Upload
thy
View
41
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Spread Of Islam. Chapter 10 section 2 page 238. A Review-. What is the difference between Islam and Muslim? Islam is the religion, Muslim is a person belonging to the religion Which 3 continents did Arabia connect? Europe, Asia, Africa Who are considered “people of the book”? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Spread Of The Spread Of IslamIslamChapter 10 section 2 page 238Chapter 10 section 2 page 238
A Review-A Review-
What is the difference between Islam and What is the difference between Islam and Muslim?Muslim?
Islam is the religion, Muslim is a person Islam is the religion, Muslim is a person belonging to the religionbelonging to the religion
Which 3 continents did Arabia connect?Which 3 continents did Arabia connect? Europe, Asia, AfricaEurope, Asia, Africa Who are considered “people of the book”?Who are considered “people of the book”? Christians, Jews, MuslimsChristians, Jews, Muslims Who is the founder of the Islam religion?Who is the founder of the Islam religion? MuhammadMuhammad
Muhammad’s Sucessors Muhammad’s Sucessors Spread IslamSpread Islam
When Muhammad died in 632, When Muhammad died in 632, community wasn’t sure how to choose a community wasn’t sure how to choose a leader, but are sure they need to spread leader, but are sure they need to spread the message of Allahthe message of Allah
Muhammad didn’t name a successor, so Muhammad didn’t name a successor, so Muslim community selected Abu-Bakr, Muslim community selected Abu-Bakr, his friend and follower to become the first his friend and follower to become the first “caliph”- or successor“caliph”- or successor
Rightly Guided CaliphsRightly Guided Caliphs
Abu-Bakr and next 3 elected caliphs- Abu-Bakr and next 3 elected caliphs- Umar, Uthman and Ali all knew Umar, Uthman and Ali all knew Muhammad, and used Qur’an and Muhammad, and used Qur’an and actions as guides to leadershipactions as guides to leadership
This is why they are known as “rightly This is why they are known as “rightly guided caliphs”guided caliphs”
Period of rule is called caliphate Period of rule is called caliphate
Abu-BakrAbu-Bakr Promised he would uphold what Promised he would uphold what
Muhammad stood forMuhammad stood for But after the prophets death some tribes But after the prophets death some tribes
abandoned Islam and refused to pay taxesabandoned Islam and refused to pay taxes Some people declared themselves as Some people declared themselves as
prophetsprophets Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert
Muhammad’s efforts in the community and Muhammad’s efforts in the community and the army became well trained and the army became well trained and disciplineddisciplined
Muslim state controlled all of ArabiaMuslim state controlled all of Arabia
UmarUmar
Became second caliph in 634 after Abu-Became second caliph in 634 after Abu-Bakr diedBakr died
Highly disciplined armies conquered Highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire
Also took parts of Persian EmpireAlso took parts of Persian Empire
Muslim Empire under Muslim Empire under UmarUmar
Uthman and AliUthman and Ali
Next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali expanded Next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali expanded Muslim territory east and westMuslim territory east and west
Were able to gain support of armies and Were able to gain support of armies and navies of conquered landnavies of conquered land
Used these forces to help conquer more landUsed these forces to help conquer more land By 750, Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles- By 750, Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles-
2 times the distance across the United States2 times the distance across the United States
Twice the Distance of the Twice the Distance of the U.S!U.S!
