910,underTomMann,throughtheMiners’ReformMovementandtheBritishBureauoftheR.I.L.U.,atwhichpointthealliancewithCommunismwasmade.Thiswasdirectlycarriedoutundertheordersofthe“Profintern.”IntheForewordwrittenbyTomQuelchtotheEnglishtranslationoftheResolutionsandDecisionsoftheThirdWorldCongressoftheR.I.L.U.,theMinorityMovementofGreatBritainisreferredtoashavingbeeninitiatedandinspiredbytheR.I.L.U.AmongsttheresolutionspassedatthisCongress,whichtookplaceinMoscowinJuly1924,wereadthefollowing:

“Itisaquestionofconqueringthemindsofthemasses,ofwinningthemfortheideaofCommunism.

NomatterhowobnoxioustheLabourbureaucracy,anditisbecomingmoreobnoxiouseveryday,therevolutionaryworkwithintheLabourorganisationsshouldbecontinuedsteadilyandsystematically.…Sensingtheapproachingdanger,theLabourbureaucracysweepsawaytheremnantsofdemocracyinthetradeunions;everythingisdecidedbytheofficialdom.Itisnecessarytostrengthenthestruggleagainsttheunionofficialdom,etc.”(TheTasksoftheInternationalTradeUnionMovement,p.9.PublishedbytheNationalMinorityMovement,38GreatOrmondeStreet,W.C.1).

FurtheronthemandarinsofMoscowobserve:

“NOTONEMASSACTIONOFTHEBRITISHPROLETARIATMUSTTAKEPLACEWITHOUTOURPARTICIPATION”(ibid.,p.77).

SotheBritishworkerswerenotonlytobeturnedagainsttheiremployers,butagainsttheirowntradeunionofficials,providedthesewerenotpreparedtotaketheirordersfromMoscow—thetyrannyofnativeleaderswastobereplacedbythetyrannyofaforeignpower.Thiswastherealmeaningofthe“OneBigUnion”idea,borrowedfromtheAmericanI.W.W.—nolongeraunionamongtheworkersoftheworld,buttheunitingoftheworkersoftheworldundertheyokeoftheMoscowbureaucracy.TheseBritishtradeunionleaderswhojoinedtheMinorityMovementthusproclaimedthemselvestraitorstoTradeUnionismandtheagentsofaforeignpower.

ItwasatthissameconferenceinMoscowthatthepromotersoftheNationalMinorityMovementinEnglandreceivedtheirordersandtheinauguralconferencewasannouncedtotakeplaceinLondoninthefollowingmonthofAugust1924.

Itwillbeseen,then,thattheMinorityMovementdidnotdevelopoutoftheCommunistPartyofGreatBritain,butoutoftheSyndicalistmovementafteritscapturebytheRedTradeUnionInternationalofMoscow.TheC.P.G.B.,however,isnowdefinitelylinkedupwiththeMinorityMovement,andatthe1925CongressofthePartytwoleadersoftheMinorityMovement—GeorgeHardyandNatWatkins—werepresentas“fraternaldelegates.”

BymeansofthisintensivepropagandacarriedonbyCommunistagentsamongsttheindustrialworkers,theBritishTradeUnionmovementhadveeredsteadilymoreandmoretowardsMoscow.Anobstaclewas,however,presentedbytheInternationalFederationofTradeUnions,orAmsterdamInternational,whichstillrefusedtoaffiliatewiththeR.I.L.U.In1924thepersonneloftheI.F.T.U.wasasfollows:

President:J.H.Thomas,M.P.(GreatBritain).Vice-President:L.Jouhaux(France).C.Mertens(Belgium).Th.Leipart(Germany).Secretaries:J.Oudegeest(Holland),J.Sassenbach(Germany),J.W.Brown

(GreatBritain).

ThesewereleadersdenouncedbyMoscowas“yellow”or“reformist”;nevertheless,theI.F.T.U.haditsLeftor“Red”Wing,whichincludedsuchmenasA.A.Purcell(R.I.L.U.),GeorgeHicksandEdoFimmen,theDutchman.In1925J.H.ThomaswasreplacedbyA.A.Purcell,therestoftheExecutiveremainingthesame.

FromthetimeofitsformationtheR.I.L.U.ofMoscowhad“conductedafuriouscampaign”againsttheI.F.T.U.,particularlyduringtheyear1921–22,anddeclareditsintentionsofdestroying“thatpestilentyellowlair.”InArticleII,Clause4,oftheRulesoftheR.I.L.U.,itwasstatedthat:

“TheobjectoftheRedInternationalofLabourUnionsistheamalgamationofallrevolutionaryclasselementsoftheInternationalTradesUnionMovement,andthewagingofadefinitewarwiththeInternationalLabourOfficeattheLeagueofNations,andwiththeI.F.T.U.ofAmsterdam,which,asaresultofitsprogrammeandgeneralpolicy,constitutesarallyingpointfortheinternationalbourgeoisie.”

TheI.F.T.U.thereforecontinuedtorefusetonegotiatewiththeR.I.L.U.TheT.U.C.—MeanwhiletheT.U.C.(TradesUnionCongress)haddeveloped

astrongLeftWing.Aswehaveseenearlier,aNationalJointCouncilhadbeenarrangedbytheT.U.C.andLabourPartyin1921.SincethentheT.U.C.hadcontinuedtomovesteadilytotheLeft,andby1925ithadfallencompletelyunderthecontrolofitsLeftWingers.Inthatyearitsleadersconsistedofthefollowing:

President:A.B.Swales(A.E.U.),I.L.P.Vice-Chairman:A.A.Purcell,I.P.T.U.,R.I.L.U.Secretary:FredBramley(N.A.F.T.U.),I.L.P.(AllthesewerenowmadehonorarymembersoftheMoscowSoviet,seeSundayWorker,April19,1925.)

Assist.Secretary:W.M.Citrine(ElectricalTradeUnions),I.L.P.

TheT.U.C.beingaffiliatedtotheI.F.T.U.,andthesamealliesofMoscowfiguringintheExecutiveofboth,itwaseasytoarrangeaplanofcombinedaction.Aningeniousrusewasdevised.NeithertheI.F.T.U.asabodynortheT.U.C.werewillingtojoinupwithLozovskyandtheProfintern—theopenappropriationofthename“RedInternational”bythelatterbeingcalculatedtoalarmsanetradeunionists—butwhatwastheretopreventanententewiththetradeunionistsofRussiawhodidnotdesignatethemselvesbythisobjectionableadjective?ThebridgeleadingtoLozovskyandtheR.I.L.U.beingimpassable,anotherbridgetoMoscowmustbeconstructed,leadingtoTomskyandtheAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions.

ThatsuchanalliancewasfromthepointofviewoforthodoxTradeUnionismasmuchafarceastheotherwouldhavebeen,isevidentfromthefactthattheAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions,formedin1919,wasundertheR.I.L.U.andthereforesimplyadepartmentoftheSovietGovernment;Tomsky,itsPresident,wasamemberofthePresidiumoftheTs.I.K.(CentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheU.S.S.R.);andallthefollowingmembersofitsExecutive—Rykov,Rudzutak,Andreiev,Lozovsky(oftheR.I.L.U.),Schmidt,Evdokimov,Lutovinov,Melnichansky,Dogadov,Antipov,LepseandSeniushkin—were,orhadbeenatsometime,alsomembersoftheTs.I.K.,thatistosay,oftheRussianGovernment.

TheoverturecamefromTomskyhimself,whoappearedattheHullCongressoftheT.U.C.in1924toconveyfraternalgreetingsfromtheAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnionsandappealfor“internationalunity.”Thisproposalwasenthusiasticallyreceived,anditwasimmediatelydecidedtosendadelegationtoRussiatoattendtheCongressoftheAll-RussianCouncilandreportonconditionsunderSovietrule(LabourYearBook,1925).

Thedelegates,wholeftLondononNovember7,1924,andreturnedonDecember19,werePurcell,HerbertSmith,JohnBromley,BenTillett,A.A.H.Findlay,JohnTurnerandFredBramley.Asmightbeexpectedfromtheknownsympathiesofthemajorityofthesedelegates,theyfoundeverythingdelightfulonarrival;Purcelldeclaredthat“SovietRussiawasthefirstbrightjewelintheworld’sworking-classcrown,”andTillettdescribeditas“thehopeoftheworld’sworkers”(DailyTelegraph,December5,1924).TheReport,publishedayearlaterbythedelegationandacceptedbytheirBritishcomrades,metwith

ridiculefromContinentalSocialists.ThusFriedrichAdler,ex-secretaryoftheL.S.I.(LabourSocialistInternational),wrote:

“ImustopenlyconfessthatneversincetheexcessesoftheGermanSocial-ImperialistsduringthewarhaveIreadabookthathassoshockedmebythebasenessofitsoutlookandtheshamelessnessofitsassertionasthisreport”(MorningPost,June2,1925).

ThelargestgroupofGermantradeunions—theAllgemeineDeutscheGewerkschaftbund—publishedthefollowingdenunciation:

“UnpleasantfactsarepassedoverwithdiplomaticsubtlenessandthecompilersarenotafraidevenofliesinordertoputtheRussiansysteminabetterlight.…ItisshockingthatseventradeunionistswhosenameswereheldinreputeshouldgotoRussiaforstudyandcirculatetotheinternationalworldawretchedandclumsypieceofworkintheformofareport.TheBolsheviksmustbelaughinguptheirsleeves”(DailyMail,October26,1925).

TradeUnionUnityMovement.—InthecourseofthisvisittoRussia,theBritishdelegatesarrangedwiththeAll-RussianCounciltosetupajointcommittee,andinDecembertheplanforthe“Anglo-RussianTradeUnionUnityCommittee”wasdefinitelyformulatedbytheLeftWingersoftheT.U.C.,withtheheartyapprovalofTheWorker,organoftheR.I.L.U.,TheWorkers’Weekly(C.P.G.B.)andofTomMann,whopressedtheideaataconferenceoftheNationalTradesCouncilinthefollowingMarch,whilstLozovskyhimselfsentatelegramofcongratulation,addressedtotheSundayWorker.ThenewmovementthushadalltheCommunistelementsatitsback.

Aninvitationwasnowsent(March1925}bytheGeneralCounciloftheT.U.C.totheAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnionstosenddelegatesovertoEnglandforaConferenceinApril.Theinvitationwasacceptedandsevenrepresentativesarrived,ledbynootherthanTomskyhimself.Theconferencewascomposedasfollows:

All-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions:M.TomskyV.M.MikhailovG.N.MelnichanskyI.I.LepseN.P.Glebov-AvilovOlgaChernishova

V.Y.Yarotsky

GeneralCouncilofBritishT.U.C.:A.B.SwalesA.A.PurcellH.BoothmanJ.W.BowenG.HicksE.L.PoultonW.Thorne,M.P.BenTillettJuliaVarleyR.B.WalkerFredBramleyGeorgeYoung

ItshouldbenotedthatatanyratethefirstfournamesontheRussiandelegationwerethoseofmenwhowere,orhadbeen,membersoftheCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheRussianSovietRepublics.ByconferringwiththesepeopletheBritishtradeunionistswere,therefore,notnegotiatingwithfellowtradeunionists,butwithwhatcorrespondedtotheCabinetMinistersofaforeigngovernmentviolentlyhostiletoGreatBritain.WhatwouldhavebeensaidiftheBritishFascistshadinvitedanumberofSignorMussolini’sministersovertothiscountryinordertoconferwiththemontheprojectofoverthrowingParliamentandreplacingitbyaFascistregime?WecannotdoubtthatsuchaproceedingwouldhavebeenfoundcontrarytotheConstitutionofGreatBritain.ButtotheadventoftheBolshevikdelegationnoobstaclewasoffered.TheSovietPressitselfcouldonlyaccountforthisbythesuppositionthattheConservativeCabinetwasnow“climbingdown”(MorningPost,March31,1925).

Theresultofadmittingthesedelegates,describedbytheMorningPostas“allspeciallytrainedagitatorsandpropagandistsofpurely‘intellectual’origin,andinnowayrepresentativeoftheRussianworkingmasses”wasnaturallyanintensificationoftherevolutionarymovementintheBritishtradeunions.InthissamemonthofAprilthefirstnumberoftheofficialorganofthenewmovement,TradeUnionUnity,appeared,publishedbytheLabourResearchDepartmentat

162aBuckinghamPalaceRoad.TheeditorialboardwascomposedofLeftWingersbelongingbothtotheT.U.C.andtheI.F.T.U.—A.A.Purcell,GeorgeHicksandalsotheDutchLeftWingmemberoftheI.F.T.U.,EdoFimmen.

AmongstcontributorstoTradeUnionUnityhavebeenA.B.Swales(ChairmanoftheBritishTradesUnionCongress),FredBramley(Secretaryofthesame),HerbertSmith(PresidentoftheMiners’FederationofGreatBritain),BenTurner(GeneralPresidentoftheNationalUnionofTextileWorkers),BenTillett(TransportandGeneralWorkers’Union),JohnBromley,M.P.(GeneralSecretaryofAssociatedSocietyofLocomotiveEngineersandFiremen),ArthurPugh(GeneralSecretaryoftheIronandSteelTradesFederation),etc.TheMaynumber(1925)containedamessageofheartycongratulationfromTomsky(JosephIsbitsky),ChairmanoftheAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions,togetherwithaportraitofthispersonage.

TheattitudeofTradeUnionUnityhasthroughoutbeenantagonistictotheI.F.T.U.,towhichitsdirectorsbelong,andderisivetowardstheoldI.F.T.U.leaders,suchasOudegeest,MertensandJouhaux—anattitudeconstitutingtreachery,notonlytoorthodox,thatistosaynon-political,TradeUnionism,butalsotowardsTradeUnionismthatworksforSocialismwithoutacceptingthedictatorshipofMoscow.

Thefurtherresultofpermittingtheso-calledRussiandelegation—whichhadpromisedtorefrainfrompropaganda—tolandinthiscountryandinoculateTradeUnionismstillfurtherwiththeBolshevistviruswasseenattheConferencesoftheNationalMinorityMovementandoftheT.U.C.thatfollowed.

Attheformer,whichtookplaceonAugust29and30,1925,withTomManninthechair,thenecessityofdoingawaywiththeBritishEmpirewasopenlyproclaimed.Saklatvaladeclared:“IdenouncetheEmpireinthenameoftheworking-classes.IamanimplacableenemyoftheUnionJack”(Greatapplause).H.Pollittobservedthat:“TheBritishEmpire,asatpresentconstituted,standsfortheexploitationoftheworkers”(Moreapplause).AmongstthespeakerswereA.GossipandNatWatkins.PlanswereputforwardforCouncilsofAction,foraWorkers’DefenceCorps,FactoryCommitteesandforfurthercapturingtheCo-operativeMovement.

“ThemachineryoftheCo-operativesisanessentialallianceinthecomingstruggleforthefeedingof

thestrikers’wivesandfamilies.WemustgetinsidetheCo-opsandlinkthemupwiththeTradeUnions,readyforcollectiveaction.EveryTradeUnionistshouldbeaCo-operatorandeveryCo-operatoraTradeUnionist.”

TheAnnualConferenceoftheT.U.C.tookplaceatScarboroughinthefollowingmonthofSeptember.Tomskywasoncemorepresent,togetherwithDogadov,amemberofthePresidiumoftheProfinternandformerlyoftheTs.I.K.TheConferencethenpresentedTomskywithagoldwatchasatokenofrespect.

Resolutionswereputforwardinfavourofthe“OneBigUnion”scheme,ofthedestructionof(British)Capitalismandofthebreak-upoftheBritishEmpire,andthetwolatterwerecarriedbyhugemajorities.

Resolutioncarriedby2,456,000votesto1,218,000:

“ThisCongressdeclaresthattheTradeUnionmovementmustorganisetopreparetheTradeUnionsinconjunctionwiththepartyoftheworkerstostrugglefortheoverthrowofCapitalism.“AtthesametimeCongresswarnstheworkersagainstallattemptstointroducecapitalistschemesof

co-partnershipwhichinthepasthavefailedtogivetheworkersanypositiverights,butinsteadhaveusuallyservedasfettersretardingtheforwardmovements.“Congressfurtherconsidersthatstrong,well-organisedShopCommitteesareindispensableweapons

inthestruggletoforcethecapitaliststorelinquishtheirgriponindustry,and,therefore,pledgesitselftodoallinitspowertodevelopandstrengthenworkshoporganisation.”

Resolutionadoptedby3,082,000votesto79,000:

“ThisTradesUnionCongressbelievesthatthedominationofnon-BritishpeoplesbytheBritishGovernmentisaformofcapitalistexploitationhavingforitsobjectthesecuringforBritishcapitalists(1)ofcheapsourcesofrawmaterials;(2)therighttoexploitcheapandunorganisedlabourandtousethecompetitionofthatlabourtodegradetheworkers’standardsinGreatBritain.“ItdeclaresitscompleteoppositiontoImperialism,andresolves(1)tosupporttheworkersinall

partsoftheBritishEmpiretoorganisetheTradeUnionsandpoliticalpartiesinordertofurthertheirinterests,and(2)tosupporttherightofallpeoplesintheBritishEmpiretoself-determination,includingtherighttochoosecompleteseparationfromtheEmpire”(LabourYearBook,1926).

AftertheconferenceCitrineandGeorgeHickswentbacktoRussiawithTomskyandDogadov.

SomuchfortheassurancesgiventotheconstitutionalpressinthepreviousmonthbyFredBramley,secretaryoftheGeneralCounciloftheT.U.C.,thattherevolutionarieswhotalkedaboutclasswarfarewerenotlikelytoenlistthehelpoftradeunionleadersanddidnotrepresenttradeunionopinioninthiscountry.

MuchcomfortwasderivedbythepublicfromthefactthatattheAnnualConferenceoftheLabourPartythatbeganatLiverpoolsoonaftertheT.U.C.

ConferenceatScarborough,onSeptember29,affiliationwiththeCommunistPartywasrejectedbyanoverwhelmingmajority.

Inrealitytheopposingdecisionsofthetwocongressesmerelymarkedastageinthestruggleforpowerbetweenrivalbodies.The“moderates”oftheLabourPartyhadrealisedthatthecentreofgravityhadshiftedfrom33to32EcclestonSquare,headquartersoftheT.U.C.,whilsttheextremistssawthat16KingStreethadbeensupersededby38GreatOrmondeStreet.ThedoctrinairesofbothSocialismandCommunismsawthattheycouldnolongerretaintheirholdevenonthe“revolutionaryproletariat.”ThisfactbecameclearunderthelateLabourGovernment.IntheMay1924numberofNewStandards:aJournalofWorkers’ControleditedbyMr.andMrs.G.D.H.Cole,theapostleofGuildSocialismobservedthattheadventofaLabourGovernmenthad“givenplacetoamoodofcriticismanddissatisfaction.”TheassumptionofofficehadbroughttheactivemenoftheLabourmovement“facetofacewithrealities”;andthequestionshadarisen:“Wherearewegoing?Whatarewetryingtodo?”

“ForyearspasttheLabourmovementhasbeenlivingonitsownhump.Ithasdonenofreshthinking.Ithasmovedforwardbythemomentumofideasalreadyoldandinneedofre-statement.”

AndG.D.H.Coleconcludedwiththislament:

“Inplainterms,theCommunistPartyisafailure,theI.L.P.isplayedout,theS.D.F.isamerehavenofrefugeforSocialistsillateaseinothergroups,theFabianSocietyameretable-rappingvoicefromthedead,andtheGuildSocialistmovementalmostnon-existentasaneffectiveforce.”

Inaword,“advancedthinkers”hadawakenedtofindthemselves“backnumbers,”Mr.Cole’spetbrandofSocialismwasnowstigmatisedasreactionarybytheR.I.L.U.{seedenunciationofGuildSocialisminReportoftheThirdCongressoftheProfinterninMoscow,July1924,p.71,Englishtrans.),andhisownLabourResearchDepartmentwaspassingoutofthehandsoftheIntellectualsintothoseofCommunisttradeunionleaders.

LabourResearchDepartment.—In1925thepersonneloftheL.R.D.—whichmustnotbeconfusedwiththe“JointResearchDepartmentoftheTradesUnionCongressandtheLabourParty”—wasasfollows:

GeorgeHicksA.L.BacharachG.Burgneay

EmileBurnsA.J.CookMauriceH.DobbRajaniP.DuttJ.T.W.NewboldHarryPollittEllenWilkinsonR.PageArnot

TheaddressoftheL.R.D.isnow162BuckinghamPalaceRoad.ThePlebsLeague,atthesameaddressastheabove,hadin1925the

followingExecutive:

Hon.Secretary:WinifredHorrabinOfficeSecretary:KathleenStarrExecutiveCommittee:

M.H.DobbGeorgeHicksCedarPaulR.W.PostgateM.PhilipsPriceMarkStarrEllenWilkinson

TheNationalCouncilofLabourColleges,ofwhichthePlebsistheofficialorgan,hadatthesamedatealargeExecutive,includingthefollowing:

Hon.President:A.A.PurcellPresident:J.HamiltonGen.Secretary:J.P.M.MillarTreasurer:MarkStarrG.S.AitkenC.BrownW.CoxonW.T.A.FootR.CoppockA.Gossip

J.Gregory

TheheadofficeoftheN.C.L.C.isat22ElmRow,Edinburgh.TheLondonLabourCollege,foundedin1909,isat13PenyweenRoad,Earl’sCourt,London.Secretary:W.T.A.Foot.

InaninterestingseriesofarticlesbyW.FaulknerinthePatriotforSeptember24,October1and8,1925,anaccountwasgivenofthedisputebetweentheN.C.L.CandtheWorkers’EducationalAssociation,foundedtwenty-twoyearsagoandregardedastoomoderatebytheN.C.L.C.,whichisnowinfullcontrolofthewholeLabourCollegemovement.

CHAPTERX

SUBSIDIARYCOMMUNISTORGANISATIONS

In1925theCentralExecutiveoftheCommunistPartyofGreatBritainwasasfollows:

Chairman:A.MacManusH.PollittJ.R.CampbellWilliamGallacherT.BellJ.T.MurphyR.P.ArnotA.InkpinR.StewartR.P.DuttW.HanningtonC.M.RoebuckT.A.JacksonMrs.HelenCrawfurdA.HornerWilliamJossA.FergusonBethTurnerNatWatkinsE.H.Brown

OneofthemostdangerousillusionsistosupposethatthestrengthofCommunisminthiscountryistobeestimatedbythemembershipoftheC.P.G.B.(CommunistPartyofGreatBritain),whichtheCommuniststhemselvesareanxioustoassureusstandsonlyat5,000andhasremainedthroughout

stationary.(NotethereiterationofthisfigurebyonespeakerafteranotheratthelastCongressoftheC.P.G.B.)Inreality,thenumberofmembersisprobablyagooddeallarger,buttheimportantpointisthatmembershipoftheofficialCommunistPartyinthiscountryisnotessentialtobeingaleadingmemberoftheCommunistorganisationinthiscountry.Ashasbeenshownintheprecedingchapters,someofthemostardentCommunistpropagandistsandeventhemostdangerousrevolutionariesinGreatBritaindonotfigure,atanyrateopenly,onthelistsoftheBritishCommunistParty,butbelongtosuchbodiesasthePlebsLeague,LabourResearchDepartment,I.L.P.,or,again,tosuchavowedlyCommunistorganisationsastheR.I.L.U.andMinorityMovement,underthecontrol,notoftheC.P.G.B.,butofMoscowitself.

Butbesidestheselargerorganisations,from1921onwardsanumberofsubsidiarygroupshavebeenformedbyagentsbothoftheKominternandoftheProfinterninthiscountry.Theseareasfollows:

TheN.U.W.C.M.—PassingovertheYoungCommunistLeague,whichwillbedealtwithintheYouthSectionofthisbook,wecometothe“UnemployedCommittees,”whichZinovievorderedtheWestEuropeanSecretariatoftheI.K.K.I.tocreateanddevelopasaffiliationsoftheInternationalUnionofUnemployed.ThisUnion,Zinovievinthesamecircularwentontoobserve,“maybecomeoneofthesecretramificationsofourorganisationinWesternEurope,andserveasabaseforthefutureworkoftheSecretariat.…Bymeansofskilfulmanœuvres,theInternationalUnionofUnemployedwillconstituteanefficaciousmeansforthecompleteoverthrowofcapitalism,notonlyinWesternEurope,butthroughouttheentireworld”(SundayPictorial,June21,1925).

