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Conflict of Interest Statement
• The speaker has no financial affiliation with
company or product mentioned in this
presentation.
Integrative Approaches
For Traumatic Brain
Injuries
Adam Breiner, ND
Overview
1. What is a TBI and What is a Concussion?
2. Signs and Symptoms
3. Diagnostics and Standard Medical Treatment
4. Cutting Edge Approaches • EEG and Neurofeedback
• Hyperbaric Oxygen
• Photobiomodulation
• Altitude Contrast
• PEMF, tDCS, tACS
• PRP
Severe Traumatic Brain
Injury• Diffuse Axonal Injury
• Subdural hematoma
• Epidural hematoma
• Intra cerebral hematoma
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Cerebral contusion
Traumatic Brain Injury
Teasdale et al. Lancet 1974 ii: 81-4
What is a
Concussion?
• Referred to as a mTBI
(mild TBI)
• Impact to the head
• Rapid change in force or
direction of the head
(acceleration,
deceleration)
• Resulting in disruption of
normal brain function
Concussion Grading
Grade 1• Person is confused but remains conscious
• SIGNS: Temporarily confused, dazed, unable to think clearly, has trouble following
directions• TIME: Symptoms clear within 15 minutes
Grade 2• Person remains conscious, but develops amnesia
• SIGNS: Similar to Grade 1• TIME: Symptoms last more than 15 minutes
Grade 3• Person loses consciousness
• SIGNS: Noticeable disruption of brain function exhibited in physical, cognitive and
behavioral ways.
• TIME: Unconsciousness for seconds or minutesConcussion as detailed by guidelines developed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and the Brain Injury
Association (BIA)
Common Perceptions
• Didn’t lose consciousness, so
it’s not that bad.
• Just a “Ding”
• “I didn’t even get hit in the
head, so it’s not a concussion”
• “I’ll just rest for a few minutes
and go back in the game”
• It only happens in Football
Concussions Are NOT To Be
Taken LightlySchool football player hanged himself
two days after suffering blow to head
during game By DAILY MAIL REPORTER
UPDATED: 09:44 EST, 31 August 2011
The parents of a Virginia high school football player
who got concussion while playing and committed
suicide two days later are calling for his death to be
investigated.
Austin Trenum, 17, was a college-bound senior who
was injured while tackling a quarterback in a school
game in Nokesville. Two days later he went up to his
room and hanged himself.
To the grieving parents, there is no doubt that one
caused the other.
They believe that concussions still aren't taken as
seriously as they should be, that athletes, parents,
coaches, trainers and even emergency room workers
are often ill-informed as to how to treat them and that
more of a culture change is needed in a sport in which
blows to the head are considered badges of honor.
Concussions Are NOT To Be
Taken Lightly
Suicide Reveals Signs of a Disease Seen in N.F.L.
ALLENTOWN, Pa. — A brain autopsy of a University of
Pennsylvania football player who killed himself in April
has revealed the same trauma-induced disease found in
more than 20 deceased National Football League
players, raising questions of how young football players
may be at risk for the disease.
Owen Thomas, a popular 6-foot-2, 240-pound junior
lineman for Penn with no previous history of depression,
hanged himself in his off-campus apartment after what
friends and family have described as a sudden and
uncharacteristic emotional collapse. Doctors at Boston
University subsequently received permission from the
family to examine Thomas’s brain tissue and discovered
early stages of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a
disease linked to depression and impulse control
primarily among N.F.L. players, two of whom also
committed suicide in the last 10 years.
Statistics
• Estimated there is a concussive Injury once every 23 seconds
• 1.6-3.8 Million sports-related concussions per year in US
• 230,000-500,000 hospitalizations per year
• Economic toll of TBI exceeds $60 Billion per year
• Estimated by 2020 TBI will surpass many diseases as the
leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals in the
world.
- Brain Injury Association of America.
