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The St. Louis Ozone Garden Project: The Beginnings of a Network in 2013
Jack Fishman1,2 and Kelley Belina2 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
2Center for Environmental Sciences Saint Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
6th Air Quality Applications Science Team Meeting (AQAST-6) Houston. TX
January 15-17, 2014
What is an Ozone Garden?
-A public education and outreach exhibit with plants that are sensitive to ozone air pollution. -With ozone (O3) and weather monitoring equipment. -Panels describe ground-level O3 air pollution and its effects on plants. -Leaf damage data is collected.
The increasing levels of background O3 air pollution and its effects on the environment are little know components of global change.
Youth Exploring Science (YES) student collecting O3 injury data on cutleaf coneflower leaves in the Saint Louis Science Center/Forest Park garden in summer 2013.
Despite the fact that urban air has gotten cleaner, average background concentrations of O3 are now above the threshold where damage to plants can now be observed
Trend in St. Louis O3 Concentrations 1980-2012: Dirty Air is Getting Cleaner, Clean Air is Getting Dirtier
St. Louis Science Center
Grant’s Farm
SWIC
Three Ozone Gardens in St Louis in 2013
-Saint Louis Science Center (SLSC) – 2nd year -Grant’s Farm – 1st year -Southwestern Illinois College (SWIC) – 1st Year
Grant’s Farm SWIC
Highlights in 2013
More Ozone-injury Observed at the SLSC garden in 2013 Despite Considerably Lower O3 Concentrations
Highlights in 2013
2012: 40 O3 Days, 170 Exceedances
2013: 7 O3 Days, 15 Exceedances
Common Milkweed in 2012: Only minimal damage observed in
2012, and none until September
Common Milkweed in 2013: • Stippling gradually progresses to become prominent dark areas • Older leaves show more advanced symptoms than younger leaves • After stippling, leaves can become chlorotic (yellow) and/or necrotic (cell death) and often drop early from the plant
Cutleaf Coneflower and
La Chipper Potato: Both plants exhibited
damage in 2013
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Dried pod weights (g) from soybeans at the Grant’s Farm 1n 2013
Ozone tolerant Ozone sensitive
Observable and Measurable Differences in Sensitive and Tolerant Soybean Cultivars Planted in 2013
Highlights in 2013
Sensitive soybean cultivar (A.K. Harrow, front) and tolerant cultivar (Williams 82,rear) planted at SWIC in 2013
A National Network of Ozone Gardens Using AQAST Members
From June 2012 AQAST Meeting
Status of National Network of Ozone Gardens in 2014
Open in 2013
Planned for 2014
Visualizing the Impact of Global Change on the Environment: The St. Louis Ozone Garden
Jack Fishman1,2,3 Kelley M. Belina,2,3 and Cindy H. Encarnaciòn4 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
2Center for Environmental Sciences 3Center for Sustainability
Saint Louis University St. Louis, Missouri 63108
4Saint Louis Science Center St. Louis, Missouri 63110
Submitted Bulletin American Meteorological Society
February, 2013 Revised August, 2013 (response to referees)
2nd Revision October, 2013 (editor requested shift with more education focus) Forwarded to BAMS Editor-in-Chief
Still Waiting for Formal Acceptance! From Jeff Rosenfeld (Editor-in-chief): 2 December 2013 Hi Jack,
Peter asked me to take a look at the manuscript and I have done so. I was very close to making some recommendations to you and then got completely derailed with an unexpected health issue before Thanksgiving.
I'm sure you'll hear from me, or from another editor, soon. The delay will be worth your while, even if it doesn't seem like it at the moment.
--Jeff
Part II:
Can Information on Crop Spectral Signatures Be Used by Agribusiness to
Improve USDA Commodity Forecasting?