Muslims were willing to struggle to Muslims were willing to struggle to defend Islamdefend Islam
Drew energy and inspiration from faithDrew energy and inspiration from faith
Success of the MilitarySuccess of the Military
Muslim military successful due to faith of Muslim military successful due to faith of soldierssoldiers
Armies were well disciplined and well Armies were well disciplined and well commandedcommanded
Took advantage of weaknesses in other Took advantage of weaknesses in other empires: the Byzantine and Persian empires: the Byzantine and Persian empiresempires
Persian and Byzantine empires had been in Persian and Byzantine empires had been in conflict for a long timeconflict for a long time
By the time Muslim armies invaded their By the time Muslim armies invaded their lands both empires were exhausted lands both empires were exhausted militarily militarily
People in those regions who didn’t support People in those regions who didn’t support the official religions (Christianity or the official religions (Christianity or Zoroastrianism) had been persecutedZoroastrianism) had been persecuted
These people saw the Muslims as These people saw the Muslims as liberatorsliberators
Treatment of Conquered Treatment of Conquered PeoplePeople
Many conquered people chose to accept Many conquered people chose to accept IslamIslam
Qur’an forbade forced conversion, so Qur’an forbade forced conversion, so Muslims allowed people to keep own Muslims allowed people to keep own religionreligion
Christians, Jews and Christians, Jews and MuslimsMuslims
Jews and Christians were “people of the Jews and Christians were “people of the book” and received special considerationbook” and received special consideration
They paid a poll tax each year so they They paid a poll tax each year so they wouldn’t have to serve in the military wouldn’t have to serve in the military
Even though there was religious tolerance, Even though there was religious tolerance, other religions not allowed to spread other religions not allowed to spread religionreligion
Christians and Jews played important roles Christians and Jews played important roles as officials and scholars in the Muslim stateas officials and scholars in the Muslim state
The Torah, Bible, Qur’anThe Torah, Bible, Qur’an
Internal Conflict Creates Internal Conflict Creates a Crisisa Crisis
Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil warwar
Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, was the natural choice for replacement, was the natural choice for replacement, but he was assassinatedbut he was assassinated
The system of electing a caliph died with The system of electing a caliph died with himhim
The UmayyadsThe Umayyads
A family known as the Umayyads came A family known as the Umayyads came to powerto power
Set up hereditary system of successionSet up hereditary system of succession Changed the capital from Mecca to Changed the capital from Mecca to
Damascus in recently conquered SyriaDamascus in recently conquered Syria Thought it would be easier to control Thought it would be easier to control
conquered territories from new locationconquered territories from new location
Arab Muslims felt capital was too far Arab Muslims felt capital was too far away from their landsaway from their lands
Umayyads abandoned the simple life of Umayyads abandoned the simple life of caliphs and surrounded themselves with caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth and extravagances wealth and extravagances
The Shi’aThe Shi’a
Wealth and luxury angered the Muslim Wealth and luxury angered the Muslim community, but accepted their rule to community, but accepted their rule to keep peacekeep peace
A minority did resist and believed the A minority did resist and believed the caliph should be a relative of the prophetcaliph should be a relative of the prophet
This group was called Shi’a meaning This group was called Shi’a meaning “party” of Ali“party” of Ali
The SunniThe Sunni
Those who didn’t resist the rule of the Those who didn’t resist the rule of the Umayyads became known as Sunni, Umayyads became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s meaning followers of Muhammad’s exampleexample
However, some Sunni were concerned However, some Sunni were concerned with the lifestyle of the Umayyads and with the lifestyle of the Umayyads and worried they had become to involved in worried they had become to involved in worldly affairs and lost touch with religionworldly affairs and lost touch with religion
The SufiThe Sufi
Another group who reacted to the lush Another group who reacted to the lush life of the Umayyadslife of the Umayyads
Chose a life of poverty and devotion, Chose a life of poverty and devotion, similar to a Christian monksimilar to a Christian monk
End of the UmayyadsEnd of the Umayyads
Religious and political opposition to the Religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfallUmayyad caliphate led to its downfall
Rebel groups overthrew the Umayadds in Rebel groups overthrew the Umayadds in 750750
The Abbasids, a powerful rebel group The Abbasids, a powerful rebel group took control of the empiretook control of the empire
Murder of the UmayyadsMurder of the Umayyads
After the Abbasids took control in 750, After the Abbasids took control in 750, they murder members of the Umayyad they murder members of the Umayyad familyfamily
Only Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped, Only Prince Abd al-Rahman escaped, and moved to Spain and moved to Spain