Inconformitywiththispolicy,theR.I.L.U.ofMoscowordereditsBritishmemberstoreorganisetheUnemployedCommitteesinthiscountry,thusbringingthemunderthecontrolofMoscow(SecondWorldCongressoftheR.I.L.U.:ResolutionsandDecisionspublishedbytheBritishBureauoftheR.I.L.U.,3WellingtonStreet,Strand,W.C.2(1922),pp.27and45).Accordingly,attheendof1921theNationalUnemployedWorkers’CommitteeMovementwasformed,withoffices,firstat3QueenSquare,nowat105HattonGarden,E.C.1.

TheNationalOrganiseroftheN.U.W.C.M.,whichisaffiliatedwiththeC.P.G.B.,wasWalHannington,C.P.G.B.andR.I.L.U.,whostillretainsthispost.

AmongsttheleadingmembersofthemovementwereHarryHomer,C.P.G.B.andR.I.L.U.,GeorgeCooke,HoraceNewbold,GeorgeWheeler,Holt,Haye,Jackson,Buxton,etc.

Theso-called“HungerMarches”onLondonthattookplaceinNovember1922werecarriedoutbythisbody.Anumberofthemarchers,findingtheyhadbeendupedbytheleadersoftheN.U.W.C.M.returnedhomeindisgust,theirreturnfaresbeingprovidedthroughthegenerosityofthepublic.Oneofthemarchersdeclared:“ItiscruelthatmenshouldbedeludedbybeingaskedtomarchallthewayfromScotlandandthenorthofEngland,whennothingcanbedoneforthembytheNationalUnemployedWorkers’CommitteeMovement.AllthathasbeendoneforusistofeedusonalotofCommunistpropagandainwhichwehavenointerestwhatever”(DailyMail,December1,1922).

AnotheractivityoftheN.U.W.C.M.istheorganisationof“UnemploymentSunday.”Thiswascelebratedlastyear(1925)onJune21,whenmeetingswerearrangedinco-operationwiththeGeneralCounciloftheT.U.C.,andaddressedbyPurcell,Swales,RobertWilliams,GeorgeHicksandBenTillett.

AtaspecialconferenceoftheI.L.P.onDecember13,1925,J.AllenSkinnermovedthat“theconferenceviewedwithsatisfactionthecontinuedco-operationoftheT.U.C.GeneralCouncil,withtheNationalUnemployedWorkers’CommitteeMovement.”R.G.Bowyeropposedtheresolution,sayingthat“therewasnousefortheN.U.W.C.M.intheTradeUnionmovementasawhole.Itwasasubversiveanddisruptivemovement,anditwasmerelyusedtoincreasetheCommunistrepresentationontheTradesCouncilsandattheTradesCongress.”Neverthelesstheresolutionwasadopted.(MorningPost,December14,1925.)

TheN.U.W.C.M.hasthusadoubleconnectionwithMoscow—directlywiththeProfintern,andindirectlywiththeKominternthroughtheC.P.G.B.andthroughtheBolshevistsympathisersintheT.U.C.AtthelastCongressoftheC.P.G.B.(June1,1925),itwasofficiallyrepresentedbyitsassistantsecretary,FredDouglas.

TheorganofthemovementisOutofWork.W.I.R.—NextinorderofformationwastheWorkers’InternationalRelief.ThecentralbodytowhichitbelongshadbeenformedonDecember4,1921,

undertheinspirationoftheKominternataConferenceheldinBerlin,presidedoverbythewell-knownSpartacistand“Special”memberoftheI.K.K.I.,Clara

Zetkine.Theorganisationtookthenameof“Meshrabpom,”fromtheRussianwordsMejduRabochimPomoch,meaning,literally,Inter-Workers’Aid(TheWorker,organoftheR.I.L.UinGlasgow,articlebyFreiherrvonSchoenaich,September12,1925).Aprovisionalcommitteewasformedandheadquartersestablishedat11UnterdenLinden,Berlin,underthedirectionofWilliMünzenberg.ThefollowingwereelectedtothePresidium:

ClaraZetkine.Krestinski,representativeoftheAll-RussianReliefCommitteeinBerlin.Grassmann,GeneralFederationofLabour,Germany.Coates,—(ZeldaKahan ?).MadeleineMarx,memberof“Clarté.”

TheostensiblepurposeoftheW.I.R.wasthereliefoffamineinRussia,SouthernIreland,etc.,theestablishmentofsoupkitchensinBerlinandotherGermantowns.Wenote,however,thattheW.I.R.hasneverthoughtofstartingsoupkitchensforthesufferingpoorofLondon.Onthecontrary,whenanappealwasmadeforcanteensfortheLondonunemployed,theDailyHerald,controlledbyGeorgeLansbury,oneoftheVice-PresidentsoftheW.I.R.,wrote:

“Theletterisanappealforafamiliarobject—soupkitchens.…Soupkitchenstatesmanship,howeverwell-intentioned,isbuttinkeringofthefeeblestkind”(dateofFebruary23,1923).

YetintheDailyHeraldofJanuary23,1923,hadappearedaglowingpanegyricofthesameideawhencarriedoutbytheW.I.R.:

“TheorganisationfortheRussianWorkers’InternationalReliefisnowworkingfullsteamhereinprovidinghotmealsandsoupkitchensforunemployedandstarvingfamiliesintheGermantowns.”

ApparentlyonlyGermanworkersweretohaveCommunistpropagandawasheddownwithhotsoup.Forthiswas,ofcourse,therealobjectoftheW.I.R.,asindicatedinoneofitsofficialcommunications:

“TheW.I.R.hasunitedallsectionsoftheworkersinternationallyonthebasisofclass-consciousimpartialrelief[notethecontradictionbetweenthesetwoadjectives!].TheW.I.R.isthefirstinternationalexpressionoftheUnityofWorkers,andhasunitedalltendenciesandsectionsoftheLabourMovement.”(AnopenlettertodelegatestotheMinorityMovementConference,dateofJanuary25,1923.)

Thatthislastpretensionwasfalseisshownbythestrongdenunciationofthe

W.I.R.byDr.FriedrichAdler(PresidentoftheAustrianWorkers’Councils,andlateroneofthetwosecretariesoftheL.S.I.orSecondInternational),whowaspresentattheinauguralconferenceinBerlin,anddeclaredthathewasabletoseewithhisowneyesitspurelyCommunistadministrationineverydetail.(LabourMagazine,December1924.)

AccordingtothedetailedminutesoftheW.I.R.inthepossessionoftheL.S.I.,itwasstatedasoneoftherulesoftheorganisationthatinformingNationalCommittees“theSecretarychosenbytheCommitteeisresponsibleforhisactivitiestotheCommittee,andtothecentralofficeinBerlin.ItisthedutyoftheCommunistrepresentativeonthisCommitteetoseetoitthattheSecretaryisaCommunist.”

InApril1923anappealwassentoutbytheBritishbranchoftheassociationwhichwasdescribedastheW.I.R.R.(Workers’InternationalRussianRelief),butsomefourmonthslaterthesecondR.wasdropped,andthenameW.I.R.wasretained.AmongsttheVice-PresidentsandmembersatthisdatewereGeorgeLansbury,N.KlishkooftheRussianTradeDelegationin1923,J.T.W.Newbold,C.P.G.B.,theRev.H.Dunnico,leaderofthe“PeaceSociety,”A.A.Purcell,C.P.G.B.,T.U.C.,EdgarT.Whitehead,PhilipRabinovitchofArcos(All-RussianCo-operativeSociety),etc.TheofficialorganofthemovementwastheSovietRussiaPictorial,laterknownastheWorkers’InternationalPictorial.

AsDr.AdlerhadpointedoutwithregardtotheBerlingroup:“Underthecloakofhumanitytheyappealtoallkind-heartedpeople,andarealwayssuccessfulwiththismethod.”Yetoccasionallytherusefailed,asinthecaseofMrs.KatherineBruceGlasier(I.L.P.andFabianSociety),who,havingbeendrawnintothemovementundertheguiseofhelpingstarvingchildren,denounceditinunmeasuredtermsasanengineofclasswarfare—anaccusationwhichmetwithnoofficialrepudiation(seeherletterandreplybytheW.I.R.reproducedinthePatriotforApril23,1923).

In1925theleadingmembersoftheW.I.R.weregivenofficiallyasfollows:

InternationalCentreinBerlin.Germany:Münzenberg,Ledebour,ClaraZetkine.France:Reynaud,Toller,HenriBarbusse(founderof“Clarté,”asecret

societyunderthedirectionoftheGrandOrient,seelater,p.103).Russia:Gasparowa,Kameneva.

Ireland:Mrs.Despard,Larkin,McBride,Daly,Lawlor.Australia:Pickard.Italy:Misiano.

TheBritishorganisationwasasfollows:

Headquarters:26BedfordRow,London,W.C.1.Vice-Presidents:

AlfredBarnes,M.P.J.BromleyAlexanderGossipDavidKirkwoodN.KlishkoG.LansburyJ.T.W.NewboldJ.O’Grady,M.P.W.StrakerA.A.Purcell,M.P.

ExecutiveCommittee:Chairman:H.J.May(Sec.,InternationalCo-operativeAlliance)Mrs.HelenCrawfurdRev.H.Dunnico,M.P.MissA.HonoraEnfield(Sec.,Women’sCo-op.Guild)W.N.EwerMrs.EwerWalterHolmesMissEllaKleinNeilMcLean,M.P.W.McLaine,C.P.G.B.Dr.V.N.PolovtsevPhilipRabinovitchMissRoseCohen,C.P.G.B.Dr.MargaretDunstanMrs.WinifredHorrabin(Hon.Sec.,PlebsLeague)GeorgeLansbury,M.P.

MissNellieLansburyMrs.Montefiore,C.P.G.B.Mrs.MarjorieNewboldMrs.HildaSaxe-MeynellS.Saklatvala,C.P.G.B.MissEvelynSharpMrs.MarkStarrRobertStewart,C.P.G.B.MissEllenWilkinsonDr.RobertDunstan,I.L.P.

Secretary:Mrs.HelenCrawfurd,C.P.G.B.

TheheadquartersoftheIrishCommitteeareat47ParnellSquare,Dublin.Hon.Secretary,R.Stewart.

TheI.C.W.P.A.—In1925theInternationalClass-WarPrisoners’Aidwasstarted,abranchofanotherRussianorganisationformedin1922bytheKomintern,undertheleadershipofZinovievandknownastheM.O.P.R.,fromtheinitialsoftheRussianwordsMejdunarodnoeObshtchestvoPomochiRabochim,meaningliterallyInternationalSocietyforHelpofWorkers,butsinceinRussianthewordsforworkmenandforrevolutionariesbeginwiththesameletterR—signifyingtotheinitiatedfortheHelpofRevolutionaries.Infact,intheWestofEuropenosecretismadeofthisdoubleinterpretation,andtheM.O.P.R.isofficiallyknownastheSecoursRougeInternational,andinEnglandsometimesastheInternationalRedAid.Here,however,itwasjudgedprudenttofollowtheprecedentofMoscowbypaintingthewords“InternationalWorkers’Aid”ontheofficedooroftheI.C.W.P.A.

TheinaugurationoftheBritishbranchisthusdescribedintheDailyHeraldofJanuary8,1925:

“ABritishbranchofthe‘InternationalClass-WarPrisoners’Aid’hasbeenstartedat10Fetter-lane,London,E.C.4.“Thesecretary,W.Hannington,inannouncingtheformation,says:“‘ItistheBritishsectionoftheInternationalClass-WarPrisoners’Aidthatwasstartedin1922,

arisingoutofthewholesaleandterriblepersecutionoftheactivefightersoftheworkingclassinGermany,Poland,Bulgaria,Italy,Roumania,HungaryandEsthonia,andmanyoftheBritishColonies.’”

OnthefollowingdayWalHannington,who,itwillberemembered,wasalsotheleaderoftheN.U.W.C.M.,gavethesameaccountintheWorkers’Weeklyandwentontosay:

“‘WehaveestablishedinGreatBritaintheBritishsectionoftheI.R.A.,whichweshallcallinthiscountrythe‘InternationalClass-WarPrisoners’Aid.’“Thefollowingwillbethenatureofitswork:“(1)TospreadamongsttheBritishworkersinformationconcerningthecapitalistpersecutionand

tyrannyagainsttheworkersinallpartsoftheworld.“(2)Thepropagandatocarryemphasisoftheincreasingneedforinternationalworking-class

solidarity.“(3)Toraisemoneytoprovidelegaldefenceandfinancialassistancetoallclass-warprisonersand

theirdependents.“(4)ToorganisecampaignsforbringingpressuretobearupontheGovernmentstoreleaseallthose

lyinginjailbecauseoftheirworking-classactivities.”

ByOctober1925themembersoftheCommitteeoftheI.C.WP.A.includedthefollowing:

Secretary:WalHanningtonMrs.HelenCrawfurdTomMannA.GossipChamanLalEmileBurnsLajpatRaiHarryPollittS.SaklatvalaJ.D.ThomR.StokerBobLovell

ThelastnamedhasactedassecretarysincetheimprisonmentofHanningtoninNovember1925.

ThepressinthiscountryconstantlyconfusetheI.C.W.P.A.andtheW.I.R.Itshould,therefore,becarefullynotedthattheI.C.W.P.A.istheBritishbranchoftheM.O.P.R.,foundedinMoscowin1922,andtheW.I.R.istheBritishbranchoftheMeshrabpom,foundedinBerlinin1921.Thetwoorganisationsare,therefore,quitedistinct,althoughbotharedirectedbytheKomintern.In

Russian,aswehaveshown,theirnamesarealmostidentical.Theseresemblancesareprobablyintentional,beingdesignedtocreateconfusionandleadthe“Capitalistpress”intocommittingblunders.

TheS.C.R.—Amoreintellectualgroup,organisedforthepurposeofco-operationwithMoscow,isthe“SocietyforCulturalRelationsBetweenthePeoplesoftheBritishCommonwealthandtheUnionofSocialistSovietRepublics,”foundedinMay1924,andrunbyMissLlewelynDaviesoftheWomen’sCo-operativeGuildandMrs.CatherineRabinovitch,wifeofPhilipRabinovitchofArcos.

Amongsttheprincipalsupporterswerethefollowing:

H.Baillie-Weaver(TheosophicalSociety)H.N.BrailsfordFredBramleyC.RodenBuxtonG.D.H.ColeDr.RobertDunstan,I.L.P.J.L.Garvin,editorofObserverJ.M.KeynesJosephKing,I.L.P.,1917ClubH.J.MayBertrandRussellG.BernardShawR.H.Tawney,FabianSocietyMissSybilThorndikeMrs.SidneyWebbH.G.WellsE.F.WiseMrs.WiseLeonardWoolfMichaelS.Farbman

Theofficesofthissocietyareat23TavistockSquare,anditsostensiblemissionistosupplyinformationaboutconditionsoflifeinRussia.UsefulnesstoMoscowisindicatedbythefollowingdescription:“TheCommunist

Internationalfavoursit(theS.C.R.)asafertilegroundforCommunistpropagandaoftheintellectualvariety.”

ThefirstthreeoftheaboveorganisationsareabsolutelyCommunistinaim,notunderthedirectionoftheBritishCommunistParty,butofMoscow.Itwill,therefore,beseenthatinarrestingtheleadersoftheC.P.G.B.theGovernmentwasonlyinterferingwithonesectionoftheCommunistorganisationinthiscountry.ThesearrestsweremadeastheresultofaraidontheheadquartersoftheC.P.G.B.inKingStreetinOctober1925,andtwelvemembersoftheParty—MacManus,Pollitt,Gallacher,Inkpin,Hannington,Cant,Rust,Campbell,Wintringham,J.T.Murphy,T.BellandPageArnot—weresentencedtoshorttermsofimprisonment.Thesemenwerenotperhapsthemostdangerousrevolutionariesinthiscountry,who,thoughnot—atanyrateavowedly—membersoftheC.P.G.B.,belongeithertotheR.I.L.U.,MinorityMovement,TradeUnionUnityMovementoroneoftheorganisationswhichhavebeendescribed.

Itcannotbetoostronglyemphasisedthatacloseconnectionexistsbetweenallthese,andatthesametimebetweeneachandMoscow,hencetheiractivitiesareskilfullyco-ordinatedunderacentralcommand.Inthiswayjointdemonstrationsarefrequentlyorganisedbymembersofthedifferentgroups.ThusonMarch29ofthisyear(1926)ameetingendingindisorderlysceneswasorganisedinHydeParkbyBobLovelloftheI.C.W.P.A.andM.ProothoftheN.U.W.C.M.Againwefindagitationforthereleaseofpoliticalprisoners,carriedoutjointlybytheI.C.W.P.A.andW.I.R.InAprilspeakersonClaphamCommonatademonstrationforthisobjectincludedMacManus,C.P.G.B.,RobertStewart,C.P.G.B.andW.I.R.,NatWatkins,R.I.L.U.,GeorgeHardy,MinorityMovement,H.N.Brailsford,I.L.P.,whilstmembersoftheS.C.R.contributedtothefundsoftheI.C.W.P.A.forthereleaseofmenimprisonedduringtheGeneralStrikeundertheEmergencyPowersAct.ThesignatoriestotheappealsentoutforthispurposebytheI.C.W.P.A.includedWilliamPaul,RutlandBoughton,A.J.Cook,Dr.MarionPhillips,Dr.Dunstan,GeorgeLansburyandothermembersofParliament.

LeftWingMovements.—AnothermethodadoptedbytheCommunistsforcamouflagingtheiractivitiesistoformso-called“LeftWingMovements”intheLabourParty,I.L.P.ortradeuniongroups.Thesehavebeenorganisedallover

thecountry,andserveasrallyingpointsforCommunistswho,particularlysincethearrestsoflastNovember,finditmorepoliticnottodescribethemselvesassuch,soastoremainwithintheLabourParty,whichhasofficiallyrepudiatedCommunism.TheorganofthemovementisLeftWing.InDecemberoflastyear(1925)acircularwassentoutbytheC.P.G.B.proposingtheformationofacombined“LeftWingGroup,”composedofallthemembersoftheLabourPartywhohadvotedagainstthedecisionoftheLiverpoolConferenceoftheLabourParty,toexcludetheCommunists.ThemovingspiritbehindthismovementissaidtobeW.Paul,amemberoftheC.P.G.B.Executive,whilstthesecretaryoftheGreaterLondongroupknownasthe“LeftWingProvisionalCommittee”isW.T.Colyer,arrestedinAmericain1920asamemberoftheAmericanCommunistParty,whoattheLiverpoolConferencesecondedtheresolutionthat“theBritishEmpiremustbeentirelysmashediftheworkersofthiscountryweretoimprovetheirconditions”(DailyHerald,October1,1925).

Itis,therefore,easytoseehow,bythesimpledeviceofnotregisteringasamemberofthegroupinKingStreet,amanmayproclaimhimselfnottobeaCommunistwhilstworkingasanactiveagentofCommunismunderthedirectcontrolofMoscow.

CHAPTERXI

POST-WARPACIFISM

InChapterIVasurveywasmadeofthePacifistactivitiesofSocialistsinEnglandandAmericaduringtheWar.Fromanexaminationofthepointstheregiven,twoimportantfactsemerge:namely,(1)Thatthesamepeoplewhodistinguishedthemselvesinthepeace-at-any-pricemovementwhenthiscountrywasthreatenedbyaforeignfoewereequallyprominentinthewar-at-any-pricemovementdirectedagainstBritishindustryandtheprosperityoftheEmpireaftertheinternationalconflicthadended;(2)ThattheconcerndisplayedbyourPacifistsfortheinterestsoftheforeignerappliedonlytoourenemiesandnevertoourallies.ThesamepeoplewhoweptoverthestarvingchildrenofGermanyorRussiaremaineddry-eyedoverthesufferingsoftheFrenchandBelgianchildrenduringthewarandamidsttheirprofessionsofloveforhumanitywerecapableofgivingventtovitriolicsentimentswithregardtoFrance.Theintimateconnectionbetweenpro-GermanismandBolshevismwillthusbeshownbyincontrovertibleevidence.

WeshallnowfollowthisdoublerôleofPacifismsincetheWarended.Amongsttheorganisationsactivebetween1914and1918,the“No

ConscriptionFellowship”hasceasedtoexist;theresthavecontinuedtheircampaign,whichsinceitisnolongeramatterofensuringatriumphforGermanarms,hasbeenwagedforthepurposeofenablingGermanytoevadethepaymentofreparations,ofbreakingourEntentewithFrance,andofhelpingtherestorationofGermanindustrybyspreadingdiscontentamongstourownindustrialworkers.

TheU.D.C.—SincetheendingoftheWar,thesubversiverôleoftheUnionofDemocraticControlhasbeenmadestillmoreapparentbyitsavowedconnectionwith“Clarté,”theInternationalofSocialistIntellectuals,foundedinParisin1919,withheadquartersat49RuedeBretagne,officesat12RueFeydeauandalodgeat279RuedesPyrénéesunderthejurisdictionoftheGrand

OrientofFrance.TheleaderofthissocietywasHenriBarbusse,authorofthedefeatestnovelLeFeu,andamongstprominentmemberswereAnatoleFrance,ProfessorAulardoftheSorbonne,GeorgesBrandes,MadeleineMarx,VictorCyril,Vaillant-CouturierandanumberofprominentBritishPacifistsandSocialistwriters.“Clarté,”beingasecretsociety,doesnotenterintothescopeofthisbook,exceptinitsrelationtotheU.D.C.,whichthelatterhasnowadmitted,thoughwithoutrevealingthenamesofthoseBritishmemberswhoareknownfromothersourcesofinformationtohavebelongedtoit.

Mrs.PhilipSnowden,herselfaleadingmemberoftheU.D.C.,statedinreferencetothe“Clarté”groupthat“theirpolicyisverymuchthesameasthatoftheUnionofDemocraticControlinEngland”(APoliticalPilgriminEurope,p.129).ThisadmissionthrowsasignificantlightonthecharacteroftheU.D.C.,inviewofthefactthat“Clarté”endedbydefinitelyjoiningupwiththeFrenchCommunistParty(Mrs.H.M.Swanwick,BuildersofPeace,p.130).Since1924,however,“Clarté”appearstohaveceasedtoexist,thoughmoreprobablyithasonlygonefurtherundergroundandcontinuestoworkunderanothername.

TheU.D.C.,however,isstillgoingstrong.In1923itpublishedaManifestoon“TheStateofEurope,”declaringthattheVersaillesTreatyhad“createdanimpossiblesituationinEurope,”andthatthenationshould“insistupondroppingonceandforallthedemandforReparations.”ThisManifestowassignedonbehalfoftheExecutiveoftheU.D.C.byMajorC.R.Attlee,MaryHamilton,J.A.Hobson,E.D.Morel,ArthurPonsonby,F.J.Shaw,(Mrs.)H.M.Swanwick,H.B.Lees-Smith,CharlesTrevelyanandHamiltonFyfe,thepresenteditoroftheDailyHerald,whichhasalwaysshownitselfconsistentlypro-German.E.D.Morel,aseditoroftheU.D.C.organForeignAffairs,untilhisdeathin1924continuedhisworkforGermanyeventothepointofdenouncingtheSocialistGovernmentofluke-warmnessinthematteroflettingGermanyoffreparations(seearticlebyW.Faulkner,“Morel&Co.Again”inPatriotforJuly31andAugust7,1924).

TheW.I.L.—TheWomen’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedomisstillactive.ItsheadquartersarenowatMaisonInternationale,12RuedeVieuxCollège,Geneva,withJaneAddamsstillasPresidentandMissMadeleineDotyassecretary.

TheofficesoftheBritishsectionareatInternationalHouse,55GowerStreet,

W.C.1,with,in1925,anExecutiveCommitteethatincludedthefollowing:

President:Mrs.H.M.Swanwick.Chairman:MissK.D.Courtney.Hon.NationalSecretary:MissMaryChick.Hon.ForeignRelationsSecretary:Dr.HildaClark.Hon.Treasurer:TheLadyCourtneyofPenwith.Hon.AssistantTreasurer:Mrs.LaurenceBinyon.MissMargaretAshtonMissAdelaCoitMissEmilyLeafLadyParmoorDr.EthelWilliams

TheN.M.W.M.—AnotherPacifistorganisationthathasbeenactivesince1919istheNoMoreWarMovement(knownuntilrecentlyastheNoMoreWarCommittee),anoffshotofthenowdefunctNoConscriptionFellowship,whichjoinedupwiththe“WarResisters’International,”formedbyvariousResisters’groupsinFrance,Holland,Germany,America,Austria,Scandinavia,Bulgaria,Czecho-Slovakia,Switzerland,Australia,NewZealand,etc.

