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c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
1/173
⇒|
Co
op
era
tive
Near-C
ap
acity
Wire
less
Syste
m
Desig
n:
An
EX
IT-C
hart
Based
Ap
pro
ach
Pre
se
nte
dby
La
jos
Ha
nzo
Sch
oo
lo
fE
lectro
nic
sa
nd
Co
mp
ute
rS
cie
nce,
Un
ivers
ityo
fS
ou
tha
mp
ton
,S
O1
71
BJ,
UK
.
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk
c©H
anzo,
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S,U
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outh
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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2/173
⇒|
Ackn
ow
led
gem
en
ts
•S
ince
reth
an
ks
are
du
eto
the
tea
mb
ack
at’b
ase
’in
So
uth
am
pto
n,in
pa
rticu
lar
to
Lie
-Lia
ng
Ya
ng
,S
oo
n-X
inN
g,W
eiF
an
g,
Na
nW
u,R
on
gZ
ha
ng
,L
ing
ku
nK
on
g,
Li
Wa
ng
,F
asih
Bu
tt,M
oh
am
me
dE
l-Ha
jjar,
Kyu
ng
Ch
un
Le
e,S
eu
ng
Hw
an
Wo
n,S
hin
ya
Su
giu
ra.
•T
he
Sp
on
so
rs:
EP
SR
C,
the
EU
,th
eV
CE
•B
ack
gro
un
dR
ead
ing
:
L.H
an
zo,O
.A
lam
ri,M
.E
l-Ha
jjar,
N.
Wu
:N
ear-C
ap
acity
Mu
lti-Fu
nctio
na
lM
IMO
Sy
stems:
Sp
here-P
ack
ing
,Itera
tive
Detectio
na
nd
Co
op
eratio
n,IE
EE
Press
-Jo
hn
Wiley,
20
09
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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⇒|
1990
2000
1980
1970
1960
1950
Shannon
limit
(1948)
Elia
s,
Convo
lutio
nalcodes
Vite
rbialg
orith
m
Bahl,
MA
Palg
orith
m
Ham
min
gcodes
PG
Zalg
orith
m
LD
PC
Codes
Wolf,
trellis
blo
ck
codes
Chase
alg
orith
m
Reed
Solo
mon
codes
BC
Hcodes
alg
orith
mB
erle
kam
p-M
assey
RR
NS
codes
Ungerb
oeck,
TC
M
Berro
u,
turb
ocodes
Roberts
on,
Log-M
AP
alg
orith
m
Koch,
Max-L
og-M
AP
alg
orith
m
Hagenauer,
SO
VA
alg
orith
m
Nic
kl,
turb
oH
am
min
gcode
Hagenauer,
turb
oB
CH
code
Ala
mouti,
space-tim
eblo
ck
code
Taro
kh,
space-tim
etre
lliscode
Roberts
on,
TT
CM
Pyndia
h,
SIS
OC
hase
alg
orith
m
Co
nvo
lutio
na
lC
od
esB
lock
Co
des
Acik
el,
punctu
red
turb
ocode
Fig
ure
1:
Ag
limp
se
ofp
ost-S
ha
nn
on
his
tory
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
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k[1
]-
[10]
4/173
⇒|
05
1015
2025
3035
Eb
/No (dB
)
100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
101
Normalised Capacity (Bits/ s/ Hz)
BPSK
4QA
M
16QA
M 64QA
M
ShannonL
imit
Fixed-
mean
BE
R0.01%
Fixed-
mean
BE
R1%
AQ
AM
-m
eanB
ER
0.01%A
QA
M-
mean
BE
R1%
TU
Channel
Fig
ure
2:
Ch
an
ne
lca
pa
city
up
pe
rb
ou
nd
of
HS
DPA
-sty
leA
QA
Ma
nd
fixe
dm
od
ula
tion
sch
em
es
ove
rth
eC
OS
T2
07
TU
Rayle
igh
Fa
din
gch
an
ne
lfo
rB
ER
=1
%a
nd
BE
R=
0.0
1%
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
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5/173
⇒|
Avertin
gth
eW
WW
:M
IMO
s,C
oo
pera
tive
Co
mm
un
icatio
ns
an
dTra
nsm
itP
rep
rocessin
g
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Cap
acity
of
MIM
Os
C≈
min(M
;N)
•T
he
cla
ssic
Sh
an
no
n-H
artle
yla
wsu
gg
ests
tha
tth
ea
ch
ieva
ble
ch
an
ne
lca
pa
city
incre
ase
slo
ga
rithm
ica
llyw
ithth
etra
nsm
itp
ow
er.
•B
yco
ntra
st,
the
MIM
Oca
pa
city
incre
ase
slin
ea
rlyw
ithth
enu
mb
er
of
tran
sm
it
an
ten
na
s,p
rovid
ed
tha
tth
enu
mb
er
of
rece
ivea
nte
nn
as
ise
qu
alto
the
nu
mb
er
of
tran
sm
ita
nte
nn
as.
With
the
furth
er
pro
vis
oth
at
the
tota
ltra
nsm
itp
ow
er
isin
cre
ase
d
pro
po
rtion
ate
lyto
the
nu
mb
er
of
tran
sm
ita
nte
nn
as,a
line
ar
ca
pa
city
incre
ase
is
ach
ieve
du
po
nin
cre
asin
gth
etra
nsm
itp
ow
er,
wh
ich
justifi
es
the
sp
ecta
cu
lar
su
cce
ss
of
MIM
Os...
•L
.H
an
zo,
O.A
lam
ri,M
.E
l-Ha
jjar,
N.W
u:
Ne
ar-C
ap
acity
Mu
lti-Fu
nctio
na
lM
IMO
Syste
ms;
Jo
hn
Wile
ya
nd
IEE
EP
RE
SS
,2
00
9
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
am
pto
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UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
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]-
[10]
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⇒|
Cap
acity
of
MIM
OS
yste
ms
Dis
cre
te-In
pu
tC
on
tinu
ou
s-O
utp
utM
em
ory
less
Ch
an
ne
l(D
CM
C)
❏T
he
Fu
ll-mu
ltiple
xin
g-g
ain
sys-
tem
ha
sa
hig
he
ra
sym
pto
ticca
-
pa
city
as
ab
en
efit
of
itsm
ulti-
ple
xin
gg
ain
.
❏T
he
ga
pb
etw
ee
nth
eca
pa
city
cu
rves
of
the
Rayle
igh
fad
ing
ch
an
ne
lan
dth
eA
WG
Nch
an
ne
l
isn
arro
we
rfo
rth
efu
ll-dive
rsity
syste
ma
sa
be
ne
fit
of
itsd
iver-
sity
ga
in.
ray-capacity-mim
o-16qam-3.gle
-100
1020
30S
NR
(dB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
C (bit/symbol). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............
Nt =
Nr =
2
.M
ultiplexing
Rayleigh
AW
GN
16-QA
M,D
=4
16-QA
M,D
=2
16-QA
M,D
=4
16-QA
M,D
=2
Diversity
Th
eca
pa
city
of
D=
2a
nd
4d
ime
nsio
na
l1
6Q
AM
-ba
se
d
MIM
OD
CM
Cu
nco
rrela
ted
Rayle
igh
-fad
ing
ch
an
ne
la
nd
AW
GN
ch
an
ne
l.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
8/173
⇒|
Evo
lutio
no
fth
eF
ou
rM
IMO
sin
Wire
les
s
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
s
•Type
I:B
eam
form
ing
•Type
II-
SD
MA
:S
patia
lD
ivis
ion
Multip
leA
ccess
•Type
III-
SD
M:S
patia
lD
ivis
ion
Multip
lexin
g
•Type
IV-
Space-T
ime
Codin
g:
ST
TC
,S
TB
Cand
ST
S
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
9/173
⇒|
Ty
pe
IM
IMO
s:
Be
am
form
ingB
ase StationM
obile Stations
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
10/173
⇒|
Mu
ltiple
An
ten
na
Aid
ed
Sp
atia
lD
ivis
ion
Mu
ltiple
Access
OF
DM
Typ
eII
MIM
Os:
SD
MA
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Sym
bol
Index
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Amplitude
(a)
CIR
1:
use
r1
,a
nte
nn
a1
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Sym
bol
Index
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Amplitude
(b)
CIR
2:
use
r1
,a
nte
nn
a2
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Sym
bol
Index
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Amplitude
(c)
CIR
3:
use
r2
,a
nte
nn
a1
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Sym
bol
Index
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Amplitude
(d)
CIR
4:
use
r2
,a
nte
nn
a2
Fig
ure
3:
Evo
lutio
nfro
mC
DM
Ato
SD
MA
:F
ou
rd
iffere
nt
ch
an
ne
lim
pu
lse
resp
on
se
s
(CIR
)re
co
rde
da
tth
etw
ore
ce
iver
an
ten
na
sfo
rth
etw
ou
se
rssu
pp
orte
d.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Subcarriers
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Magnitude
(a)
CT
F1
:u
se
r1
,a
nte
nn
a1
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Subcarriers
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Magnitude
(b)
CT
F2
:u
se
r1
,a
nte
nn
a2
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Subcarriers
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Magnitude
(c)
CT
F3
:u
se
r2
,a
nte
nn
a1
01
63
24
86
48
09
611
21
28
Subcarriers
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Magnitude
(d)
CT
F4
:u
se
r2
,a
nte
nn
a2
Fig
ure
4:
Ch
an
ne
ltra
nsfe
rfu
nctio
ns
(CT
F)
for
the
CIR
sse
en
inF
igu
re3
(a)
CT
F1
,
(b)
CT
F2
,(c
)C
TF
3,a
nd
(d)
CT
F4
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Ty
pe
IIIM
IMO
s:
SD
MM
LS
ph
ere
-De
tec
tor
for
Ra
nk
-De
fic
ien
tS
ce
na
rios
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
0 5
10 15
20
BER
Eb /N
0 [dB]
sdm-cm
p-16qam : 27-Jun-2005
SO
PH
IEM
MS
Em
t =6,n
r =
16QA
M 4
64QA
M 6
•T
he
pro
po
se
dS
OP
HIE
SD
Md
ete
ctio
nm
eth
od
exh
ibits
ne
ar-o
ptim
um
pe
rform
an
ce
an
dre
lative
lylo
w
co
mp
lexity
inh
igh
-thro
ug
hp
ut
sce
na
riou
ssu
ch
as
6x6
64
QA
Ma
sw
ell
as
ran
k-d
eficie
nt
6x4
16
QA
M
MIM
O-O
FD
M.
Th
eth
rou
gh
pu
tis
36
an
d24
bits/sy
mb
ol,
respectiv
ely.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Ch
an
nelV
aria
tion
inS
pace-T
ime
Co
ded
OF
DM
:Typ
eIV
MIM
O1
Tx
1R
x
0128
256384
512
Subcarrierindex0
2550
75100
125150
Transm
issionfram
e(T
ime)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14
Instantenous SNR (dB)
2T
x1
Rx
0128
256384
512
Subcarrierindex0
2550
75100
125150
Transm
issionfram
e(T
ime)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14
Instantaneous SNR (dB)
2T
x2
Rx
0128
256384
512
Subcarrierindex0
2550
75100
125150
Transm
issionfram
e(T
ime)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14
Instantaneous SNR (dB)
2T
x6
Rx
0128
256384
512
Subcarrierindex0
2550
75100
125150
Transm
issionfram
e(T
ime)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14
Instantaneous SNR (dB)
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
15/173
⇒|
Near-In
sta
nta
neo
usly
Ad
ap
tive
Co
op
era
tive
Up
link
Sch
em
es
Based
on
Sp
ace-T
ime
Blo
ck
Co
des
an
d
V-B
LA
ST
Mo
ha
mm
ed
El-H
ajja
r †,S
ala
mZ
um
mo
‡,a
nd
La
jos
Ha
nzo
†
†S
ch
oo
lo
fE
CS
,U
nive
rsity
of
So
uth
am
pto
n,
UK
.
Em
ail:{
meh05r,lh}@ecs.soton.ac.uk
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
16/173
⇒|
Ou
tline❏
Ove
rvie
wo
fth
eS
tate
-of-th
e-a
rt
❏C
oo
pe
ratio
nS
trate
gie
s
❏A
da
ptive
Syste
m1
❏A
da
ptive
Syste
m2
❏C
on
clu
sio
ns
an
dF
utu
reW
ork
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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am
pto
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UK
.http
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w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
17/173
⇒|
Key
Refe
ren
ces
❏L
.H
an
zo,
C.
Wo
ng
,a
nd
M.Ye
e,A
da
ptive
wire
less
tran
sce
ivers
:tu
rbo
-co
de
d,
turb
o-e
qu
aliz
ed
an
d
sp
ace
-time
co
de
dT
DM
A,C
DM
A,a
nd
OF
DM
syste
ms.
Ch
ich
este
r,U
K:Jo
hn
Wile
ya
nd
So
ns,2
00
2.
❏A
.S
en
do
na
ris,
E.E
rkip
,a
nd
B.A
azh
an
g,
“Use
rco
op
era
tion
dive
rsity.
Pa
rtI.
Syste
md
escrip
tion
,”IE
EE
Tra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
s,
20
03
.
❏G
.S
cu
tari
an
dS
.B
arb
aro
ssa
,“D
istrib
ute
dsp
ace
-time
co
din
gfo
rre
ge
ne
rative
rela
yn
etw
ork
s,”
IEE
E
Tra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
Wire
less
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
s,
20
05
.
❏M
.D
oh
ler,
E.L
efra
nc,
an
dH
.A
gh
vam
i,“S
pa
ce
-time
blo
ck
co
de
sfo
rvirtu
ala
nte
nn
aa
rrays,”
IEE
E
Inte
rna
tion
alS
ym
po
siu
mo
nP
ers
on
al,
Ind
oo
ra
nd
Mo
bile
Ra
dio
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
s,
20
02
.
❏E
.C
.V
an
De
rM
eu
len
,“T
hre
e-te
rmin
alco
mm
un
ica
tion
ch
an
ne
ls,”
Ad
v.A
pp
l.P
rob.
3,1
97
1.
❏T.C
ove
r,A
.E
lG
am
al,
“Ca
pa
city
Th
eo
rem
sfo
rR
ela
yC
ha
nn
el,”
IEE
ETra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
Info
rma
tion
Th
eo
ry,
19
79
.
❏A
.N
osra
tinia
,T.H
un
ter,
A.H
ed
aya
t,“C
oo
pe
rative
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
inW
irele
ss
Ne
two
rks”,
IEE
E
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
sM
ag
azin
e,
20
04
.
❏N
.A
hm
ed
,M
.A
.K
ho
jaste
po
ur,
B.A
azh
an
g,“O
uta
ge
Min
imiz
atio
na
nd
Op
tima
lP
ow
er
Co
ntro
lfo
rth
eF
ad
ing
Re
lay
Ch
an
ne
l”,IE
EE
Info
rma
tion
Th
eo
ryW
ork
sh
op,
20
04
.
❏J.N
.L
an
em
an
,D
.T
se,
G.W
orn
ell,
“Co
op
era
tiveD
ivers
ityin
Wire
less
Ne
two
rks:
Effi
cie
ntP
roto
co
lsa
nd
Ou
tag
eB
eh
avio
ur,”
IEE
ETra
nsa
ctio
ns
on
Info
rma
tion
Th
eo
ry,2
00
4.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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⇒|
Mu
ltiple
Inp
ut
Mu
ltiple
Ou
tpu
tS
ys
tem
s
❏B
en
efits
?
Incre
ase
of
ca
pa
city
by
afa
cto
ro
fm
in{M
,N}
❏H
ow
?
Mitig
atin
gm
ultip
ath
fad
ing
❏C
ha
llen
ge
s
Ch
an
ne
le
stim
atio
n,syn
ch
ron
iza
tion
,p
ow
er
co
ntro
l,
reso
urc
e-a
lloca
tion
/rela
y-s
ele
ctio
n,m
ultip
lexin
glo
ss.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
am
pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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⇒|
Co
op
era
tion
inW
irele
ss
Ne
two
rks
❏Tra
nsm
itd
ivers
ityre
qu
ires
mo
reth
an
on
ea
nte
nn
as
at
the
tran
sm
itter.