Potential Future Collaboration with Wasit (Ghulam) Wulamu (SLU)
Sensitive soybean cultivar (A.K. Harrow, front) and tolerant cultivar (Williams 82,rear)
planted at SWIC Ozone Garden in 2013
Ongoing Research at Saint Louis University Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Climate: Nutrient Uptake and Grape Quality Study under Various Soil Moisture Conditions
Grape plants under drought-stressed and irrigated conditions exhibit different spectral signatures
Drought bed Irrigated bed
Potential Tiger-Team Proposals: Determine Spectral Signatures for
O3-Tolerant and O3-Sensitive Soybean Cultivars
rice: 99-15
Rice: 5021
Rice: 99-15
Hyper-spectral remote sensing has been used to differentiate cultivars of rice
(Tong et al., 2004)
-1.64%ppbv-1[56-70ppbv](Morganetal.,2006)
nodetec bleimpact[38-53ppbv]
-0.92%ppbv-1[48-60ppbv]
(Fishmanetal.,2010)
(Fishmanetal.,2010)
Future IPCC Scenarios Suggest Tropospheric O3 will Increase by 25%
• Decrease in yield because of increased O3 is an ongoing research concern of St. Louis-based Monsanto
-1.64%ppbv-1[56-70ppbv](Morganetal.,2006)
nodetec bleimpact[38-53ppbv]
-0.92%ppbv-1[48-60ppbv]
(Fishmanetal.,2010)
(Fishmanetal.,2010)
Future IPCC Scenario: Trop O3 +25% Decreased Yield ~10%
Future IPCC Scenarios Suggest Tropospheric O3 will Increase by 25%
• Decrease in yield because of increased O3 is an ongoing research concern of St. Louis-based Monsanto
Spectral Measurements using PSR-3500 Spectral resolution 3.5nm (350-1000nm);
10nm @ 1500nm; & 7nm @ 2100nm
Leaf Area Index (LAI) from LAI-2200 Plant Canopy Analyzer
Ongoing Research at SLU Focused on Growing Grapes in an Urban Environment
(Emphasis on Urban Sustainability)
Purpose of SLU Research is to Characterize Differences in Spectral Signatures for Two Different Grape Varieties under
Drought and Non-Drought Conditions
Ultimate Goal: Transform Vast Tracts of Urban Land (either currently vacant or where derelict buildings stand) into Functional Vineyards
• But first we need to know which grapes grow best • Information in the “red edge” portion of the spectrum provides insight into growth of plant
TEMPO will provide measurements in the near-red (red edge) portion
of the spectrum that can be used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence
Application of TEMPO Air Quality Satellite Measurements to Improve USDA Commodity Forecast Models
Ongoing Research Project at Monsanto
Potential SLU-Monsanto Collaboration
• Initial Teleconference, January 2014 - Jack Fishman & Wasit Wulamu from SLU -Marie Petracek & Mike Woods from Monsanto • Mutual Interest in Understanding Impact of Ozone on Soybean Crop Yield • Use of Monsanto Soybean Test Facility near Belleville IL (~40 km East of STL) • Details for Future Plans to be Discussed - Use of Test Facility to make ground-based spectral measurements on multiple cultivars with known sensitivity to O3 (summer 2014) - Use of Test Facility for future aircraft measurements (2015 and beyond) 2014 “Pre-Tiger Team Activity”
• Hand-held spectroscopic measurements at 3 Local Ozone Gardens • Establish first baseline soybean spectral signature • Determine spectral signature of O3 foliar damage • Hand-held spectroscopic measurements at Monsanto Field Site
2015 Tiger Team Proposal • SLU aircraft to be available for in situ and remote sensing over Monsanto Field Site • Leverage SLU aircraft capability to obtain spectral signatures over Monsanto field site • Compare airborne measurements with ground-base spectroscopic signatures
Summary Ozone Garden:
• Three Gardens in St. Louis, Three more started in 2013 • Two (or More) Planned for 2014 • Foliar Damage Clearly Identifiable at SLSC in 2013 - Annuals need one year to establish - Soybean Species Introduced in 2013
Spectral Measurements (Unplanned Activity for Summer 2014)
• Provide Baseline Spectral Measurements of Ozone Sensitive and Ozone Tolerant Cultivars at 2014 STL Ozone Gardens to Provide Baseline Spectral Signatures • Expand Above Measurements to Monsanto Field Site in Illinois (not currently funded)
Use Findings for 2015 Tiger Team Proposal
Back-Up Slides
Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model Knowledge and Forecasts of Crop Production Important to U.S. Agribusiness
Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model: Currently: Only LCLU Satellite Data Used as Input
Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model Can Inclusion of
TEMPO Data Improve Crop Forecasts?