TheConstitutionoftheN.M.W.M.isofficiallygivenasfollows:

“TheMovementshallbeknownastheNoMoreWarMovement,beingtheBritishSectionoftheWarRegisters’International.“TheobjectoftheMovementshallbetomaketheideaofpersonalresistancetoWar,byrefusalto

assistinanywayinarmedconflict,thebackboneofeverymovementtowardsWorldPeaceandUniversalBrotherhood.Togetherwiththispurpose,theMovementseekstoassistinremovingthecausesofWarandinbuildinganewsocialorderbasedonNationalandInternationalco-operationforthecommongood.“MembershipshallbeopentoallwhosigntheDeclaration.

“THEDECLARATION“Believingthatallwariswrong,andthatthearmingofnations,whetherbysea,land,orair,is

treasontothespiritualunityandintelligenceofmankind,Ideclareittobemyintentionnevertotakepartinwar,offensiveordefensive,internationalorcivil,whetherbybearingarms,makingorhandlingmunitions,voluntarilysubscribingtowarloans,orusingmylabourforthepurposeofsettingothersfreeforwarservice.Further,Ideclaremyintentiontostrivefortheremovalofallcausesofwarandtoworkfortheestablishmentofanewsocialorderbasedonco-operationforthecommongood.”

In1925thepersonneloftheN.M.W.M.wascomposedofthefollowing:

Chairman:GeorgeLansbury,M.P.Treasurer:HaroldJ.Morland.FinancialSecretary:IdaJ.Tinkler.PressSec.andEditor:NoMoreWar,W.J.Chamberlain.Secretary:BeatriceC.M.Brown.OrganisingSecretary:LucyA.Cox.

ExecutiveCommittee:BertramApplebyWalterAylesHaroldF.BingA.FennerBrockwayH.RunhamBrownJ.TheodoreHarrisMargueriteLouisMargaretNewboultHelenPeileA.NoelSimpsonE.V.WateringWilfredWellcockTheodoraWilsonWilson

TheofficesoftheN.M.W.M.,whichwereat304HighHolborn,haverecentlybeenchangedto11DoughtyStreet,W.C.1.

ThereisalsoaYouthSection,ofwhichthesecretaryisPhyllisBing,6AltonRoad,Croydon.TheorganoftheMovementNoMoreWarappearsmonthly.

FellowshipofReconciliation.—TheNoMoreWardemonstrationsthattakeplacefromtimetotimealloverthecountryappearnottobeorganiseddirectlybytheN.M.W.M.,butbytheFellowshipofReconciliationworkingincollaborationwiththeN.M.W.M.

TheoriginsoftheF.O.R.havebeengivenearlier(seep.35),butsincetheWarithasbeenorganisedonalargerscale,andnowcallsitselfinEnglandthe“InternationalFellowshipofReconciliation”;inFrance,“LaRéconciliation,”andinGermanythe“Versöhnungsbund,”withthefurthertitleofa“MovementTowardsaChristianInternational.”

TheInternationalSecretariatisat16RedLionSquare,London,W.C.1.TheGeneralSecretaryistheRev.OliverDryerandtheAssistantSecretaryMissM.L.Moll.

AtaConferenceheldinHollandin1920theso-called“ChristianInternational”thusformulateditsdeclarationoffaith:

“WebelievethatitisourFather’swillthatthepresentsocialordershouldcease,andbereplacedbyaneworderwhereinthemeansofproductionwillbeusedtosupplythesimpleneedsofallmankind.Underasystemofprivatecapitalismthisseemstousimpossible.”

TheInternationalPeaceSociety.—AnotherinternationalPacifistorganisationisthePeaceSociety,datingfrom1816,ofwhichtheoriginsweregiveninChapterIVofthisbook(seep.32),andwhichisnowdescribedastheInternationalPeaceSociety,withContinentalheadquartersat38AvenueMarceau,Courbevoie,Paris.

TheobjectsoftheSocietyarestatedtobe:

“TodiffuseinformationtendingtoshowthatwarisinconsistentwiththespiritofChristianityandthetrueinterestsofmankind;andtopointoutthemeansbestcalculatedtomaintainpermanentanduniversalPeace,uponthebasisofChristianprinciples.”

TheBritishheadquartersareatKing’sBuildings,DeanStanleyStreet,Westminster,S.W.1.,anditspersonnelisasfollows:

President:E.T.John.Vice-Presidents:

TheBishopofRiponTheBishopofTruro.TheSuffraganBishopofPlymouth.LordAshton.LordShaw.LordH.Cavendish-Bentinck.BarrowCadbury.SirW.H.Dickinson.T.R.Ferens.LordEmmott.Rev.RobertF.Horton,M.A.,D.D.Rev.JohnHutton,D.D.

SirDonaldMacLean.T.P.O’Connor,M.P.MissP.H.Peckover.Rev.ThomasPhillips,B.A.SirJohnSimon,M.P.PhilipSnowden,M.P.TheChiefRabbi.TheCanonofWestminsterAbbey.

Treasurer:JonathanEdwardHodgkin.DirectorandSecretary:Rev.HerbertDunnico,J.P.,M.P.,C.C.

Executive,Committee:A.KempBrown,M.A.Rev.HumphreyChalmers,M.A.MissM.Evans.HubertA.Gill,M.A.Thos.Groves,M.P.J.J.Hayward,M.A.MorganJones,M.P.DavidHunter,O.B.E.Rev.W.Long.TheHon.Mrs.J.DoylePenrose.Rev.T.Phillips,B.A.T.Richardson.R.Simpson.BenSpoor,M.P.WalterWindsor,M.P.W.Wright,M.P.

TheorganofthePeaceSocietyisTheHeraldofPeace.TwooffshootsofthePeaceSocietyare:TheUnitedPeaceFellowship—PeaceScouts.—TheUnitedPeace

FellowshipoftheChurches,alsoundertheRev.H.Dunnico,withheadquartersat47NewBroadStreet,E.C.2,andtheInternationalPeaceScouts,formedinFebruary1923,asanamalgamationofthe“BandofPeaceUnion,”the

“CrusadersofPeace”andtheLondonsectionofthe“BritishBoys’andGirls’PeaceScouts.”ThePresidentisagaintheRev.H.DunnicoandtheVice-Presidents:

A.Barnes,M.P.ThomasGroves,M.P.GeorgeLansbury,M.P.AldermanBenTurner,M.P.W.Windsor,M.P.W.Wright,M.P.

TheNationalCouncilforthePreventionofWar.—TheNationalCouncilforthePreventionofWarwasformerlytheNationalPeaceCouncilreferredtoinChapterIV(seep.32)andchangeditsnamein1925.Itisdescribedas“afederationoforganisationsworkingagainstwar.”

Theofficialdeclarationofprinciplesisasfollows:

“TheCouncildoesnotseektotakeovertheworkofanyexistingorganisationworkingagainstwar,butdesirestostrengthentheworkofeachorganisationbytheco-ordinationofall.

“GENERALOBJECTS“(a)Topromote,organise,co-ordinateandmakeeffectivepublicopinioninfavourof,andefforts

for,thepreventionofwarandthedevelopmentofinternationalgoodwillandco-operation;“(b)Toco-operatewithotherorganisationsorbodiesintheinternationalpeacemovement;“(c)Tosecureintheschoolsandcollegesaneducationforinternationalfriendshipand

understanding;“(d)Totakeallsuchstepsasmay,intheopinionoftheCouncil,benecessaryordesirabletogive

effecttotheabovepurposes.

“IMMEDIATEAIMS“(a)ProgressiverevisionofthePeaceTreaties;“(b)ImmediateandprogressiveReductionofArmamentsbyInternationalAgreement;“(c)SupportandextensionoftheworkoftheLeagueofNations.”

TheExecutiveiscomposedofthefollowing:

President:EarlBeauchamp,K.G.Ex-President:TheLadyParmoor.Chairman:Mr.OswaldMosley,L.P.Treasurers:Mrs.GeorgeCadbury,M.A.,C.B.E.;Mr.F.C.Linfield.DirectingSecretary:Mr.J.H.Hudson,M.A.,M.P.

PublicationSecretary:Mr.NormanAngell.

TheofficesoftheCouncilareatMillbankHouse,2WoodStreet,S.W.1.Someoftheprincipalpeoplewhohaveassociatedthemselveswiththework

oftheNationalCouncilare:MajorC.R.Attlee,M.P.,theBishopofBirmingham,J.R.Clynes,M.P.,theRev.H.Dunnico,M.P.(directorofthePeaceSociety),SirWilliamGoode,ArthurHenderson,M.P.,J.A.Hobson,M.A.(U.D.C.),E.T.John(PresidentofthePeaceSociety),GeorgeLansbury,M.P.(ChairmanoftheNoMoreWarMovement),theBishopofManchester,ProfessorGilbertMurray,L.N.U.,theRev.ThomasNightingale,LordandLadyParmoor,PhilipSnowden,M.P.(U.D.C.),Mrs.PhilipSnowden(U.D.C.),Mrs.H.M.Swanwick,M.S.(PresidentoftheW.I.L.),CharlesTrevelyan,M.P.(U.D.C.),andthelateH.Baillie-Weaver.

ThirtyorfortyorganisationsarenowaffiliatedtotheCouncil.Thechiefare:

TheNationalFreeChurchCouncil.TheNationalBrotherhoodCouncil.TheCo-operativeUnion(with4,000,000members).TheWomen’sInternationalLeague.TheWomen’sCo-operativeGuild.TheIronandSteelTrades’Confederation.TheNationalReformUnion.Co-operativeHolidays’Association.TheCobdenClub.TheNoMoreWarMovement.TheFriends’PeaceCommittee.TheUnionofDemocraticControl.TheChurchofEnglandPeaceLeague.TheNationalAssociationofSchoolmasters.

TheNationalCouncilforthePreventionofWarhasaworkingagreementwiththeLeagueofNationsUnionbywhichProfessorGilbertMurray,ChairmanoftheL.N.U.,satontheExecutiveCommitteeoftheCouncil,andBaillie-Weaver,memberoftheCouncil,satontheExecutiveCommitteeoftheUnion.

TheL.N.U.—TheLeagueofNationsUnion,foundedonOctober13,1918,comprisesastrangeassortmentofpeople,rangingfromorthodoxConservatives

torevolutionarySocialists,unitedbytheaim“tosecurethewhole-heartedacceptancebytheBritishpeopleoftheLeagueofNations.”Theagreementtosinkpartydifferencesinthiscommoncauseseems,however,toworkoutinasomewhatone-sidedmanner,asdescribedinacommunicationtothePatriot:

“Therearespeakersofallshadesofthispoliticalbeliefontheirlists.ButthereisthedifferenceintheirattitudethatConservativeswhospeakonbehalfofthatbodydroptheirpartycreedandstaketheirallontheLeague.TheSocialistWing,however,donotdroptheirownpettheories;theyfindthemselvesintheirelementpratingaboutInternationalismandWorldBrotherhood,andmakinggibesatpatriotism”(Patriot,February21,1924).

ThewritergoesontoquotetheinstanceofanL.N.U.speakerinGlasgow,whoproclaimedhimselfastrongadherentoftheLabourParty,attackedFranceandurgedtherestorationofGermany’spossessionsinEastAfrica.Thereseems,therefore,somegroundfortheopinionheldincertainquartersthattheL.N.U.“israpidlydegeneratingintoapro-Germansociety”(DailyMail,March13,1926).

SucharetheprincipalPeaceSocieties,whichhavebeenactiveinthiscountrysincetheWar;besidesthosedescribedabovemaybementionedtheWomen’sUnionforPeace,theArbitrateFirstBureau,theFriends’CouncilforInternationalService(Secretary,CarlHeathoftheNationalPeaceCouncil),theSocietyofFriends’PeaceCommittee,theJewishPeaceSociety,theLeaguetoAbolishWar,etc.

ItisnowtimetoturntoAmerica,andfollowtheconnectionbetweenthePacifistgroupsdescribedinChapterIVandtheBolshevistmovement.

People’sCouncilofAmerica.—Atthepointwherethisaccountbrokeoff,the“FirstAmericanConferenceofDemocracyandTermsofPeace”haddeclareditselfinsympathywiththe“RussianCouncilofWorkmenandSoldiers,”formedunderKerensky(seep.38),andonp.54anothergroupwasmentioned,the“People’sCouncilofAmerica,”formedinJune1917aftertheRussianmodel.AmongstthemembersofthelatterorganisationwereagaintheleadingPacifists—EmilyGreenBalch,MorrisHillquit,theRabbiMagnes,LouisLochner,RebeccaShelley,JosephSchlossberg,etc.

People’sFreedomUnion.—ThiswasabsorbedafterthesigningoftheArmisticebythe“People’sFreedomUnion,”underCharlesRecht,alawyer,lateronlegaladvisertoLudwigMartens,aGermansubject,whowasafterwards

appointedbytheBolshevikstherepresentativeofRussiaintheUnitedStates(LuskReport,p.641),butfinallydeported.

Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom.—ThePacifistsnowsetaboutorganisingafurtherpeacedemonstration,andinMay1919theWomen’sInternationalCommitteeforPermanentPeaceheldanInternationalConferenceatZurich,whenthenameoftheorganisationwaschangedtotheWomen’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom.JaneAddams,whohadagaincomeoverfromtheUnitedStates,waselectedInternationalPresident,withEmilyGreenBalchassecretary.

AninterestinglightisthrownontheleadershipoftheW.I.L.inAmerica,inthereportpresentedtotheUnitedStatesCongressonthesubversiveactivitiesoftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionin1925:

“OntheA.C.L.U.committeewealsofindthethreechiefleadersoftheWomen’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom,whichisendeavouringtopreparethewayforthecommunistuprisingbybringingaboutcompletedisarmamentofthecountry.TheyareSophonisbaP.Breckenridge;AgnesBrownLeach,wifeofHenryGoddardLeach,ofthepinkForum;andJaneAddams.MissAddams,withanarchistBerkman’sfriend,FrankP.Walsh,wasinFebruary,1920,oneoftheVice-PresidentsofthePublicOwnershipLeague,inassociationwithGlennE.Plumb,FredericC.Howe,J.L.Engdahl,etc.ShewaslistedasastockbrokerintheRussian-AmericanIndustrialCorporation,withLenin,Debs,andothers.SheisamemberoftheFellowshipofReconciliation.AtadinnergivenbytheFellowshipofReconciliationonJune9inCaliforniaspecimenguestswererepresentativesoftheCommunistFederatedPress,membersoftheIndustrialWorkersoftheWorldandcommunistworkers,aleaderoftheYoungCommunistInternationale,adirectorofthelocalAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionbranch,andanattorneyforcommunistsandIndustrialWorkersoftheWorld.Atanothermeetingamember,afterpraisingMissAddams,announcedthatshewouldneverbepatrioticuntilshegainedthecommunistendsshestrovefor.”

AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion.—ThemostimportantBolshevist-PacifistorganisationintheUnitedStates,sincetheriseoftheSovietregime,isthe“AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion,”areorganisationoftheNationalCivilLibertiesBureau,intowhichweremergedanumberoftheprecedingPacifistbodies—theAmericanLeaguetoLimitArmaments,theAmericanUnionAgainstMilitarism,thePeople’sFreedomUnion,theEmergencyPeaceFederation,etc.ThisnewbodycameintoexistenceonJanuary12,1920,withRogerBaldwin,anotoriousPacifistand“anoldhanger-onoftheBerkmanAnarchistgang,”asitsdirector(CongressionalRecordforDecember19,1925,p.3).

OnitsCommitteewerefound,besidestheleadersofthePacifistsocietiesmentionedabove—JaneAddams,RabbiMagnes,SophonisbaP.Breckenridge,AgnesBrownLeach,MorrisHillquit,representativeoftheSovietBureau,etc.,ElizabethGurleyFlynn,anI.W.W.agitator—avowedrevolutionariessuchasWilliamZ.Foster(oftheT.U.E.L.),JamesH.Maurer,friend,aiderandabettorofAnarchistsandCommunists,andNormanHapgoodoftheHearstPress.

AtaCongressoftheUnitedStatesSenatelastDecember(1925),thepoisonousactivitiesofthisorganisationwerefullyrevealedinthecourseofacommunicationfromFrancisRalstonWelsh,inwhichitwasstatedthattheA.C.L.U.—whichshouldhavebeencalledtheUnamericanCriminalLicenceUnion,hadconsistentlysupportedCommunists,murderers,dynamitersandothercriminals.

NationalCouncilforthePreventionofWar.—TheAmericanorganisation,knownastheNationalCouncilforthePreventionofWar,wasformedinabout1921,someyearsbeforetheNationalPeaceCouncilinEnglandadoptedthisname.Itisnotclearifthereisanyconnectionbetweenthetwosocieties.TheAmericanone,whichwasformerlytheNationalCouncilfortheReductionofArmaments,wasreorganisedbyFrederickJ.Libby,anotoriousPacifist,who,onthecalltoarmswhenAmericajoinedthewar,hastilybecameaQuaker,andsecuredsafeemploymentinadministeringrelief(Marvin,op.cit.,p.59).Bymeansofthisorganisation,whichhasbeendescribedas“virtuallyaCommunistaffair”(CongressionalRecord,“RecognitionofRussia,”1924,p.5),affiliationandco-operationwerebroughtaboutwithalargenumberofsocietiesandindividuals,theopenlyacknowledgedpurposeofwhichistounderminetheloyaltyofAmericancitizens(Marvin,op.cit.,p.59).AWoman’sJointCongressionalCommitteewasformedtobringinwomen’smovements,suchastheNationalLeagueofWomenVoters,theWomen’sCommitteeforWorldDisarmamentandtheWomen’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom,ofwhichtheNationalChairmaninAmericawasMrs.GeorgeT.Odell.

Thesocietiesthathavenowbeenenumeratedareonlyafew,butthemostimportant,ofthecountlessPacifistgroupsworkinginthiscountryandAmerica—thelistcouldbeenormouslyextended.InreviewingthisvastnetworkofPacifistorganisation,inwhichonefindsthesamepeoplefiguringagainandagain,oneisinevitablybroughttoinquirewhyalltheseseparatesocieties

apparentlyworkingforthesameendcontinuetoexist.Whencecomesthemoneytofinancetheseinnumerableoffices,secretariesandpublications?Theanswerissurelythatsince,inthewordsofMr.FredA.Marvin,“PacifismisbutanamegiventooneformofactiontocreateworldCommunismandSocialism”(YeShallKnowtheTruth,p.50),theorganisationofbothiscarriedoutonthesameprinciple—thatofformingaramificationofgroupswhichbytheirnumbereludeobservationandbytheslightlydifferingshadesofrednessappealtopeopleofallkinds,rangingfrommildvisionariestotheadvocatesofforciblerevolution.ThegreatfaultwehavetofindwithourSocialist-Pacifistsisthattheyarenotreallyoutforpeaceatall.FromMarx’s“ironbattalionsoftheproletariat”tothewordsofthe“RedFlag,”thelanguageparticularlyaffectedbytheSocialistswhovaunttheblessingsofpeacehasalwaysheldastrongmilitaryflavour.Notonlydotheseopponentsofwarbetweennationsandprofessedadvocatesofarbitrationdemandthatthereshouldbeno“trucewithCapitalism”andnoarbitrationbetweenemployersandemployed,buteventheordinarymachineryofwarinspiresthemwithnoindignation,provideditismanipulatedbythetwomostmilitarynationsoftheworldtoday.NeithertheruthlesslegionsofImperialGermanynortheredtroopsofSovietRussia,butonlythesimpleandkindlysoldieryofBritain,France,BelgiumandAmericahavebeentheobjectsoftheirdenunciations.Indeed,ourSocialists,ontheirvisitstoBolshevia,havebeenknowntoaddressheartycongratulationstothetroops,whilstGeorgeLansbury,Chairmanofthe“NoMoreWarMovement”hasdeclared:“Thewar-cryoftheRedArmyis‘FreedomforAll!’WeinEnglandmusttakeourstandwiththem!”

Itisthisobviousinconsistencywhichdistinguishestheanti-patriotsweknowasPacifistsfromthesincereseekersafterworldpeace.

CHAPTERXII

YOUTHMOVEMENTS

TheearliestattemptmadebySocialiststogaininfluenceoverthemindsoftheyouthofthiscountrywastheSocialistSundaySchoolMovement,startedbymembersoftheS.D.F.InJusticeofMay16,1891,A.A.WattswrotealettertotheEditorsaying:“IthrowoutasasuggestionforourmembersandourExecutivetheformationofSocialistSundaySchools.”

Theideawascarriedoutinthefollowingyear,andinNovember1892thefirstSundaySchoolwasstartedinBattersea,withtwoscholars;theseincreasedtoeighty-sixinthecourseofthenexttwoyears.

IntheissueofJusticeforFebruary10,1894,aletterappearedundertheheadingof“SavetheChildren,”signedbyCharlesR.Vincent(CanningTown),MaryGrey(Battersea)andT.Partridge(Walworth),saying:“Wehaveagreedtothefollowingresolutionasthebestmeanstosavethechildrenfromtheprevailingignoranceandsuperstition:

“‘Thatweendeavourduring1894toestablishaSundaySchoolUnioninconnectionwiththeS.D.F.’”

InthesamemonthJ.Watts,TreasurerandHon.SecretaryoftheBritishSocialistSundaySchoolCommittee,wrotethataCommitteehadbeenappointedbytheBristolSocialistSocietyforthepurposeofformingaSundaySchoolinthatcity.

TheBatterseaSundaySchoolseemstohaveprovedhighlysuccessful,forintheissueofJusticeforSeptember8,1894,MaryGreywrotetosaythatthechildrenhadbeentakenforapicnictoKenley,andthat“cominghometheysangalltheway,andrepeatedlycalled:‘Threecheersforthesocialrevolution!’”ThemovementdevelopedlargelyundertheinfluenceofA.P.Hazell,oftheS.D.F.,andArchibaldRussell,whoeditedtheofficialorgan,TheYoungSocialist.

Inthissameyearof1894acertainTomAndersonfoundedthefirstoftheGlasgowSocialistSundaySchools,buttheseweretakenoverin1906bythe

NationalCounciloftheBritishSocialistSundaySchoolUnion,whichdoesnotinculcatetheblasphemousandviolentteachingofTomAnderson,continuedlaterinhisProletarianschools.TheattitudeoftheSocialistSundaySchoolstowardsreligion—incontradistinctiontothatoftheProletarianandalsotheCommunistSchools,whichwillbedealtwithlater—wasdescribedin1923byStanleyMayne,formerlyGeneralSecretarytotheNationalCouncil,inthewords:“WithintheSocialistSundaySchoolMovementwehaveopinionrangingfromatheistandagnosticoverthewholegamutoftheChristianChurch.”OwingtothedisinclinationoftheS.S.S.andtheCommunistParty—withwhichMayneappearstohavesympathised—tounite,heresignedhispostafewmonthslater.ThequestionofreligionwasperhapsmoreconciselyputlastyearataConferenceoftheS.S.S.inLondon,byCouncillorR.Chandler,ofWestHam,whowasreportedassaying:

“TheSocialistSundaySchoolmovementisnotopposedtoreligion,neitherarewesupportingit;wearemerelycuttingitout.OurSocialistmovementisgreaterthananyreligion,itsidealsaregreaterthanChristorgreatereventhanGod,andwewanttobringaboutauniversalbrotherhood”(PatriotforFebruary26,1925).

Preciselybytheirappearanceofmoderationandprofessionsofidealism—deridedbytheBolsheviks—theSocialistSundaySchoolsaremoreinsidiousthantheopenlyrevolutionaryandatheisticvariety.TheyhavealwaysborneanoticeablyGermancharacter;thehymn-booksusedcontainanumberofGermannamesoverthewordsortunes.Theairofthe“RedFlag”is,ofcourse,thatoftheoldfolk-song,“O!Tannenbaum,o,Tannenbaum,wieschönsinddeineBlätter.”ThesameGermaninspirationmaybeobservedthroughouttheContinentalYouthMovementofwhichitisnownecessarytotracetheorigins.

In1900aCongressofthe2ndInternationale,which,aswehaveseen,hadpassedcompletelyunderthecontroloftheGermanSocialDemocrats,tookplaceinParis,andtheplanoforganisingamoresystematicSocialistYouthmovementwasputforwardbutnotimmediatelyorganisedonaninternationalbasis.Isolatedgroupsweresoonformed,however:thefirstinHollandbysomemembersoftheSocialDemocraticLabourParty(S.D.A.P.)andnamed“DeZaaier”(theSowers);othersfollowedinSweden(1903),inDenmark,FinlandandSpain(1906),inNorwayandItaly(1907)(ArmiaKommunistitcheskovoInternazionala,publishedbythe3rdInternationalein1921,pp.91–6).