❏H
ow
eve
r,m
any
wire
less
devic
es
are
limite
dby
siz
e,co
st
an
dh
ard
wa
reco
mp
lexity.
❏B
yu
sin
gco
op
era
tiveco
mm
un
ica
tion
s,seve
raltra
nsm
itters
or
rece
ivers
may
sh
are
the
ira
nte
nn
as
tofo
rma
virtu
alo
rd
istrib
ute
dm
ultip
le-a
nte
nn
asyste
m.
❏D
istrib
ute
dn
od
es
re-tra
nsm
itth
esig
na
le
ithe
rin
are
ge
ne
rative
or
no
n-re
ge
ne
rative
fash
ion
.
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anzo,
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S,U
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pto
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UK
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obile
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oto
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20/173
⇒|
Co
op
era
tion
Stra
teg
ies
❏V
irtua
lM
IMO
❍Tra
nsm
itting
no
de
sh
ave
tod
ed
ica
tere
so
urc
es
toex-
ch
an
ge
the
ird
ata
.W
ha
tis
the
op
timu
msp
lito
f:
•p
rima
ryve
rsu
sse
co
nd
ary
sig
na
lling
•W
he
na
lso
co
nsid
erin
gth
ed
etrim
en
tal
effe
cts
of
extra
inte
rfere
nce.
❍U
se
sp
ace
-time
co
de
for
tran
sm
issio
n.
❏R
ela
yin
g
1.
De
co
de
-an
d-F
orw
ard
2.
Co
mp
ress-a
nd
-Fo
rwa
rd
3.
Am
plify
-an
d-F
orw
ard
No
de
sca
nu
se
orth
og
on
al
or
no
n-o
rtho
go
na
l
ch
an
ne
ls.
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anzo,
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S,U
niv.
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pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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21/173
⇒|
Re
lay
Op
era
tion
❏F
ull
Du
ple
x
❏H
alf
Du
ple
x(s
imu
ltan
eo
us
tran
sm
issio
na
nd
rece
ptio
nis
un
rea
lsitic
)
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anzo,
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pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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22/173
⇒|
Virtu
al
MIM
O
❏T
x1
an
dT
x2
exch
an
ge
da
tafo
rco
op
era
tion
(virtu
alS
TC
or
SD
M).
❏T
x1
an
dT
x2
bro
ad
ca
std
ata
.
❏T
x1
an
dT
x2
co
op
era
tion
as
we
lla
sR
x1
an
dR
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co
op
era
tion
form
avirtu
alM
IMO
syste
m.
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anzo,
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pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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23/173
⇒|
❏U
se
an
ten
na
sfo
rd
ivers
ity
❏U
se
an
ten
na
sfo
rm
ultip
lexin
g
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anzo,
EC
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niv.
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pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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24/173
⇒|
Sy
ste
m1
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
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anzo,
EC
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am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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25/173
⇒|
Sy
ste
m1
Exp
loit
use
rs’o
rM
Ss’a
nte
nn
as
for
dive
rsity.
❏M
S1
bro
ad
ca
sts
itsd
ata
intim
eslo
t1.
❏M
S2
bro
ad
ca
sts
itsd
ata
intim
eslo
t2.
❏M
S3
bro
ad
ca
sts
itsd
ata
intim
eslo
t3.
❏M
S4
bro
ad
ca
sts
itsd
ata
intim
eslo
t4.
❏F
ou
ru
se
rstra
nsm
itin
aG
4-lik
eS
TB
Cco
nfig
ura
tion
.
❏to
talnu
mb
er
oftim
eslo
tsfo
rtra
nsm
issio
nis
12.
❏C
an
save
on
etim
eslo
tif
the
BS
ca
nre
ce
iveth
eu
se
rs’d
ata
wh
ileth
eco
op
era
ting
use
rsa
reexch
an
gin
gth
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da
ta.
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anzo,
EC
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niv.
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pto
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UK
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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26/173
⇒|
❏In
ord
er
toin
cre
ase
the
ba
nd
wid
the
fficie
ncy
ofth
esyste
m,
Ad
ap
tiveQ
ua
dra
ture
Am
plitu
de
Mo
du
latio
n(A
QA
M)
ca
nb
eco
mb
ine
dto
ge
the
rw
ithth
ep
rop
ose
d
co
op
era
tivesch
em
e.
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he
ad
ap
tatio
nis
ca
rried
ou
ta
cco
rdin
gto
the
follo
win
gta
ble
,w
hile
ma
inta
inin
ga
targ
et
BE
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f1
0 −3.
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se
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er
clu
ste
r4
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xA
nte
nn
as
1
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z
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.18
bits
/se
c/H
z
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obile
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oto
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⇒|
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anzo,
EC
S,U
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pto
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obile
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Syste
m1
AQ
AM
aid
ed
1T
x,1R
x
no
n-c
oo
p.
ben
ch
mark
er
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m
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obile
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Syste
m1
❏D
ivers
ityo
rde
ro
f4
.
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nsm
itfo
ur
use
rsd
ata
in1
1
time
slo
ts.
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ch
mark
er
Sch
em
e
❏D
ivers
ityo
rde
ro
f1
.
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nsm
itfo
ur
MS
s’d
ata
in4
time
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ts.
Th
us,
the
pro
po
se
dS
ch
em
eh
as
ah
igh
er
dive
rsity
tha
na
no
n-c
oo
pe
rative
syste
ma
nd
he
nce
rea
ch
es
the
targ
etB
ER
at
SN
Ro
f7.5
dB
as
co
mp
are
dto
SN
Ro
f2
3d
Bfo
rth
e
no
n-c
oo
pe
rative
syste
m.
Th
isis
ach
ieve
da
tth
eexp
en
se
ofa
thro
ug
hp
utre
du
ctio
nin
the
pro
po
se
dsch
em
ea
sse
en
inth
efig
ure
s.
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anzo,
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Sy
ste
m2
User 1
User 2
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Sy
ste
m2
Exp
loit
the
use
rs’o
rM
Ss’a
nte
nn
as
for
Mu
ltiple
xin
g.
❏F
ou
ru
se
rstra
nsm
itin
afo
ur-la
ye
rV
-BL
AS
T-like
tran
sm
issio
ncon
fig
ura
tion
.
❏A
da
pta
tion
isca
rried
ou
ta
cco
rdin
gto
the
follo
win
gta
ble
;(B
E:
Ba
nd
wid
thE
fficie
ncy)
No.
ofu
se
rsp
er
clu
ste
r4
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ofR
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nte
nn
as
4
Mo
de
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ne
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r
BE
=2
bits
/se
c/H
z
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de
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ou
se
rs
BE
=4
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c/H
z
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de
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hre
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se
rs
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=6
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/se
c/H
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ou
ru
se
rs
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/se
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z
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anzo,
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niv.
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pto
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UK
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
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⇒|
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anzo,
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pto
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Syste
m2
No
n-C
oo
p.
ben
ch
mark
er
Syste
m
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anzo,
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niv.
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pto
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obile
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oto
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]-
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⇒|
Co
nclu
sio
ns
❏W
ep
rop
ose
dtw
oa
da
ptive
syste
ms,
wh
ich
am
alg
am
ate
the
ad
van
tag
es
ofco
op
era
tived
ivers
ity,d
istrib
ute
d
ST
BC
as
we
lla
sV
-BL
AS
T,w
hile
ne
ar-in
sta
nta
ne
ou
sly
ad
ap
ting
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mco
nfig
ura
tion
for
the
sa
ke
of
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ievin
gth
eh
igh
est
po
ssib
leth
rou
gh
pu
t,w
hile
ma
inta
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give
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ER
of10 −
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yste
m1
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ne
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igh
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rsity
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ithth
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ido
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hile
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BE
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ap
ting
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mp
loye
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Syste
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ble
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n0.3
64
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/se
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nd
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/se
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❏S
yste
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ne
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the
hig
he
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ain
ofV
-BL
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Ta
nd
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sh
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ctive
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anzo,
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pto
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⇒|
Fu
ture
Wo
rk❏
Ma
the
ma
tica
lp
erfo
rma
nce
an
aly
sis
of
the
two
pro
po
se
dsyste
ms.
❏D
esig
no
fa
no
ptim
ise
da
da
ptive
sch
em
e,
wh
ere
ad
ap
tatio
nw
illb
eb
ase
do
nth
ere
liable
ch
an
ne
lq
ua
lity
me
trico
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ee
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ate
dB
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valu
eo
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ere
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ived
fram
es’,
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er
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ss
relia
ble
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ne
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obile
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oto
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⇒|
AD
eta
iled
Desig
nE
xam
ple
MIM
O
Encoder
MIM
O
Decoder
MTransm
itantennasN
Receive
antennas
Qu
estio
ns
co
nce
rnin
gth
ed
esig
no
fM
IMO
syste
ms:
•(Q
1)
How
ca
nw
ea
ch
ieve
the
ma
xim
um
dive
rsity
ga
in,w
hile
ma
inta
inin
ga
hig
h
thro
ug
hp
ut?
•(Q
2)
How
ca
nw
eco
ntrive
pra
ctic
aln
ea
r-ca
pa
city
sch
em
es
for
arb
itrary
MIM
O
co
nfig
ura
tion
sfo
ro
pe
ratin
grig
hta
cro
ss
aw
ide
SN
Rre
gio
n,ra
the
rth
an
at
asin
gle
SN
Rva
lue
?
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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⇒|
Orth
og
on
alA
pp
roach
for
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ers
ity-O
rien
ted
ST
BC
s
•A
lam
ou
ti’ssch
em
e:
G2
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s
1s
2
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s ∗1
.
•G
2is
an
orth
og
on
al/u
nita
rym
atrix
.
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imp
lesin
gle
-sym
bo
ld
eco
din
g.
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go
na
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nb
ere
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dto
cre
ate
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asi-O
rtho
go
na
lS
TB
Cs
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-ST
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s).
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an
we
vie
wG
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iffere
ntly
?
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⇒|
Layere
dA
pp
roach
•T
he
Ala
mo
uti
sch
em
e:
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✄✂
�✁s
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2
−s ∗2
✄✂
�✁s
∗1
.
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ola
ye
rs,e
ach
laye
re
nco
de
du
sin
gre
pe
tition
co
din
g.
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rtho
go
na
litye
na
ble
sth
ese
pa
ratio
no
fth
ela
ye
rs.
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ow
ma
ny
laye
rsca
na
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BC
co
dew
ord
acco
mm
od
ate
?
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ow
tod
esig
nb
ette
re
nco
din
gm
eth
od
with
ine
ach
laye
r?
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⇒|
Lin
ear
Dis
pers
ion
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des
++
AQ
s1sQ
] T
A1
Ttemporaldimensions
=[
dimensionsspatialM
S=∑
Qq=1 Aq sq =
K
•L
DC(M
NT
Q),
with
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itrary
mo
du
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nsch
em
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no
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ep
ara
ble
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ptim
iza
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•A
sin
gle
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pe
rsio
nC
ha
racte
rM
atrix
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M)
χ.
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Th
eB
urd
en
of
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an
nelE
stim
atio
n
•C
om
ple
xity
an
dp
ow
er
co
nsu
mp
tion
.
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ha
nn
ele
stim
atio
ne
rrors
de
gra
de
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ina
ble
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rform
an
ce.
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nce,tw
oq
ue
stio
ns
are
aske
d.
1.
How
tod
isp
en
se
with
the
pilo
t-ba
se
dch
an
ne
le
stim
atio
n?
2.
3.
At
the
sa
me
time,m
ain
tain
the
ge
ne
ralfra
mew
ork
ofL
DC
s?
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41/173
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Un
ified
Fra
mew
ork
of
DL
DC
s
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DetectorM
L
TransformCayley
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Space−Time
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Differential Encoder
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Space−Time
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PAM
Qsym
bols
Sn
−1
MX
n
Kn
=[s 1n ,···,s
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︸︷︷
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n
N Yn
Kn
Xn
•D
iffere
ntia
le
nco
de
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n=
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1 ·Xn
imp
ose
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eu
nita
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int.
•L
ine
ar
stru
ctu
re:
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∑Qq=
1A
q sq .
•T
he
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ytra
nsfo
rm:
un
iqu
em
ap
pin
gb
etw
ee
nX
na
nd
Xn .
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Co
op
era
tive
ST
BC
s
Pe
ne
tratio
n in
to in
side
roo
m
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se S
tatio
n
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vera
ge
exte
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n a
t cell e
dg
e
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ad
ow
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uild
ing
s
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lays
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lays
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lays
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lays
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de
rgro
un
d
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ce
llula
rn
etw
ork
s.
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wire
less
se
nso
rn
etw
ork
s,
ad
-ho
cn
etw
ork
s.
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.http
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43/173
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Sch
em
atic
of
the
CL
DC
s
N receive antennas
+T =
Twin−Layer CLDC(MNTQ)
SourceN
ode
R1R
M
︸︷︷
︸
Y
︸︷︷
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K=
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Q|
{z
}
Q
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number
ofRelaysCooperation
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Z1
ZM S
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•Tw
op
ha
se
so
ftra
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issio
n.
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ara
me
ter(M
NT
Q),
T=
T1+
T2 .
•H
ow
tod
esig
nS
1a
nd
S2 ?
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Dis
pers
ion
Matric
es
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CL
DC
s
++
T2
θ[
++
T2
θ[r
21
ZM
r1M
r2M
θR
M=
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M-th
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elay
z11
z12......z1T2
︸︷︷
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1=
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1
1] T
rT
1
M] T
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=
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ZTM
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.ecs.s
oto
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Lin
kin
gL
DC
s,D
LD
Cs
an
dC
LD
Cs
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IMO System
sC
ooperative MIM
O Systems
LDC
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DLDC
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CLDC
DSTBCRelay Protocol
Twin−layer structure
χχ
{χ1 ,χ
2 }
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46/173
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Op
era
tion
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ion
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15
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C ca
pacity
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•P
ina
nd
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he
reco
rde
dth
rou
gh
pu
tva
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ere
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ieve
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ch
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gin
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out
an
dλ
in .
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pe
ratio
na
lS
NR
reg
ion
ca
nb
eexte
nd
ed
.
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Sm
all-S
cale
Fad
ing
with
Perfe
ct
CS
I
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
SN
R o
r rR
B (dB
)
Effective throughput (bits/sym/Hz)LD
C(3
23Q
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LD
C(3
23Q
)C
LD
C(3
23Q
)
Th
rou
gh
pu
tco
mp
aris
on
for
the
LD
Cs,th
eD
LD
Cs
an
dth
eC
LD
Cs
reco
rde
da
t
BE
R=
10 −
4.
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anzo,
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Sm
all-S
cale
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ing
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Imp
erfe
ct
CS
I
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
SN
R (d
B)
Effective throughput (bits/sym/Hz)
LD
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23
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23
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rou
gh
pu
tco
mp
aris
on
for
the
LD
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eD
LD
Cs
an
dth
eC
LD
Cs
reco
rde
da
t
BE
R=
10 −
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nd
the
imp
erfe
ct
CS
Ig
ove
rne
dby
ω(d
B).
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Larg
e-S
cale
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ad
ow
ing
with
Perfe
ct
CS
I
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
0.2
0.4
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1.2
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R o
r rR
B (d
B)
Effective throughput (bits/sym/Hz)L
DC
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3Q
), sh
ad
ow
ing
with
W=
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BD
LD
C(3
23
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ha
do
win
g w
ith W
=6
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CL
DC
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3Q
), no
sh
ad
ow
fad
ing
Th
rou
gh
pu
tco
mp
aris
on
for
the
LD
Cs,th
eD
LD
Cs
an
dth
eC
LD
Cs
reco
rde
da
t
BE
R=
10 −
4.