- Langlois, J. et al The Epidemiology and Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Overview; Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 375378 2006
- The costs of traumatic brain injury: a literature review; Clinicoen Outcomes Res. 2013; 5: 281-287
Nonfatal TBI related to sports and recreation activities among persons aged <19 yeas in USA during 2001-2009 (CDC)
Signs & Symptoms
mTBI &
Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS)
• Headache 71 %
• Feeling slowed down 58 %
• Difficulty concentrating 57 %
• Dizziness 55 %
• Fogginess 53 %
• Fatigue 50 %
• Visual Blurring/double vision 49 %
• Light sensitivity 47 %
• Memory dysfunction 43 %
• Balance problems 43 %
Lovell, Mark, et al. Return to play following sports-related concussion. Clin Sports Med 23 (2004) 421-441
Diagnostics
• MRI & CT - will not detect
• SPECT (Single Photon Positron
Emission Tomography)
• PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
• fMRI (Functional MRI)
Neurocognitive Testing• Full Neurocognitive Testing Performed by Clinical Psychologists
• Computerized neurocognitive tests standardized to allow evaluation
of areas most impacted by a concussion
• Baseline assessments before season.
• Testing post-concussion/suspected concussion. Assessment tool,
and help with decisions on return to play.
• imPACT
• Popular among coaches and many physicians
• CNS Vital Signs
• Worldwide usage
• U.S. Military
• Better database and accuracy
• Less chance of patient induced errors
• Covers evaluation of many neuropsychiatric conditions
Gualtieri, T., Johnson, L. Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch. Clin Neuropsychology 21 (2006) 623-643
EEG Neuro Imaging
• EEG = ElectroEncephaloGram
• Listening to the electrical signals created by the
neurons = “Whispers of The Brain”
Basic Brain Wave Patterns
DELTA 1-4 Hz
THETA 4-7 Hz
ALPHA 8-12 HZ
BETA 15-25 HZ
GAMMA 30-42 HZ
Basic Brain Wave Patterns
All Parts in the Symphony of The Brain
These waves are mixed together in various states of
consciousness and areas of the brain.
Electrical Encephalogram (EEG)
• EEG can be considered a diagram of the communication
of system of the brain.
• When frequency and amplitude of the electrical activity
are optimal, communication is unimpaired
• However, If damage occurs to the brain, (stroke, TBI,
etc..), both the frequency and amplitude are altered.
EEG As a Diagnostic Tool
• Brain Wave Morphologies Patterns Can Be Seen
• Brain Mapping with qEEG to detect various areas of
dysfunction and miscommunication. Comparative to
normative database.
• sLORETA
Patterns of Brain Injury
Normal Brain Wave Pattern on Real-Time EEG
Head Injury Pattern (spikes seen)
Coma with anoxia
Ayers, Margaret. Whispers from The Brain. 2006
Correlates with Other Brain Imaging
• 16 y.o male, hit his left face and forehead when 9 yrs old
• CT revealed no brain injury. 2 months later started having seizures. 5
months later was up to every 1.5 hrs
• Medication (Depakote and Trileptol) eased seizures. Eventually weaned
off medications
• 2 yrs later headaches started.
• Severe headaches – lasting 1-2 weeks and will have this 2x/month!
Correlates with Other Brain Imaging
Brain Mapping
• qEEG data compared to normative database
• Clinical Correlations of areas of dysfunction
• Patient questionnaire comparison to qEEG finding
• Standardized Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
• Localize current source densities of brain activity (even from deep
brain structures).
• Voxels (space volume of cortical matter)
• Can compare to normative database
• Research in comparison to fMRI BOLD for more thorough
understanding of brain function.R.D. Pascual-Marqui. Standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical
details. Methods & Findings in Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology 2002, 24D:5-12
sLORETAStandardized Low Resolution Electromagentic Tomography
Imaging The Whole Brain
• Patient wears a cap with
electro-conductive gel -
Painless!
• 19 Channels (10-20
system) captured all at
once
• No Radioisotopes!
• No Delay!
Importance of a Baseline
• Baseline EEG Imaging Before
Season - Can Compare Before and
After Suspected Concussion.
• True “Window” Into the possible
neuro-physiologic damage caused
by an injury.
• Best Indicator When Safe to
Return to Play (including PE signs,
and neurocognitive testing).