Prince al-Rahman set up a new Prince al-Rahman set up a new Umayyad dynasty in SpainUmayyad dynasty in Spain
Spain had already been conquered and Spain had already been conquered and settled by Muslims from North Africa, settled by Muslims from North Africa, known as the Berbersknown as the Berbers
The Berbers formed the extraordinary The Berbers formed the extraordinary Muslim state called al-AndalusMuslim state called al-Andalus
The AbbasidsThe Abbasids
Their strength lay in the lands of Iraq, Their strength lay in the lands of Iraq, Iran and central Asia, the former lands of Iran and central Asia, the former lands of the Persian Empirethe Persian Empire
Moved the capital from Damascus to Moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad in south IraqBaghdad in south Iraq
Location gave access to goods, trade Location gave access to goods, trade routes, gold and information on the rest routes, gold and information on the rest of the empireof the empire
Under the AbbasidsUnder the Abbasids Developed strong bureaucracy Developed strong bureaucracy Treasury kept track of money flowTreasury kept track of money flow Chancery prepared letters and Chancery prepared letters and
documents documents Special dept. managed the armySpecial dept. managed the army Sent diplomats to other royal courts Sent diplomats to other royal courts
throughout Europe to develop good throughout Europe to develop good relationshipsrelationships
Taxed land, imports, exports and non-Taxed land, imports, exports and non-Muslim’s wealth to pay for bureaucracyMuslim’s wealth to pay for bureaucracy
Elephant DiplomacyElephant Diplomacy
Abbasids constantly trying to hold empire Abbasids constantly trying to hold empire together, and hold off outside attacks. They together, and hold off outside attacks. They viewed their relationship with the Kingdom viewed their relationship with the Kingdom of Franks ruled by Charlemagne extremely of Franks ruled by Charlemagne extremely important, and viewed the Franks as important, and viewed the Franks as possible allies against the Umayyads in possible allies against the Umayyads in Spain. Caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an Spain. Caliph Harun al-Rashid sent an envoy with gifts to Charlemagne's court envoy with gifts to Charlemagne's court including an elephant named Abu al-Abbas, including an elephant named Abu al-Abbas, the only elephant the caliph owned. The trip the only elephant the caliph owned. The trip was a success- Charlemagne defeated the was a success- Charlemagne defeated the Umayyads early in his reignUmayyads early in his reign
Kingdom of FranksKingdom of Franks
CharlemagneCharlemagne
Rival Groups Dominated Rival Groups Dominated Muslim LandsMuslim Lands
Abbasid caliphate lasted 750- 1258Abbasid caliphate lasted 750- 1258 during that time they were able to increase during that time they were able to increase
authority by consulting with religious leadersauthority by consulting with religious leaders But they failed to keep control of enormous But they failed to keep control of enormous
territoryterritory Independent Muslim states sprang up and Independent Muslim states sprang up and
local leaders dominated many smaller local leaders dominated many smaller regionsregions
Fatimid DynastyFatimid Dynasty
Named after Muhammad’s daughter Named after Muhammad’s daughter FatimaFatima
Began in north Africa, spreading to Began in north Africa, spreading to western Arabia and Syriawestern Arabia and Syria
Although they were politically divided, the Although they were politically divided, the Abbasid Empire and smaller powers Abbasid Empire and smaller powers stayed unified through religion, language, stayed unified through religion, language, trade, and the economytrade, and the economy
Muslim Trade NetworkMuslim Trade Network
2 major sea-trading zones:2 major sea-trading zones:
1. Mediterranean Sea1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Indian Ocean2. Indian Ocean Water linked the Muslim Empire into sea Water linked the Muslim Empire into sea
networknetwork The land connected the Silk Roads of The land connected the Silk Roads of
China and India with Europe and AsiaChina and India with Europe and Asia
1 Language, 1 Currency1 Language, 1 Currency
Muslims merchants realize they only Muslims merchants realize they only needed a single language, Arabic and needed a single language, Arabic and single currency, the Abbasid dinar to travel single currency, the Abbasid dinar to travel from Cordoba to Baghdad and onto Chinafrom Cordoba to Baghdad and onto China
Muslims create banks to encourage flow Muslims create banks to encourage flow of tradeof trade
Offered letters of credit called sakks (in Offered letters of credit called sakks (in Europe, the pronunciation is check)Europe, the pronunciation is check)
The idea of using checks dates back to The idea of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empirethe Muslim Empire
CordobaCordoba Mix of Muslims, Christians and Jews Mix of Muslims, Christians and Jews
created a cosmopolitan atmosphere in created a cosmopolitan atmosphere in the city of Cordoba (Spain)the city of Cordoba (Spain)
City attracted poets, philosophers, City attracted poets, philosophers, scientists and doctorsscientists and doctors
City became the center of Muslim culture City became the center of Muslim culture with 70 libraries, 700 mosques and 27 with 70 libraries, 700 mosques and 27 free schoolsfree schools
Period of achievements in the arts and Period of achievements in the arts and sciences followed sciences followed