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Implem
entationalcom
plexity
Channel
characteristics
Effective
throughput
bandwidth
System
Bit errorrate
Coding gain
scheme
ModulationC
oding/
Coding rate
Coding/interleaving
delay
Fig
ure
5:
Fa
cto
rsa
ffectin
gth
ed
esig
no
fM
IMO
-aid
ed
wire
less
co
mm
un
ica
tion
s
sch
em
es
c©Jo
hn
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y,H
an
zo,
Lie
w,
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ap
:Tu
rbo
co
din
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turb
oe
qu
aliz
atio
na
nd
sp
ace
-
time
co
din
g,W
iley
&IE
EE
Pre
ss
20
02
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IEE
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eh
icu
lar
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ch
no
log
yC
on
fere
nce
20
09
Fa
ll
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ch
ora
ge
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ltiple
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mb
olD
iffere
ntia
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ph
ere
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tec
tion
for
the
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plify
-an
d-F
orw
ard
Co
op
era
tive
Up
link
LiW
an
ga
nd
La
jos
Ha
nzo
Sch
oo
lo
fE
lectro
nic
sa
nd
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mp
ute
rS
cie
nce
,
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ivers
ityo
fS
ou
tha
mp
ton
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K.
Em
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Ou
tline❏
Mo
tivatio
n&
Co
ntrib
utio
ns
❏T
he
prin
cip
leo
fM
ultip
le-S
ym
bo
lD
iffere
ntia
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ph
ere
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-
tectio
n(M
SD
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SD
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sig
ne
dfo
rth
eA
mp
lify-a
nd
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rdC
oo
pe
ra-
tiveU
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k
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esu
ltsa
nd
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cu
ssio
ns
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on
clu
sio
ns
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Mo
tivatio
n
❏B
ackgro
un
d
❍It
isw
idely
recogniz
ed
that
the
Diffe
rentia
lA
mplify
-and-F
orw
ard
(DA
F)
transm
issio
nschem
e
iscapable
of
pro
vid
ing
asuperio
rperfo
rmance
com
pare
dto
cla
ssic
dire
cttra
nsm
issio
ns
em
plo
yin
gdiffe
rentia
ldete
ctio
nin
slo
w-fa
din
gchannels
.
❍In
reality
the
channels
connectin
gth
em
ultip
lenodes
ofa
coopera
tivesyste
mty
pic
ally
becom
etim
e-s
ele
ctive
due
toth
ere
lative
mobility
of
the
coopera
ting
term
inals
.
❏P
roble
mTo
Be
So
lved
:
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he
perfo
rmance
gain
achie
ved
by
the
DA
F-a
ided
coopera
tivesyste
mm
ay
ero
de
as
the
enviro
nm
entbecom
es
more
time-s
ele
ctive
.
❍H
ow
tom
itigate
the
perfo
rmance
degra
datio
nin
duced
by
the
rela
tivem
obility
of
the
coopera
ting
term
inals
?
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obile
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Co
ntrib
utio
ns
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ase
do
nth
ep
rincip
leo
fth
esin
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thM
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um
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le-S
ym
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l
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ren
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ete
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L-M
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ntrive
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rco
nve
ntio
na
ld
irect
tran
sm
issio
n
syste
ms,
am
ulti-p
ath
ML
-MS
DD
sch
em
ew
as
sp
ecifi
ca
llyd
esig
ne
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rm
itiga
ting
the
erro
rflo
or
en
co
un
tere
dby
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DA
F-a
ide
du
se
r-co
op
era
tion
assis
ted
syste
min
time
-se
lective
ch
an
ne
ls.
❏S
ph
ere
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tectio
n(S
D)
ise
mp
loye
dto
red
uce
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mp
lexity
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ose
dby
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su
lting
inM
utlip
le-S
ym
bo
lD
iffere
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ere
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tectio
n(M
SD
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),w
hic
h
isin
voke
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ro
ur
DA
F-a
ide
dco
op
era
tivesyste
m.
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UK
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obile
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oto
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]-
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⇒|
Cla
ssifi
catio
no
fth
eD
iffere
ntia
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ete
ctio
n
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etectionM
ultiple−S
ymbol
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etectionC
onventional
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etectionM
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etection
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um
ML−
MS
DD
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umM
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DM
SD
D
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Effe
cts
of
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pp
ler
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qu
en
cy
on
Co
nven
tion
alD
iffere
ntia
lD
ete
ctio
n(C
DD
)
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1015
2025
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400
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9 1
κ
|ψt[κ]|
fd =0.03
fd =0.01
fd =0.001
(a)
Ma
gn
itud
eo
fte
mp
ora
lco
rrela
tion
fun
ctio
no
fR
ayle
igh
fad
ing
ch
an
ne
ls
05
1015
2025
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10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
SN
R (dB
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BER
fd =
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fd =0.01
fd =0.001
DQ
PS
K(b)
BE
Ro
fC
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he
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igh
channel’s
tem
pora
lauto
corre
latio
nfu
nctio
nE{
hk h ∗k+
κ }=
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πB
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κ).
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loss
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paris
on
toth
ecohere
nt
dete
ctio
naid
ed
syste
ms
ina
slo
w-fa
din
gscenario
.
•T
ime-va
riantchannel(fa
stfa
din
g)
sig
nifi
cantly
degra
des
the
CD
D’s
perfo
rmance,sin
ce
the
observa
tion
win
dow
siz
eis
only
Nw
ind=
2.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Prin
cip
leo
fth
eM
L-M
SD
Dfo
rD
irect
Tra
nsm
issio
n❏
Ba
sic
Ide
as:
❍In
sim
ple
term
s,th
eM
SD
Dis
ade-
tecto
rth
at
makes
adecis
ion
about
ablo
ck
of(N
win
d −1)
consecutive
PS
Ksym
bols
based
on
Nw
ind
re-
ceive
dsam
ple
s.
❍T
his
enable
sth
edete
cto
rto
explo
it
the
corre
latio
nbetw
een
the
phase
dis
tortio
ns
experie
nced
by
the
con-
secutive
transm
itted
PS
Ksym
bols
.
❏M
LM
etric
:
sM
L=
argm
axs∈
CN
P(r|s)
=arg
min
s∈C
N
exp(−
Tr{
rH
Ψ−
1r})
(πN
win
dd
etΨ)
=arg
min
s∈C
NT
r{r
HΨ
−1r}
,
where
the
vecto
rss
and
rconta
in
the
consecutive
lytra
nsm
itted
and
re-
ceive
dsym
bols
,re
spective
ly,and
Ψ=
E{
rrH|s}
.
05
1015
2025
3035
40
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
P/N
0 (dB)
BER
fd =
0.03
fd =0.01
fd =0.001
Nw
ind =2
DQ
PS
K
Nw
ind =9
Perfo
rmance
Impro
ved
by
the
ML-M
SD
D.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
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pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Sin
gle
-Sym
bo
lS
yste
mM
od
elfo
rth
eD
AF
-Aid
ed
Co
op
era
tive
Syste
m
sourcedestination
relay
TR
2
TS
TR
1
TD
hsrU−
1
hr1d
hr2d
hrU−
1d
hsd
hsr1
hsr2
TR
U−
1
TD
MA
-Based
User-C
oopera
tion
Aid
ed
Syste
m.
•F
ram
ele
ngth
:L
f .
•P
ow
er
Constra
int:
∑U−
1u=
1P
ru=
1−P
s ,w
here
Ps
and
Pru
repre
sentth
epow
er
transm
itted
by
the
sourc
enode
and
the
uth
rela
ynode,
re-
spective
ly.
•T
he
gain
facto
rem
plo
yed
by
the
uth
rela
y
node
fAM
ru=
√P
ru
Ps σ
2sru+
N0
Yn=
Sn H
n+
Wn ,
(1)
where
Sn ,
Hn
and
Wn ,
respective
ly,are
give
nas
follo
ws:
Sn=
diag{
ssd [n
],···,ssd [n
]︸
︷︷
︸
Uelem
ents
}=
diag{
ej2
πm/
M,···,e
j2π
m/
M
︸︷︷
︸
Uelem
ents
},
Hn=
[√
PS h
sd [n],√
PS
fAM
r1h
sr1 [n]h
r1d [n
+1·L
f ],
···,√
PS
fAM
rU−
1h
srU−
1 [n]h
rU−
1d [n
+(U
−1)·L
f ] ]T
,(2
)
Wn=
[
wsd [n
],fA
Mr1
wsr1 [n
]hr1
d [n+
1·Lf ]
+w
r1d [n
+1·L
f ],···,fA
MrU
−1
wsrU
−1 [n
]hrU
−1
d
×[n+(U
−1)·L
f ]+w
rU−
1d [n
+(U
−1)·L
f ] ]T
,(3
)
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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⇒|
Mu
ltiple
-Sym
bo
lS
yste
mM
od
elfo
rth
eD
AF
-Aid
ed
Co
op
era
tive
Syste
m•
Th
en
,b
ase
do
nth
esin
gle
-sym
bo
lm
od
elo
fE
q.
(1),
we
ca
nco
nstru
ct
the
eq
uiva
len
t
mu
ltiple
-sym
bo
lsyste
mm
od
el
as:
Y=
SdH+
W,
(4)
wh
ere
the
blo
ck
ma
trixY
ofth
ere
ce
ived
sig
na
lco
nta
ins
Nw
ind
use
r-co
op
era
tion
ba
se
d
rece
ived
sym
bo
lsco
rresp
on
din
gto
Nw
ind
co
nse
cu
tively
tran
sm
itted
diffe
ren
tially
en
co
de
d
sym
bo
lss
sd [n],(n
=0,1,···,N
win
d −1)
of
the
so
urc
en
od
e.
•E
xp
licitly
:Y=[Y
TnY
Tn+1···
YTn+
Nw
ind −
1 ] T,
an
dth
ech
an
ne
l’sblo
ck
ma
trixH
as
we
lla
s
the
AW
GN
blo
ck
ma
trixW
are
de
fin
ed
likew
ise
as
H=[H
TnH
Tn+1···
HTn+
Nw
ind −
1 ] T,
an
d
W=[W
TnW
Tn+1···
WTn+
Nw
ind −
1 ] T,
resp
ective
ly.
•M
ore
ove
r,th
ed
iag
on
alblo
ck
ma
trixo
fth
etra
nsm
itted
sig
nalis
co
nstru
cte
da
s
Sd=
dia
g{S
n ,S
n+1 ,···,
Sn+
Nw
ind −
1 }.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
ML
Metric
for
the
MS
DS
DD
esig
ned
for
the
DA
F-A
ided
Co
op
era
tive
Syste
m
❏M
L-M
SD
DM
etric
:B
ased
on
the
multip
le-s
ym
bols
yste
m
model
of
Eq.
(4),
the
decis
ion
metric
of
the
ML-M
SD
D
can
be
expre
ssed
as:
SM
L=
argm
inS∈
CN
win
d
Tr{
YH
Ψ−
1Y },
(5)
where
the
conditio
nalauto
corre
latio
nm
atrix
is:
Ψ=
Sd (E{
HH
H}+
E{
WW
H})S
dH=
SdC
Sd
H(6
)
❏Tra
nsfo
rmatio
nto
MS
DS
DM
etric
:T
hen,
by
furth
er
constru
ctin
ga
(UN
win
d×
U2N
win
d )-ele
ment
upper-
triangula
rblo
ck
matrix
Uas:
U,
(FT
d (Y)) ∗,
(7)
where
the(U
Nw
ind ×
UN
win
d )-ele
ment
upper-tria
ngula
r
matrix
F,
whic
hsatis
fies
FH
F=
C−
1w
ithth
eaid
of
Chole
sky
facto
rizatio
n,
we
finally
arrive
at:
SM
L=
argm
ins↔
S∈C
Nw
ind ||U
s|| 2≤R,
(8)
❏Tre
eS
earc
hw
ithin
aC
onfined
Hyper-S
phere
:S
ince
we
have
an
upper-tria
ngula
rblo
ck
matrix
U,
atre
esearc
hcan
be
carrie
doutfro
mth
e(n
=N
win
d −1)th
ele
mentofs
dow
n-
ward
sto
the(n
=1)th
ele
ment,
makin
gsure
that
the
accu-
mula
ted
Partia
lE
uclid
ean
Dis
tance
(PE
D)
does
notexceeds
the
intro
duced
searc
hra
diu
sR
.
❏S
earc
hR
adiu
sU
pdate
:T
he
searc
hra
diu
sR
isupdate
dby
calc
ula
ting
the
Euclid
ean
dis
tance
betw
een
the
new
lyob-
tain
ed
sig
nal
poin
ts
and
the
orig
in.
Then
anew
searc
his
carrie
doutw
ithth
eupdate
dsearc
hra
diu
s.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
61/173
⇒|
MS
DS
DTre
eS
earc
hE
xam
ple
(DB
PS
K,
Nw
ind=
5)
1 (0.17)
2 (6.45)3 (0.20)
4 (3.4)
5 (4.2)6 (4.8)
8 (1.8)
7 (1.2)
9 (3.3)14 (0.23)
15 (1.0)
13 (0.22)16 (1.9)
12 (0.21)11 (2.1)
10 (0.18)
0 (0)
n = 1
n= 4
n = 2
"1"
"0"
n = 3
Initially, R =
5
Fig
ure
6:
Illustra
tion
of
the
MS
DS
Da
lgo
rithm
with
the
aid
of
the
cla
ssic
tree
se
arc
hin
g:
Th
efig
ure
in(
)in
dic
ate
sth
eP
ED
of
asp
ecifi
cn
od
efo
rth
etria
lp
oin
tin
the
mo
du
late
d
co
nste
llatio
n;w
hile
the
nu
mb
er
ou
tsid
ere
pre
se
nts
the
ord
er
inw
hic
hth
ep
oin
tsa
revis
ited
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
BE
RP
erfo
rman
ce
05
1015
2025
3035
40
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
P/N
0 (dB)
BER
fd =
0.03
fd =0.01
fd =0.001
DQ
PS
KNw
ind =11
Nw
ind =2
Tw
o-User
Cooperation
Non-C
ooperativeD
QP
SK
Non-C
ooperativeQ
PS
K
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
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ofS
outh
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pto
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UK
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Co
mp
lexity
Red
uctio
nA
ch
ieved
by
the
MS
DS
Din
Tw
o-U
ser
Co
op
era
tion
Scen
ario
bla
ck
❏A
pote
ntia
llyexcessive
-com
ple
xity
searc
his
likely
tobe
encounte
red
when
ML-M
SD
Dis
em
plo
yed,
dependin
gon
the
siz
eof
the
con-
ste
llatio
nM
cand
the
observa
tion
win
dow
siz
eN
win
d,
whic
hpre
vents
the
applic
atio
nof
the
full-s
earc
h-b
ased
ML-M
SD
Ddete
cto
rsin
mostpra
ctic
alcases.
❏F
or
exam
ple
,in
the
scenario
of
usin
g
DQ
PS
K(M
c=
4)and
an
observa
tion
win
dow
siz
eof
Nw
ind=
11,
the
num
ber
of
PE
Deva
l-
uatio
ns
per
sym
bol
blo
ck
is:
M(N
win
d −1)
cN
win
d=
41
0
11
.
05
1015
2025
3035
40
4
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
SN
R (dB
)
# of PED Evaluations per Symbol
MS
DS
D (N
wind =
11, fd =0.03)
MS
DS
D (N
wind =
11, fd =0.01)
ML-M
SD
SD
(Nw
ind =11)
ML-M
SD
SD
(Nw
ind =2)
DQ
PS
K
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
64/173
⇒|
Co
nclu
sio
ns
❏A
MS
DS
Dsch
em
ew
as
pro
po
se
dfo
rm
itiga
ting
the
erro
rflo
or
en
co
un
tere
dby
the
DA
F-a
ide
d
use
r-co
op
era
tion
aid
ed
syste
min
time
-se
lective
ch
an
ne
ls,le
ad
ing
toa
sig
nifi
ca
ntp
erfo
rma
nce
ga
inove
rth
e
syste
mu
sin
gth
eC
DD
ata
rela
tively
low
co
mp
lexity.
❏F
or
exa
mp
le,
give
na
targ
etB
ER
of10 −
3,a
pe
rform
an
ce
ga
ino
fa
bo
ut
10
dB
ca
nb
ea
ttain
ed
by
the
pro
po
se
dM
SD
SD
em
plo
yin
gN
can
d=
11
for
aD
QP
SK
mo
du
late
dco
op
era
tivetw
o-u
se
rsyste
min
a
rela
tively
fast-fa
din
gch
an
ne
lh
avin
ga
no
rma
lize
dD
op
ple
rfre
qu
en
cy
of0.0
3.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
65/173
⇒|
EX
IT-C
hart
Aid
ed
Near-C
ap
acity
Desig
nP
rincip
les
Pre
se
nte
dby
M.