• Neurofeedback can help in
restoring normalized
functioning…. (more to come)
Balance Assessment
• Baseline assessment
• Post Injury Tracking
• Easy and Reliable
Treatment for Concussions
Standard Approach
• Evaluation: On-field, Clinic, or
Emergency Department
• Imaging if appropriate
• Monitoring for 24-48 hours for
signs of deterioration
• Rest (Cognitive and Physical)
• If Sx’s persist more than 10-14 days see specialist
• 5 Step Return to Play
Standard Approach
• Post-Concussive Syndrome:
‣ Symptoms can last for weeks, months, or longer
‣ 5-8% of patients with history of multiple concussions.
• What is the approach then?‣ More Rest‣ Keep monitoring‣ Go on a 504 plan
• Are There Other Options
To Help Heal the Brain?
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
(HBOT)
What Is HBOT?
Hyper = Excess
Baric = Pressure
Therefore Oxygen Under Pressure!
Physiologic Definition of
HBOT
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy is the use of
increased…pressure and increased
oxygen… as drugs treat pathophysiologic
processes of diseases.1
HBO Therapy in Global Cerebral Ischemia/Anoxia and Coma. Chapter 20.
Textbook of Hyperbaric Med., 6thEdition, K.K. Jain (Ed.), 2017.
Conventional Uses of
HBOT
•Decompression sickness (Bends)
•Gas Embolism
•Carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning
•Gas Gangrene (myositis and myonecrosis)
•Anemia assoc. with exceptional blood loss
•Necrotizing soft tissue infections
• Radiation necrosis injuries
• Intracranial abscess
•Crush injury
•Non-union fractures
• Problem wounds
• Skin grafts and flaps
Cutting-Edge Uses of
HBOT
• Cerebral Palsy
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Stroke
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Coma
• Lyme Disease
• Autism
• Anoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
(near drowning, near hanging, cardiac arrest ….)
• Macular Degeneration (age related)
• Chrohn’s Disease
• Chronic Fatigue
• Mitochondrial Disorders
• Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
How Does HBOT Work?
• Our Blood Cells are fully saturated under normal
atmospheric conditions 1ATA.
• Plasma is 0.4 volume % O2.
• 2 ATA (33 FSW)100% Oxygen Plasma is 4.3 volume
% O2! (Getting More O2 in One session than you
would in an entire day)
• MORE CAN DISSOLVE AND DIFFUSE INTO ALL
TISSUES AND ORGANS - BRAIN NEEDS THE
MOST!
Hyperbaric Oxygen is a
Genetic Therapy
In a Single HBO Session:
• 8,101 genes turned on and off
• Up-regulated genes: growth and repair, anti-
inflammatory
• Down-regulated genes: Inflammatory and cell
death
Goodman CA. Cell Stress and Chaperones, DOI 10.1007/s12192-009-0159-0. & Paul Harch HBOT IHMS 2018 Symposium
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
AWAKENING THE PNEUMBRA
Mikey
HBOT & mTBI
• Paul Harch, MD - Journal of Neurotrauma (2012)
• Combat veterans who suffered from traumatic brain
injures/post-concussive syndrome and PTSD.
• Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.
• Over 80% Improvement!
HBOT & mTBI
HBOT can Improve Post Concussion Syndrome Years after Injury
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Induce Angiogenesis and Regeneration
of Nerve Fibers in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
SigalTal,, Amir Hadanny,EfratSasson, Gill Suzin,andShai Efrati.
Front.Hum. Neurosci, oct 2017
• Conclusions: The Mechanisms by which HBOT
induces brain neuroplasticity can be
demonstrated by highly sensitive MRI techniques
of DSC and DTI. HBOT can induce cerebral
angiogenesis and improve both white and grey
microstructures indicating regeneration of nerve
fibers. The microstructure changes correlate with
neurocognitive changes.
Increased White Matter Tract
Case of mTBI
Pre-Post HBOT
• 22 y.o male hit repeatedly by his “friend” who was intoxicated
• Came to clinic 4 days after attack with concussive injury symptoms:
Confusion
Headache
Lethargy
Insomnia
Anxiety and Depression
Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback• A subconscious retraining of the brain’s neuropathways
• Giving the brain a “mirror” to see and then correct itself
• Uses positive reinforcements via reward sounds and/or visual
aids
• As the desired patterns continue to be reinforced,
they eventually form new and permanent neuropathways.
1. May, G. Et al. Neurofeedback and traumatic brain injury: a literature review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Nov; 25(4)
289-96
Nelson, DV et al. Neurotherapy of traumatic brain injury/post-traumatic stress symptoms in Vietnam veterans. Mil Med.