InternationalofSocialistYouth.—Inthissameyearof1907themovementwasatlastinternationallyorganisedinGermany,andthe“InternationalRelationsCommitteeoftheSocialistYouthOrganisations,”brieflyknownasthe“InternationaleofSocialistYouth,”atfirstcompletelyrevolutionaryincharacter,wasfoundedduringtheInternationalSocialistCongressinStuttgart.TheleaderswereKarlLiebknecht,RolandHolstandAlber.In1910themoremoderateSocialistssucceededinobtaininganinfluence,butin1915furtherattemptsweremadetoturnthemovementinarevolutionarydirection.Itsorgan,TheInternationalofYouth,continuedpublicationthroughouttheWar.

YoungCommunistInternational.—AftertheWarandtheRussianRevolution,onNovember20–29,1919,theLeftelementsofthisorganisationheldanInternationalConferenceinBerlin,andtookthenameofthe“CommunistYouthInternational”or“YoungCommunistInternational,”whichproceededtoaffiliateitselfwiththe3rdInternationale(LabourYearBook,1924,pp.381,388).

ItwasfromtheheadquartersoftheCommunistYouthInternationalat63Feurigstrasse,Berlin,thatthepublicationsoftheCommunistYouthmovementcontinuedtobesentoutindifferentlanguages.Theseincludedthefollowing,thefirstofwhich,itwillbenoted,retainedtheoldnameoftheSocialistYouthorgan:

Jugend-Internationale(monthly),translatedintoEnglishasTheYoungInternational,laterasTheInternationalYouth.

InternationaleJugendkorrespondenz(everytendays).

Forchildren:

DerjungeGenosse(TheYoungComrade).DasProletarischeKind(TheProletarianChild).

TheEnglishtranslationofthelastnamed(printedinBerlin)wassoldinGlasgowunderthetitleofAnInternationalMagazineforProletarianChildren.Amongstthecontributorsweretheeditor,E.Hörnle,andsuchnamesasMaxBarthel,MorrisRosenfeld,LeoAndreas,HellaRosenblum,etc.

BesidesthisliteratureprintedinBerlin,eachcountryhaditsownorgansprintedandpublishedathomeundertheinspirationofBerlinandMoscow.Someofthesewereasfollows:

ENGLAND:TheYoungWorker(weekly);TheRedDawn(monthly).FRANCE:L’Avant-GardeCommunisteetOuvrière.HOLLAND:DerjongeCommunist.SWITZERLAND:DieNeueJugend.ITALY:Avanguardia.UNITEDSTATES:TheYoungCommunist(illegal).RUSSIA:YouniKommunist;YouniProletar.NORWAY:Klaseekampen.AUSTRIA:DieKommunistischeJugend,etc.

YoungCommunistLeague.—Theresultofthefirst(Berlin)CongressoftheCommunistYouthInternationalwastocreateCommunistLeaguesofYouthinanumberofdifferentcountries,andwhenthesecondCongressmetinMoscowfromJuly9to20,1920,therepresentativesoftheseleaguesfromnolessthanfortycountrieswerepresent(InternazionaleMolodyeji,No.12,1921,p.6).AnimportantcentreofdirectionwasnowcreatedinMoscowbytheRussiansectionofthemovement,underthecontroloftheKomintern,whichcametobecalledthe“Komsomol,”fromtheRussianwordsKommunistitcheskiSoyuzMolodyeji,meaningCommunistLeagueofYouth.ThemembersoftheCentralCommitteeinMoscowincludedLazarShatzkin(ontheBerlinExecutiveCommittee),Ignat,Plasunov,SmarodinandFeïgin.AlaterdevelopmentoftheKomsomolwasthe“YoungPioneers.”

TheYoungCommunistLeaguesnowformedinthedifferentcountrieswerethusnotbranchesoftheKomsomolofMoscowbutoftheYoungCommunistInternationalofBerlin—knowninRussiaastheKim(KommunistitcheskiInternazionalMolodyeje)—affiliatedtotheKominternofMoscow.Atthesametime,alltheseYoungCommunistLeagues,beingdirectedbytheCommunistPartiesinthecountriestowhichtheybelonged,andtheCommunistPartyofeachcountrybeingaffiliatedwiththeKomintern,theywerealsoconnectedwiththelatter,andwere,therefore,underthedoublecontrolofBerlinandMoscow.

BeforethefoundationoftheBritishY.C.L.in1921theCommunistYouthmovementinthiscountrywasrepresentedbythreebodies.Thesewere:(1)TheYoungSocialistLeague,whichjoinedupwiththeYoungCommunistInternationalaftertheBerlinCongressin1919(CommunistInternational,No.13,p.2617).TheorganoftheY.S.L.wastheRedFlag,editedbyNathanB.

Whycer,ateacherintheCentralLondonSocialistSundaySchool,andafrequenterofthe“BrotherhoodChurch”inNorthLondonwhichwasstartedbeforetheWar,andwherethespeakershaveincludedSaklatvala,SylviaPankhurst,andP.H.Lewis,theCommunistwhoisfrequentlyheardinHydePark.(2)TheYoungWorkers’League,withitsorgan,TheYoungWorker;and(3)theInternationalCommunistSchoolMovement,withtheRedDawn.In1921thelasttwoweremergedintotheY.C.L.,andtheirorganscombinedintheYoungCommunist,withthesub-heading,“OrganoftheYoungCommunistLeague:BritishSectionoftheYoungCommunistInternational.”Thefirstnumber,datedDecember1921,states:

“WiththebirthoftheYoungCommunistLeague,astheresultofthefusionoftheYoungWorkers’LeagueandtheInternationalCommunistSchoolmovement,andwithitthefirstissueofTheYoungCommunist(withwhichisincorporatedTheYoungWorkerandTheRedDawn),anepochismarkedinthehistoryoftheYoungProletarianmovementinthiscountry.”

OnanotherpagetheY.C.L.ofRussiaisdescribedasthe“largestleaguewithintheYoungCommunistInternational,”henceitisclearthattheY.C.L.sofEnglandandRussiawerebothapartoftheBerlinorganisation,whichremainedinthatcityuntil1924(seeLabourYearBookfor1924,p.475),whenitseemstohavebeenmovedtoMoscow.TheBulletinsoftheYoungCommunistLeague,theYoungCommunistReviewandInternationalYouth,nowappeartobeoutofcirculationinthiscountry.

TheheadquartersoftheYoungCommunistLeagueofGreatBritainwereatfirstthesameasthoseoftheCommunistParty—16KingStreet,CoventGarden—andtheeditorbothoftheYoungCommunistandanotherpaper,theYoungRebel,wasJamesStewart,oftheY.C.L.Executive(seeLabourWho’sWhounderhisname).Latertheheadquarterswereremovedto36Lamb’sConduitStreet,withS.GoldsmithaseditoroftheYoungCommunist,andfinallyto38GreatOrmondeStreet,thesameaddressastheNationalMinorityMovement,wheretheyareatthepresentmoment.AbouttwoyearsagotheYoungCommunistchangeditsnametotheYoungWorker,revertingtothatoftheorganoftheformerYoungWorkers’League,andnowappearsweekly.TheY.C.L.hasalsoformedachildren’sbranch,calledtheYoungComrades’Leagueforboysandgirlsbetweentheagesoftenandfourteen,ofwhichtheorganistheYoungComrade(monthly).

TheNationalExecutiveCounciloftheY.C.L.wasnotproperlyconstituteduntil1922,whenthefollowingwereelected:

H.YoungS.GoldsmithRuskinShawMcDermottBallantyneRamsayRedfern(Secretary)

In1925theNationalExecutiveCommitteewasconstitutedasfollows:

NationalSecretary:FrankD.Springhall(alsoleaderoftheYoungComrades’League).

Secretary:WilliamRust.D.WilsonJ.CohenW.TapsellA.PearceE.RothsteinW.DuncanH.SmithJ.RobertsonJ.ProtheroJ.ShieldsH.YoungC.M.RoebuckE.Woolley

InthefollowingNovember(1925)RustwasamongsttheCommunistsimprisonedforsedition,andinMaySpringhallwasconvictedundertheEmergencyPowersActbroughtintoforceduringtheGeneralStrike,andsentencedtohardlabour.

TheworkoforganisingtheCommunistSundaySchools,whichhasbeengoingonsince1920—someofwhichin1925tookoverthenameofYoung

PioneersinimitationofSovietRussia—hasbeencarriedonbytheY.C.L.Theseschoolsweresaidtohaveceasedtoexist.Thiswasnotthecase,atanyratein1925,whenfortywerestillinexistence,mostlyheldincinemasorlaundries,wheresexteachingofthemostdemoralisingkindwasgiven.Theteacherswereinalmostallcasesaliens.Admittancewasverydifficulttoobtain,asweretheRedCatechismsandotherpamphletsprovided;oneoftheworstofthese,entitledCommunistRules,waspublishedin1921.

TheProletarianSchools,organisedin1918byTomAnderson(formerlyoftheSocialistSundaySchoolMovement),areconfinedtoGlasgowandthesurroundingneighbourhood(N.C.U.pamphlet,TheTruthabouttheRedSchools,p.10).TheirorganisasingularlyblasphemousandindecentpublicationnamedProletcult:“amagazineforGirlsandBoys.”

Theattentionoftheclergyhasfrequentlybeendrawntothesecentresforthecorruptionofyouthwithlittleresult,andtheonlyattempttodrawthechildrenawayfromthembyoppositionschoolshasbeenmadebytheBritishFascists’“Children’sClubs,”providingcounter-attractionsintheformofwholesomeamusementandsimpleteachingonreligionandpatriotism.

ButtheSocialistandCommunistSundaySchoolsarenotthemostimportantpoison-centres,sinceparentsarenotobligedtosendtheirchildrentothem.Forworking-classyouththeSocialistandCommunistteachersintheGovernmentschoolsatwhichattendanceiscompulsoryareagreaterdanger,forintheseitisthebesttypesofworking-classchildrentheyareabletopervert.Buthereagainapparentlynogeneralactionistobetaken.

TheYoungSocialistInternational.—WehaveseenthatattheConferenceoftheInternationalofSocialistYouthinBerlinin1919onlyasectionofthemovementconstituteditselftheYoungCommunistInternational,theremaindercontinuedtodisassociatethemselvesfromtheCommunistmovement.

TheInternationalofWorking-ClassYouth.—Earlyin1921theSocialDemocraticYoungWorkers’InternationalwasformedinAmsterdambymembersofthepartiesattachedtothe2ndInternationale,andataboutthesametimetheYoungWorkersofAustria,theGermandistrictsofCzecho-Slovakia,etc.,organisedtheInternationalUnionofSocialistWorkers.ThesetwoYoungSocialistInternationalsheldanumberofConferences,andfinally,atHamburgduringtheSessionoftheLabourSocialistor2ndInternationalein1923,anew

YoungSocialistInternationalwasformed,calledthe“InternationaleofWorking-ClassYouth”orSozialistischeJugendInternationale,underE.Ollenhauer,withheadquartersat3Lindenstrasse,Berlin(LabourYearBookfor1924,pp.381,382,476,andfor1925,p.41).Thisorganisationhasmadeconsiderableprogress,andhasamembershipintwenty-twodifferentcountries,byfarthelargestbeinginGermany,whereitnowamountsto102,000(LabourYearBookfor1926,pp.381,382).InGreatBritainthefigureof6,000givenisdrawnentirelyfromtheI.L.P.

I.L.P.GuildofYouth.—Earlyin1924theI.L.P.,truetoitstraditionsinseekinginspirationfromGermany,startedtoorganisethe“I.L.P.GuildofYouth”forbringingmoreyoungpeopleintotheSocialistandPacifistfold.Bytheendoftheyearalargenumberofbrancheshadbeenformedalloverthecountry.Thequestionofforminga“unitedfront”withtheYoungCommunistLeaguehasrecentlybeendiscussed,butdecidedagainstbytheNationalCommitteeoftheGuild.Acontingentof“comrades,”headedbyArthurTetley,amemberoftheNationalCommittee,attendedthe2ndCongressoftheSocialistYouthInternationalatAmsterdamfromMay26–29,atwhichEricOllenhaueroftheBerlinheadquarterstookthelead.TheI.L.P.GuildofYouthisnowaffiliatedtothe“BritishLeagueofEsperantoSocialists,”inwhichanumberofCommunistsarealsoconcerned.

TheofficialorganoftheGuildisTheFlame,editedbyClareBrockway,andpublishedat14GreatGeorgeStreet,Westminster.

LiketheSocialistSundaySchools,theI.L.P.GuildofYouthisnotavowedlyrevolutionaryoranti-Christian,butcarriesonitscampaignundertheguiseofPacifism,brotherhoodorthereturntonature.

TheFellowshipofYouthforPeace.—WehavealreadyreferredbothhereandinAmerica,tothe“InternationalFellowshipofReconciliation”or“Versöhnungsbund,”ofwhichtheInternationalSecretariatissituatedinthiscountry,underthecontroloftheRev.OliverDryer,withofficesat16RedLionSquare,whilstthenationalbranchisconductedbyP.W.Bartlett,withofficesnextdooratNo.17.ThisorganisationinAmericawasinstrumentalinformingthe“FellowshipofYouthforPeace”earlyin1924,aspartoftheWarResisters’International,withwhichtheF.O.R.isaffiliated.FromSeptember18–22,1924,ajointconferenceoftheF.O.R.andtheF.Y.forP.washeldatSeasidePark,New

Jersey,andamongstmembersthenelectedtothecouncilofthenewmovementwereanumberofmembersoftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion,includingRogerBaldwin,A.J.MusteandJohnHaynesHolmes,ofwhichthesubversiveaimshavebeendescribedearlier,whilstseveralmembersoftheW.I.L.werepresentasspeakers.Mrs.MargaretB.L.Robinson,anardentpatriot,presidentoftheMassachusettsPublicInterestsLeague,wroteonMay6,1925:

“AmovementwhichisshowingitselftobefullofdangerinMassachusettsistheso-calledFellowshipofYouthforPeace.AtameetingholdunderitsauspiceslastweekinBoston,whichIattended,thepresidingofficerwasawell-knownSocialist,HarryDana,andthespeakeraBelgianSocialist,GustMuyne.ThreetimesduringtheeveningtheaudiencewasurgedtoattendaballforthebenefitofSaccoandVanzetti”(FredMarvin,YeShallKnowtheTruth,p.66).

Inthesummerof1925WilliamQ.HarrisonandanotherdelegatesailedforEngland,andameetingwasarrangedforJuly1bytheF.O.R.atitsinternationalheadquarters,16RedLionSquare,atwhichhewastospeakon“theAmericanYouthMovementanditsrelationtotheInternationalYouthMovement.”

Anothermeetingtookplaceonthe9thofthesamemonthattheFriends’MeetingHouse,136Bishopsgate,towelcomethetwoYouthMovementdelegatesfromAmerica.Thiswasconvenedbythe“FederationofBritishYouthMovements,”ofwhichweshallnowtracetheoriginsinGermany.

TheInternationalLeagueofYouth.—Aswehaveseen,theSocialistYouthInternationaleexistedinGermanybeforetheWar.JustaftertheWarhadendedaPacifistYouthInternationale,namedthe“InternationalLeagueofYouth,”wasformedbyaDane,HermodLannung,andtheaimsoftheLeague,drawnupatapreliminaryconferenceinCopenhagenandconfirmedin1922atafurtherconferenceinHamburg,weresetforthasfollows:

“TheaimoftheInternationalLeagueofYouthistoawakenYouthtotheinherentunityofthepeoplesoftheworld,andtomakefuturewarimpossiblebyafellowshipbasedontrustandfriendship.“Inthemeantime,believingintheprincipleofcompulsoryarbitration,theLeagueadvocatesthe

limitationofarmaments,withaviewtotheirultimateabolition,andthesubstitutionofanInternationalPoliceForceforthepresentNationalMilitarySystem.ItwilldoallinitspowertofurthertheestablishmentofatrueLeagueofNations.“TofurtherthisaimtheBritishsectionhasconsentedtoactasacentralInternationalBureaufor

Youthofallnations.ItwillcollectanddisseminatereportsastotheactivitiesofallYouthMovementsfederatedtotheInternationalLeagueofYouth,andwillpublishathree-monthlyreportinthismagazine.”(Youth,Spring1924.)

TheCentralInternationalBureau,formedbytheBritishSection,waslocatedat162AbbeyHouse,Westminster,underthedirectionofMissMoyaJowitt;theofficialorganofthemovementbeingYouth(quarterly),editedbyRolfGardinerofSt.John’sCollege,Cambridge,andcirculatedbytheheadquartersinAbbeyHouse,andalsobytheGermanagentoftheLeague,HansSeligo,inLeipzig.

AccordingtotheaccountgiveninYouthforthespringof1924,theInternationalLeagueofYouthwasorganisedinthefollowingmanner.

Anumberofmembersoftheleaders’councilwhohadbeenpresentatagreatInternationalYouthmeetingatHellerauinAugust1923,afterwardsmetatthecastleofLauensteinandformedacircleknownastheLauensteinerKreis,inordertoengagein“acommonsearchanddiscoveryofnewwaysandmeansinthetechniqueofWesternpolitics,economics,education,artandscience.”Forthispurposefour“watch-towers”werecreated,fromwhichobservationscouldbecarriedout—thefirstatBerlin,forcommunicationwiththeEastandespeciallywithSovietRussia;thesecondattheJugendheimontheOstsee,forcommunicationwiththeNorth—Denmark,Sweden,Norway,andFinland;thethirdatfirststationedinBerlinandworkingincloseconnectionwiththeQuakerofficesthere,butafterwardsremovedto162AbbeyHouse,Westminster,soasto“linkupBerlinandLondonindirectcommunication”;thefourthlookingoutontheMediterranean,havingatpresentnoabodebutinthehandsofresponsiblemembersoftheUnionprincipallyresidentinFrankfurt-am-Main.

ThechiefmembersoftheBritishgroup,besidesMoyaJowitt,wereJohnHargrave,S.DarwinFox,RolfGardiner,andRolandBerrill.Thesepeople,allofpro-Germansympathies,werecontributorstoYouth,whilstinthenumberofthatorganalreadyreferredtowenoteanarticlebyHaroldBingonbehalfoftheYouthSectionoftheNoMoreWarMovement,ofwhichPhyllisBingwassecretary.AmongsttheforeigncontributorswefindthenamesofFritzKlatt,KarlWilker,GustaveWyneken,AntonMayer(thesamethatweencounteredontheMoscoworganisationoftheR.I.L.U. ?)andArnimT.Wegner.Besidespublishingextraordinaryblasphemies—notablyintheabove-mentionednumber,whereanarticleappearsheadedbyarevoltingcaricatureoftheCrucifixion—Youthwentinforthecultofnature.

TheNudityMovement.—InGermanybeforetheWartheso-called“physicalculturemovement”hadbecomethevogue,whichfoundexpressioninthecultof

nudity,aspractisedbythesectofGermanCommunistsknownas“Adamites”inthefifteenthcentury.“Itbecamethegrandchicofanadvancedset(inBerlin)togivenakedparties,atwhichthemensmokedhugecigarsandthewomenwereclothedonlyinbracelets,anklets,tiarasandrings”(articlebyAustinHarrisonintheEnglishReview,October1914).SincetheWarthismovementhasgrownindimensions,andownsanumberofgroups,institutes,libraries,holidaycamps,bathingresorts,etc.A“Nudity”candidatewasevenputupforelectiontotheReichstag,andsecuredover20,000votes(articleinSundayExpress,July19,1925).AccordingtoanAmericanwriter,BrunoLasker,ithasmadegreatheadwayintheYouthMovementofGermany,whichisdescribedas“introducingnewandstimulatingelements.Oneoftheseisthecultofnakedness.”Anotherwasdescribedasbeingfreelove.Mr.Laskerwentontodescribethecrusadeofoneoftheleadersofthismovement,HerrMuck-Lamberty,who“withafollowingoftwenty-fiveyouthsandgirls,”walkedfromtowntotownthroughtheforestsofthemid-Germanhillcountry,leadingthechildreninharmlessgamesofacheerfulnesstheyhadneverknown,“teachingtheyoungmenandwomendancesandsongsdrawnfromtheverysources…oftheGermanspirit.…Butonedayitwasdiscoveredthattheywerelivingnotonlyineconomiccommunism,butalsowhatseemedatfirstcompletesexualpromiscuity”(seeinterestingpamphletbyMrs.MargaretL.Robinson,TheYouthMovement,issuedbytheMassachusettsPublicInterestsLeague,Boston,quotingarticleinSurveyGraphic,December1921).

WalterPahlwasoneoftheadvocatesofthismovement,andinanarticleinYouthandtheAmericanperiodicaltheNewStudent,whichbroughtouta“SpecialSupplementpublishedinGermany,”describedthereligionofthemovement.BeforetheWaryouthhadbecomescepticalofChristianity;butafteritthecrywentup:“Godisdead!”YouthbecametheenemyoftheChurch.“NakedandFree”theydenieddogmaanddoctrine,andfoundanewGod—thebody.TheywereChristiansnolonger,sotheyreleasedthebodyandsetthemselvesto“thedanceoftheearthandthestarswithinus,”inordertorestorethegreatharmonyandholinessintoourlives.“DancinginfactoffersthegreatestreligiousemotiontoagreatpartofourGermanyouth.”ItisherewecantracetheinspirationoftheeurhythmicdancingpractisedbytheSteineritesofGermany,theBolsheviksofRussiaandcertainsectsinourowncountry,which

being,however,ofthesecretandoccultvariety,donotenterintothescopeofthisbook.

TheNewGymnosophists.—Onegrouppractisingthenuditycultwhichdoesnotappeartobeasecretsocietymay,however,bementionedhere,thatis“TheNewGymnosophicalSociety,”whichwasfoundedin1922.Theobjectofthisgroupwasfranklyadmittedtobethepropagationofnudeculture,becausenotonlyphysicalbut“psychological”healthismuchbenefitedbythispractice.Inconnectionwiththissociety,whichisstillinexistence,orwasasrecentlyaslastsummer,isatleastoneClub,nearLondon,wherethememberspassweek-endsentirelywithoutclothes.Itseemsthattheydonotalwaysremainwithinbounds,sinceacouplewerefoundwanderinginthisconditionontheSussexdownslastsummer(SundayExpress,August20,1925).Thepoliceappeartohavetakennoactioninthematter.

Aco-educationalschoolisconnectedwiththismovement.FederationofBritishYouthMovements.—TheEnglishbranchofthe

InternationalLeagueofYouthforPeacehasnowceasedtoexist,anditsworkhasbeentakenoverbythe“FederationofBritishYouthMovements,”whichwasfoundedinJanuary1924,withheadquartersat135Bishopsgate,underthefollowingpersonnel:

Chairman:ArthurPeacock.Secretary:MissMargaretPorteous.NationalSecretary:TheodorBesterman(oftheGuildofCitizensof

Tomorrow,asubsidiaryorganisationoftheTheosophicalSociety).Treasurer:MissPhyllisBing(oftheNoMoreWarMovement).

AConferenceoftheFederationwasheldonMay2and3,1925,arrangedbyG.W.ArundaleoftheTheosophicalSociety,withwhichtheFederationseemstobecloselyconnected.

AtafurthermeetinginJune,heldintheformofagarden-partyatKelmscottHouse,Hammersmith,thefollowingTheosophicalgroupswererepresented:TheGuildofCitizensofTomorrow,theOrderoftheRoundTable,theServers’GroupofYoungTheosophists,theWorldFederationofYoungTheosophists.BesidesthesethereweredelegatesfromtheNoMoreWarMovement,theFellowshipofReconciliation,theYoungFriends’Movement,theI.L.P.andthe

OrderofWoodcraftChivalryoftheKibboKift.TheoutstandingfeatureofthisgatheringoftheFederationofBritishYouthMovementswassaidbyanobservertobepredominantlyforeign,andinparticularGerman.Germansongsweresung.

