The South, the Civil War and Reconstruction

South- Cotton Economy

• Cotton=basis of southern economy in the mid 1800’s

• Southerners believed slavery was essential to their economy-slaves were most of the workforce (planting, picking, field work)

Cotton and Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin meant an increase in the demand for cotton and an increasing reliance on slaves and slavery

Slavery

-a horrible system of human bondage used in the South upon which the Southern economy was based

-major area of disagreement btwn.

North and South esp. as new states were added

Plantation Life• types of slaves were: field,

house, and craftspeople + a master/wife/ children+overseer

• slaves had few if any rights,

were mistreated, frequently punished harshly

Abolition Movement

• Movement to end slavery took many forms• Some wanted slavery to end and African

Americans to be treated equally• Some just wanted slavery to end but were not in

favor of full equality• Frederick Douglass was a former slave who

wrote about his life as a slave to show the injustice

• Harriet Tubman helped lead many slaves to freedom on the URR

Denmark Vesey, John Brown and Nat Turner: Three Men Who Led Rebellions Against Slavery that

Created Fear in White Southerners

Wilmot Proviso 1846

proposed amendment to the constitution that would ban slavery in lands acquired from Mexico

passed in the House of Representatives but defeated in the Senate=does not become law

Compromise of 1850

an agreement proposed by Henry Clay allowed CA to enter as a free state people in the land obtained from Mexico would decide by vote whether they wanted to be a free state or a slave state

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

• a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves, allowed them to be captured even in areas where slavery was illegal, and required their return to slaveholders

• Attempt to slow impact of Underground Railroad

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe to show the horrors of slavery

• most widely read book of its time, second only to the Bible, published 9 yrs. before the Civil War

Kansas Nebraska Act 1854

• an act written to deal with the issue of slavery in the newly admitted Kansas and Nebraska territories

• admitted Kansas and Nebraska as states • allowed the people of each state to choose whether it would be

slave or free• fighting broke out btwn pro and anti slavery people after it was

passed, Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas”

Dred Scott Case 1857

• a legal case involving a former slave who sued for his freedom

• Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens therefore that he had no legal rights including the right to be heard in a court

• denied him his freedom, • declared that the Congress did

not have the right to ban slavery in federal territory, therefore struck down the Missouri Compromise

Lincoln Douglas Debates 1858• a series of debates between two

men who wanted to be elected senator from the state of Illinois, discussed slavery, created national recognition for both

• “ A house divided against itself cannot stand” referring to slavery when Lincoln accepts the Republican nomination for Illinois senate

• In the debates Lincoln stated, “"There is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man."

Election of 1860

• election just preceding the Civil War in which Lincoln defeated Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell for the presidency

• Southern states were very concerned that Lincoln would try to end slavery in the South, not just in new states

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President • Republican• President of the

United States during the Civil War

• Assassinated in 1865• President Andrew

Johnson was his successor

The South Secedes 1860

• Secession: a term referring to the act of the Southern states splitting off from the North and forming their own country ( the Confederacy) just before the Civil War

• first state=South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860

Civil War:United States of America vs. Confederate States of America April 1861-April 1865

Jefferson Davis-President of the Confederacy in the Civil War

Robert E. Lee

• Talented general in charge of Southern Confederate troops in the Civil War

• South had great confidence in him

• War lasts longer b/c of his leadership and decision-making

• Surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865

General Ulysses S. Grant:Commander of Union Troops in the

Civil War • Successfully led Union

troops late in the Civil War, after many less than capable generals had failed

• Accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House

• Later becomes president

Civil War 1861-1865

Fort Sumter- Charleston, SCFirst Battle of the Civil War

April 12,1861

• Confed.fire on U.S. fort, Lincoln responds

First Battle of Bull Run-Manassas 1861

• 1st major battle of Civil War

• Fought for control of area near Washington D.C.

• Surprise! Confederates won

• 1st sense that North would not win war easily

Battle of Antietam:Sept. 17, 1862

• fought in Maryland Union victory

• bloodiest single

day in U.S. history• 25,000 casualties =

13,000 Confederates and 12,000 Union

• stops Lee’s advance North

Union Blockade of the South

• North blockades Southern ports-trying to stop supplies from reaching the South-France, Britain

• Mississippi River-supplies are cut off

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

document/ order issued by President Lincoln to free the slaves in the Confederacy

took effect Jan. 1, 1863war changed from just being

about bringing the South back into the Union to also ending slavery in the United States including the South

After the Civil War, the13th Amendment ended slavery

Siege/Battle of Vicksburg 1863

• Union army led by Grant blockaded Vicksburg, situated on cliffs above the Mississippi River

• South surrendered the fort, giving up control of the Mississippi River-a turning point of the war-July

• South was now split in two and without a supply line• North could use the Mississippi River for supplies/troops• Union blockades Southern ports-South can’t get supplies

Battle of Gettysburg July 1863

• Union victory against Lee’s Confederate troops• Pickett’s Charge=disaster for Confederates• last time the South invades the North• Britain and France refuse to give aid to the South after

this

Gettysburg Address Nov. 19, 1863

• The Gettysburg Address By President Abraham Lincoln delivered at Gettysburg Cemetery

• “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. “

Wilderness Campaign +Sherman Advances through the South

• Series of battles btwn North and South in VA for capture of Richmond VA

• Sherman is ordered to wage “all out war” -burning, looting through the South

Burning of Atlanta

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address March 4 1865

“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Surrender at Appomattox-April 9, 1865

• Southern economy is destroyed

• Confederate States must

be brought back into the Union

– Sherman marches across the south destroying railroads,industries,Atlanta

– Lee surrenders to Grant after being surrounded on three sides ending the Civil War=Union (North) wins

Civil War Troop Figures• United States population=22 million citizens• Confederate States=5.5 million free citizens

• 2,213,363 Total Union troops• 1,050, 000 Total Confederate troops

• 1/10 citizens in the United States fought in the war• 1/6 citizens in the Confederate States fought in the war

• Over 620,000 Americans died in the war• 212,938 total combat deaths=

140,414 Union combat deaths72,524 Confederate combat deaths

• Disease killed 2x those killed in battle

• 50,000 survivors returned home as amputees

President Lincoln is Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865

Movie out called “The Conspirator”

President Lincoln’s Funeral Car

Reconstruction 1865-1877

-period following the Civil War during which the United States’ government tried to unite the country and rebuild the South

-Andrew Johnson became president in 1865

13th Amendment 1865

• Amendment that ended slavery

Freedmen’s Bureau 1865

• agency established by Congress to help freed slaves and poor people throughout the South

• provided food, supplies, education, legal help

Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws

• Black Codes=laws passed in the Southern states after Reconstruction that limited the rights and freedoms of African Americans, must sign work contracts or face arrest, no gun ownership

• Jim Crow Laws= laws that enforced segregation in the Southern states

• Plessy v. Ferguson-upheld segregation-said separate facilities were o.k.

14th and 15th Amendments1868, 1870

14th Amendment: guarantees basic rights for all citizens, used as the basis for many lawsuits asking for equal protection under the law

15th Amendment: gives voting rights to black men

The Ku Klux Klan 1866

• group of white Southerners that used terror and violence to stop African Americans from gaining their rights

• opposed civil rights, especially suffrage (voting) for blacks

• hate extended to other groups

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

• Supreme Court case established “separate but equal” doctrine saying that segregation is okay

• This precedent was overturned by Brown v. Board of Ed. 1954

• I

Andersonville Prison Camp

Captain Wirz (Commander of the camp) is put on trial after the war as will we…