Vitis riparia is also know as River Bank Grape. It produces dark fruit that are appealing to both
birds and people, and has been used extensively in commercial viticulture as grafted rootstock and
in hybrid grape breeding programs.
Vitis rupestris is a species of grape native to the Southern and Western United States that is known by
common names Sand Grape. It is used for breeding several French-American hybrids as well as many
root stocks. It has been listed as threatened or endangered by Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and
Tennessee because Heavy use of grazing and herbicides have killed out much of the population.
The red edge of vegetation is an area usually centered around 720nm and represented by the typical sharp
rise in reflectance in the 680-760nm range of classic vegetation spectral signature.
When plants are healthy and are producing more chlorophyll, the red edge tends to shift toward the right
to longer wavelength. This is also accompanied by an increase in the absorption trough at 680nm as the
plant absorbs more energy in the photosynthetic process. When plant is stressed, such as in the case of
excessive heavy metals in the soil, temperature, or lack of water, the spectra tends to shift toward the left
and shorter wavelengths. Stress also tends to produce an increase in reflectance at 630nm absorption
trough because less slight is being utilized for photosynthesis and chlorophyll.
In our case, the red edge reflectance of river bank grape is always centered at the longer wavelength than
sand grape. Furthermore, the 680nm chlorophyll absorption trough is always lower than its counterparts.
So, it seems the river grape is healthier than sand grape in both condition throughout the growing season.
This is also visibly distinguishable in the field. I am not pretty sure which species is drought resistant
,but I assume sand grape is more resistant than the river bank grape based on its name and places it found
in nature. If this is the case, supposedly, the sand grape should grow healthier than the another due to its
genetic traits may be. However, due to wet weather or irrigation scheme plants might not get enough
stress that makes drought-resistant species survive, non-resistant suffer.
Crop Value Year billion $$ 2012 43.2 2011 38.5 2010 37.6 2009 32.1
2008 29.5
2007 27.0 2006 20.5 2005 17.3 2004 17.9
Value of U.S. Soybean Crop
Reduction of Soybean Crop Production by Ozone (a Few Percent) Costs Several Billions of Dollars to the American Farmer
Wild Plant Conservation
Milkweed is the monarch caterpillar’s primary food source
Decreasing the amount of healthy milkweed effects monarch butterfly populations
Common milkweed in the SLSC Ozone Garden in 2013
Monarch caterpillar on common milkweed in the SLSC Ozone Garden
in 2012 Monarch butterfly
Milkweed flowers
National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) Conducted Studies in the 1980s to Assess Impact of Ozone on Crops
Many crops show decreased yield ~40 ppb
Analyses Conducted in 1980s and 1990s Confirm Hypothesis that Tropospheric Ozone Has Increased during 20th Century
(from Marenco et al., J. Geophys. Res., 99. 1994)
Observations from
1950/1960s
Observations from
1990s
Montsouris
Measurement ~1900 From Staehelin, et al., Atmos. Environ., 28, 75-87, 1994
Analyses Conducted in 1980s and 1990s Confirm Hypothesis that Tropospheric Ozone Has Increased during 20th Century
Pacific Coast (US)
Background Ozone Concentrations Still Increasing into
Beginning of 21st Century
Mace Head (Ireland)
(From Cooper et al., Nature, 463, 2010)
Canopy reflectance:
Leaf Optics
Soil reflectance
Canopy structure
LAI
max
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max
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canopy
image
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f d
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canopy 2
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N
Ca+b
Cm
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Prospect
Lillesaeter
SailH
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Selection of water sensitive bands
Tempo