KibboKift.—ThemovementknownasKibboKift,whichalsocarriedontheworkoftheInternationalLeagueofYouth,isgenerallysaidtohavebeenformedinEnglandinthespringof1921,withbranchesinGermany,Russia,Holland,France,ItalyandAlgeria.Frominsideevidenceitappears,however,thatitwasorganisedinthiscountryasearlyas1919—thatistosay,ataboutthesametimethattheInternationalLeagueofYouthwasformedinCopenhagen,underGermanauspices,sothatinsteadofbeingaBritishmovementwithforeignbranches,itseemsnotunlikelythatitwasallalongapartoftheGerman“Jugendbewegung,”andoftheInternationalFederationofYouth.Atanyrateitsteachingsandaimsareidentical,whilstJohnHargrave,itsreputedfounder,whose“anti-militarist”viewshadnecessitatedhisleavingthestaffoftheBoyScouts,was,aswehaveseen,acontributortoYouth,inwhichKibboKiftanditslaterorgantheNomad—thefirstonewascalledtheMask—wereadvertised.Further,theaddressoftheBusinessManageroftheK.K.,KinsmanG.C.Morris,wasthesameastheaddressoftheBritishbranchoftheInternationalFederationofYouth—152AbbeyHouse,Westminster—andMoyaJowitt,thedirectorofthisbureau,wasalsotheorganiseroftheK.K.scheme,describedas“worldsurvey.”Theconnection,ifnottheactualidentity,betweenthetwomovementsis,therefore,evident.

TheK.K.isdescribedinaleafletbytheeditoroftheNomad,underthepseudonymof“WhiteFox”—presumablyHargravehimself—asbeinga“worldpeacemovement,”whichwaslargelytobeachievedbycampingout;anditsobjectsincludedthereorganisationofindustryonanon-competitivebasis,internationaldisarmament,internationalfreetrade,aninternationalcurrencysystem,andtheestablishmentofaWorldCouncilincludingeverycivilisedandprimitiveraceornation—formulasfamiliartoeveryoneacquaintedwiththeliteratureofInternationalSocialismorGrandOrientMasonry.

TheKibboKiftis,infact,asemi-secretsociety,andassuchcannotbethoroughlygoneintohere.Thisfactisveryclearlybroughtoutinanovel,calledYoungWinkle,byJohnHargravehimself,inwhichthereferencesmadetoa

mysteriousbrotherhoodactiveallovertheworld,toaceremonyofinitiation,asalsoto“tribalpatriotism”andthehappinessofsavagery,arestrangelyreminiscentoftheGermanIlluminati.LeavingthisoccultaspectoftheK.K.aside,however,nodoubtcanbeentertainedastoitsanti-patrioticandsubversivetendencies,theleader’ssneersattheBoyScouts,at“militarism”—nothing,ofcourse,aboutthePrussianvariety—hisremarksontheevilofwork,hisinsistenceonsexteachingandjeersatreligion,plainlyshowthetruecharacteroftheorganisationwhichhecontrols.

The“worldsurvey”ideaoftheK.K.,directedbyMissMoyaJowitt,aschemecertainlymorepracticalthanoccult,meritssomeattention.IntheMay1925numberoftheNomad,theyoung“Kinsmen”areenjoinedtomakemaps,givingthepopulation,industries,etc.Oneofthedirectionsruns:

“Visitandfindoutfullinformationabout,andmakealistof,allthepresentinstitutions,suchashospitals,museums,schools,colleges,institutes,societies,movements,organisations,placesofworship,placesofamusement,theatres,etc.,inyourdistrict.”

BeforetheWarGermanspieswereknowntobeengagedonmakingmapspreciselyontheselines.Thishabitofmap-makingmaynotbealltothefutureadvantageofBritain.

TheK.K.isnotconfinedtoEngland;inFranceitacquiredlandatLeTalon,Chevreuse,Seine-et-Oise,whereanInternationalcampwasheldinAugust1924.InPolanditexistsasaWoodcraftLeague,knownastheZjednoczenieWolnegoHarcerstwa;inHollanditgoesunderthenameof“Stormvogels.”Thelastnamedwasatfirstcomposedofchildrenfromsixtotwelveyearsofage,whoformedanavowedlyCommunistgroupledbyFrancineRuygers,andinAugust1924wentbodilyovertotheYoungCommunistorganisation.Thisisilluminating,sinceinEnglandtheK.K.professestohavenoconnectionwithCommunism,althoughinJuly1923itwasstatedthattwodelegateswouldattendtheConferenceoftheLeagueofCommunistYouthinDresden.Inviewofallthis,itisinterestingtoreadthenamesontheAdvisoryCounciloftheK.K.inthiscountry,publishedatthisdate.TheseincludedNormanAngell,H.G.Wells,RabindranathTagore,HavelockEllis,StephenGraham,ProfessorJulianS.Huxley,MauriceMaeterlinck,HenryW.Nevinson,MauriceHewlett,Mrs.PethickLawrence,ProfessorPatrickGeddes,andJ.HowardWhitehouse.Itshouldbenotedthatthelastnameonthislististhatoftheheadmasterofa

schoolfoundedatBembridge,IsleofWight,somesixyearsago,forthepurposeofcarryingoutnewmethodsofeducation,includingwhatwastermedself-government.AletteradvertisingtheschemeappearedonitsinaugurationintheTimes,andtwoyearslaterafurtherletterwasaddressedtothesamepapersignedbythehead,J.HowardWhitehouse,alsobyDeanInge,LordHenryCavendish-Bentinck,CharlesF.Masterman(editorofTheNation),HaroldLaski(LondonSchoolofEconomicsandmemberoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion),HenryW.NevinsonandNoelBuxton(LabourPartyand1917Club).TwooutofthosesevensupportersoftheBembridgeSchoolwere,therefore,ontheCounciloftheKibboKift.

Atthemomentofthisbookgoingtopressanoticeappearsofameetingtobeheldon“TheMenoftheTrees,”byMr.RichardSt.BarbeBaker,who,wenoteintheNomadforDecember1924,waspresentedby“WhiteFox”atAbbeyHousewithacopperplaque,inscribedwithamessageofbrotherhoodinsymbol-writing.

Myobjectinfollowingupalltheseconnectionsisnottocensureeveryonewhotakespartinmovementsofthiskind—e.g.,itisnotallegedthateverysupporteroftheKibboKiftisfullycognisantorwouldapproveofallitisanddoes—buttoshowbywhatanintricatesystemofinterlockingsthemembersofsubversiveorganisationscontrivetospreadtheirpropaganda.

ThemovementforthedemoralisationofBritishyouth—theunderminingofpatriotismandofbeliefinreligion,andtherevoltagainstdiscipline—isveryskilfullyorganised.Forthechildrenofworking-classparentstherearetheSocialistandCommunistSundaySchoolsandtheteachersofthesamedoctrinesintheGovernmentschools;forbothworking-classandmiddle-classchildrenthevariousSocialist,CommunistandPacifistleagues,fortheboysandgirlsoftherichthereistheinsidiouspropagandainstilledbymasters,mistresses,lecturersanduniversitydons,secretlyintheserviceofthecountry’senemies.Andunhappilyforallclasses,thereistheinfluenceofthoseoftheclergywhohavesoldtheirbirthrightforamessofredpottage.

CHAPTERXIII

SOCIALISMANDCHRISTIANITY

TheSocialismprofessedbycertainmembersofourclergytodaymustnotbeconfoundedwiththe“ChristianSocialism”advocatedinthemiddleofthelastcenturybyKingsleyandMaurice.ThedoctrinestheytaughtwerenotatallidenticalwiththoseknownpoliticallyasCommunismorasSocialism.IfinspirittheyhadsomethingincommonwiththeUtopianSocialistsofFrance,theyheldnothingofthespiritexpressedinKarlMarx’sCommunistManifesto,whichappearedatthetimetheycarriedontheircampaign.TheformulanowgenerallyacceptedasthatofSocialism—“thenationalisationofallthemeansofproduction,distributionandexchange”—entersnowhereintotheirteaching,whichwasnottoadvocateaneconomictheorythathadalreadyprovedafailure,butsimplythereconstructionofthesocialorderbasedonChristianprinciples.HoweverimpracticablesuchanideamightbeinviewofChrist’sownstatement:“Mykingdomisnotofthisworld,”itwas,nevertheless,sincereandfreefromthebitternessofmodernSocialism.For,whilstdenouncingsocialevils,nowheredidtheypreachclasswar;onthecontrary,inAltonLockeCharlesKingsleycondemneditinunmeasuredterms,whilst,theanti-ChristianteachingofRobertOwenintheirowndayandofKarlMarx—whoseinfluenceonlybecamefeltinEnglandaftertheirlifetimes—wastheveryantithesisoftheirs.

UnlikeLordShaftesbury,however,whodeclaredSocialismtobe“aplaguedeep-seatedandrancorous,”theydidnotrealisethatmaterialismandclasshatredwerealmostalwaystheaccompanimentsoftheeconomictheoryofSocialism;andso,bycallingthemselvesSocialists,theycoupledtogetherthenamesoftwocreedswhich,astheGermanSocialistBebeltrulyobserved,“standtowardseachotherasfireandwater.”Thiswas,perhaps,excusableinmenwho,livingbeforetheMarxianerainthiscountry,couldnotseeforthemselveswhitherrealSocialismmustlead.

ButformenwhocanlookbackonthelastfortyyearsofSocialistagitation,

thepositionisentirelydifferent.Theyknow,orshouldknow,thatsincethefoundingoftheDemocraticFederationin1881,SocialisminthiscountryhasbeenalmostentirelyderivedfromtheteachingofMarx,whoseinsistenceonmaterialism,militantatheismandadvocacyoftheclasswar,hasdivestedthewordSocialismofalltheidealismthrownarounditbytheChristianSocialistsofthelastcentury.ToprofessSocialismnowistorangeoneself,whetherconsciouslyornot,withtheenemiesofChristianity,asMrs.MargaretL.Robinsonhaswellexplainedinheradmirablepamphlet,ChristianSocialism,aContradictioninTerms.

So,whilsttheoldChristianSocialiststookthediscreditedwordSocialismandstrovetoinvestitwiththespiritofChristianity,ourso-calledChristianSocialistsoftodaytakethepureandbeautifuldoctrinesofChristianityandinfuseintothemthespiritofclasshatred.

TheChristianSocialUnion.—OneofthefirstorganisationsformedtodisseminatetheideaofChristianityinrelationtosociallifewastheChristianSocialUnion,which,accordingtotheheadoftheIndustrialChristianFellowshipwithwhichitjoinedupin1918,originatedmuchearlier,havingbeenformedbyMauriceandKingsley(whodiedrespectivelyin1872and1875),supportedbyCanonScottHolland,BishopGoreandtheBishopofLichfield(letterfromtheRev.P.T.KirktothePatriot,November30,1922).Thewriterofthisletterdescribesitas“mostcertainlynotavowedlySocialistic.”

AnotherChristianSocialistorganisationwastheGuildofSt.Matthew,foundedin1877bytheRev.StuartHeadlam,whichalsodoesnotappeartohavebeenrevolutionaryincharacter;buttheChurchSocialistLeague,formedin1908,hadforitsfounderstwomenwhohavetakenanactivepartinagitation—theRev.F.L.(nowCanon)Donaldson,whodescribeshimselfasa“convincedChristianSocialist”andwholedandorganisedamarchofUnemployedfromLeicestertoLondonin1905,andtheRev.ConradNoel,VicarofThaxted,Essex,whoformanyyearshaspreachedthemostvirulentclasshatred.

TheCatholicCrusade.—Itwasnot,however,untilaftertheriseoftheBolshevikstopowerthatthe“redclergy”openlytookuptheirstandwiththeworldrevolutionaries.InAmericaBishopMontgomeryBrownproclaimedhimselfthe“BishopofBolsheviksandAtheists.”ConradNoel,whilstcontinuingtoprofessChristianity,startedhisrevolutionaryCatholicCrusadein

1918.TheHon.Sec.wasatfirsttheRev.H.O.Mason,theRectory,Elland,Yorkshire;in1925RobertWoodifield;whilstsupportersofthemovementincludedtheRev.G.B.ChambersandtheRev.C.J.Bucknall,whohasrecentlybeenpresentedwiththelivingofDelabole,NorthCornwall.

TheCatholicCrusadehasnoofficialorgan,butanumberofpamphletshavebeenpublishedbyit,includingAManifesto,settingforthitsobjects,oneofwhichissaidtobe“tobreakupthepresentworld,andmakeanewinthepoweroftheOutlawofGalilee:DestructionnotReconstruction”;CreativeDemocracy,whichdescribes“ApostolicBolshevismandDemocraticSuccession:theChristianSovietandtheEpiscopalInternational”;TheCatholicCrusade,merelyincoherentandblasphemousravings;TheChristianReligion:DopeorDynamite;IsJesustheRevolutionaryLeader?etc.ItisdifficulttodiscoverthedoctrinesofanyparticularbrandofSocialisminthesepublications,whichareasdullastheyarerevolting,andpreachonlyasortofaimlessanarchy.Thereis,however,perhapsmoremethodthanmightbesupposedbehindthemadnessoftheCatholicCrusade,whichappearstobenotunconnectedwithacertainsecretsocietyofanoccultdescription.Tofollowupthislineofinvestigationwouldtakeusbeyondthelimitsofthisbook;itmay,however,bementionedthatacertainclergymanwhonotlongagocreatedascandalbyhisopenexpressionofBolshevistviewsisknowntothepresentwriterbyirrefutableevidencetohavebeenamemberofthesocietyinquestion,whilstthebishopwhosupportedhimwasheadofaninstitutionwhenceanumberofmembersofthesamesocietyweredrawn.

TheI.C.F.—The“IndustrialChristianFellowship,”whichwasformedoutoftheNavvyMissiononNovember11,1918,andafterwardsamalgamatedwiththeChristianSocialUnion,isasocietyofaverydifferentorderfromtheCatholicCrusade,fromtheleaderofwhichithaspubliclydisassociateditself.Indeed,itprofessesnottobeSocialistatall.“Westand,”itdeclares,“forChristandHisprinciples,independentofparty.”Andagain,“TheFellowshipisnotpolitical;itisaspiritualeffort,forweholdthatChristianitymustpervadeeverydepartmentoflife.”

ButthisdoesnotpreventtheI.C.F.initsofficialorgan,TheTorch,frompayingtributetosuchLabourmembersofParliamentasitmayconsidertobeparticularlyfitinstrumentsforthispurpose;asforexample,J.H.Thomas,

GeorgeLansbury,C.G.Ammon,“Bob”Williams,etc.Nordiditdeteroneofitsbodyofdirectors,theRev.F.E.Mercer,fromwritingapamphletcalledWhyChurchmenshouldbeSocialists;noranotherfromdeclaringatapublicmeetingthat“theCapitalistsystemhasbrokendownandwillendinarottenchaos”(ThePatriot,August9,1923).

AnotherleadinglightoftheI.C.F.,theRev.G.A.StuddertKennedy,isallegedtohavespokenataLabourdemonstrationbesideGeorgeLansburyonOctober8,1922,andwithSaklatvalaatBowBathsonFebruary25,1923.ItwasonArmisticeDay,1921,thathelevelledhisfamousinsultagainstthemenwhohadfoughtforEnglandbysayingthat:

“Hehadappealedtothetroopsduringthewar,andencouragedthemtofightonthegroundthattheywerefightingforfreedomandhonour.Heknewnowitwasnothingofthekind.Therewasnofreedomandtherewasnoendtowar.Wehadliedasanationandbesmirchedourhonour.Wehadbrokenourpromisesandgonebackonourwordinhalfascoreofcases.…Theyweremad,hesaid;hehimselfwasmad;theywereallmadoutthere.Theyweregivendecorationsforwhattheydidwhentheyweremad”(MorningPost,November12,1921).

RemonstrancesaddressedtotheI.C.F.withregardtosuchutteranceshavebeenmetwiththereplythatthespeakerwasnotspeakinginthenameoftheFellowship,butasaprivateindividual.WehavenotheardofthissystemofdualpersonalityleadingtotheappearanceofamemberoftheI.C.F.ontheplatformof,say,—theBritishFascists.

Adualpersonalityappears,moreover,tobethecharacteristicnotonlyofindividualmembersoftheI.C.F.,butofthesocietyitself.ThusonMarch12,1926,thepresentwriterreceivedacircularoftheI.C.F.inwhichitwasagainstatedthat:

“ItmaynotbeoutofplacetoreaffirmthefactthattheI.C.F.isnotpledgedtoanypoliticalpartyortoanyschemeofeconomicreform.ItstandsforChristandHisprinciples,independentofparty,andseeksformeanstopursueandextenditsworkandtoproclaimitsmessageboldlyandfearlesslyastheHolySpiritmaydirect.”

AppendedtothiswasaleafletdescribinganI.C.F.speaker“inapoorclassdistrict”pacifyingtherevolutionarytendenciesofthecrowd.

YetatthisverymomentitappearsthattheI.C.F.wasissuingaquestionnaireonthecoalcrisismarked“confidential,”inquiringintotheminers’grievancesandeverydetailofthecoaltrade,andrequestingthatthedocumentshouldbe

returnedonMarch6,justwhentheReportoftheCoalCommissionwasexpected(MorningPost,March3,1926).Itcertainlyseemsstrangethatasociety,notpledgedtoanyschemeofeconomicreform,andstandingonlyfor“ChristandHisprinciples,”shouldinstituteasearchinginquiryintotheeconomicaspectofthecoaltrade,preciselyatthemomentwhentheGovernmentwasengagedonthesametask.Therehasbeencloseco-operationbetweensomeoftheofficialsandferventSocialistswhoarenotoriouspromotersoftheclass-war,andwhosepublicrecordsarenosecuritywhateverforanydeepinterestinthetriumphofChristianity.ThecircularsoftheI.C.F.containmanystatementsinexactagreementwiththepolicyoftheSocialistParty;andhavebeenquotedinthePatriot,fromNovember9,1922,toJanuary18,1923,duringitscontroversywiththeFellowship.InthatcontroversyitwasshownthatthepublicliteratureoftheI.C.F.is,ineffect,apreachingthatthewaytotheoriginalChristianobjectsoftheFellowshipismarkedoutbytheSocialistParty;andistobeprecededbythedestructionofthecapitalistsystem.

Thefollowingnames,whichappearonthecircularofMarch1926,presumablyformthepresentpersonneloftheI.C.F.:

Presidents:TheArchbishopofCanterbury.TheArchbishopofYork.TheArchbishopofWales.

Vice-PresidentandChairman:TheBishopofLichfield.

Vice-Chairmen:BishopofWoolwich.Major-GeneralF.Maurice.

Hon.Treasurers:EverardHesketh.FrankHodges.

Hon.Trustee:LordHenryBentinck.WilliamCash.MajorJ.D.Birchall,M.P.LordBeauchamp.

MargaretBigge.LordDaryngton.SirLyndenMacassey.BishopofManchester.SirRobertNewman,M.P.Rev.H.R.L.Sheppard.ConstanceSmith.SirEdwinStockton.Rev.G.A.StuddertKennedy.

GeneralDirector:P.T.R.Kirk.

TheheadquartersoftheI.C.F.areatFellowshipHouse,4TheSanctuary,Westminster.

TheLeagueoftheKingdomofGod.—Aso-calledChristiansocietywhichmakesnoefforttoconcealitsSocialisticcharacteristhe“LeagueoftheKingdomofGod,”thenameassumedin1923bytheChurchSocialistLeaguebeforementioned.Thecharacterofthesocietyisofficiallygiveninthesewords:

“TheLeagueisabandofChurchmenandChurchwomenwhobelievethattheCatholicFaithdemandsachallengetotheworldbytherepudiationofcapitalistplutocracyandthewagesystem;andstandsforasocialorderinwhichthemeansoflifesubservethecommonweal.”

TheparticularbrandofSocialismthattheLeaguefavoursseemstobeGuildSocialism,withwhichmembersoftheChurchSocialistLeague,notablyMauriceB.Reckitt,hadbeenassociated,whenworkingintheFabianResearchDepartmentwithG.D.H.Cole.

ThethreeleadersofthemovementintheyearthatthechangeofnametookplacewereMauriceB.Reckitt(Vice-ChairmanoftheC.S.L.),theRev.PaulStacyandN.E.EgertonSwann.LatertheRev.T.C.GobatwasmadeChairman,H.H.Slesser(nowSirHenrySlesser)becameVice-ChairmanandA.Hunter,Treasurer.GeorgeLansbury,whoisjustnowagitatingtogettheblasphemylawsrevoked,andtheRev.J.Bucknallarealsomembers.

TheofficialorganoftheLeagueistheCommonwealth(monthly),editedbyG.W.WardmanatLetchworthGardenCity,Herts.

SocietyofSocialistChristians.—Anotherso-calledChristiansocietythat

makesnosecretofitspoliticalaimsisthe“SocietyofSocialistChristians,”startedin1924asanamalgamationofsmallersocieties.TheSecretaryisCharlesRecord,8VictoriaAvenue,Elland,Yorkshire,andtheofficialorganofthesocietyisTheCrusader(weekly),printedbyG.W.Wardman(editoroftheCommonwealth)attheCommonwealthPress,Letchworth,andpublishedbytheCrusaderCommitteeat1MitreCourt,FleetStreet,E.C.4.

TheaimsoftheSocietyofSocialistChristiansareofficiallysetforthasfollows:

“TheSocietyofSocialistChristiansisabodyofpeoplewho,acknowledgingtheleadershipofJesusChrist,pledgethemselvestoworkandprayforthespiritualandeconomicemancipationofallpeoplefromthebondageofmaterialthings,andfortheestablishmentoftheCommonwealthofGodonearth.“Recognisingthatthepresentcapitalistorderofsocietyisfundamentallyanti-Christian,theSociety

willstriveforthecreationofaninternationalSocialistorderbasedonthecommunalcontrolofthemeansoflifeandco-operationinfreedomforthecommonweal.“TheSocietywillworkaspartoftheLabourMovement.Itbelievesthatthenecessary

transformationofoursocialorderrequiresachangeofheartandmindandwill,andacorrespondingchangeofpoliticalandindustrialarrangements;substitutingmutualserviceforexploitation,andasocialdemocracyforthestruggleofindividualsandclasses.”

ThelastnumberoftheCrusader(forMay28,1926)quitefranklyapprovedoftherecentGeneralStrike,anddeploredtheblindnessoftheChristianWorldindescribingitasafailure.OnanotherpagetheeditoroftheDailyHeraldisreferredtoas“ComradeHamiltonFyfe.”Amongstcontributorstotheorgan,andtotheseriesof“CrusaderBooklets,”areFatherJohnCornerSpokes(editoroftheCrusader),FatherHaroldBuxton,theRev.SeawardBeddow,theRev.W.G.Peck,theRev.W.E.Orchard,FatherGilbertCliveBinyon,FredHughes,B.C.Boulter,etc.

C.O.P.E.C.—InAprilofthesameyear(1924)thattheSocietyofSocialistChristianswasfoundedaconferencetookplaceatBirminghamtodiscusstheapplicationofChristianitytosocial,industrial,politicalandinternationalproblems,atwhichthefollowingresolutionwaspassed:

“ThattheChristianfaithisfundamentallyopposedtothespiritofImperialismasexpressedindesireofconquest,maintenanceofprestige,orthepursuit,inotherforms,oftheselfishinterestsofonenationattheexpenseofanother.”

FromthisConferencearosethesocietyknownasC.O.P.E.C.,standingfor“ChristianOrderofPolitics,EconomicsandCitizenship.”TheConferencewas

presidedoverbyLordParmoor,thenamemberoftheSocialistGovernment,whovehementlydenouncedwarandregrettedthattheChurcheshadnotbeenunanimouslyPacifistduringtheGreatWar.OtherspeakersincludedSirHenrySlesser,E.D.Morel,andalsotheRev.StuddertKennedyoftheI.C.F.,whodeclaredthatinfuturetheChurchesoughttosupporttherightofourforcestomutinyandforoursailorstolaydowntheirarms.ItisonlyfairtoaddthatinthefollowingNovemberMr.Kennedyexpressedwhatappeartobeabsolutelyoppositeviews,declaringthatanyattemptatdisarmamentwouldbemadness(Times,November11,1924).Sincethen,however,heseemstohaverevertedtoanti-imperialism.Itisimpossibletokeeppacewiththevagariesofsomeofthesepeople.

AnumberofPacifistandSocialistorganisations,suchastheU.D.C.,I.L.P.,FellowshipofReconciliation,NoMoreWarMovement,LeagueoftheKingdomofGod,etc.,wererepresentedattheC.O.P.E.C.Conference.TheChairmanthenelectedfortheCommitteeofInternationalRelationswasE.F.Wise,whohadlefttheBoardofTradetotakeemploymentundertheSovietGovernment.