El-H
ajja
r&
L.
Ha
nzo
EX
ITC
ha
rtsfo
rS
ystem
Desig
na
nd
An
aly
sis
IEE
EC
om
mu
nica
tion
sS
urv
eys
an
dT
uto
rials,
20
13
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
MUX
DEMUX
Decoder I
Encoder I
Decoder II
Encoder II
Π
u1
u2
c1
c2
A(c
1 )
A(c
2 )
E(u
1 )
A(u
1 )E(u
2 )
A(u
2 ) ΠΠ−
1
Fig
ure
7:
Pa
ralle
lco
nca
ten
ate
dco
de
s.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Decoder I
Decoder II
Encoder I
Encoder II
E(u
1 )E
(u2 )
u2
ΠΠ−
1
Π
A(c
1 )
A(u
2 )
c2
c1
E(c
1 )
u1
A(c
2 )
Fig
ure
8:
Th
esch
em
atic
ofa
se
rially
co
nca
ten
ate
dco
de
c
Encoder I
Encoder II
Decoder I
Decoder III
Encoder III
Decoder II
u2
c2
c1
u1
E(u
1 )A
(c3 )
E(c
2 )A
(u3 )
A(c
2 )E
(u3 )
Π2
Π−
12
E(c
1 )A
(u2 )
A(c
1 )E
(u2 )
Π1
Π−
11
Π1
c3
Π2
u3
Fig
ure
9:
Th
esch
em
atic
of
ath
ree
-sta
ge
se
rially
co
nca
ten
ate
dco
de
c
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
[10]
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⇒|
Itera
tive
Dete
ctio
n
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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⇒|
Mu
tualIn
form
atio
n
•W
eco
uld
reso
lveth
eu
nce
rtain
tyre
late
dto
an
un
kn
ow
nnu
mb
er
of,
say
25
6by
sim
ply
askin
ga
ma
xim
um
of2
56
qu
estio
ns,su
ch
as
“Isth
ele
vel1
?”...”
“Isit
25
6?
”
•F
ollo
win
gH
artle
y’s
ap
pro
ach
,it
wo
uld
be
be
tter
toa
sk
eig
htq
ue
stio
ns,su
ch
as:
“Is
the
leve
lla
rge
rth
an
12
8?
”N
o.
“Isit
larg
er
tha
n6
4?
”N
o....
“Isit
larg
er
tha
n1
?”
No.
•C
lea
rly,th
enu
mb
er
wa
s“1
”.W
eco
uld
the
refo
rein
fer
tha
tlo
g2
25
6=
8“Y
es/N
o”
bin
ary
an
swe
rsw
ere
ne
ed
ed
tore
so
lvea
ny
un
ce
rtain
ty...
•In
mo
reg
en
era
lte
rms,
the
info
rma
tion
ca
rried
by
any
on
esym
bolo
fa
q-le
velso
urc
e,
wh
ere
all
the
leve
lsa
ree
qu
ipro
ba
ble
with
pro
ba
bilitie
so
fp
i=
1/
q,
i=
1...q
,is
I=
log
2 q.
(9)
=lo
g2
1pi
=−
log
2p
i ,(1
0)
•L
etu
sd
efin
eth
em
utu
alin
form
atio
no
fX
ia
nd
Yj
as:
I(Xi ,Y
j )=
log
2
P(X
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P(X
i )=
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2
P(X
i ,Yj )
P(X
i )·P(Y
j )=
log
2
P(Y
j /X
i )
P(Y
j )b
its.(1
1)
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⇒|
Extrin
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Info
rmatio
nTra
nsfe
rC
harts
❏E
XIT
ch
arts
are
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dto
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ua
lise
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info
rma
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exch
an
ge
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en
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nstitu
en
td
eco
de
rsby
plo
tting
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irE
XIT
ch
ara
cte
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iagra
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❏A
nite
rative
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din
ga
ide
dre
ce
iver
isca
pa
ble
of
ne
ar-c
ap
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era
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en
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ne
lb
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eE
XIT
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rves
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ein
ne
ra
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ter
co
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en
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mp
on
en
t
de
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de
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pe
nE
XIT
tun
ne
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tsif
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ITcu
rves
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ters
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ithth
ed
iag
on
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e
co
nn
ectin
gth
e(0,0)
po
intto
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po
into
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eE
XIT
ch
art.
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inte
rce
ptp
oin
t,a
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ua
lB
ER
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or
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ecte
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❏T
he
na
rrow
er
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ne
l,th
em
ore
itera
tion
sa
rere
qu
ired
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ach
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po
int,
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ich
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ltsin
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ase
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rative
de
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din
gco
mp
lexity.
❏T
he
are
ain
the
op
en
EX
IT-tun
ne
lis
pro
po
rtion
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N0
dis
tan
ce
from
the
syste
m’s
ca
pa
city.
He
nce
havin
ga
nin
fin
itesim
ally
sm
all
tun
ne
l-are
aco
rresp
on
de
dto
ne
ar-c
ap
acity
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era
tion
.
❏T
he
are
au
nd
er
the
ou
ter
co
de
’sE
XIT
cu
rveis
give
nby
the
co
de
-rate
;
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.http
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⇒|
EX
ITC
hart
Co
ncep
t
BE
Rvs
Eb /N
0 db
cu
rves
usin
g
vario
us
nu
mb
er
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itera
tion
s.
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ITtra
jecto
ryo
fite
rative
de
co
din
g.
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EX
ITC
harts
..
.
❏T
he
ou
ter
de
co
de
r’sextrin
sic
ou
tpu
tIE(o
uter)
sca
led
on
the
x-a
xis
be
co
me
sth
ein
ne
r
de
co
de
r’sa
prio
riin
pu
tIA(in
ner).
Sim
ilarly,
the
inn
er
de
co
de
r’sextrin
sic
ou
tpu
t
IE(in
ner)
rep
rese
nte
do
nth
ey-a
xis
,b
eco
me
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eo
ute
rch
an
ne
ld
eco
de
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prio
ri
inp
utIA(o
uter).
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ord
er
tove
rifyth
eE
XIT
ch
art
ba
se
dco
nve
rge
nce
pre
dic
tion
,th
ea
ctu
alM
on
te-C
arlo
sim
ula
tion
-ba
se
dd
eco
din
gtra
jecto
ryco
mp
ute
dby
acq
uirin
gth
em
utu
alin
form
atio
na
t
the
inp
uta
nd
ou
tpu
to
fb
oth
the
inn
er
an
do
ute
rco
nstitu
en
td
eco
de
rsis
use
d.
❏T
he
rea
so
nfo
rp
lottin
gth
eE
XIT
ch
art
tog
eth
er
with
the
co
rrespo
nd
ing
de
co
din
g
traje
cto
ryis
tovis
ua
lise
the
tran
sfe
ro
fextrin
sic
info
rma
tion
be
twe
en
the
de
co
de
r
co
mp
on
en
ts.
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niv.
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n,
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.http
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obile
.ecs.s
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⇒|
IEE
EV
eh
icu
lar
Te
ch
no
log
yC
on
fere
nce
20
09
Fa
ll
An
ch
ora
ge,A
laska
,U
SA
Dis
tribu
ted
Se
lf-Co
nc
ate
na
ted
Co
de
sfo
rL
ow
-Co
mp
lex
ity
Po
we
r-Effi
cie
nt
Co
op
era
tive
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
M.
F.U
.B
utt,
R.
A.R
iaz,
S.X
.N
ga
nd
L.
Ha
nzo
Sch
oo
lo
fE
lectro
nic
sa
nd
Co
mp
ute
rS
cie
nce
,
Un
ivers
ityo
fS
ou
tha
mp
ton
,U
K.
Em
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk
c©H
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Ou
tline
➠In
trod
uctio
nan
dM
otiv
ation
➠S
EC
CC
-ID
➥B
inary
SE
CC
C-ID
➥N
on
Bin
aryS
EC
CC
-ID
➠S
ystem
Mo
del
➥D
SE
CC
C-ID
En
cod
er
➥D
SE
CC
C-ID
Deco
der
➠D
esign
and
An
alysis
Usin
gE
XIT
Ch
arts
➠R
esults
and
Discu
ssion
s
➠C
on
clusio
ns
and
Fu
ture
Research
c©H
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.http
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obile
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⇒|
Key
Refe
ren
ces
➠[1
]A
.S
endonaris,
E.
Erk
ipan
dB
.A
azhan
g,
User
coop
eratio
nd
iversity
part
I:S
ystem
descrip
tion
,
IEE
ET
ransa
ctions
on
Com
munica
tions,
vol.
51(1
1),
pp.
1927–1938,
2003.
➠[2
]N
.L
anem
an,
D.N
.C
.T
sean
dG
.W
.W
orn
ell,C
oop
erativ
ed
iversity
inw
irelessn
etwork
s:effi
cient
pro
toco
lsan
dou
tage
beh
avio
r,IE
EE
Tra
ns.
on
Info
rmatio
nT
heo
ry,vol.
50,
no.
12,
pp.
3062–3080,
2004.
➠[3
]M
.F.U
.B
utt,
S.X
.N
gan
dL
.H
anzo
,E
XIT
Ch
art
Aid
edD
esign
of
Nea
r-Cap
acity
Self-C
on
caten
ated
Trellis
Cod
edM
od
ula
tion
Usin
gItera
tive
Deco
din
g,
inIE
EE
Veh
icular
Tech
nolo
gy
Conferen
ce,M
arina
Bay,
Sin
gap
ore,
pp.
734-7
38,
May
2008.
➠[4
]M
.F.U
.B
utt,
R.A
.R
iaz,S
.X
.N
gan
dL
.H
anzo
,N
ear-C
ap
acity
Iterativ
elyD
ecod
edB
inary
Self-C
on
caten
ated
Cod
eD
esign
Usin
gE
XIT
Ch
arts,,
Pro
ceedin
gs
of
the
Glo
bal
Com
munica
tions
Conferen
ce,N
ov/D
ec2008.
➠[5
]S
.ten
Brin
k,C
on
verg
ence
beh
avio
rof
iterativ
elyd
ecod
edp
ara
llelco
nca
tenated
cod
es,IE
EE
Tra
nsa
ctions
on
Com
munica
tions,
vol.
49,
pp.
17271737,
Oct.
2001.
➠[6
]B
.Z
hao
and
M.C
.V
alenti,
Distrib
uted
turb
oco
ded
div
ersityfo
rrela
ych
an
nel,
IEE
Electro
nics
Letters,
vol.
39,
pp.
786–787,
May
2003.
c©H
anzo,
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S,U
niv.
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.http
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obile
.ecs.s
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⇒|
Intro
du
ctio
nan
dM
otiv
atio
n
➠C
oo
pe
rativ
eD
ive
rsity
Sch
em
e[1
,2]
➥sm
all
mobile
unit:
corre
latio
nof
sig
nals
inM
IMO
.
➥U
ser
coopera
tion:
independentfa
din
g.
➥D
ecode-A
nd-F
orw
ard
:erro
rpro
pagatio
n.
➥A
mplify
-And-F
orw
ard
:nois
eenhancem
ent.
➠S
elf-C
on
ca
ten
ate
dC
on
vo
lutio
na
lC
od
es
with
Itera
tive
De
co
din
g(S
EC
CC
-ID)
➥Low
com
ple
xity
schem
ein
vokin
ga
sin
gle
encoder
and
decoder
[3,4
].
➥E
XIT
chart
analy
sis
give
sin
sig
htin
todecodin
gconve
rgence
behavio
ur
[5].
➠D
istrib
ute
dTu
rbo
Co
din
gS
ch
em
e[6
]
➥P
ow
er
effi
cie
nt.
➥A
ssum
min
ga
perfe
ctsourc
e-re
lay
link.
c©H
anzo,
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S,U
niv.
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UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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]-
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Non
-bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
➠A
nS
EC
CC
-IDsch
eme
was
desig
ned
usin
gT
rellisC
od
edM
od
ulatio
n(T
CM
)as
con-
stituen
tco
des
[3].
➠T
he
pro
po
sedd
esign
was
sym
bol-b
ased,
therefo
reit
had
the
inh
erent
pro
blem
of
ex-
hib
iting
am
ismatch
betw
eenth
eE
XIT
curv
ean
dth
eb
it-by
-bit
deco
din
gtrajecto
ry.
➠T
he
stud
iesp
ub
lished
inth
eliteratu
reo
fS
EC
CC
-IDsch
eme
do
no
taim
for
fin
din
g
go
od
cod
esin
terms
of
deco
din
gco
nverg
ence.
➠A
nE
XIT
chart
based
analy
siso
fth
eiterativ
ed
ecod
erp
rov
ides
anin
sigh
tin
toits
de-
cod
ing
converg
ence
beh
avio
ur
and
hen
ceit
ish
elpfu
lfo
rfi
nd
ing
the
best
constitu
ent
cod
esfo
rS
EC
CC
-IDw
itho
ut
time-co
nsu
min
gb
it-by
-bit
simu
lation
of
the
actual
sys-
tem.
➠T
he
SN
Rvalu
e,w
here
the
turb
o-cliff
inth
eB
ER
curv
eo
fa
concaten
atedco
de
appears
canb
esu
ccessfully
pred
ictedw
ithth
eaid
of
EX
ITch
arts.
➠H
ow
ever,
the
EX
ITch
artco
mp
utatio
nassu
mes
the
emp
loy
men
to
fa
suffi
ciently
lon
g
interleav
er,so
that
the
LL
Rs
may
be
rend
eredG
aussian
distrib
uted
.
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Non
Bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
An
aly
sisU
sing
EX
ITch
arts
0.00.2
0.40.6
0.81.0
1.21.4
1.61.8
2.0IA
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
IE
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
..
..
..
.. . . .
Parity
Gen
Poly
[772
10]8E
stimated
Eb /N0
=3.02dB
.E
XIT
curveT
rajectoryofsnapshot#
6T
rajectoryofsnapshot#
19
Fig
1.
EX
ITch
art
an
dtw
osn
ap
sho
td
ecod
ing
trajecto
ries
for
ha
lf-rate
4P
SK
-assisted
no
nb
ina
ryS
EC
CC
-IDu
sing
ab
lock
leng
tho
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04
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ols
at
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N0=
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02
46
810
1214
1618
20E
b /N0 (dB
)
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1 1
BER
............
0iteration
4iteration
.10
iteration20
iteration
Fig
2.
Sim
ula
tion
sresu
ltsfo
rh
alf-ra
ten
on
bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
Co
de
wh
enco
mm
un
icatin
gover
un
correla
ted
Ra
yleigh
fad
ing
cha
nn
els.
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Bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
➠T
he
bit-b
asedd
esign
elimin
atesth
em
ismatch
inherited
by
the
sym
bo
l-based
desig
n
[4].
➠R
SC
enco
der
usin
gth
eg
enerato
rp
oly
no
mials
G=
[13
15
]8w
itha
rateo
fR
1=
1/
2an
d
mem
ory
ν=
3.
Th
enth
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anin
terleaver
follo
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arate
R2=
34p
un
cturer.
Th
e
overall
cod
erate
beco
mes
R=
R1
2×R
2=
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2(3/4)=
13.
−−+ +
SIS
O
SE
CC
C D
ecoderS
EC
CC
Encoder
Mapper
Depuncturer
MA
PD
emapper
hn
π1
π−
11
Le(b
2 )
Le(b
1 )
Lo(b
2 )
Lo(b
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La(b
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La(b
1 )
La(b
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La(b
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b1
R
yx
b2
b1
b1
P/R
2R
1S
Punctu
rerπ
2
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π−
12
π1
Enco
der
Deco
der
Fig
3.
Th
eb
lock
dia
gra
mo
fb
ina
ryS
EC
CC
-IDS
ystem.
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➠S
elf-c
on
ca
ten
ate
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alis
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ensity
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ction
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astran
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)
wh
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po
thetically
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PS
Ksy
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ol
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.
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asedL
og
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Ratio
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Rs
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ep
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ctured
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ft-Ou
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t
(SIS
O)
Ma
ximu
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Po
steriori
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bab
ility(M
AP
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ecod
er.