2015 Oct; 180(10)e 1111-4
Nelson, DV, et al. Neurotherapy for chronic headache following traumatic brain injury. Mil. Med Res. 2015 Aug 31:2:22
Gray, Sarah. An Overview of the Use of Neurofeedback Biofeedback for the Treatment of Symptoms of TBI in Military
and Civilian Populations. Med. Acupuncture 2017, Aug 1; 29(4) 215-219
Simkin, DR, Thatcher RW, Lubar J. Quantitative EEG neurofeedback in children and adolescents: anxiety disorders,
depressive disorders, comorbid addiction and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, and brain injuries. Child
Adolesc Psychiatry Clin N Am. 2014 July;23(3) 427-64
Some references
Neurofeedback
A Powerful Tool
Traumatic Brain Injury
HBOT & Neurofeedback
Tito
PRP• Platelet Rich Plasma
• Growth factor and cytokine rich, which can effect inflammation,
angiogenesis and stem cell migration and cell proliferation.
• Giving growth factors such as EGF, bFGF (found in PRP), can
enhance TBI-induced cell proliferation in injured adult animal (Dong Sun, Neural Regen Res. 2014 April1; 9(7) 688-682)
• PRP given intra-arterially helps attenuate brain injury after focal
ischemia (Zhang Y, et. al, Administration of human platelet-rich plasma reduces infarction volume and improves motor
function in adult rats with focal ischemic stoke. Brain Res. 2015 Jan 12;1594:267-73)
• Collagen VI helps protect against amyloidbeta proteins
associated with AD (Mucke et al. Collagen VI protects neurons against AB toxicity. Nat. Neurosci. 2009 Feb):
12(2) 119.)
Intranasal Insulin
• Intranasal Insulin shown to help with AD patients
• Post injury there is decrease in cerebral glucose intake,
creating a severe metabolic crisis. Length and severity
directly correlated to patient outcome.
• INI increases neuronal viability, M2 (anti-inflam) activation,
and functional recovery following TBI.
Frey et al. Intranasal insulin treatment of an experimental model of moderate traumatic brain injury. JCBFM. 2017 Vol 37(9) 3203-32)
Intranasal Insulin-PRP
• Patented Process
• Access CSF via cribriform plate or through paravascular
channels associated with the olfactory or trigeminal
systems.
Benefits:
✓ Regrowth of Brain Collagen
✓ Activation and Targeting of Stem Cells
✓ Increased Angiogenesis
✓ Decrease in Inflammation
✓ Reduction in Amyloid Proteins
Pub No. US 2016/0235786 A1, John C. Hughes
Stem Cells
Other Interventions• Homeopathic medicine
• Neutraceautical (including IV) and Botanical Medicine
• Detoxification - Diminished Brain Resilience Syndrome (Seneff, etc. al, J. Surgical Neurology 2014)
• Bio-identical hormones
• Osteopathic Cranial Sacral, Chiropractic
Other Interventions• Phototherapy
• Increase blood flow
• Improve mitochondrial function ATP
• Decrease inflammation
• New nerve growth• Rosso, et. Al. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. A Systematic Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018 Jun 9;5(2). Pil E44
• Hamblin, M. Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical 6 (2016) 113-124
• Altitude Contrast Therapy
• Exercise with oxygen
• 100% O2 15% O2 (Aspen) 100% O2, etc.
• Vasodilation leading to opening of inflamed constricted blood vessels
• O2 floods in clearing of waste products and decrease inflammation,
healing.• Cipolla, Marilyn. Cerbral Circulation. Margan & Claypool Life Sciences 2009. Chap 5
• Stellingwerff, Trent. Altitude, hypoxic and hyperoxic Training: research evidence vs. practical applications. 53rd annual American College of
Sports Medicine Review. 2006.
• PEMF
• Pulsed magnetic therapies
• Reduction in inflammation and increase healing
• better blood flowSmith, Thomas L., et al. Microcirculatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields. J. Orthopedic Res. Jan 2005, 80-84
Gaynor J. Veterinary application of pulsed electromagenetic therapy. Res. In Vet. Science 119 (2018) 1-8.
Thank You!