Theanti-patrioticandSocialisttendenciesofC.O.P.E.C.havebeenshownupbytheRev.PrebendaryGough,inhisadmirablelittlebook,TheFightforMan,wherehewrote:“TheordinarywholesomeChristiancanonlyviewallthis‘Copec’parodyandperversionofChristianitywithdisgust.”DeanInge,inalettertotheMorningPostonJanuary1,1925,described“Copec”as“thelatestandmostinsidiousattempttopoliticisetheChurchandcaptureorganisedChristianityforSocialism.”

InthesewordstheDeandrawsattentiontothegreatestdangerthatconfrontstheChristianworld.ItisnottheavowedCommunists,whoseveryviolencerepelsallsaneandwholesomeminds,whoarelikelytobringabouttheoverthrowofBritain,andwithherthewholeofcivilisation;itistheso-calledidealistandprofessingChristianwhomosteffectivelycarriesoutthedevil’swork.Letthoseoftheclergy,whetherChurchofEngland,NonconformistorRomanCatholic—forrenegadepriestsarenotunknown—whoarepreachingCommunism,anti-patriotismandclasshatredundertheguiseofChristianitybedenouncedinthesameunmeasuredtermshereasinAmerica,whereSenatorBlanton,intheconcludingremarksofhisexposureoftheBolshevistmovementintheStates,declared:“IftheministersoftheGospelhavesoldtheirservicesto

Russia,itisourdutytomakeitknowntothepublic”(CongressionalRecord,December19,1925,p.7).

Wasitnotwrittenthatinthelatterdaysfalseprophetswouldariseanddeceivetheveryelect?

CHAPTERXIV

CONCLUSION

Wehavenowseenafraction,butonlyafraction,ofthevastnetworkofSocialismstretchedoverthecivilisedworld.Topassthewholeinreviewwouldbetheworkofyears.Forwhenweconsiderthatinourowncountryalone,towhichthegreatestamountofspaceinthisbookhasbeengiven,onlythemostimportantsocietieshavebeenmentioned,andthatthelistofsocieties,leagues,groupsand“movements”—Socialist,Pacifist,pseudo-religiousorfranklyanti-religious—couldbemultipliedadinfinitum,whatwouldbetheresult,ifweweretodothisinthecaseofeverypartoftheworld,includingtheFarEast,onwhichtheBolsheviks’attentionisnowspeciallyconcentrated?Thenetworkthusrevealedwouldsurelybebewilderingenoughtomakethehumanbrainreel.Andeventhenthepicturewouldbeincompleteifwewerestilltoexcludethesecretsocietiesthatprovidesomuchdrivingpowerbehindtheopenmovements.Forexample,inourowncountryoneofthemostinfluentialgroupsworkingforSocialism,theinnercircleoftheTheosophicalSociety,entersintothecategoryofsecretsocieties,andhas,therefore,necessarilybeenexcluded.

Enoughoftheopennetworkhas,however,beenshowntogivesomeideaofitsvastnessandofitsplanofconstruction.Wehaveseenhowthemarvellousbrainsbehinditknowhowtoutiliseeverythingthatcomestotheirhand,sothattheyhavenowbeenabletopenetrateeverysphereofhumanendeavour—art,literature,education,women’smovements,religiousmovements—andtogaincontrolofallthemeansofpublicity—thepress,thetheatre,thecinema,andalsobroadcasting,which,evenunderaConservativeGovernment,servesasamouthpieceforSocialistpropaganda.

Letusmakenomistake,thedisintegratingdoctrinesofinternationalSocialismarespreadingslowlybutsurelythroughoutourcountry.ItistruethatatthelastGeneralElectionConservatismwonasweepingvictory,yettherewasanincreaseofamillionvotesfortheSocialistParty.ItistruethattheGeneral

Strikehasthistimebeendefeated,yetoverthreemillionfree-bornBritonscameoutwiththedocilityofRussianmoujiksatthecalloftheirleadersinanattackonthelifeofthenation.In1921therailwaymenwereclearlyunwillingtojoininwhatsomeofthemcalledaBolshevikmove;in1926theyobeyed—nottoaman,forthefewwhostayedinprovedthepossibilityofdisobeyingstrikeorders—butinavastmajority.Theevilhasbeenprogressive.

OptimistshavedeclaredthattheweaponoftheGeneralStrikehasnowbeenbroken.ItwillonlyremainbrokenaslongasthemeansformaintainingthelifeofthecommunityremaininthehandsofaConstitutionalGovernment.TheplantostarvethenationintosubmissiontothedictatesofthetradeunionleadersbymeansofaGeneralStrikewasthebasisoftheplotin1921and1926.HadtheofferoftheT.U.C.tocontrolthefoodsuppliesofthecountrybeenaccepted,howfarmightthisschemenothavebeenrealised?ThepresentConservativeGovernmentknowbetterthantoaccept:aSocialistGovernmentwouldnotdaretorefuse,evenifitwishedtodoso.

Thequestionthenarises:WhatarewedoingtopreventtheadventofagovernmenttopowerwhicheitherbylegislationortheGeneralStrikewillbringabouttheruinofourcountry?OnonehandweseethevastorganisationofSocialism,ontheotherafewpatrioticsocieties,appealingoftenvainlytothepublicforsupport.

LetusexaminetheessentialpointsinwhichSocialistorganisationsurpassesourown,andconsiderhow,bytakingaloafoutoftheenemy’sbook,wemightbeabletoputupamoreeffectualopposition.

I.TheSocialistMovementhasUnlimitedFundsatitsDisposal

Besidesfinancialaidfromabroad,theSocialistsexactcontributionsfromSocialistandnon-Socialistworkersalike.Wenotonlytoleratethispoliticallevybeingmadeonourownsupporters,butdonotcounteritbysubscribinggenerouslyourselves.Conservativeswhothinknothingofspendingaguineaforastallatthetheatrewillgrudgetenshillingstowardsanti-Socialistpropaganda.

II.TheSocialistMovementisCo-ordinated

AlthoughtheseinnumerableSocialistandPacifistgroups,workingindifferentwaysforthesameends,continuetoexist—sincetheirleaderswellknowthatamalgamationwouldbefatal—theyareablebyaningenioussystemofinterlocking,andbyplacingthesamepeopleonthecouncilsofseveraldifferentgroupsatatime,tocoordinatetheiractivitiesintheformofliterature,meetings,demonstrations,etc.

Oursocietiesarenotonlydisconnected,buttoooften,insteadofbeingallies,theyarerivals.Itisnotthattherearetoomanyofthem,fortherewouldbeworkforalltodoifonlyitwereproperlyapportioned.Someplanofco-operationshouldbedevisedwhichwouldpreventthemploughingthesamefurrowandgettingineachother’sway.

III.TheSocialistMovementisInternationallyOrganisedThestrengthofSocialismineverycountrydependslargelyonforeignsupport.Theinterchangeofcommunicationsbetweencountriesnotonlyfurnishesinformationbutbringsvarietyandenthusiasmintothemovement.InternationalConferencesarealsoagreatsourceofinspiration.In1922theCommunistPartyhadnolessthantwentylinguiststranslatingforeignbooks,papers,etc.,andpreparingthemforpublication.

Theanti-Socialistsocietiesinthiscountryhavepracticallynolinguists,ignoremuchthatispublishedabroadintheinterestsofthecause,andholdverylittlecommunicationwithkindredgroupsinothercountries.NoInternationalAnti-SocialistConferenceshavebeenorganisedthatinthepresentwriter’sopinionarelikelytobeofanygreatvaluetothecause.WhatisneededisanInternationalofPatriots,composedofthegroupsineverycountrystandingforsanenationalism,privateproperty,moralityandtheChristianfaith.

IV.TheSocialistMovementhasIntelligenceDepartmentsBehindIt

ThefirstthingtheBolsheviksdidwhentheyseizedthereinsofpowerwastoestablishaBureauofInformation.InthiscountrytheLabourPartyJointResearchDepartmentactsasaclearing-houseofinformationfortheLabourPartyandtheT.U.C.,whilsttheLabourResearchDepartmentperformsthesame

officeforassociatesoftradeunions,localLabourparties,SocialistandCommunistsocietiesofan“extreme”kind.“TheDepartmentfurnishesstatistics,arguments,literatureandnewspaperarticlestoorder”(PublicityManipulation,pamphlet,publishedbytheBoswellPrintingandPublishingCompany).

OnoursideneithertheConservativePartynortheindependentanti-Socialistsocietieshaveanycentralbureauforthecollectionanddistributionofinformationtowhichpropagandistscanapplywithanycertaintyoffindingthedatatheyrequire.Eachsocietycollectsacertainamountofinformationwhichitkeepsforitsownuse.Allthisputtogetherandcollectedwouldbeofenormousvalue—atpresenteachcollectionisnecessarilyincomplete.

V.TheSocialistMovementWelcomesEnthusiastsModerateSocialists,whilstpubliclyprofessingtodisapproveof“Extremists,”invariablystandbythemagainsttheconstitutionalparties.Evenwhenitcomestodeedsofviolence,thewholeforceoftheSocialistmovement—political,Pacifistand“religious”—willbeputintoactiontosavetheoffenderfrompunishment.

OnoursidetheModeratesderideenthusiasts,whomtheyarefondofdescribingas“Extremists.”Theyfailtorecognise,asdotheSocialists,thatthedrivingforceofeverypartyliesinitsstrongestwing.TheConservativePartymustdevelopaRightWingasstrongasthe“Labour”Party’sLeftWing,ifitistoholditsown.

VI.TheSocialistMovementGivesnoQuartertotheEnemy

Socialistsneverloseanopportunityofscoringovertheiropponentsorfailtodetectaweakspotintheirarmour.Theybelieveinusingeverymethodofwarfare,fairorfoul.

We,onourpart,fromamistakenspiritof“fairplay,”avoidtouchingouropponentsonavulnerablepointandleaveourstrongestweaponstorustinourarmoury.Onthepretextof“givingtheothersideahearing,”theConservativepress,whilstclosingitscolumnsto“Die-hards,”opensthemtorevolutionarySocialists.“Labour”agitatorscannowmakelargesumsbywritingforit.The

SocialistpressnevermakesthemistakeofinvitingaconvincingConservativewritertoputhispointofviewbeforeitsreaders.Socialismhasitallitsownway,andisabletousetheorgansofitsopponentsforitspropaganda.

TheabovearesomeofthedifferencesbetweenSocialistandanti-Socialistorganisationwhich,ifremoved,wouldleadtothestrengtheningofourcause.IdonotsaythatweshouldfollowtheSocialists’leadoneverypoint.ForthesuccessofSocialismisaboveallduetothefactthatitisessentiallyasystemofdeception.Itwinstheuneducatedclassesbyfalsepromises,thesemi-educatedbyfalsepremises,andtheunwarybycamouflage.TomodernSocialists,astotheJacobinsofFrance,“Touslesmoyenssontbons.”

ButthereisnoreasonwhyConservatism,whilstretainingitsoldtraditionsofhonourandfairplay,shouldnotfreeitselffromthetime-honouredreproachofstupidityandofinertia.Letusadmitthistothecreditofouropponents:theyworkagreatdealharderthanwedo.ThepropagandaofSocialismgoesonceaselesslyandwithunremittingenergy.Dayandnightitcirculatesinfactoriesandminingcentres,atthestreetcornersofourgreatcitiesandinourpeacefulvillages.Sotheredtiderisessteadily,andunlessweworkfarharderthanwehavedonebefore,andaboveallorganiseaswehaveneverdone,thisislandmaybesubmergedaswereFranceandRussiabeforeus.

DIAGRAMOFTHEMOSCOWORGANISATION

ThepartofthelargechartaccompanyingthisbookwhichrelatestoMoscowbeingarrangedsoastoshowthechronologicalorderinwhichthevariousinternationaldepartmentsoftheRussianCommunistPartycameintoexistence,ithasbeenthoughtadvisabletoaddadiagramshowingtheshapethewholeMoscoworganisationnowtakes,togetherwithitspresentpersonnel.TheBolshevistsystemofworldgovernmentwillthusbeseenrestingontwoprincipalpillars;(1)theTs.I.K.(TsentralniiIspolnitelniiKomitet)orCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheU.S.S.R.(UnionofSocialistSovietRepublics),composedofRussiansubjects,correspondingtoourCabinetandcontrollingtheStateDepartmentsoftheGovernment,and(2)theI.K.K.I.(IspolnitelniiKomitetKommunisticheskovoInternazionala)orExecutiveCommitteeoftheKomintern(CommunistInternationale),composedofrepresentativesfromallcountries,directingtheactivitiesoftheCommunistPartiesaffiliatedtoiteverywhere.BetweenthetwocomestheProfintern(RedInternationalofLabourUnions),alsointernationalinform,exercisingthesamecontrolovertheRedTradeUnionmovementinallpartsoftheworld.

ThepointthisdiagramisparticularlyintendedtoillustrateisthatsincethePolit-BureauoftheRussianCommunistPartycontrolstheTs.I.K.,theI.K.K.I.,theProfinternand,throughthislast,theAll-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions,andsincethesamemenwhocomposeitalsofigureintheExecutivesofallthesebodies,thereforetheCommunistPartiesandtheRedTradeUnionorganisationsinallcountriesaffiliatedwiththeseareinrealitycontrolledbytheRussianGovernment.

Itshouldbeunderstoodthat,asthepersonnelofallthesecommitteeschangesconstantly,thelistsheregivenonlyapplytothepresentmoment.

TheSportInternationaleandthePeasants’Internationalethatappearbothinthechartandthediagram,arenotdealtwithinthecourseofthisbook,astheir

affiliationsinthiscountryarenotyetofanyimportance.

ABBREVIATIONS

Note.—WherenototherwiseindicatedthesesocietiesbelongtoGreatBritain.

TRADEUNIONS

A.O.W.U.(Am.) AmalgamatedClothingWorkers’Union.A.E.U. AmalgamatedEngineeringUnion.A.S.E. AmalgamatedSocietyofEngineers.A.S.L.E.&F. AssociatedSocietyofLocomotiveEngineersandFiremen.A.S.W. AmalgamatedSocietyofWoodworkers.A.T.W.(Am.) AmalgamatedTextileWorkers’Union.A.U.B.T.U. AmalgamatedUnionofBuildingTradeUnions.I.L.G.W.U.(Am.) InternationalLadies’GarmentWorkers’Union.I.T.G.W.U. IrishTransportandGeneralWorkers’Union.N.A.F.T.A. NationalAmalgamatedFurnishingTradesAssociation.N.F.B.T.O. NationalFederationofBuildingTradeOperatives.N.T.W.F. NationalTransportWorkers’Federation.N.U.D.A.W. NationalUnionofDistrictandAlliedWorkers,N.U.G.W. NationalUnionofGeneralWorkers,N.U.J. NationalUnionofJournalists.N.U.R. NationalUnionofRailwaymen.N.U.T. NationalUnionofTeachers.S.W.M.F. SouthWalesMiners’Federation.T.W.F.(Ir.) TransportWorkers’FederationofIreland.U.P.W. UnionofPostOfficeWorkers.»W.F.M.(Am.) WesternFederationofMiners.

OTHERORGANISATIONS

A.A. AmericanAnarchists.

A.C.L.U. AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion.A.F.ofL. AmericanFederationofLabour.A.L.L.A. AmericanLeaguetoLimitArmaments.A.N.C. AmericanNeutralConference.A.P.C.F. Anti-ParliamentaryCommunists’Federation.A.R.C.C.T.U. All-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions.A.R.C.P. All-RussianCongressofPeasants.B.B.ofR.I.L.T.U. BritishBureauofRedInternationalofLabourUnions.Belg.L.P. BelgianLabourParty.B.K.S.P. UnionofFight-and-PropagandaClubs(Holland).B.N.C.P. BritishNationalPeaceCongress.B.S.P. BritishSocialistParty.C.ofA. CouncilofAction.C.A.P. CommunistWorkers’PartyofHolland.C.C. CatholicCrusade.C.G.T.(Fr.) ConfédérationGénéraleduTravail.C.G.T.U. ConfédérationGénéraleduTravailUnitaire.C.L.C. CentralLabourCollege.C.L.P.(Am.) CommunistLabourPartyofAmerica.C.O. ConscientiousObjector.C.P.(Am.) CommunistPartyofAmerica.C.P.(Aust.) CommunistPartyofAustria.C.P.(Belg.) CommunistPartyofBelgium.C.P.(Fr.) CommunistPartyofFrance.C.P.G. CommunistPropagandaGroups.C.P.G.B. CommunistPartyofGreatBritain.C.P.(Hol.) CommunistPartyofHolland.C.P.I. CommunistPartyofIreland.C.S.L. ChurchSocialistLeague.C.S.U. ChristianSocialUnion.C.W.S.D. CouncilsofWorkmen’sandSoldiersDelegates.D.F. DemocraticFederation.E.P.F.(Am.) EmergencyPeaceFederationofAmerica.

Fab. FabianSociety,F.G. FreedomGroup.

FirstAm.C.D.T.P. FirstAmericanConferenceforDemocracyandTermsofPeace.F.B.Y.M. FederationofBritishYouthMovements.F.I.O.M. FederazioneItalianoOperaiMetallurgichi.F.O.R. FellowshipofReconciliation.F.R.D. FabianResearchDepartment.F.S.R.(Am.) FriendsofSovietRussia.G.C.G. GlasgowCommunistGroup.G.S. GuildSocialism.H.O.R.C. HandsOffRussiaCommittee.I.A.P.A. InternationalArbitrationandPeaceAssociation.I.C.F. IndustrialChristianFellowship.I.C.W.P.A. InternationalClassWarPrisoners’Aid.I.F.T.U. InternationalFederationofTradeUnions.I.L.P. IndependentLabourParty.I.L.Y. InternationalLeagueofYouth.Int.PeaceScouts InternationalPeaceScouts.I.P.S. InternationalPeaceSociety.I.S.L. IndustrialSyndicalistLeague.I.S.R.B. IrishSocialistRepublicanBrotherhood.I.W.U. IrishWorkers’Union.I.W.W. IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld.J.P.S. JewishPeaceSociety.K.A. KropotkineAnarchists.K.K. KibboKift.L.K.G. LeagueoftheKingdomofGod.L.N.U. LeagueofNationsUnion.L.P. LabourPartyofGreatBritain.L.P.(Nor.) NorwegianLabourParty.L.P.F. LeagueofPeaceandFreedom.L.R.C. LabourRepresentationCommittee.

L.R.D. LabourResearchDepartment.

L.S.I. LabourSocialistInternational–2ndorHamburgInternational.

Mensh. Mensheviks.M,F.G.B. Miners’FederationofGreatBritain.M.M.M. Miners’MinorityMovement.M.R.M. Miners’ReformMovement.N.C.C. NationalCouncilAgainstConscription.N.C.C.L. NationalCouncilforCivilLiberties.N.C.F. NoConscriptionFellowship.N.C.L.C. NationalCouncilofLabourColleges.N.C.P.W. NationalCouncilforthePreventionofWar.N.G.L. NationalGuildsLeague.N.M.M. NationalMinorityMovement.N.M.W.C. NationalMineWorkers’Committee.N.M.W.M. NoMoreWarMovement.N.P.C. NationalPeaceCouncil.N.S.P. NationalSocialistParty.N.U.W.C.M. NationalUnemployedWorkers’CommitteeMovement.P.C.(Am.) People’sCouncilofAmerica.P.L. PlebsLeague.P.S.S.S.M. ProletarianSocialistSundaySchoolMovement.Q. Quaker.R.Col. RuskinLabourCollege.R.I.L.U. RedInternationalofLabourUnions.R.P.S. RationalistPeaceSociety.R.S.D.P. RussianSocialDemocraticParty.Russ.S.F. RussianSocialistFederation.S.C.R. SocietyforCulturalRelations.S.D.F. SocialDemocraticFederation.S.D.A.P.(Hol.) SocialDemocraticLabourPartyofHolland.S.D.P.(Aust.) SocialDemocraticPartyofAustria.S.D.P.(Ger.) SocialDemocraticPartyofGermany.

S.D.P.(Hol.) SocialDemocraticPartyofHolland.S.D.P.(Sw.) SocialDemocraticPartyofSwitzerland.S.L. SocialistLeague.S.L.P. SocialistLabourParty.S.L.P.(Am.) SocialistLabourPartyofAmerica.S.P.(Am.) SocialistPartyofAmerica.S.P.(Fr.) SocialistPartyofFrance.S.P.(Ger.) SocialistPartyofGermany.S.P.G.B. SocialistPartyofGreatBritain.S.P.(It.) SocialistPartyofItaly.S.P.L. SchoolPeaceLeague.S.P.(Sw.) SocialistPartyofSwitzerland.Spart. Spartacists.S.S.S. SocialistSundaySchools.S.S.S.M. SocialistSundaySchoolMovement.T.S. TheosophicalSociety.T.U.C. TradeUnionCongress.T.U.C.(Par.C’tee.) TradeUnionCongressParliamentaryCommittee.

T.U.E.L.(Am.) TradeUnionEducationalLeague.T.U.U. TradeUnionUnity.U.D.C. UnionofDemocraticControl.U.S.F. UniversitySocialistFederation.W.D.U.(Am.) Workers’DefenceUnion.W.E.A. Workers’EducationalAssociation.W.I.C.P.P. Women’sInternationalCommitteeforPermanentPeace.W.I.I.U.(Am.) Workers’InternationalIndustrialUnionofAmerica.W.I.L. Women’sInternationalLeague.W.I.L.P.F. Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom.W.I.R. Workers’InternationalRelief.W.P.ofAm. Workers’PartyofAmerica,W.P.C. Women’sPeaceCrusade.W.S.F. Workers’SocialistFederation.

Y.C.I. YoungCommunists’Internationale.Y.C.L. YoungCommunists’League.

INDEXOFPERSONS

Theinitialsafterthenamesofpersonsdenotetheorganisationswithwhicheachisorhasbeenconnectedandofwhichthefulltitleisgivenintheprecedinglistofabbreviations.Inthecaseoftradeunions,initialsareenclosedinbrackets.Thefiguresfollowingtheinitialsindicatethepageofthisbookonwhichtheconnectionofthepersonwiththesocietyinquestionismentioned;initialsnotfollowedbyafigureindicateorganisationstowhichthepersonisknownfromreliablesourcestobelong,butwithwhichtheirconnectionmaynotbementionedinthecourseofthisbook.

Ablett,Noah(M.F.G.B.),62,85;C.L.C.29;M.R.M.30;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84Abraham,W.(N.U.R.),79;L.P.Abramovitch,aliasZalewsky,aliasAlbreicht,49;M.P.,L.P.Adamson,W.(Miners’Assoc.),C.ofA.78;M.P.,L.P.Addams,Jane,A.L.L.A.37;W.I.C.P.P.orW.I.L.P.F.37,104,110;A.N.C.38;F.O.R.38;A.C.L.U.110Adler,Friedrich,44,98;murdererofCountStürgkh52;Sec.ofL.S.I.89;denouncesReportofBrit.T.U.