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he
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der
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sicL
LR
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rmatio
nb
its,n
amely
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2 ).T
hey
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priately
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riori
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rmatio
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amely
La(b
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dL
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assh
ow
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Fig
.3
.
➥S
elf-con
catenated
deco
din
gp
roceed
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ra
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mb
ero
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ns.
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S,U
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⇒|
➠D
istribu
tedB
inary
Self-C
oncaten
atedC
od
ing
schem
eu
sing
Iterative
Deco
din
g
(DS
EC
CC
-ID)
for
coo
perativ
eco
mm
un
ication
sis
analy
zedw
ithth
eaid
of
EX
IT
charts.
➠T
he
realisticco
nd
ition
of
hav
ing
anim
perfect
sou
rce-relayco
mm
un
ication
link
is
con
sidered
.
Destination
Source
Relay
R
S
hsr
D
Srd
Ssr
hsd
xs
={x
sd,k }
Ssd
hrd
xr
={x
rd,(
k+
Ns) }
Fig
4.
Sch
ema
tico
fa
two
-ho
prela
y-aid
edsystem
.
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anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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⇒|
➠D
SE
CC
C-ID
En
cod
er
➥T
he
source
node
transm
itsS
EC
CC
sym
bols
toboth
the
relayan
dth
edestin
ation
nodes
durin
gth
efi
rsttran
smissio
nperio
d.
➥T
he
relayperfo
rms
SE
CC
C-ID
deco
din
g.
Itth
enre-en
codes
the
info
rmatio
nbits
usin
ga
Recu
rsive
System
aticC
onvolu
tional
(RS
C)
code
durin
gth
eseco
nd
transm
ission
perio
d
➥T
he
resultan
tsy
mbols
transm
ittedfro
mth
eso
urce
and
relaynodes
canbe
view
edas
the
coded
sym
bols
of
ath
ree-com
ponen
tparallel-co
ncaten
atedS
EC
CC
-IDen
coder.
c©H
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pto
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⇒|
DS
EC
CC
-IDE
nco
der
RS
CE
ncoderP
uncturer
Mapper
Relay T
ranseiver
SE
CC
C E
ncoder
RS
CE
ncoderP
uncturer
Mapper
SE
CC
C−
ID D
ecoder
xs
b2
b1
π1
/S Pc
R1
π2
R2
b1
y(T
1)
sd
n(T
1)
sd
h(T
1)
sd
xr
c0
p0
p1
π−
1r
n(T
2)
rd
R3
R4
y(T
2)
rd
h(T
2)
rd
R=
R1 /(2R
2 )
πr
h(T
1)
sr
n(T
1)
sr
y(T
1)
sr
b0
b1
Fig
5.
DS
EC
CC
-IDE
nco
der.
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anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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pto
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obile
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84/173
⇒|
➠D
SE
CC
C-ID
Deco
der
➥T
here
aretw
oin
puts
toth
eR
SC
MA
Pdeco
der
blo
ck,
inF
ig.6.
➠T
he
first
isth
eex
trinsic
info
rmatio
nof
bit
b1
pro
vid
edby
the
SE
CC
C-ID
deco
der,
which
isobtain
edfro
mth
ead
ditio
nof
Le(b
1 )an
dth
edein
terleaved
versio
nof
Le(b
2 ).
The
resultan
tL
e1 (b1 )
streamis
interleav
edby
πr
togen
erateL
a(b0 ).
➠T
he
second
input
of
the
RS
CM
AP
deco
der
isth
ein
terleaved
and
dep
unctu
redversio
n
of
the
soft
info
rmatio
npro
vid
edby
the
QP
SK
dem
apper
den
oted
asP(y
rd |xrd ).
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anzo,
EC
S,U
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pto
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.http
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obile
.ecs.s
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⇒|
DS
EC
CC
-IDD
ecod
er
+
+
Decoder
(1)
Decoder(2)
MA
P
RS
C
+ RS
C D
ecoder
+
+
SIS
OD
emapper
SE
CC
C−
ID D
ecoder
−++
Dem
apper
−
Depuncturer
+
MA
P
π−
11
Le(b
2 )
La(b
1 )L
a(d)
P S/L
e(d)
S P/
Le(b
1 )
πr
R−
14
La(b
2 )
b1
Lo(d
)
R−
12
π−
12
Lo(b
0 )L
e(b0 )π
−1
r
Le1 (b
1 )π
r
π1
π−
11
La(b
0 )
P(y
rd |x
rd )
La(c)
P(y
sd |x
sd )
ysd
yrd
La2 (b
1 )
La1 (b
1 )
La1 (b
2 )
La2 (b
2 )π
1
Fig
6.
DS
EC
CC
-IDD
ecod
er.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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]-
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86/173
⇒|
➠D
SE
CC
C-ID
De
co
de
r
➥T
he
RS
Cd
ecod
erth
enp
rov
ides
the
impro
ved
extrin
sicL
LR
of
the
data
bit
b0
nam
elyL
e(b0 )
asits
ou
tpu
t,w
hich
isd
einterleav
edb
yπ −
1r
toy
ieldL
a2 (b1 ).
Th
e
LL
RL
a2 (b1 )
canb
efu
rther
interleav
edu
sing
π1
tog
enerate
La2 (b
2 ).
➥T
hese
ap
riori
LL
Rs
ou
tpu
tb
yth
eR
SC
canb
ead
ded
toth
eS
EC
CC
-ID
deco
der’s
ap
riori
LL
Rs
of
b1
and
b2 ,
thus
com
pletin
gth
eiteratio
nb
etween
the
RS
Can
dS
EC
CC
-IDd
ecod
ers.
+
+
Decoder
(1)
Decoder(2)
MA
P
RS
C
+ RS
C D
ecoder
+
+
SIS
OD
emapper
SE
CC
C−
ID D
ecoder
−++
Dem
apper
−
Depuncturer
+
MA
P
π−
11
Le(b
2 )
La(b
1 )L
a(d)
P S/L
e(d)
S P/
Le(b
1 )
πr
R−
14
La(b
2 )
b1
Lo(d
)
R−
12
π−
12
Lo(b
0 )L
e(b0 )π
−1
r
Le1 (b
1 )π
r
π1
π−
11
La(b
0 )
P(y
rd |x
rd )
La(c)
P(y
sd |x
sd )
ysd
yrd
La2 (b
1 )
La1 (b
1 )
La1 (b
2 )
La2 (b
2 )π
1
Fig
6.
DS
EC
CC
-IDD
ecod
er.
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anzo,
EC
S,U
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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⇒|
Bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
An
aly
sisU
sing
EX
ITch
arts
➠R
1 =1
/2an
dR
2 =3
/4,
QP
SK
-assisted
SE
CC
C-ID
,ν=
3,η
=0.6
7b
it/s/Hz
achiev
esd
ecod
ing
converg
ence
at
received
SN
R(S
NR
r )=
-0.1
5d
B
for
transm
ission
over
anu
nco
rre-
latedR
ayleig
hfad
ing
chan
nel.
➠U
sing
SN
Rr
atth
erelay
determ
ine
the
equ
ivalen
tS
NR
atth
eso
urce
no
de
(SN
Re ):
SN
Rr=
SN
Re+
10
log
10 (G
sr )[d
B]
(13
)
➠F
or
Gsr=
4,S
NR
e=−
3.5
dB
.
0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0IA
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
IE
R1 =
1/2,R2
=3/4,
=3
SN
Rr =
-0.15dB
EX
ITC
urvetrajectory
snapshot1trajectory
snapshot6
Fig
7.
EX
ITch
art
an
d’sn
ap
-sho
t’d
ecod
ing
trajecto
ries
of
bin
ary
SE
CC
C-ID
System
.
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anzo,
EC
S,U
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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]-
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⇒|
DS
EC
CC
-IDA
naly
sisU
sing
EX
ITch
arts
➠S
elf-con
catenated
iteration
sat
the
sou
rce-destin
ation
link
uses
Isd=
2
and
sou
rce-relaylin
ku
sesIsr
=8
.
➠T
he
nu
mb
ero
fiteratio
ns
betw
een
the
SE
CC
C-ID
and
RS
Cat
the
des-
tinatio
nn
od
eis
Isd,rd
=1
2.
➠A
tth
eD
SE
CC
C-ID
deco
der
we
hav
eID
SC
C=
Isd ×Isd
,rd=
24
deco
d-
ing
iteration
s.
➠T
his
mak
esth
eto
tald
ecod
ing
iter-
ation
sin
the
overall
system
equ
al
toIsr
+ID
SC
C=
32
asco
mp
aredto
an
on
-coo
perativ
eS
EC
CC
-IDem
-
plo
yin
gI=
40
iteration
s..
0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0IA
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
IE
SE
CC
C-IDE
XIT
Curve,SD
linkR
SCE
XIT
Curve,R
Dlink,G
sr =4
Trajectory,SN
Re
=-3.5dB
Fig
8.
EX
ITch
arts
an
da
’sna
p-sh
ot’
deco
din
gtra
jectory
of
DS
EC
CC
-IDsch
eme
for
SN
Re=−
3.5
dB
bo
tha
tth
e
sou
rcea
sw
ella
sa
tth
erela
yn
od
es.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
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⇒|
➠O
ur
pred
iction
isverifi
edb
yco
mp
utin
gth
eco
rrespo
nd
ing
Mo
nte-C
arlosim
ulatio
n-
relatedd
ecod
ing
trajectory
for
the
DS
EC
CC
-IDsch
eme
for
afram
elen
gth
of
12
0,0
00
bits.
➠T
hu
sth
eD
SE
CC
C-ID
ou
tperfo
rms
the
SE
CC
C-ID
schem
eb
yab
ou
t3.3
5d
Bin
SN
R
terms.
-5-4
-3-2
-10
12
SNR
e (dB)
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1 1
BERSE
CC
C-ID
,R1 =
1/2,R2 =
3/4,=
3D
SEC
CC
-ID,perfectrelay
DSE
CC
C-ID
,realisticrelay
Fig
9.
BE
Rversu
sS
NR
ep
erform
an
ceo
fS
EC
CC
-IDa
nd
DS
EC
CC
-IDsch
emes.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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]-
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⇒|
Co
nclu
sio
ns
➠A
pow
eran
dban
dw
idth
efficien
tD
SE
CC
C-ID
schem
ehas
been
pro
posed
for
cooperativ
e
com
municatio
ns
based
on
three-co
mponen
tco
ncaten
ateddesig
n.
➠T
oex
plo
itth
elo
wco
mplex
ityoffered
by
SE
CC
C-ID
codes
we
explo
redth
eirap
plicatio
nin
distrib
uted
cooperativ
eco
mm
unicatio
ns.
➠O
nce
the
received
SN
Rat
the
relaynode
exceed
sth
eerro
r-freedeco
din
gth
reshold
,th
e
SE
CC
C-ID
deco
der
emplo
yed
atth
erelay
node
beco
mes
capab
leof
reliably
deco
din
gth
e
source
signals.
➠T
he
EX
ITch
artof
the
three-co
mponen
tD
SE
CC
C-ID
deco
der
seenin
Fig
.8
reveals
that
a
ben
eficial
com
bin
ation
of
the
equiv
alent
SN
Rof
the
source
and
the
relaynodes
results
ina
low
BE
Rat
the
destin
ation,
desp
iteco
nsid
ering
apoten
tiallyerro
r-pro
ne
receptio
nat
the
relay.
➠T
hus
we
reduced
the
total
pow
erreq
uired
by
the
overall
system
asco
mpared
toan
SE
CC
C-ID
system
.T
he
overall
com
plex
ityof
this
distrib
uted
cooperativ
eco
mm
unicatio
nsy
stemis
less
than
anon-co
operativ
eS
EC
CC
-IDsy
stem.
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S,U
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pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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⇒|
Fu
ture
Wo
rk
➠N
ear-capacity
no
n-co
heren
tlyd
etectedD
SE
CC
C-ID
coo
perativ
esch
emes.
➠P
erform
ance
for
differen
trelay
locatio
nscen
arios
and
pow
ero
ptim
isation
in
DS
EC
CC
-ID.
➠P
erform
ance
An
alysis
of
Hard
Versu
sS
oft
Relay
ing
inD
SE
CC
C-ID
.
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obile
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oto
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⇒|
IEE
EIC
C’2
01
2
Otta
wa
,C
an
ad
a
Firs
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p-Q
uality
-Aw
are
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icR
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eA
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n
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plify
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d-F
orw
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ivers
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
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Key
Refe
ren
ces
•C
.H
an
,J.Z
ha
ng
,L
.H
an
zo,
eta
l.,“G
ree
nR
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io:
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dio
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ch
niq
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sto
En
able
En
erg
y
Effi
cie
ntW
irele
ss
Ne
two
rks”,
inIE
EE
Co
mm
un
.M
ag
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pe
cia
lIs
su
e:
Gre
en
Co
mm
un
.,
vol.
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o.
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46
-54
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n.
20
11
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ha
ng
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.-L.Ya
ng
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ne
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oo
pe
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Re
layin
gfo
rth
eM
ulti-U
se
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DM
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plin
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inIE
EE
Tra
ns.
Ve
h.
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ch
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l.,vo
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99
2-1
00
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ar.
20
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.
•W
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an
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urc
ea
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Msyste
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inIE
EE
To
W,
vol.
9,
no.
5,p
p.
16
40
-16
49
,M
ay
20
10
.
•Y.
Jin
g,e
ta
l.,“S
ing
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ltiple
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lectio
nsch
em
es
an
dth
eir
ach
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ers
”,in
IEE
ETo
W,
vol.
8,
no.
3,p
p.
14
14
-14
23
,M
ar
20
09
.
•K
.B
.L
eta
ief,
eta
l.,“D
yn
am
icm
ultiu
se
rre
so
urc
ea
lloca
tion
an
da
da
pta
tion
for
wire
less
syste
ms”,
inIE
EE
Wire
less
Co
mm
un
.M
ag
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l.1
3,
no.
4,p
p.
38
-47
,A
ug
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00
6.
•A
.B
lets
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ivers
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od
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EE
J.S
el.
Are
as
Co
mm
un
.,vo
l.2
4,n
o.
3,
pp.
65
9-6
72
,M
ar.
20
06
.
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AC
oo
pera
tive
Co
mm
un
icatio
nF
ram
ew
ork
Why
Coopera
tion?
Aim
s:im
pro
vin
g...
Idea
l:b
en
eficia
lm
ultip
le-a
nte
nn
ate
ch
niq
ue
–M
IMO
a
Rea
lity:
dive
rsity
ga
inis
limite
dby
the
siz
eo
fM
T
So
lutio
n:
virtu
alM
IMO
–re
lay-a
ssis
ted
use
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op
era
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Sco
op
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am
ultip
le-inp
ut
mu
ltiple-o
utp
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Wh
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DM
A?
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PA
PR
-aw
are
Tra
nsm
itter
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ing
le-c
arrie
rvs.
mu
lti-ca
rrier
mo
du
latio
n?
a
–a
PA
PR
bis
su
e
–O
FD
Mc
IDF
T
F−
domain
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domain
BIC
MS
/P
shapingP
ulseInsertC
PP
/S
x xxf[i]
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P)
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du
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-averag
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erratio
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nal
frequ
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ltiplex
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om
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ualisatio
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A?