Del.,192489Adler,Victor,S.D.P.(Aust.)52Aitken,G.S.,N.C.L.C.93Alber,114Albreicht.SeeAbramovitchAlbury,A.,23Aldred,Guy,S.D.F.16;secededfromS.D.F.27;foundedCommunistPropagandaGroups27;founded

GlasgowCommunistGroup27;foundedA.P.C.F.69 f.Allen,Clifford,N.C.F.35;N.C.C.L.36;Fab.,I.L.P.,N.G.L.,1917ClubAmmon,C.G.(U.P.W.),128;N.C.C.L.36;C.W.S.D.62;H.O.R.C.64;I.L.P.,L.P.(Nat.Ex.)Anderson,Tom,113,118;Pres.P.S.S.S.M.Anderson,W.C.,62;I.L.P.34;U.D.C.34;1917Club36Andreas,Leo,115Andreiev,A.A.,Ts.I.K.(E.C.)88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88Andrew,StephenP.,26Andreychine,George,R.I.L.U.81Angell,Norman,E.C.ofU.D.C.34;1917Club36;N.C.P.W.108;K.K.124Antipov,Ts.I.K.88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88Appleby,Bertram,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105

Appleton,W.A.,I.F.T.U.73;resignspresidencyofI.F.T.U.78Arnot,RobertPage,B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;L.R.D.93;C.P.G.B.95,101;U.S.F.Arundale,G.W.,T.S.122Ashtaria,46Ashton,Lord,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Ashton,Margaret,E.C.ofW.I.L.35,104Ashkenouzi,George,C.P.(Am.)56Attlee,MajorC.R.,E.C.ofU.D.C.104;N.C.P.W.108;L.P.,I.L.P.,N.M.W.C.Aulard,Professor,Clarté103Aveling,Dr.,S.D.F.16;S.L.17;I.L.P.19Axelrod,R.25Ayles,WalterH.,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105;I.L.P.,N.C.F.,F.O.R.,1917Club

Baars,51;C.P.(Hol.)Babeuf,François-Noël,10Bacharach,A.L.,L.R.D.93;1917Club,U.S.F.,C.P.G.B.Baillie-Weaver,Harold,L.P.F.35;T.S.(Gen.Sec.)101;S.C.R.101;E.C.ofL.N.U.108;N.C.P.W.108;

I.L.P.,Fab.,N.P.C.,1917ClubBaker,BerthaKuntz,E.C.ofA.N.C.38Baker,Charles,C.L.P.(Am.)57Baker,RichardSt.Barbe,125Bakunin,Michel,12,40,54Balabanova,Angelica,44,52Balch,EmilyGreen,FirstAm.C.D.T.P.38;P.C.A.109;Sec.W.I.L.P.F.110Baldwin,Roger,54,110,119Ballantyne,Y.C.L.117Bamber,Mrs.M.,H.O.R.C.64;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84Barbusse,Henri,W.I.R.99;Clarté103Barnes,Alfred,Vice-Pres.W.I.R,99;Vice-Pres.Int.PeaceScouts107;L.P.,I.L.P.Barnes,GeorgeN.,I.L.P.21Barrett,George,F.G.70Barthel,Max,115Bartlett,P.W.,F.O.R.35,119Batt,DennisE.,56Bauer,Otto,C.P.(Aust.)52Bax,Belfort,23;S.D.F.16;S.L.17Beard,Dr.Charles,R.Col.29Beauchamp,Earl,Pres.N.C.P.W.108;I.C.F.130Bebel,August,leaderofS.D.P.(Ger.)25,126Bedacht,Max,59;C.L.P.(Am.)57Beddow,Rev.Seaward,131Beesly,EdwardSpencer,11,16Behrens,MissE.,J.P.S.32Bell,Richard,memberofL.R.C.Bell,Tom,E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67,95,101;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84Bellanca,August(A.C.W.U.),82Belsey,H.,23

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CongressinMoscowIrving,Dan,B.S.P,33;S.D.F.68

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71;W.I.R.99Larkin,Peter,I.W.U,71Lasker,Bruno,121Laski,Harold,A.C.L.U.124Lavroff,40Lawrence,Mrs.Pethick,62;W.I.L.35;E.P.F.37;K.K.124;C.W.S.D.,I.L.P.,1917Club,T.S.Lazzari,It.S.P.(SovietFaction)50Lawlor,W.I.R.99Leach,AgnesBrown,A.C.L.U.110Leaf,MissEmily,E.C.ofW.I.L.104Ledebour,39;W.I.R.99Lee,H.W.,N.S.P.33;S.D.F.68Lees-Smith,H.B.,E.C.ofU.D.C.104;L.P.Legien,Karl,28Leuven,van,46Lehane,C.,Gen.Sec.S.P.G.B.Lehman,George,LeftWingS.P.ofAmerica55Leipart,Theodor,I.F.T.U.87

Lenin,Nicolai,39,41 ff.,44,46,49 f.,51 ff.,54,65 f.,73,83;H.O.R.C.63;andS.Pankhurst,66,68;andA.A.54

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Macassey,SirLynden,I.C.F.130MacDonald,James,D.F.16MacDonald,JamesRamsay,17;I.L.P.21,34;Sec.L.R.C.21;U.D.C.34;1917Club36;C.W.S.D,62 f.MacLaine,W.(A.E.U.),46;E.C.of3rdInt.44;H.O.R.C.65;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;B.S.P.MacLean,SirDonald,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106MacLean,John,64 f.;B.S.P.33;“BolshevikConsul”inGlasgow64MacLean,Neil,H.O.R.C,64;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;I.L.P.MacManus,Arthur,62;S.L.P.22;H.O.R.C.65;ChairmanC.P.G.B.66 f.,69,95,101 f.Macmillan,Chrystal,W.I.C.P.P.38

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Mirabeau,32Misiano,W.I.R.99Mislig,Michael,R.S.F,55Moll,MissM.L.,Sec.F.O.R.106Montague,F.,E.C.ofS.D.F.68;I.L.P.Montefiore,Mrs.DoraB.,62;E.C.ofB.S.P.33;C.W.S.D.63;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67;E.C.ofW.I.R.99Morel,E.D.(EdmondMorel-de-Ville),132;origin63;I.L.P.34;E.C.ofU.D.C.34,104;editorofForeignAffairs,34,104;1917Club36;N.P.C.

Morgan,D.F.16Morland,HaroldJ.,N.M.W.M.105Morris,G.C.,K.K.123Morris,William,D.F,16;S.D.F.16;S.L.17;editorofCommunist;andNewsfromNowhereMoscheles,Felix,I.A.P.A.32Mosley,Oswald,ChairmanofN.C.P.W.108;L.P.Most,Johann,imprisonedinEngland26;Freiheit27Muck-Lamberty,Herr,andNudityMovement121Münzenberg,Willi,DirectorofW.I.R,97,99Murphy,J.T.(A.E.U.),S.L.P.22;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.95,101;E.C.ofR.I.L.U.81;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;E.C.

of3rdInt.Murray,Charles,D.F.16Murray,ProfessorGilbert,andN.O.P.W.108;ChairmanofL.N.U.Murray,James,D.F.16Mussolini,Benito,50,90;I.S.U.33Muste,A.J.,119;andIntercollegiateSocialistSociety15;AmalgamatedTextileWorkers82Muyne,Gust,119Myers,Tom,H.O.R.C.64;L.P.,I.L.P.

Nevinson,HenryW.,1917Club37;K.K.124;N.L.C.Newbold,Horace,N.U.W.C.M.96Newbold,J.T.Walton,L.R.D.93;Vice-Pres.W.I.R.98 f.;Fab.,I.L.P.,PlebsLeague,C.P.G.B.Newbold,Mrs.Marjorie,E.C.ofW.I.R.99Newboult,Margaret,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105Newman,SirRobert,I.C.F.130Nicolaieff,53Nightingale,Rev.Thomas,andN.C.P.W.108Nilsen,M.,46Nissen,Eugene,53Noel,Rev.Conrad,vicarofThaxted,127;C.S.L.127;C.C.127Nogin,R.I.L.U,81Norman,C.H.,N.C.F.35;1917ClubNosowitsky,Jacob,68

O’Connor,T.P.,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Odell,Mrs.GeorgeT.,W.I.L.inAmerica111Odger,11O’Flaherty,Liam,C.P.I.71O’Grady,J.(N.A.F.T.A.),Vice-Pres.W.I.R.99;T.U.C.

Ogareff,40Olivier,Sydney,Fab.18;L.P.,N.L.C.Ollenhauer,E.,118 f.Orchard,Rev.Dr.,F.O.R.35Orlandez,R.I.L.U.81Oudegeest,J.,I.F.T.U.80,87,91Overstraeten,Willvan,Belg.C.P.50Owen,Robert,10,15,126Owen,WillJ.,F.G.70

Pahl,Walter,NudityMovement121Pankhurst,Sylvia,46,80,116;C.W.S.D.63;andLenin67;arrestof68 f.;and4thInter.69;W.S.F.,W.C.M.Parmoor,Lord,132;andN.C.P.W.108Parmoor,Lady,E.C.ofW.I.L.104;N.C.P.W.108Partridge,T.,113Parvus,Alexander(IsraelLazarevitchHelphand),41,43Paul,Cedar(Mrs.),P.L.93;I.L.P.,C.P.G.B.;co-editorofProletcultPaul,William,102;S.L.P.22;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67;P.L.,L.P.,editorofSocialist,CommunistReviewPeacock,Arthur,F.B.Y.M.122Pearce,A.,Y.C.L.117Pease,E.R.,30;Hon.Sec.Fab.Soc.Peck,W.G.,131Peckover,MissP.H.,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Peet,George,84;H.O.R.C.64Peile,Helen,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105Penrose,theHon.Mrs.J.Doyle,E.C.ofI.P.S.107Pepper,John.SeePoganyPernerstorfer,A.S.D.P.33Pestana,46Petroff,B.S.P.33Phillips,Dr.Marion,102;U.D.C,34;L.P.,editorofLabourWomanPhillips,Rev.Thomas,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106 f.Pickard,W.I.R.99Plasunov,Y.C.L.116Platten,Fritz,41,44,52;Sec.S.D.P.ofSwitzerland51Plekhanov,Georgi,25,42;leaderofMensheviks33Plumb,GlennE.,A.C.L.U.110Plymouth,theSuffraganBishopof,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Pogany,Joseph,aliasJohnPepper,W.P.A.59Pollitt,Harry,boiler-maker,91;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;N.M.M.85;L.R.D.93;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.95,101;

I.C.W.P.A.100;editorofAllPower,L.P.,T.U.C.Polovtsev,Dr.V.N.,E.C.ofW.I.R.99Ponsonby,Arthur,63;I.L.P,34;E.C.ofU.D.C.34,104;1917Club36Porteous,MissMargaret,F.B.Y.M.122Postgate,R.W.,P.L.93;C.P.G.B.,editorofTheCommunistPouget,Emile,28Poulton,E.L.,Gen.CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90

Pressemane,49Price,M.Philips,U.D.C.34;P.L.93;I.L.P.,BerlinCorresp.DailyHeraldProoth,M.,N.U.W.C.M.102Prothero,J.,Y.C.L.117Proudhon,26,54Pugh,Arthur,T.U.U.90;Pres.T.U.C.(1926);ChairmanNat.JointCounc.T.U.C.andL.P.Purcell,A.A.(N.A.F.T.A.),81,85,96;C.P.G.B.67;C.ofA.78;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;I.F.T.U.87;delegate

toRussia1924,88 f.;Gen.Coun.T.U.C.88,90;Hon.Pres.N.C.L.C.93;Vice-Pres.W.I.R.98 f.

Quelch,Harry,S.D.P.16Quelch,Tom,44,46,66;N.M.M.86

Rabbi,theChief,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Rabinovitch,Catherine,S.C.R.101Rabinovitch,Philip,E.C.ofW.I.R.98 f.Radek,83Rai,Lajpat,I.C.W.P.A.100Rákosy,46Ramsay,Y.C.L.117RandSchoolofSocialScience,15,55,57,82Rappoport,49Ravachol,26Ravesteyn,Dr.van,S.D.P.ofHolland50;C.P.ofHolland51Recht,Charles,109Reckitt,MauriceB.,L.K.G.131Record,Charles,Soc.SocialistChristians131Redfern,Y.C.L.117Reed,John,46;C.L.P.ofAmerica57Reeves,Mrs.Pember,F.R.D.18Reinstein,Boris,55RenaudJean,C.P.(Fr.)49Renaudel,S.P.(Fr.)33Renner,A.S.D.P.33Reynaud,W.I.R.99Richards,Rev.L.,F.O.R.35Richardson,T.,E.C.ofI.P.S.107Ripon,Bishopof,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Roberts,G.H.,I.L.P.21Robertson,J.M.,32;Y.C.L.117Robertson,Dr.Stirling,ScottishLabourParty19Robinson,Mrs.MargaretB.L.,121,127;ardentpatriot119Rocker,Rudolf,27Roebuck,C.M.,E.C.ofC.P.G.B.95;Y.C.L.117Rosenberg,68Rosenblum,Frank,A.C.W.U.82Rosenblum,Hella,115Rosenfeld,Morris,115

Rosmer,Alfred,44,46Rothstein,E.,Y.C.L.117Rowntree,Arnold,N.C.F.35Roy,46Royden,Maude,F.O.R.35;W.I.L.35;1917Club37Rudniamsky,A.,46Rudzutak,J.E.,Ts.I.K.(E.C.)88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88Ruskin,Y.C.L.117Russell,Archibald,S.S.S.M.113Russell,Bertrand,U.D.C.34;C.W.S.D.62Rust,C.P.G.B.101;Y.C.L.117Rutgers,S.J.,55Ruthenberg,CharlesE.,C.P.ofAmerica56;arrestof58;W.P.A.59Ruygers,Francine,124Rykov,A.,Ts.I.K.(E.C.)88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88

Sadoul,Jacques,44,46;E.C.of3rdInternt.Saklatvala,Shapurji,116,128;denouncestheEmpire91;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;I.C.W.P.A.100;1917Club,

C.P.G.B.Samuelson,46Sassenbach,J.,I.F.T.U.87Saxe-Meynell,Mrs.Hilda,E.C.ofW.I.R.99Scheflo,M.,53Scheidemann,33;S.D.P.ofGermany,25,48Scheu,Andreas,S.D.F.16;S.L.17Schlesinger,Benjamin(I.L.G.W.U.),82;P.C.A.54;W.D.U.Schlossberg,Joseph(A.C.W.U.),82;P.C.A.109Schmidt,V.V.,Ts.I.K.(E.C.)88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88Schwartz,C.P.(Am.)56Schwimmer,MadameRosika,E.P.F.37;W.I.C.P.P.37Sémard,F.C.P.,49Seniushkin,Ts.I.K.88;A.R.C.C.T.U.88Serrati,D.M.,46;It.S.P.(SovietFaction)50Shaftesbury,Lord,15,126Sharp,Evelyn(N.U.J.),1917Club37;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;W.I.L.,K.K.Shatzkin,Lazar,Y.C.L.116Shaw,Y.C.L.117Shaw,Fred(A.S.E.),E.C.ofB.S.P.33;H.O.R.C.64;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67;E.C.ofU.D.C.104Shaw,GeorgeBernard,30;Fab.18;ChairmanF.R.D.18;L.R.D.76;S.C.R.101Shaw,Lord,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Shaw,Tom,45;Sec.2ndInternationaleSheffik,46Shefflo,46Shelley,Rebecca,andA.N.C.38;P.C.A.54,109Sheppard,Rev.H.R.L.,I.C.F.130Shields,J.,Y.C.L.117Sims,George,C.L.C.29;S.D.P.29;I.L.P.29

Simon,SirJohn,Vice-Pres,ofI.P.S.106Simpson,A.Noel,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105Simpson,R.,E.C.ofI.P.S.107SinnFein,71Skinner,J.Allen,96Slesser,SirHenry,132;L.K.G.131;E.C.ofI.C.F.(1924)Smarodin,Y.C.L.116Smart,Russell,B.S.P.33Smillie,Robert(M.F.G.B.)62;I.L.P.21;N.C.C.L.36;H.O.R.C.64Smith,Adolphe,13,43,45,68;S.D.F.16;B.S.P.33;N.S.P.33Smith,Constance,I.C.F.130Smith,EdwardJ.,L.P.F.35Smith,Herbert(M.F.G.B.)79,90;delegatetoRussia192488Smith,H.,Y.C.L.117Smythe,Nora,69Sneevliet,H.,C.P.ofHolland51Snowden,Ethel(Mrs.PhilipSnowden),W.I.L.35;W.P.C.35;1917Club37;U.D.C.104;andN.C.P.W.108Snowden,Philip,17;I.L.P.21;N.C.F.35;C.W.S.D.62 f.;Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106;andN.C.P.W.108Sorel,Georges,28Sorge,S.A.,14,17Spiridonova,Maria,40Spokes,FatherJohnCorner,131Spooner,Lysander,26Spoor,Ben,H.O.R.C.64;E.C.ofI.P.S.107;L.P.,U.D.C.,1917Club,Sec.N.P.C.Stacy,Rev.Paul,L.K.G.131Stamm-Ponsen,Mrs.,C.P.(Hol.)51Stang,Emil,53Starr,Kathleen(Mrs.MarkStarr),P.L.93;E.C.ofW.I.R.99Starr,Mark,E.C.ofP.L.93;E.C.ofN.C.L.C.93;1917Club,Brit.LeagueEsperantistSocialistsSteinhardt,Karl,46,52Stephen,Adrian,36Sterringa,C.P.ofHolland,51Stewart,James,117;S.L.P.,C.P.G.B.,E.C.ofY.C.L.,Edit.YoungRebel,YoungCommunistStewart,Robert,E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67,95,102;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;Hon.Sec.ofIrishbranchofW.I.R.Stilson,I.,56Stockton,SirEdwin,I.C.F.130Stoker,R.,I.C.W.P.A.100Stokes,John,N.S.P.33Stokes,RosePastor,55;W.P.A.59;F.S.R.61Stoklitsky,Alexander,C.P.ofAmerica,44,56;A.C.P.55;R.S.F.Straker,W.,Vice-Pres.W.I.R.99;M.F.G.B.Strickland,SirWalter,F.G.70Stromer,46Stürgkh,Count,52Swales,A.B.(A.E.U.),96;C.ofA.78;T.U.C.(President),88,90;I.L.P.Swann,N.E.Egerton,L.K.G.131Swanwick,Mrs.H.M.;E.C.ofU.D.C.34,104;Pres.W.I.L.35;1917Club36;andN.C.P.W.108

Tagore,Rabindranath,K.K.124Tanner,Jack(A.E.U.),44;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;I.W.W.Tapsell,W.,Y.C.L.117Taylor,Mrs,G.R.S.,G.S.30Taylor,Helen,D.F.16Tawney,R.H.,E.C.ofFab.101;S.C.R.101;W.E.A.Tcheidze,41Tchernov,40Tetley,Arthur,119Thom,J.D.,N.M.M.86;I.C.W.P.A.100Thomas,Albert,S.P.(Fr.)33Thomas,J.H.(N.U.R.),128;Pres.I.F.T.U.78,80,87;L.S.I.Thomas,Rev.Norman,F.O.R.38Thorne,Will,S.D.F.16,68;N.S.P.33;Gen.CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90;indictsE.D.Morel34Thorndike,Sybil,S.C.R.101Tillett,Ben,96;S.D.F.16;founderofLabourUnionofBradford20;stoodforBradford21;delegateto

Russia192489;Gen.CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90Tinkler,IdaJ.,Sec.N.M.W.M.105Tolain,11Toller,W.I.R,99Tolstoi,40Toman,K.,46Tomsky,Michael(JosephIsbitsky),92;A.R.C.C.T.U.(Pres.)81,88 ff.;leddelegationtoEnglandin1925

91;presentedwithgoldwatchbyT.U.C.91Townsend,W.,D.F.16Townshend,Mrs.,G.S.30Tranmæl,Martin,Sec.L.P.(Nor.)53Treint,C.P.(Fr.)49Trepoff,General,25Trevelyan,Charles,63;I.L.P.34;E.C.ofU.D.C.34,104;1917Club36;andN.C.P.W.108Trevelyan,Mrs,C.P.,E.C.ofW.I.L.35Troelstra,S.D.A.P.ofHolland50Trotsky(LevDavidovitchBronstein),25,41 f.,44,46,48 f.,52,54;H.O.R.C.63;andA.A.54Truro,Bishopof,Vice-Pres.ofI.P.S.106Tschaikowsky,40Tucker,BenjaminB.,26 f.Turati,S.P.(It.)25,50Turner,Ben.,90;Vice-Pres.Int.PeaceScouts107Turner,Mrs.Beth,E.C.ofC.P.G.B.95Turner,John,delegatetoRussia192489Tywerowsky,Oscar,Russ.S.F.55

Vaillant-Couturier,Paul,C.P.(Fr.)49;Clarté103Vandervelde,Belg.L.P.33,50Varga,46Varley,Julia,Gen.CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90

Vaughan,GeorgeC.,LeftWingS.P.ofAmerica55Villard,Mrs.Henry,FirstAm.C.D.T.P.38Vincent,CharlesR.,113Visser,L.L.H.,C.P.ofHolland51Viviani,25Vorovsky,V.,44Vrooman,Walter,R.Col.29

Wagenknecht,A.,Ex.Sec.C.L.P.ofAmerica57Wake,Egerton,I.L.P,34Wakeman,John,F.G.70Walcher,J.,46Wales,Archbishopof,Pres.ofI.C.F.130Walker,R.B.,Gen,CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90;C.ofA.78Wallas,Graham,Fab.18Walsh,FrankP.110Ward,Albert,E.C.ofB.S.P.33Wardman,G.W.,131Watering,E.V.,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105Watkins,Nat,91;R.I.L.U.81,102;OrganisingSecretaryN.M.M,85 ff.;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.95Watson,W.F.,H.O.R.C.65Watts,A.A.,113;E.C.ofB.S.P.33;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67;OriginatorofS.S.S.MovementWatts,F.C.,23Watts,Hunter,B.S.P.33;N.S.P.33Weardale,Lord,N.P.C.32Webb,Sidney,30,32;Fab.18;F.R.D.18,19Webb,Mrs.,F.R.D.18,19;S.C.R.101;Fab.Webster,J.G.,N.S.P.33Wedgwood,Josiah,1917Club37;H.O.R.C.64;C.ofA.78;I.L.P.,T.U.C.Wegner,ArnimT.,121Weinstein,Gregory,55Weiss,Charles,L.P.F,35Wellcock,Wilfred,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105Wells,H.G.,Fab.18;S.C.R.101;K.K.124;1917ClubWelsh,FrancisRalston,111West,Julius,SecretaryF.R.D.18WestminsterAbbey,Canonof,106Weston,11Wheeler,George,N.U.W.C.M.96Whitehead,EdgarT.,Sec.W.I.R.98;Sec.1stBritishCommunistPartyWhitehouse,J.Howard,K.K.124Whiting,CouncillorA.,N.S.P.33Wicks,H.M.,C.P.(Am.)56Wilker,Karl,121Wilkinson,Ellen,84;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;P.L.93;E.C.ofW.I.R.99;C.P.G.B.,WorkersC’tee.ofR.I.L.U.

inMoscow,returnsfromMosoowin192181Williams,Dr.Ethel,E.C.ofW.I.L.104

Williams,John,D.F.16Williams,Robert(N.T.W.F.),62,64,65,79,81,96,128;N.C.C.L.36;C.ofA.78;B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84;

I.L.P.,H.O.R.C.,Dir.DailyHeraldWilliams,V.,B.B.ofR.I.L.U.84Willis,F.,H.O.R.C.65;E.C.ofC.P.G.B.67Wilson,D.,Y.C.L.117Wilson,Havelock,63Wilson,J.H.,M.P.forMiddlesbrough,21Wilson,TheodoraWilson,E.C.ofN.M.W.M.105;I.L.P.,W.I.L.Windsor,Walter,E.C.ofI.P.S.107;Vice-Pres.ofInt.PeaceScouts107Winberg,46Winitsky,HarryM.,C.P.ofAmerica56;arrestof58Winston,James,H.O.R.C.64Wintringham—,C.P.G.B.101Wise,E.F.,132;S.C.R.101Wise,Mrs.,S.C.R.101Wise,RabbiStephen,E.C.ofA.N.C.38Wolfe,BertramD.,C.P.(Am.)56Wolfe,L.L.,LeftWingS.P.(Am.)55Wolff,12Wolfstein,R.,46Woodifield,Robert,andC.C.127Woolf,LeonardS.,F.R.D.19;1917Club37;S.C.R.101Woolley,E.,Y.C.L.117Woolwich,Bishopof,I.C.F.130Wright,W.,E.C.ofI.P.S.107;Vice-Pres.Int.PeaceScouts107Wyneken,Gustave,121Wynkoop,D.,46;D.C.44;S.D.P.ofHolland50;C.P.ofHolland51Wyonopsky,S.,82

Yarotsky,V.Y.,A.R.C.C.T.U.89York,Archbishopof,Pres.ofI.C.F.130Young,George,Gen.CouncilBrit.T.U.C.90Young,H.,Y.C.L.117

Zaaier,De,51,114Zalewsky.SeeAbramovitchZalkind,Dr.M.,F.G.70Zangwill,Israel,64;U.D.C.34Zassulitch,Vera,25Zetkine,Clara,49;Spart.48;W.I.R.97,99;E.C.of3rdInternationaleZinoviev,Grigory(HirschApfelbaum,aliasOvseGershonAronovitchRadomyslsky),41,44,46 f.,53,68,