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ath
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ntio
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ain
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ulti-ta
pe
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alis
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pling
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qualiserB
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mp
lexity
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req
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gle
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ua
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tion
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domain
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domain
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domain
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qualiserD
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oveSam
pling
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t)
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co
mp
lexity
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ann
elim
pu
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Dyn
am
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ticR
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tion
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nce
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eto
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lity
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Asp
ects:firs
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Sco
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y-a
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ulse
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source transmitter
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de
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y/B
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eceiv
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del-
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lti-user
Vers
ion
of
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domain
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domain
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M
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mplifier
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apperID
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relay receiver F FFU
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ase
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sin
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ter-s
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atch
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are-erro
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103/
173
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Rela
y/B
SR
eceiv
er
Mo
del-
Mu
lti-user
Vers
ion
T−
domain
F−
domain
T−
domain
IDF
TD
FT
S/P
demapper
Subband
P/S
Equaliser
w wwHk,0
F FFN
w wwHk,(N
−1)
w wwHk,1
ztk,0 [i]
ztk,1 [i]
ztk,(N
−1) [i]
yf0 [i]
yf(U
−1) [i]
zfk,0 [i]
yfk,1 [i]
zfk,1 [i]
zfk,(N
−1) [i]
yfk,(N
−1) [i]
P PPTk
U=
MN
frame
yt0 [i]
yf1 [i]
yt1 [i]
yt(U
−1) [i]
z zztk
yfk,0 [i]
y yyt
F FFHU
frame
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173
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Dyn
am
icR
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eA
llocatio
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rO
pp
ortu
nis
ticR
ela
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ela
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lectio
n
–ra
nd
om
rela
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RS
)
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yn
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se
lectio
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RS
)
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an
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lloca
tion
–sta
ticsu
bb
an
da
lloca
tion
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A)
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yn
am
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bb
an
da
lloca
tion
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yn
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urc
ea
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for
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RS
co
mb
ine
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ithD
SA
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S-D
SA
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ua
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intD
RA
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QA
JD
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)
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RA
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do
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ate
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co
nd
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ua
lity
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do
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ate
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the
firs
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Co
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lied
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106/
173
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Ch
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nelan
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e-s
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xa
mp
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fd
yn
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da
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for
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rs
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R
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luster ofR
elays
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access phaseB
roadcast phase
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173
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ram
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cto
r(R
V)
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dre
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ck
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sR
Bs
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Pilot R
VD
ata RV
RB
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=N
v /Nrv )
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rb=
Nv
N
Nv
Nrv
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173
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DR
A-
Co
nven
tion
alS
ch
em
es
TD
TD
TD
TD
second−hop
first−hop
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
j=
1
j=
2
j=
4
j=
0
j=
3
k=
2
k=
1
m=
0m
=1
m=
2m
=3
m=
0m
=1
m=
2m
=3
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Dj,m
gSR
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k=
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k=
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=1
k=
0
DR
S-S
SA
1.
2n
d-h
op
DR
S
2.
2n
d-h
op
SS
A
3.
use
ra
ssig
nm
en
t
TD
TD
TD
TD
second−hop
first−hop
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
TD
TD
j=
1
j=
2
j=
4
j=
0
j=
3
k=
2
k=
1
m=
0m
=1
m=
2m
=3
m=
0m
=1
m=
2m
=3
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Dj,m
gSR
k,j
k=
2
k=
1
k=
0k
=0
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S-D
SA
1.
2n
d-h
op
DR
S
2.
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d-h
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A
3.
use
ra
ssig
nm
en
t
(ran
do
mly
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
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173
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DR
A-
FH
QA
JD
RA
Sch
em
es
R−
D channel gains at each subband
groups as RB
s
Order the selected R
Bs having the
highest channel gains at all subband
groups of the selected relays
First−h
op
aw
aren
ess ?
groups at each relay
S−
R channel gains at all subband
Order the users having the highest
Assign the best
RB
s to users
randomly
DS
A−D
RS
Yes
No
R−D
DR
S
R−D
DS
A
Jo
int D
RA
−1
Select the relays having the highest
Assign the best R
Bs at the
corresponding relays to the
ordered users
Select the relays having the highest
S−
R channel gains of each user
S−R
DR
S
Order the users having the highest
S−
R channel gains via their best
relay
Order the R
Bs having the highest
channel gains at all subband groups
of each selected relay
Assign the selected R
Bs at the
corresponding relays to the ordered
users
aw
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su
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ea
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es
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sig
ne
dfo
rth
eS
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plin
k.
As
are
su
lt,th
ere
liab
ilitya
nd
pow
er-e
fficie
ncy
of
ou
rp
rop
ose
dsyste
ms
wa
ssig
nifi
ca
ntly
imp
rove
d.
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Fu
ture
Wo
rkIn
ord
er
tom
itiga
teth
ein
ter-c
ell
inte
rfere
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an
dre
du
ce
the
en
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bit
inth
e
mu
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rm
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na
rio,a
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e-o
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en
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en
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ink-q
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Ad
ap
tive
Tu
rbo
Tre
llisC
od
ed
Mo
du
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nA
ide
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oo
pe
rativ
e
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gn
itive
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se
nte
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y:
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jos
Ha
nzo
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tho
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iL
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g,
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on
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an
dL
ajo
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an
zo
CS
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oo
lo
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lectro
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om
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ter
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ivers
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ou
tha
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UK
.
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk
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Refe
ren
ces
1.
P.
Roberts
on
and
T.
Worz
,“B
andw
idth
-effi
cie
nttu
rbo
trellis
-coded
modula
tion
usin
gpunctu
red
com
ponentcodes,”
IEE
EJourn
alon
Sele
cte
dA
reas
inC
om
munic
atio
ns,vo
l.16,pp.
206–218,
Feb
1998.
2.
L.H
anzo,J.A
khtm
an,M
.Jia
ng,L.W
ang,”M
IMO
-OF
DM
for
LTE
,W
IFIand
WIM
AX
:cohere
nt
veru
sno-c
ohere
ntand
coopera
tiveTurb
o-T
ranceive
rs,”
John
wile
y-IE
EE
Pre
ss,
2010.
3.
J.M
itola
and
G.
Q.M
aguire
,”C
ognitive
radio
:m
akin
gsoftw
are
radio
sm
ore
pers
onal,
”IE
EE
Pers
onalC
om
munic
atio
nsvo
l.6,p
p.13–18,
Aug,1999.
4.
Gold
sm
ith,A
.and
Jafa
r,S
.A.and
Maric
,I.
and
Srin
ivasa,S
,”B
reakin
gS
pectru
mG
ridlo
ck
With
Cognitive
Radio
s:
An
Info
rmatio
nT
heore
ticP
ers
pective
,”
Pro
ceedin
gs
of
the
IEE
E,
pp.8
94–914,M
ay
2009.
5.
Weife
ng
Su
and
J.D.
Maty
jas
and
S.
Bata
lam
a,”A
ctive
coopera
tion
betw
een
prim
ary
users
and
cognitive
radio
users
incognitive
ad-h
oc
netw
ork
s,
”2010
IEE
EIn
tern
atio
nalC
onfe
rence
on,
Acoustic
sS
peech
and
Sig
nalP
rocessin
g(IC
AS
SP
),pp.
3174–3172,M
ar
2010.
6.
K.
J.R
.Liu
,A
.K
.S
adek,W
.S
uand
A.
Kw
asin
ski,
”Coopera
tiveC
om
munic
atio
ns
and
Netw
ork
ing,”
Cam
brid
ge
Unive
rsity
Pre
ss,
New
York
,2009.
c©H
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Ou
tline
❏In
trod
uc
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an
dM
otiv
atio
n
❏S
ys
tem
Mo
de
l
❏R
es
ults
an
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isc
us
sio
ns
❏C
on
clu
sio
n
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Backg
rou
nd
❏Tu
rbo
Tre
llisC
od
ed
Mo
du
latio
n(T
TC
M)
[1]:
ba
nd
wid
th-
an
dp
ow
er-
effi
cie
nt
join
t
co
din
ga
nd
mo
du
latio
nsch
em
e.
❏C
oo
pe
rativ
eC
om
mu
nic
atio
n[2
]
➯R
ela
ych
an
ne
l;
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oo
pe
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roto
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roto
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nd
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toco
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og
nitiv
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ad
io(C
R)
[3,
4]
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en
sin
g:
Ide
ntify
sp
ectru
mh
ole
s;
➯Tra
nsm
issio
n:
1)
Co
op
era
tion
am
on
gP
rima
ryU
se
r(P
U);
2)
Co
ope
ratio
nb
etw
ee
nP
Us
an
dC
og
nitive
Use
r(C
U)s
;3
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oo
pe
ratio
na
mo
ng
the
CU
s.
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123/
173
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Mo
tivatio
n
➯T
he
join
tdesig
nof
codin
g,m
odula
tion,user-c
oopera
tion
and
cognitive
radio
techniq
ues.
➯C
oopera
tion
betw
een
aP
U(S
N)
and
aC
U(R
N)
as
well
as
anoth
er
PU
(DN
).
➯Im
pro
veth
eto
taltra
nsm
issio
nra
te,
despite
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gth
etra
nsm
issio
nbandw
idth
of
the
PU
.T
he
freed
bandw
idth
may
utiliz
ed
by
CU
s.
➯AT
TC
Madju
stth
ecode
rate
and
the
modula
tion
mode,
dependin
gon
the
channelquality.
c©H
anzo,
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UK
.http
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k[1
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124/
173
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mM
od
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❏S
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mM
odelI:
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ticC
oopera
tiveC
ognitive
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Schem
e.
➯C
oopera
tion
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een
aP
U/S
Nand
aC
U/R
Nto
conve
yth
esourc
em
essage
toanoth
er
PU
/DN
[5].
❏S
yste
mM
odelII:
Pra
ctic
alAT
TC
M-a
ided
Coopera
tiveC
ognitive
Radio
Schem
e.
➯H
ow
much
bandw
idth
rele
ased
by
the
PU
/SN
can
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used
by
the
CU
s,w
hen
our
AT
TC
M
schem
eis
invo
ked?
➯H
ow
does
the
gain
depend
on
the
SN
R?
c©H
anzo,
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S,U
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.http
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.ecs.s
oto
n.a
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k[1
]-
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125/
173
⇒|
Th
ep
rop
osed
syste
mstru
ctu
re-
I❏
The
bandw
idth
,tim
eperio
dand
pow
er
allo
catio
nfo
rth
eP
Uand
CU
.
=+
PU
CU
CU
=+
Pow
er
Bandw
idth
Tim
eslot
W0
W1
W2
TT
1T
2
W1
W2
PS
T1
T2
PC
R,2
PC
R,1
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he
Tand
W0
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the
orig
inaltim
eperio
dand
bandw
idth
allo
cate
dfo
rth
eP
U/S
Nto
transm
itits
sourc
em
essage
toth
eP
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illing
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te,
the
PU
/SN
only
has
toutiliz
ea
fractio
nof
Tand
W0
to
transm
itto
the
PU
/DN
;
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
126/
173
⇒|
•P
U/S
Ntra
nsm
itsin
T1
ove
rW
1;
•T
he
CU
/RN
rela
ys
sig
nalin
T2
ove
rW
1.
•T
he
oth
er
CU
sassis
tsby
rela
yin
gth
eP
U’s
sig
nalin
exchange
for
som
efra
ctio
nof
the
rem
ain
ing
bandw
idth
of
W2=
W0-W
1fo
rth
eir
transm
issio
nin
perio
dT.
➯W
eassum
eth
at
the
transm
issio
npow
er
per
unit
frequency
em
anatin
gfro
mth
eP
U/S
Nis
PS
watts
/Hz.
The
PU
/SN
transm
itsusin
gP
Sdurin
gT
1;
the
CU
/RN
uses
PC
R,1
watts
/Hz
durin
g
perio
dT
2,
then
the
second
CU
uses
PC
R,2
watts
/Hz
durin
gperio
dT
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
127/
173
⇒|
❏S
yste
mM
odel-
II
➯T
he
sig
nalre
ceive
dat
the
PU
/DN
via
the
Sourc
e-to
-Destin
atio
n(S
D)
link
isgive
nby:
Ysd
=√
PSh
sdX+
nsd
,(1
4)
The
sig
nalre
ceive
dat
the
CU
/RN
via
the
Sourc
e-to
-Rela
y(S
R)
link
is:
Ysr=√
PSh
sr X+
nsr,
(15)
➯T
he
sig
nalre
ceive
dby
the
PU
/DN
under
the
AA
Fpro
tocolvia
the
Rela
y-to
-Destin
atio
n(R
D)
link
may
be
expre
ssed
as:
YA
AF
rd=
ωA
√P
CR,1 h
rd Ysr+
nrd
,(1
6)
where
the
am
plifi
catio
nfa
cto
ris
ωA=
1√
PS |h
sr | 2+N
0
.
➯T
he
sig
nalre
ceive
dby
the
PU
/DN
under
the
DA
Fpro
tocolvia
the
RD
link
can
be
form
ula
ted
as:
YD
AF
rd=
√P
CR,1 h
rdX+
nrd
.(1
7)
➯In
the
non-c
oopera
tivecase,th
eS
hannon
capacity
of
the
PU
/SN
isgive
nby:
C∗P
U=
W0
log
2
[
1+
PP
U |hsd | 2
N0
]
.(1
8)
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
128/
173
⇒|
PP
U=
N0 (2
RP
UW
0−
1)
|hsd | 2
.(1
9)
➯T
he
Shannon
capacity
of
the
coopera
tivere
lay
channelove
rW
1H
zis
:
CP
U=
W1
2lo
g2
[
1+
PS |h
sd | 2N
0+
fCR
]
,(2
0)
where
inour
syste
mth
eP
U/S
Ntra
nsm
itsdurin
gT
1,
while
the
CU
/RN
transm
itsdurin
gT
2.
We
assum
eth
at
T1=
T2=
T2.
For
AA
F:
based
on
the
Eq.(3
),fC
R=
PS P
CR,1 |h
sr | 2|hrd | 2
(PS |h
sr | 2+P
CR,1 |h
rd | 2+N
0 )N0[6
];
For
DA
F:based
on
the
Eq.(4
),fC
R=
PC
R,1 |h
rd | 2
N0
[6];
➯Tra
nsm
issio
nra
te:
RP
U<=
CP
U.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
129/
173
⇒|
➯T
he
tota
ltra
nsm
issio
npow
er
of
CU
sis
:
PC
R=
12P
CR,1 W
1+
PC
R,2 W
2,
(21)
where
W1
isth
efra
ctio
nofbandw
idth
isused
by
the
PU
/SN
,w
hen
itis
assie
tdby
the
CU
/RN
is
assis
ted,w
hile
W2
isth
ere
main
ing
bandw
idth
used
by
the
CU
sfo
rth
eir
ow
ntra
nsm
issio
n.
1−ψ
=P
CR,2 W
2
PC
R,
(22)
where
1−ψ
isth
era
tioof
the
transm
issio
npow
er
allo
cate
dto
transm
itth
eC
Us
data
toth
eto
tal
transm
issio
npow
er
of
the
oth
er
CU
s,ove
rth
ebandw
idth
W2.
➯T
he
CU
’sow
ndata
rate
usin
gth
ere
leased
bandw
idth
W2
is:
RC
R=
(W0 −
W1 )
log
2
[
1+
PC
R |hC
R | 2(1−ψ)
(W0 −
W1 )N
0
]
,(2
3)
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
130/
173
⇒|
■T
he
CU
’so
wn
da
tab
as
ed
on
DA
Fa
nd
AA
Fc
oo
pe
ratio
n
0
200
400
600
800
1000
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
CU’s own data rate (kbits/s)
CR
power ratio
DA
F,d
cr =500
DA
F,d
cr =1000
DA
F,d
cr =2000
AA
F,d
cr =500
AA
F,d
cr =1000
AA
F,d
cr =2000
AA
F,d
cr =500
AA
F,d
cr =1000
AA
F,d
cr =2000
DA
F,d
cr =500
DA
F,d
cr =1000
DA
F,d
cr =2000
•R
DR
PR
facto
rs:
Gsd
=1
,G
sr=
8(9d
B)
forα
=3,(d
sr=
dsd
2)
and
Grd
=1(d
rd=
dsd ).
•T
he
optim
um
ratio
of
the
rela
ypow
er
ove
rth
eto
talpow
er
budgetis
64.5
%,53%
,45%
for
dcr
=
500m
,1km
and
2km
,re
spective
ly,w
hen
usin
gD
AF
coopera
tion.
The
corre
spondin
gva
lues
of
AA
Fare
82%
,72%
,65%
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
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pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
131/
173
⇒|
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
CU’s own data rate (kbits/s)
CR
power ratio
DA
F,d
cr =500
DA
F,d
cr =1000
DA
F,d
cr =2000
AA
F,d
cr =500
AA
F,d
cr =1000
AA
F,d
cr =2000
AA
F,d
cr =500
AA
F,d
cr =1000
AA
F,d
cr =2000
DA
F,d
cr =500
DA
F,d
cr =1000
DA
F,d
cr =2000
•R
DR
PR
facto
rs:
Gsd
=1,
Gsr=
8(dsr=
dsd
2)
and
Grd
=8(d
rd=
dsd
2).
•T
he
optim
um
ratio
of
the
rela
ypow
er
ove
rth
eto
talpow
er
budgetis
20%
,15%
,10%
for
dcr
=
500m
,1km
and
2km
,re
spective
ly,w
hen
usin
gD
AF
coopera
tion.
The
corre
spondin
gva
lues
of
AA
Fare
33%
,20%
,12%
.
•W
hen
the
CU
/RN
ishalf-w
ay
betw
een
the
SN
and
the
DN
,th
eC
U/R
Nonly
offe
rsa
sm
all
pro
portio
nof
itstra
nsm
issio
npow
er
tohelp
the
PU
/SN
.
•T
he
CU
’sow
ndata
rate
dro
ps
due
toits
incre
ased
path
loss.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
132/
173
⇒|
Syste
mM
od
el-
Pra
ctic
al
AT
TC
M-a
ided
Co
op
era
tive
Co
gn
itive
Rad
ioS
ch
em
e❏
Exam
ple
of
fixed
mo
de
tran
sm
issio
n.
SD
SR
D
SR
D
SN
Rt=
9dB
BE
R<
10−
6
SN
Rr
=9
dB
BE
R<
10−
6
SN
Rt=
9dB
G=
9dB
SN
Rr
=18
dB
BE
R<
10−
6
SN
Rt=
9dB
G=
9dB
TT
CM
-8PSK
:2
bps
TT
CM
-64QA
M:5
bps
TT
CM
-64QA
M:5
bps
SN
Rr
=18
dB
Syste
mA
Syste
mB
Syste
mC
ηA
=2
bps
ζA
=R
Assy
m/s
RAb
=2R
Asbit/s
RBb
=2.5
RBs
bit/s
RCb
=2R
Csbit/s
ζC
=0.8
RAs
sym
/s
ζB
=R
Assy
m/s
ηB
=2.5
bps
ηC
=2.5
bps
Com
paris
on
ofa
non-c
oopera
tiveschem
eand
two
rela
y-a
ssis
ted
DA
F
schem
es.
➯S
yste
mA
vs
Syste
mB
:m
axim
um
bit
rate
with
the
sam
ebandw
idth
.
Syste
mA
vs
Syste
mC
:m
inim
um
tota
lbandw
idth
atth
esam
ebit
rate
.
➯T
he
bit
rate
of
the
syste
m:
Rb
=η
Rs,
(24)
➯S
ym
bolra
tes
of
Syste
mA
and
Sys-
tem
B:
RCs=
ηA
RAs
ηC
=0.8
RAs.
(25)
➯T
he
bandw
idth
-reductio
nfa
cto
ris
give
nby:B
s=
1−η
A
ηC.
(26)
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
133/
173
⇒|
❏T
he
pro
po
sed
syste
mstru
ctu
reo
fS
yste
mM
od
el
PU
/SN
PU
/DN
CU
/RN
R1N
hsr1
hr1d
RK
Nh
rK
dh
srK
hsd
The
schem
atic
of
two-h
op
rela
y-a
ided
syste
m.
Quasi-s
tatic
Rayle
igh
fadin
gchannelbetw
een
node
aand
node
bis
denote
das
ha
b .
➯T
he
sig
nal
receive
dby
node
bfro
mnode
ais
give
nby:
Ya
b=√
Ga
b
√
Pa
b ha
b X+
n,
(27)
➯T
he
receive
dS
NR
at
node
bis
give
nby:
γR=
Ga
b |ha
b | 2N
0.
(28)
|hsr
k d | 2=
|hsr
k | 2+
|hr
k d | 2.
The
specifi
cR
N
that
exhib
itsth
em
axi-
mum
valu
eof
|hsr
k d | 2fro
mall
the
kR
Ns
is
sele
cte
dfo
rre
layin
g.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
134/
173
⇒|
❏T
he
sch
em
atic
of
the
pro
po
se
dA
TT
CM
aid
ed
co
op
era
tive
CR
sy
ste
m
Node
Node
Encoder
AT
TC
MA
TT
CM
Decoder
Channel
AT
TC
M
Decoder
Buffer
AT
TC
M
Encoder
Source
Relay
Destination
Node
Xs
ysrk
Xrk
yrd
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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173
⇒|
Trellis
Encoder 1
Trellis
Encoder 2
Signal
Mapper
Signal
Mapper S
ymbol
De-intlv
Channel
Intlv
Selector
Symbol
Intlv
Channel
Modulator
Fig
ure
10
:S
ch
em
atic
ofth
eT
TC
Me
nco
de
r.T
he
’Se
lecto
r’e
na
ble
sth
etra
nsm
issio
no
fth
e
info
rma
tion
bits
on
lyo
nce
an
dse
lects
alte
rna
tivep
arity
bits
from
the
co
nstitu
en
te
nco
de
rs
se
en
atth
eto
pa
nd
bo
ttom
.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
136/
173
⇒|
Sym
bolby
Sym
bolM
AP
Sym
bolby
Sym
bolM
AP
Metric
2 m
Metric
a-posterioriD
e-intlv
Hard D
ecision
Apunctured "0"
A+
[E&
S][E
&S]
a-prioriIntlv
De-intlv
Intlvsym
bols
a=[E
&S]
A=
[e&s]
[P&S]
[p&s]
punctured "0"
a
Aa
received symbols
a-priori[e&
s]
a+[e&
s]
m decoded bits
Fig
ure
11
:S
ch
em
atic
of
the
TT
CM
de
co
de
r.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
137/
173
⇒|
❏T
he
AT
TC
Mm
od
esw
itch
ing
op
era
tion
an
dth
eth
rou
gh
pu
to
fth
em
od
es
is
ba
se
do
nth
efo
llow
ing
alg
orith
m:
MO
DE=
γR>
γ3 ,
TT
CM
-64
QA
M,
BP
S=
5b
ps;
γ2<
γR<
γ3 ,
TT
CM
-16
QA
M,
BP
S=
3b
ps;
γ1<
γR<
γ2 ,
TT
CM
-8P
SK
,B
PS
=2
bp
s;
γ0<
γR<
γ1 ,
TT
CM
-4P
SK
,B
PS
=1
bp
s;
γR<
γ0 ,
no
tran
sm
issio
n,
BP
S=
0b
ps.
Ah
igh
er-th
rou
gh
pu
tT
TC
Msch
em
eis
em
plo
ye
dw
he
nth
ech
an
ne
lco
nd
ition
sa
re
go
od
,w
hile
alo
we
r-thro
ug
hp
utT
TC
Msch
em
eo
rn
otra
nsm
issio
nis
use
d,
wh
en
the
ch
an
ne
lco
nd
ition
sa
rep
oo
r.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
138/
173
⇒|
$R
CS
file:adaptive-qam-ttcm
-at-25db-snr-bere -4.gle,v$
0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.6Tim
e(sec)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Equaliser SNR estimate (dB)
1 2 3 5
Bits/Symbol
Modulation
Mode
(bits/symbol)
Equaliser
SN
Restim
ate(dB
)C
hannelSN
Rof25
dBS
ystem
I
4QA
M
8PS
K
16QA
M
64QA
M
4.615ms
f1 f2 f3
Fig
ure
12
:C
ha
nn
elS
NR
estim
ate
an
dB
its/S
ym
bo
lve
rsu
stim
ep
lotfo
ra
da
ptive
TT
CM
for
tran
sm
issio
ns
ove
rth
eC
OS
T2
07
TU
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
139/
173
⇒|
■T
he
BE
Rvs
SN
Rt
perfo
rman
ce
of
TT
CM
inA
WG
Nch
an
nel
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
05
1015
20
BER
SN
Rr [dB
]
CCMC-ibps=1
CCMC-ibps=2
CCMC-ibps=3
CCMC-ibps=5
DCMC-ibps=1
DCMC-ibps=2
DCMC-ibps=3
DCMC-ibps=5 64QA
M16Q
AM
8PS
K4P
SK
➯C
CM
Cre
pre
sents
Shannon’s
capacity
;D
CM
Cre
pre
sents
an
idealis
ticcapacity
-achie
vin
gcoded
PS
K/Q
AM
modula
tion
schem
e.
➯T
he
switc
hin
gth
reshold
s:
ϒA
TT
CM
=[3
,9,12,18]dB
,ϒ
CC
MC
=[0
,5,
8,
15]dB
,ϒ
DC
MC
=[1
,6,
9,
17]dB
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
w-m
obile
.ecs.s
oto
n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
140/
173
⇒|
■T
he
perfo
rman
ce
of
the
co
rresp
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0 1 2 3 4 5-10-5
05
1015
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Bit-per-Symbol(BPS)
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Bit-per-Symbol(BPS)
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enu
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K=
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ughput.
When
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,th
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isno
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echose
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e.
When
Kis
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ehave
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/SN
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■T
he
perfo
rman
ce
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us
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me
io
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
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Throughput (Bit-Per-Symbol)
Fram
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2
2.1
2.2
2.3
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2.5
020
4060
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Throughput (Bit-Per-Symbol)
Fram
e
AT
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Co
nclu
sio
ns
➯C
on
ce
ived
aD
AF
an
dA
AF
assis
ted
co
op
era
tiveC
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TC
Ma
ide
dco
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em
ea
nd
the
ad
ap
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co
din
ga
nd
mo
du
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➯O
ur
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po
se
dsch
em
ee
na
ble
sth
eP
Uto
tran
sm
ita
ta
nim
pro
ved
tran
sm
issio
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iven
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ilere
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ca
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ratin
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ta
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Th
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ros
an
dC
on
so
fC
oo
pera
tive
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mm
un
icatio
ns:
Cap
acity
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ela
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gS
oft
Mu
ltiple
-Sym
bo
lD
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ere
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zo
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se
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nzo
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mm
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icatio
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p
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om
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ter
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ivers
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ou
tham
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Ou
tline
❏C
ha
llen
ge
s&
Po
ssib
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olu
tion
s
avoided by
recovered by
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Successive R
elaying
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etection
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plexityN
ew S
ystem F
ramew
ork
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stimation
❏O
ur
Pro
po
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ch
em
e&
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eo
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aly
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imu
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EX
IT-Ch
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mp
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um
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Three−
Term
inal Com
munication C
hannels [1]
Evolution of C
ooperative Com
munications
1971
1979
2000
2007
2007
Tow
−W
ay or Tw
o−P
ath Relaying [4]
Successive R
elaying [5]
Capacity T
heorems for the R
elay Channel [2]
Conventional R
elaying Protocols [3]
Lan
eman
etal.
B.R
ankov
etal.
Fan
etal.
Van
der
Meu
len
Cover
etal.
❏[?
],[?
],[?
],[?
],[?
]
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05
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Eb
/No (dB
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100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
101
Normalised Capacity (Bits/ s/ Hz)
BP
SK
4QA
M
16QA
M 64QA
M
Shannon
Limit
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-m
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ER
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QA
M-
mean
BE
R0.01%
AQ
AM
-m
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ER
1%T
UC
hannel
Fig
ure
13
:C
ha
nn
el
ca
pa
city
up
pe
rb
ou
nd
of
HS
DPA
-sty
leA
QA
Ma
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rB
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Cap
acity
of
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Os
C≈
min(M
;N)
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he
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an
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artle
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gg
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ne
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os
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rob
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tation
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S
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S
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ode
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hase(b) C
ooperative Phase
Ssd [n
]
Srd [n
]
❏T
he
tran
sm
issio
no
fa
sin
gle
sym
bo
l(o
rfra
me
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qu
ires
two
ph
ase
sin
co
nve
ntio
na
l
co
op
era
tiveco
mm
un
ica
tion
s[?
].
❏C
on
se
qu
en
tly,w
ein
cu
ra
50
%th
rou
gh
pu
tlo
ss
co
mp
are
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po
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-po
intd
irect
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sm
issio
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ase Station
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tation
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a
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b
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a
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(c) Phase 3
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(a) Phase 1
S[1]
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[1]
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[2]Sou
rceM
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S
❏F
ull
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ach
ieva
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acco
rdin
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[?][?
].
❏H
ow
eve
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eso
urc
eM
Sis
allo
we
dto
tran
sm
itits
info
rma
tion
sym
bo
lsin
eve
ryp
ha
se.
❏A
ctu
ally,
ath
rou
gh
pu
te
fficie
ncy
of
NN+
1ca
nb
ea
ch
ieve
d,
wh
ere
Nis
the
nu
mb
er
ofsym
bo
lstra
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itted
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the
so
urc
eM
S.
❏H
en
ce
the
50
%th
rou
gh
pu
tlo
ss
ofco
nve
ntio
na
lre
layin
gca
nb
ere
cove
red
wh
en
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larg
ea
tth
eco
st
of
red
ucin
gth
enu
mb
er
ofu
se
rssu
pp
orte
d.
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173
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Multiple−
Sym
bol Differential D
etection [7]
Multiple−
Sym
bol Differential S
phere Detection [8]
Soft M
ultiple−S
ymbol D
ifferential Sphere D
ecoding [9]
1968
1992
2005
2006
Evolution of N
oncoherent Detection
General H
ypothesis Testing P
rinciple [6]
Ho
etal.
Lam
pe
etal.
V.Pau
lietal.
HL
Van
Trees
❏[?
],[?
],[?
],[?
]
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Lim
itatio
ns
of
Co
he
ren
tD
ete
ctio
n
❏Tra
nsm
itting
pilo
tsym
bo
lsfo
ra
ttain
ing
the
ch
an
ne
lsta
tein
form
atio
n(C
SI)
req
uire
s
extra
ba
nd
wid
tha
nd
en
erg
y,e
sp
ecia
llyw
he
ne
nco
un
terin
gfre
qu
en
cy-s
ele
ctive
or
time
-se
lective
fad
ing
ch
an
ne
ls.
❏C
ha
nn
ele
stim
atio
ne
rrors
may
sig
nifi
ca
ntly
imp
air
the
pe
rform
an
ce
of
so
me
co
he
ren
t
de
tectio
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em
es.
❏In
MIM
Osyste
ms,
all
the(N
T ×N
R)
ch
an
ne
lsh
ave
tob
ee
stim
ate
d.
❏In
co
op
era
tivesyste
ms,
itis
imp
ractic
alto
exp
ectth
ere
lay
no
de
sto
estim
ate
the
so
urc
e-to
-rela
ylin
ks,e
sp
ecia
llyw
he
nth
ere
lay
no
de
sa
rem
ob
ileu
se
rs.
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]-
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173
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No
nc
oh
ere
nt
De
tec
tion
❏M
ultip
le-S
ym
bo
lD
iffere
ntia
lD
ete
ctio
n(M
SD
D)
sig
nifi
ca
ntly
imp
rove
sth
ep
erfo
rma
nce
of
no
nco
he
ren
td
ete
ctio
n[?
].T
he
typ
ica
l3
dB
dis
cre
pa
ncy
with
reg
ard
toco
he
ren
t
de
tectio
nm
ay
be
red
uce
d.
How
eve
r,its
incre
ase
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mp
lexity
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ha
mp
er
its
em
plo
ym
en
t.
❏M
ultip
le-S
ym
bo
lD
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ntia
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ere
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tectio
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SD
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ca
ntly
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sth
e
syste
mco
mp
lexity
imp
ose
dby
MS
DD
with
ou
td
egra
din
gits
erro
rco
rrectio
nca
pa
bility
[?].
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he
So
ftd
ete
ctio
nb
ase
dve
rsio
no
fM
SD
SD
wa
sp
rop
ose
din
[?],
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ich
allo
ws
us
to
inco
rpo
rate
the
MS
DS
Da
lgo
rithm
inite
rative
de
tectio
n.
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]-
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173
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Illus
tratio
no
fth
eM
SD
SD
prin
cip
le
Obtained after S
econd Search
New
Radius
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adius
Received S
ymbol P
oint
New
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irst Search
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um R
adius
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L Solution
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uS‖2
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n.a
c.u
k[1
]-
[10]
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173
⇒|
Extrinsic Inform
ation Transfer C
hart [11]
Turbo C
oding [10]
S. ten B
rink
Distributed T
urbo Coding for R
elay Channel [12]
1996
2001
2003
Evolution of T
urbo Coding
C.B
errouetal.