75,99;lettertoI.W.W.58,73;overturestoI.W.W.74;Pres.ofI.K.K.I.74,96

GENERALINDEX

1917Club,36

“Adamites,”121AllgemeinerDeutscherArbeiter-Verein,14AllgemeineDeutscheGewerkschaftbund,89AllianceSocialeDémocratique.SeeSocialDemocraticAllianceAllPower,organofB.B.ofR.I.L.U.,85All-RussianCentralCouncilofTradeUnions,88 ff.;conferenceof,inMoscow,81All-RussianCongressofPeasants,41All-RussianCongressofTradeUnions,81All-RussianCo-operativeSociety(Arcos),98,101AmalgamatedClothingWorkers’Union(Amer.),82AmalgamatedTextileWorkers(Amer.),82America,earlySocialismin,13AmericanAnarchistFederatedCommuneSoviets,54AmericanAssociationfortheRecognitionoftheIrishRepublic,72AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion,110,119AmericanFederationofLabour,28,44,82;LeftWingof,76AmericanLaborAlliance,58AmericanLeaguetoLimitArmaments,37,110AmericanNeutralConference,38AmericanPeaceSociety,37AmericanSocialistSociety,15AmericanUnionAgainstMilitarism,37,110AmsterdamInternationale.SeeInternationalFederationofTradeUnionsAnarchism,12;Chap.III;originof,26;inAmerica,26;inEngland,27;spiritof,27AnarchistCommunism,inEngland,27,69;inAmerica,54Anarchists,French,26;Russian,26,42;Italian,26;American,26,53;English,27AnarchistSovietBulletin,54Anarcho-Syndicalism,82Anglo-RussianTradeUnionUnityCommittee,89Anti-ParliamentaryCommunistFederation,69,71Anti-WarCouncilofHolland,37Arbeiderbladet,organofCommunistsofNorway,53ArbitrateFirstBureau,109Austria,Bolshevismin,52Avanti,organofIt.S.P.,50

AwakeningMagyars,52

Babouvistes,10BakuninHouse,69BalkanSocialistFederation,44BandofPeaceUnion,ComradesofPeace,32,107BelgianLabourParty,33,44Belgium,Bolshevismin,50“BlackFriday,”79Blast,The,organofA.A.,54Bolsheviks,10,25,40BolshevikConsul(JohnMacLean),64Bolshevism,Chap.VI,62;inGreatBritain,62;inFrance,48;inGermany,48;world,48;inItaly,49;in

Holland,50;inBelgium,50;inSwitzerland,51;inAustria,52;inHungary,52;inScandinavia,52;inAmerica,53;inIreland,71

BondvanKommunistischeStrydenPropagandaClubs,51BridgmanConvention,83BristolSocialistSociety,113BritishBoys’andGirls’PeaceScouts,107BritishCommunistParty,1st,66BritishdelegationtoRussia,1924.SeeRussia.BritishNationalPeaceCongress,32BritishSocialistParty,33,62,65BritishSocialistSundaySchoolCommittee,113BritishSocialistSundaySchoolUnion,113BrotherhoodChurch,116Broussistes,25Buford,the“SovietArk,”58BuildingWorkers’MinorityMovement,85

Cabet’sCommunity,10Call,The,organofB.S.P.,33,64,68CambridgeUniversityWarandPeaceSociety,32CatholicCrusade,foundationof,127 f.CatholicPeaceSociety,32CentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheRussianSovietRepublic.SeeTs.I.K.CentralLabourCollege,29Chartistriots,15ChristianInternationale.SeeFellowshipofReconciliation,106ChristianOrderofPolitics,Economics,andCitizenship(Copec),132ChristianSocialUnion,127 f.ChristianSocialists,15 f.,127ChristianWorld,The,131ChurchofEnglandPeaceLeague,32,108ChurchSocialistLeague,127,130CivilServiceandFabianSociety,18Clan-na-Gael,72

“Clarté,”99;joinsupwithF.C.P.,103ClassStruggle,The,organofS.P.ofAmerica,54ClydeWorkers’Committee,62ClydeWorkers’PropagandaDefenceCommittee,65CobdenClubandN.C.P.W.,108CodeofCriminalLaws,70CommitteeofInternationalRelations,132Commonwealth,The,organofL.K.G.,131Commune,organofCommunistFed.,70Communism,earlyideason,10;aimofBritishSocialistbodies,20;theoryof,42Communist,The,organofS.L.,17;organofC.P.(Am.),56,58;organofC.P.G.B.,68CommunistCouncilofAction,69CommunistFederation,69CommunistInternationale.SeeInternationale,the3rdCommunistLabor,organofC.L.P.(Am.),57CommunistLabourPartyofAmerica,44,57 f.CommunistLeagueofYouth,116CommunistPartyofAmerica,44,55,58,76CommunistPartyofAustria,52CommunistPartyofBelgium,3rdInt.,50CommunistPartyofFrance,foundationof,49;Clartéjoinsupwith,104CommunistPartyofGreatBritain,66 f.,71,87,95,101CommunistPartyofHolland,51CommunistPartyofHungary,45,52CommunistPartyofIreland,71CommunistPartyofRussia,44CommunistPartyofSwitzerland,52CommunistPropagandaGroups,27CommunistRules,118CommunistWorkers’PartyofHolland,51CommunistWorld,organofC.P.(Am.),56CommunistWorkers’Party,71CommunistYouthInternational.SeeYoungCommunistInt.ConfédérationGénéraleduTravail,27,74,82ConfédérationGénéraleduTravailUnitaire,82Co-operativeHolidays’AssociationandN.C.P.W.,108Co-operativeMovement,15,91Co-operativeSociety,77 f.Co-operativeUnion,77;andN.C.P.W.,108Co-Partnership,91CouncilofAction,77,91CouncilforCivilLiberties,62CouncilsofWorkmen’sandSoldiers’Delegates,inEngland,62;inRussia,109Crusader,The,organofSoc.ofSocialistChristians,131CrusadersofPeace,107

DailyHerald,62,66,97

DemocraticFederation,foundationof,16,126DerArbeiterFreind,LondonYiddishrevolutionarypaper,27,70DerKampf,56Distributionists,9DrapeauRouge,organofBelg.C.P.,50DutchEastIndies,revolutionaryorganisationsin,51

Eenheit(Unity),51EmergencyPeaceFederation,37,110

FabianResearchDepartment,foundationof,18;changesnametoLab.Res.Dept.,30,131FabianSociety,93;foundationof,17;andCivilService,18;programmeof,18Fascists,British,90,118,129FederationofBritishYouthMovements,120,122;andK.K.,123FederazioneItalianoOperaiMetallurgichi(F.I.O.M.),50FellowshipofReconciliation,35,62,106,119,123,132;inAmerica,38,110FellowshipofYouthforPeace,119FeniansandKarlMarx,24;and1stInternational,24Feu,Le(novelbyHenryBarbusse),103FirstAmericanConferenceforDemocracyandTermsofPeace,38,109Flame,The,119ForeignAffairs,organofU.D.C.,104ForeignJews’ProtectionCommittee,62ForeignLanguageFederationsofAmerica,55Forward,63FourieristsinAmerica,14France,UtopianSocialistsof,10;MarxianSocialistsof,25.SeealsoCommunistPartyofFranceFranceLibre,La,organofF.S.P.,49FreedomGroup,27,70Freiheit,paperofJohannMost,27FrenchUnifiedSocialistParty,3rdInt.,49;FrenchCommunistParty,49Friends’CouncilforInternationalService,109Friends’PeaceCommitteeandN.C.P.W.,108FriendsofSovietRussia(America),60

GartonFoundation,32GeneralStrike.SeeStrike,GeneralGeneralWorkers’MinorityMovement,85GermanIndependentParty,46GermanSocialDemocraticParty,41,48,114Germany,earlySocialismin,25GlasgowAnarchistGroup,69GlasgowCommunistGroupdefeatedAnarchistGroup,27,69GlasgowSocialistSundaySchools,113GroupfortheEmancipationofLabour,25,40GuildofCitizensofTomorrow,122GuildofSt.Matthew,127

GuildSocialism,30;andL.K.G.,130

HagueCongressforWomen,35,37HandsOffRussiaCommittee,63 f.HearstPress,111Herald,The(originalnameofDailyHerald)HeraldLeague,62HeraldofPeace,The,organofPeaceSociety,107HeraldofRevolt,27Holland,Bolshevismin,50;SocialDemocraticPartyof,50(S.D.P.);SocialDemocraticLabourPartyof,50

(S.D.A.P.);CommunistWorkers’Partyof,51(C.A.P.);UnionofFightandPropagandaClubsof,51(B.K.S.P.)

Humanité,L’,organofC.P.(Fr.),49Hungary,Bolshevismin,52Hungermarches,96HydeParkSocialistClub,71

IcariancommunitiesinAmerica,14I.K.K.I.(ExecutiveCommitteeofCommunistInternational),44,47,56I.L.P.GuildofYouth,foundationof,118IndependentLabourParty,33 f.,62,95,132;foundationof,19;inspiredbyEngels,19;programmeof,20 f.;

LeftWingof,67IndustrialChristianFellowship,127 ff.IndustrialSyndicalistLeague,29IndustrialWorkersoftheWorld,28,57,75,86;ofAmerica,75,110;ofGreatBritain,75;of75Australia,

75IntercollegiateSocialistSociety,15Internationale,the1st,foundationof,11;endof,12Internationale,the2nd,43;foundationof,12;ConferenceatAmsterdam(1919),45;ConferenceatLucerne

(1919),45;ConferenceatGeneva(1919),45;headquartersof,50;CongressinParis(1900),114Internationale,the3rd,70 f.;foundationof,43;WestEuropeanSecretariatof,47;ThirdCongressof,58;

andYouthMovement,115Internationale,the4th,69International,organofW.I.C.P.P.,38InternationalArbitrationandPeaceAssociation,32InternationalClassWarPrisoners’Aid(I.C.W.P.A.),99,102InternationalCommitteeofWomenforPermanentPeace,35InternationalCommunistSchoolMovement,116InternationalCouncilofTradeandIndustrialUnions,81InternationalFederationofTradeUnions(“AmsterdamInternationale”),28,73,78,87;andMay1,1921,

Manifesto,79;refusestoaffiliatewithR.I.L.U.,87InternationalFellowshipofReconciliation,106InternationalLadies’GarmentWorkers’UnionofAmerica,54,82InternationalLeagueofYouth,120InternationalLeagueofYouthforPeace,122 f.InternationalPeaceBrethren,37InternationalPeaceScouts,107

InternationalPeaceSociety,106InternationalRedAid.SeeIntern.ClassWarPris.AidInternationalRevolutionaryCongress(1881),26InternationalSocialistClub,66InternationalofSocialistYouth,foundationof,114InternationalSuffrageAlliance,37InternationalSyndicalistCongressinAmerica,28InternationalUnionofSocialistWorkers,118InternationalUnionofUnemployed,96InternationalofWorkingClassYouth,the,118InternationalofYouth,The,115InternationalYouth,117InternationalWorking-men’sAssociationinNewYork,14Ireland,Bolshevismin,71IrishCommunistBrotherhood,71 f.IrishNationalistmovement,71IrishPeaceSociety,32IrishRepublicanBrotherhood,24,71 f.IrishSocialistRepublicanParty,24,71IrishTransportandGeneralWorkers’UnionledbyJamesLarkin,24,71IrishWorkers’League,71IrishWorkers’Union,71IronandSteelTradesConfederationandN.C.P.W.,108ItalianFederationofLabour,81ItalianSocialistUnion,33Italy,Socialismin,25;Bolshevismin,49

JacobinClub,9JewishPeaceSociety,109JointManifestoofBritishSocialistBodies,20JointProvisionalCommitteefortheCommunistPartyofGreatBritain,66JointResearchDepartmentoftheT.U.C.andLab.Party,93Jugendbewegung,123Justice,organofB.S.P.,33;organofN.S.P.,33;organofS.D.F.,17,68,113;organofI.L.G.W.U.(Amer.),

82

KibboKift,124;foundationof,123Klassenstryd,De,organofC.P.(Hol.),51Komsomol.SeeYoungCommunistLeagueKropotkineAnarchists,27,70

LabourColleges,29LabourLeader,editedbyKeirHardie,19;organofI.L.P.,21LabourMonthly(Communist),77LabourParty,originsof,21;aimof(1906),21 f.;conferenceatLiverpool,92LabourPartyofIllinois,14LabourPartyofNorway,45,53

LabourResearchDepartment,95;formerlyFabianResearchDept.,19,90,93LabourRepresentationCommittee,21LabourSocialistInternational,89LabourUnionofBradford,20LanguageFederations,57LauensteinerKreis,formedbyI.L.Y.,120LeaguetoAbolishWar,109LeagueofAmnestyofPoliticalPrisonersinAmerica,54LeagueofCommunistYouth,124LeagueforIndustrialDemocracy,15LeagueoftheKingdomofGod,the,130,132LeagueofNationsUnion,foundationof,108 f.;andI.L.Y.,120LeagueofPeaceandFreedom,35LeedsConference,62LeftWing,102LeftWingMovements,102LeftWingSectionoftheSocialistPartyofAmerica,57LetchworthGardenCity,131Liberty,organofAmericanAnarchists,26;startedbyBenjaminR.Tucker,26LondonLabourCollege,94

MajoritySocialistsofSweden,52MarxianSocialism,Chap.II.Mask,The,123MassachusettsPublicInterestsLeague,119Masses,54MenoftheTrees,125Mensheviks,33,42Meshrabpom.SeeWorkers’InternationalRelief,97MetalWorkers’MinorityMovement,85MineWorker,The,organofNationalMinorityMovement,86Miner,The,editedbyKeirHardie,21Miners’FederationofGreatBritain,30,79Miners’MinorityMovement(M.M.M.),85Miners’NextStep,The,30Miners’ReformMovement,30,86MinesfortheMiners’movement,30,73,85M.O.P.R.SeeInternationalClassWarPris.AidMotDag,53MotherEarth,officialorganofA.A.,54Move,the.SeeAwakeningMagyars

NationalAssociationofSchoolmastersandN.C.P.W.,108NationalBrotherhoodCouncilandN.C.P.W.,108NationalBuildingGuild,30NationalCouncilAgainstConscription,36NationalCouncilforCivilLiberties,36

NationalCouncilofLabourColleges,93 f.NationalCouncilforthePreventionofWar,107;inAmerica,111NationalCouncilfortheReductionofArmaments(America),111NationalFreeChurchCouncilandN.C.P.W.,108NationalGuildCouncil,30NationalGuildsLeague,30NationalJointCouncilofT.U.C.andL.P.,74,88NationalLaborUnionofNewYork,14NationalLeagueofWomenVotersofAmerica,111NationalMinorityMovement(N.M.M.),85 ff.,117NationalPeaceCouncil.SeeNationalCouncilforthePreventionofWarNationalPeaceFederation,37NationalReformUnionandN.C.P.W.,108NationalSocialistParty,33,68NationalUnionofRailwaymen(N.U.R.),79NationalUnemployedWorkers’CommitteeMovement,96NationalWorkers’CommitteeOrganisation,66NavvyMission,128NewGymnosophicalSociety,122NewHarmony,10NewInternational,The,organofS.P.ofAmerica,54NewLeader,organofI.L.P.,21NewSolidarity,organofI.W.W.,75NewStandards:aJournalofWorkers’Control,92NewStudent,The,121NewsfromNowhere,17Nihilists,26NoConscriptionFellowship,34,62,103NoConscriptionLeague(ofAmerica),54Nomad,The,organofK.K.,123 f.NoMoreWar,105NoMoreWarCommittee.SeeNoMoreWarMovement,104NoMoreWarMovement,104 f.,132;YouthSection,105,121;andN.C.P.W.,108NorwegianLeftWingSocialists,53NovyMir,organ,R.S.F.,55 f.NudityMovement,121

OneBigUnion,ideaofA.C.W.U.andofI.W.W.,75,82;adoptedbyBolsheviks,86;adoptedbyBrit.T.U.C.,91

OneBigUnionMonthly,organofI.W.W.,74 f.OrderoftheRoundTable,T.S.group,122OutofWork,organofN.U.W.C.M.,97OwenitesinAmerica,14

Pacifism,duringWar,Chap.IVPacifism,post-War,Chap.XIPacifistYouthInternational.SeeI.L.Y.

ParliamentaryLabourParty,77Parliamentarianism,46Patriot,The,72,127,129;andI.C.F.,129PeaceConferenceatBerne,69PeaceSociety,foundationof,32People’sCouncilofAmerica,54,109People’sFreedomUnion(Am.),109 f.People’sSocialPartyofRussia,40PlebsLeague,29,93,95Plebs,organof“PlebsLeague,”29Poland,77Polit-Bureau,47Profintern.SeeRedInt.ofLab.UnionsProletarianSundaySchoolMovement,65,118Proletcult,118ProvisionalInternationalCouncilofTradeandIndustrialUnions,BritishBureauof,84PublicOwnershipLeague,110

Quakers,120

Railwaymen,patriotismof,in1921,79RationalistPeaceSociety,32“Réconciliation,La,”106RedArmy,70RedCatechism,118RedDawn,The,116“RedFlag,”114RedFlag,The,116RedInternationalofLabourUnions(“Profintern”),83,86,95 f.;BritishBureauof,84;ofMoscow,81;First

Congressof,81RedsinAmerica,60 f.,76,83RedTradeUnionInternationalofMoscow,81;campaignagainstI.F.T.U.,82Religion,opposedbyS.P.G.B.,23RevolutionaryAge,The,55RevolutionarySocialistsofRussia,26,33,40RoodeVaan,organofBelg.C.P.,50RoseStreetClubinSoho,16RotheFahne,Die,organofGermanCommunists,48RuskinCollege,29Russia,Revolutionin,Chap.V;earlySocialismin,25;Anarchismin,25,40;TradeUnionsin,80;British

Delegationto(1924),88 f.Russian-AmericanIndustrialCorporation,110RussianAnarchists.SeeAnarchists,RussianRussiandelegationtoEngland,1925,membersof,89RussianDemocraticParty,ledbyPlekhanov,25RussianRevolution,Chap.VRussianSocialDemocraticParty,40

RussianSocialistFederation,55 f.RussianTradeDelegationtoEnglandin1920,78;financingpropagandain1920,78

ScarboroughConference,91Scandinavia,Bolshevismin,52ScottishLabourParty,19SecoursRougeInternational,99Servers’GroupofYoungTheosophists,122ShakersinAmerica,13SocialDemocrat,The,organofS.D.F.,68Socialdemokrat,organofL.P.(Nor.),53SocialDemocraticAlliance,12SocialDemocraticFederation,27,68,113;foundationof,16SocialDemocraticLabourPartyofAustria,52SocialDemocraticLabourPartyofHolland,50,114SocialDemocraticParty,33SocialDemocraticPartyofAmerica,14SocialDemocraticPartyofAustria,33SocialDemocraticPartyofGermany,25SocialDemocraticPartyofHolland,50SocialDemocraticPartyofSwitzerland,45,51SocialDemocraticWorking-men’sPartyofNorthAmerica,14SocialDemocraticYoungWorkers’International,118SocialPartyofNewYork,14Socialist,The,organofS.L.P.,67SocialistLabourParty,33,67;foundationof,22SocialistLaborPartyofAmerica,22,29,54SocialistLaborPartyofNorthAmerica,14SocialistLabourPress,22SocialistLeague,foundationof,16;Manifestoof,17;collapseof,17SocialistPartyofAmerica,46,54 f.SocialistPartyofFrance,33,44,46,48 f.SocialistPartyofGreatBritain,33;foundationof,22 f.;objectsof,23SocialistPartyofIreland,24,71SocialistPartyofItaly,3rdInt.,45,50SocialistPartyofSweden,53SocialistPartyofSwitzerland,44SocialistPropagandaLeagueofAmerica,54SocialistReview,organofI.L.P.,21SocialistStandard,organofS.L.P.,23SocialistSundaySchoolMovement,113SocialistYouthInternationale,120;Congressof,119SocietyforCulturalRelationsBetweenthePeoplesoftheBritishCommonwealthandtheUnionof

SocialistSovietRepublics(S.C.R.),101SocietyofFriends’PeaceCommittee,109SocietyforthePromotionofPermanentandUniversalPeace.SeePeaceSociety.SocietyofSocialistChristians,131

Socio-PoliticalLaborUnionsofCincinnati,14SouthGermanSocialDemocrats,37SouthWalesMiners’Federation,29SouthWalesSocialistSociety,66SovietRussia,organofF.S.R.(Am.),61SovietRussiaPictorial,organofF.S.R.ofAmerica,61;organofW.I.R.,98SovietofSoldiers’,Workmen’sandSailors’DeputiesinRussia,41,62Spartacists,48Steinerites,122Stormvogels,K.K.inHolland,124Strike,General,47,77 f.;planofSyndicalists,28;weaponofSyndicalists,75;of1921,78;of1926,135Strike,railway,of1919,76SundayWorker,The,89SwedishLeftSocialistParty,53Switzerland,Bolshevismin,51Syndicalism,Chap.III;inAmerica,28;bookSyndicalism,byRamsayMacDonald,28;and

Parliamentarianism,75;andCommunism,73Syndicalist,The,29

TheosophicalSociety,122Torch,The,organofI.C.F.,128ToursCongress,49TradesUnionCongressParliamentaryCommittee,77TradeUnionCongress(T.U.C.),30,73,77,96;foundationof,28;in1895,28;personnelin1925,88;

ScarboroughConference,91TradeUnionEducationalLeagueofAmerica,76,82TradeUnionInternationale,80TradeUnionMovement,15TradeUnionUnity,90TradeUnionUnityMovement,89TransportWorkers’MinorityMovement,85TransportWorkers’UnionofIreland,71Tribune,De,organofC.P.ofHolland,51TripleAlliance,the,78;Manifestoof,79Ts.I.K.=CentralExecutiveCommitteeofU.S.S.R.,47,88,90

UnemployedCommittees,96UnemployedWorkers’Organisation,69“UnemploymentSunday,”96UnifiedSocialistParty,French=FrenchCommunistPartyUnionofDemocraticControl,34,37,62,103 f.,132;andN.C.P.W.,108UnionofRussianWorkers,58UnitedCommunistPartyofAmerica,58UnitedGarmentWorkersofAmerica,82UnitedIrishmen,24UnitedPeaceFellowshipoftheChurches,107UniversalRepublicanAlliance,16

UtopianSocialism,10

Versöhnungsbund,106,119Vorwärts,48

WarandPeaceSocietiesofOxfordandCambridge,32WarResisters’International,105,119WestEuropeanSecretariatoftheI.K.K.I.,47WesternFederationofMinersinAmerica,28Women’sCommitteeforWorldDisarmament(inAmerica),111Women’sCo-operativeGuild,andN.C.P.W.,108Women’sInternationalCommitteeforPermanentPeace,37;Conferenceof,atZurich,110Women’sInternationalLeague,35,38,62;andN.C.P.W.,108Women’sInternationalLeagueforPeaceandFreedom,104,110;inAmerica,111Women’sPeaceCrusade,35Women’sPeacePartyofAmerica,37Women’sSuffrageFederation,66Women’sUnionforPeace,109WoodcraftLeagueinPoland,124Worker,The,organofW.P.A.,59;organofB.B.ofR.I.L.U.,85,89,97;organofN.M.M.,86Workers’CommunistMovement,69Workers’DefenceCorps,91Workers’DefenceUnion(America),82Workers’Dreadnought,66,69Workers’EducationalAssociation,94Workers’InternationalIndustrialUnion(America),29,75Workers’InternationalPictorial,organofW.I.R.,98Workers’InternationalRelief(W.I.R.),“Meshrabpom,”61,97 f.;IrishCommitteeof,99Workers’InternationalRussianRelief(W.I.R.R.).SeeWorkersInternationalReliefWorkers’andSoldiers’CouncilofRussia,54,63Workers’PartyofAmerica,59 f.,76Workers’PeaceCouncil,36Workers’Republic,The,organofC.P.I.,71Workers’SocialistFederation,66Workers’SuffrageFederation.SeeWorkers’SocialistFederationWorkers’Weekly,The,100;organofC.P.G.B.,89Working-men’sAssociation,11Working-men’sPartyoftheUnitedStates14WorldCouncil,123;worldsurvey,124WorldFederationofYoungTheosophists,122WorldofLabour,byG.D.H.Cole,30

YoungCommunistInternational,115;affiliatedto3rdInternationale,115;publicationsof,115;inBerlin,116

YoungCommunistLeague,115 f.,119YoungCommunist,The,116 f.YoungCommunistReview,117

YoungComrade,The,117YoungComrades’League,117YoungFriends’Movement,123YoungPioneers,116 f.YoungRebel,The,117YoungSocialist,The,organofS.S.S.,113YoungSocialistInternational,118YoungSocialistLeague,116YoungWinkle,byJohnHargrave,123YoungWorker,The,115 f.YoungWorkersofAustria,118YoungWorkers’League,116 f.Youth,121,123;organofI.L.Y.,120

ZimmerwaldCongress,39,51ZurichCongress(1893),13

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