B.Zhao
etal.
❏[?
],[?
],[?
]
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
://ww
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obile
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oto
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]-
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Tu
rbo
Co
din
g
❏Tu
rbo
co
din
g(o
rite
rative
de
tectio
n)
su
bsta
ntia
llye
nh
an
ce
dth
ee
rror
co
rrectio
n
ca
pa
bility
of
the
de
co
de
r.B
ase
do
nit,
ne
ar-c
ap
acity
op
era
tion
be
ca
me
po
ssib
le[?
].
How
eve
r,th
ea
sso
cia
ted
syste
mco
mp
lexity
isra
pid
lyin
cre
ase
d.
❏T
he
co
nce
ptio
no
fE
xtrin
sic
Info
rma
tion
Tra
nsfe
rC
ha
rts(E
XIT-C
ha
rt)fa
cilita
ted
the
an
aly
sis
ofa
ny
so
ft-inp
ut
so
ft-ou
tpu
td
eco
de
r[?
].It
isca
pa
ble
of
ch
ara
cte
risin
gth
e
itera
tived
eco
de
rw
itho
ut
exe
cu
ting
time
-co
nsu
min
g”M
on
te-C
arlo
”sim
ula
tion
s.
❏T
he
dis
tribu
ted
turb
oco
din
gstru
ctu
reis
su
itable
for
co
op
era
tiven
etw
ork
[?].
Th
e
pe
rform
an
ce
wa
sfu
rthe
rim
pro
ved
by
invo
kin
gm
ore
de
tectio
nsta
ge
s.
How
eve
r,th
e
syste
m’s
co
mp
lexity
may
ha
mp
er
itsp
ractic
ala
pp
lica
tion
.
❏H
en
ce,a
trad
e-o
ffh
as
tob
estru
ck
be
twe
en
the
ach
ieva
ble
pe
rform
an
ce
an
dth
e
co
mp
lexity
imp
ose
d.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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Syste
mD
esig
n
➀S
ucce
ssive
rela
yin
gw
illb
ee
mp
loye
dto
recove
rth
e5
0%
thro
ug
hp
utlo
ss.
➁T
he
cla
ssic
DS
-CD
MA
mu
ltiple
acce
ss
tech
niq
ue
will
be
utiliz
ed
tosu
pp
ress
the
su
cce
ssive
rela
yin
gin
du
ce
din
terfe
ren
ce
atth
eco
sto
fp
ote
ntia
llyre
du
cin
gth
enu
mb
er
of
the
use
rssu
pp
orte
dby
the
DS
-CD
MA
syste
m.
➂S
oft-in
pu
tso
ft-ou
tpu
tM
SD
SD
( SIS
O-M
SD
SD
)b
ase
dn
on
co
he
ren
td
ete
ctio
nw
illb
e
em
plo
ye
dto
avo
idch
an
ne
le
stim
atio
n.
➃A
Th
ree
-sta
ge
turb
od
eco
de
rw
illb
ee
mp
loye
da
tth
ed
estin
atio
nn
od
eto
su
bsta
ntia
lly
en
ha
nce
the
erro
rco
rrectio
nca
pa
bility.
➄T
he
mu
ltiple
info
rma
tion
stre
am
sre
ce
ived
atth
ed
estin
atio
nn
od
ew
illb
eco
mb
ine
d.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
am
pto
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UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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]-
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Sch
em
atic
of
the
Pro
po
se
dTra
ns
ce
ive
r
(5)
Modulation
Differential
(6)
Encoder
Encoder
(4)T
x
(1)(2)
(3)
Decoder
Decoder
Rx
(1)(2)
(3)Modulation
Differential
Encoder
Encoder
TxRx
Phase 1Phase 2
Phase 1
Mapper
(1)(2)
Decoder
Decoder
(4)
Destination
Relay
Source
(3)
Figure 1
π1
u2
π2
uR
SC
UR
C
E(u
2 )E
(u)
A(u
2 )A
(u)
“outer”
iterationI
route
r“in
ner”
iterationI
rinner
MSD
SD
π−
12
π2
UR
Cπ−
11π1
RSC
u2
u1
RSC
π1
UR
Cπ
2
Decod
e-and-F
orward
Based
Relay
Tran
sceiver
RSC
-UR
C-D
MT
hree-S
tageSou
rceE
ncod
er
T
v[k
]s[k
]
D(u
1 )
E(u
2 )E
(u)
A(x
1 )
A(u
2 )A
(u)
π−
12
π2
UR
Cπ−
11π1
RSC
“inner”
iterationI
dinner
“outer”
iterationI
doute
r
Phase
2:
Phase
1:
D(u
1 )
u1
MSD
SD
-UR
C-R
SC
Three-S
tageD
ecoder
RSC
-UR
C-D
MT
hree-S
tageE
ncod
er
Relay
-Aid
ed-M
SD
SD
-UR
C-R
SC
Three-S
tageD
estination
Decod
er
x1
x2
A(x
1 )A
(x2 )
E(x
2 )E
(x1 )
x1
x2
A(x
2 )
E(x
2 )E
(x1 )
D(u
1 )
u1
Match
ed-F
ilterC
hip
-Waveform
u
zr1
2z
s1
Relay
-Aid
ed
MSD
SD
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
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outh
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pto
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obile
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oto
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]-
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Co
mp
lex
ityA
na
lys
is-I
❏T
he
inn
er
de
co
de
ro
fth
eth
ree
-sta
ge
de
stin
atio
nd
eco
de
r,n
am
ely
“Re
lay-A
ide
d
MS
DS
D”,
rea
lize
sth
eco
mb
ina
tion
of
two
inp
utin
form
atio
nstre
am
s,
na
me
ly“z
r1
2,
zs1 ”.
❏T
he
co
mp
lexity
ofth
eR
ela
y-A
ide
dM
SD
SD
isa
bo
uttw
ice
ofth
eS
ing
le-P
ath
MS
DS
D
(the
orig
ina
lp
roto
typ
ep
rop
ose
din
[?]).
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Average number of RMOs per soft output
0.00.2
0.40.6
0.81.0
Apriorim
utualinformation
IA
Relay
Single-Path
Relay-A
idedSISO
MSD
SDSingle-Path
SISOM
SDSD
Fig
ure
2
☞T
he
ave
rag
enu
mb
er
of
rea
l-valu
ed
mu
ltiplic
a-
tion
op
era
tion
s(R
MO
)re
qu
ired
for
ge
ne
ratin
ga
so
ft-ou
tpu
td
urin
gth
eS
ISO
-MS
DS
Dd
ete
ctio
n
pe
rite
ratio
np
roce
ss
ise
mp
loye
dh
ere
as
ou
r
co
mp
lexity
me
tric.
☞T
he
n,
we
varie
dth
ea
prio
rim
utu
al
info
rma
tion
of
the
two
diffe
ren
tS
ISO
-MS
DS
Dd
eco
de
rsa
nd
reco
rde
dth
ea
sso
cia
ted
nu
mb
er
of
RM
Os
re-
qu
ired
for
pro
du
cin
ga
sin
gle
so
ft-ou
tpu
to
nce
pe
rite
ratio
n.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
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pto
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UK
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obile
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]-
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Co
mp
lex
ityA
na
lys
is-II
❏In
the
“dis
tribu
ted
turb
oco
din
g”
ba
se
dd
eco
de
ro
fF
ig.3
(sim
ilar
to[?
,(F
ig.5
)]),e
ach
inp
utsig
na
lstre
am
is
firs
tin
div
idu
ally
pro
ce
sse
dby
asin
gle
-pa
thS
ISO
-MS
DS
Da
ide
dtu
rbo
de
co
de
rw
ithin
the
inn
er
itera
tive
sta
ge.
Th
en
the
resu
ltan
tin
form
atio
nis
pa
sse
do
nto
the
ou
ter
itera
tivesta
ge,a
nd
typ
ica
llya
tle
ast
two
itera
tion
sa
reca
rried
ou
tin
ord
er
toexch
an
ge
info
rma
tion
be
twe
en
the
diffe
ren
tin
pu
tsig
na
lstre
am
s.
❏H
en
ce,
ba
se
do
no
ur
co
mp
lexity
co
mp
aris
on
se
en
inF
ig.2
,it
isre
aso
na
ble
toa
rgu
eth
at“o
ur
pro
po
se
d
tran
sce
iver
-F
ig.1
”is
ca
pa
ble
ofh
alv
ing
the
syste
mco
mp
lexity
imp
ose
dby
the
co
nve
ntio
na
l“s
ing
le-p
ath
SIS
O-M
SD
SD
aid
ed
dis
tribu
ted
turb
od
eco
de
r-
Fig
.3”.
(3)
(5)
(2)(1)
(4)
Decoder
Decoder
Decoder
Rx
Rx
Figure 3
π−
1r2
π−
1s1
πs1
πs2
π−
1s2
πr2
E(u
3 )A
(c2 )
E(u
2 )A
(c1 )
E(c
1 )A
(u2 )
E(c
2 )A
(u3 )
E(u
5 )A
(c4 )
E(c
4 )A
(u5 )
E(u
4 )
A(u
4 )
MSD
SD
sU
RC
s
“inner”
iterationI
dinner3
“inner”
iterationI
dinner2
“inner”
iterationI
dinner1
π−
1r1
πr1
“outer”
iterationI
doute
r
A(u
1 )E(u
1 )
D(u
1 )
u1
MSD
SD
r
RSC
s
RSC
Phase
II:M
SD
SD
r -RSC
rD
ecoder
Phase
I:M
SD
SD
s -UR
Cs -R
SC
sD
ecoder
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
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UK
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obile
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oto
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]-
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(3)
(5)
(2)(1)
(4)
Decoder
Decoder
Decoder
Rx
Rx
Figure 3
π−
1r2
π−
1s1
πs1
πs2
π−
1s2
πr2
E(u
3 )A
(c2 )
E(u
2 )A
(c1 )
E(c
1 )A
(u2 )
E(c
2 )A
(u3 )
E(u
5 )A
(c4 )
E(c
4 )A
(u5 )
E(u
4 )
A(u
4 )
MSD
SD
sU
RC
s
“inner”
iterationI
dinner3
“inner”
iterationI
dinner2
“inner”
iterationI
dinner1
π−
1r1
πr1
“outer”
iterationI
doute
r
A(u
1 )E(u
1 )
D(u
1 )
u1
MSD
SD
r
RSC
s
RSC
Phase
II:M
SD
SD
r -RSC
rD
ecoder
Phase
I:M
SD
SD
s -UR
Cs -R
SC
sD
ecoder
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
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outh
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pto
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UK
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obile
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]-
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DC
MC
Cap
acity
-I
❏D
CM
Cca
pa
city
-D
iscre
te-in
pu
tC
on
tinu
ou
s-o
utp
utM
em
ory
less
Ch
an
ne
lca
pa
city
❏T
he
no
nco
he
ren
tD
CM
Cca
pa
city
of
the
DF
ba
se
dsu
cce
ssive
rela
yin
ga
ide
dn
etw
ork
( SR
AN
)is
qu
an
tifie
db
elo
w,w
he
red
iffere
ntre
lay
no
de
po
sitio
ns
an
dd
iffere
nt
blo
ck-fa
din
gin
terva
lsw
ere
inve
stig
ate
d.
-50
510
1520
SystemSN
R[dB
]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Noncoherent DCMC Capacity [bits/s/Hz]
DQ
PSKfd
=0.01
Tb
=6
DirectT
ransmission
Netw
orkSuccessive
DF
Relaying
Netw
ork
Dsri =
1/4D
sri =1/3
Dsri =
1/2D
sri =2/3
Dsri =
3/4
-50
510
1520
SystemSN
R[dB
]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Noncoherent DCMC Capacity [bits/s/Hz]
DQ
PSKfd
=0.01
Dsri =
1/2
Tb
=3
Tb
=4
Tb
=5
Tb
=6
Tb
=7
SuccessiveD
FR
elayingN
etwork
c©H
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EC
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outh
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pto
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obile
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]-
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DC
MC
Cap
acity
-II
❏T
he
no
nco
he
ren
tD
CM
Cca
pa
city
of
the
DF
ba
se
dS
RA
Na
lways
exce
ed
sth
at
ofth
e
dire
cttra
nsm
issio
nb
ase
dn
etw
ork
.
❏In
the
thro
ug
hp
utin
terva
lb
elo
w1
bits/
s/H
z,th
en
on
co
he
ren
tD
CM
Cca
pa
city
of
the
DF
ba
se
dS
RA
Nb
eco
me
sth
eh
igh
estw
he
nth
ere
lay
no
de
roa
ms
aro
un
dth
em
idw
ay
po
sitio
no
fth
eso
urc
e-to
-de
stin
atio
nlin
k.
❏T
he
incre
ase
of
the
co
rrela
ted
fad
ing
blo
ck
len
gth
ofth
ech
an
ne
lsle
ad
toth
ein
cre
ase
of
the
DC
MC
ca
pa
city.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
[10]
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Sim
ula
tion
Resu
lts:
Sy
ste
mP
ara
me
ters
Ch
an
ne
lM
od
el
Tim
e-S
ele
ctive
Blo
ck-F
ad
ing
Ch
an
ne
l
Pa
th-L
oss
Exp
on
en
tα=
3
Co
rrela
ted
Fa
din
gB
lock
Le
ng
thT
b=
6
No
rma
lize
dD
op
ple
rF
req
ue
ncy
fd=
0.0
1
Ch
an
ne
lC
od
ing
RS
CC
od
e
Co
de
Me
mo
ryL
en
gth
ν=
6
Co
de
Ra
teR
c=
0.5
Mo
du
latio
nD
QP
SK
MS
DS
DO
bse
rvatio
nW
ind
ow
Siz
eN
win
d=
6
Inn
er
Itera
tion
so
fD
N’s
De
co
de
rI
dinner=
2
Ou
ter
Itera
tion
so
fD
N’s
De
co
de
rI
douter
=6
Re
lay
Po
sitio
nD
sri =
12;
Gsr
i =G
ri d=
8
Ove
rall
Ba
nd
wid
the
fficie
ncy
η=
0.8
33
3b
its/s
/Hz
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
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obile
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oto
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]-
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Sim
ula
tion
Resu
lts:
EX
IT-C
ha
rt
❏W
he
nS
NR=
0.8
2d
B,
an
op
en
tun
ne
lb
etw
ee
nth
ein
ne
rco
de
cu
rvea
nd
the
ou
ter
co
de
cu
rveo
ccu
rs.
❏6
itera
tion
sa
rere
qu
ired
toa
pp
roa
ch
the
po
into
fp
erfe
ct
co
nve
rge
nce
at(1.0,1.0)
in
the
EX
ITch
art
alo
ng
the
op
en
tun
ne
l.
c©H
anzo,
EC
S,U
niv.
ofS
outh
am
pto
n,
UK
.http
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obile
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oto
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k[1
]-
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⇒|
0.00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0IA (R
elay-Aided-SISO
-MSD
SD-U
RC
),IE (RSC
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
IE(Relay-Aided-SISO-MSDSD-URC), IA(RSC)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relay-A
ided-SISO-M
SDSD
-UR
C.
RSC
of=
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ar-C
ap
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lti-Fu
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hn
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nd
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00
9
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anzo,
EC
S,U
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]-
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173/
173
⇒|
Fu
ture
Researc
h
•N
ea
r-ca
pa
city
mu
lti-fun
ctio
na
lM
IMO
arra
ys
su
pp
ortin
gd
ivers
en
on
-co
he
ren
td
ete
ctio
n
aid
ed
asyn
ch
ron
ou
sly
de
tecte
dw
irele
ss
tran
ce
ivers
.
•C
ross-la
ye
rd
esig
ne
da
ssis
ted
’gre
en
’w
irele
ss
syste
ms
Thank
You
![Nikos Sidiropoulos University of Virginia ECE …icc2018.ieee-icc.org/sites/icc2018.ieee-icc.org/files/NikosICC2018... · Online Variance Reduced Gradient (OVRG) [Frostig et al. 2015]](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5bb18ac309d3f272478da298/nikos-sidiropoulos-university-of-virginia-ece-online-variance-reduced-gradient.jpg)
