The stakes of Development: from development to sustainable

development

From development to sustainable development

Introduction• The world population today totals 7 Billion

inhabitants, twice as many as in 1960• There have never been as many wealthy, healthy,

educated people but there has also never been as much poverty, disease and hunger

• This can be explained by gaps between levels of development

• Inequalities define the world in which we live

Basic Facts about World Population• The global distribution of population

Population distribution is a spatial term which describes the arrangement or spread of the population over an area. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live. These are usually places with hostile environments e.g. Antarctica. Places which are densely populated are habitable environments e.g. Europe.

• Population DensityPopulation density is a value which indicates the number of people living in a given area of land. It is an average number. Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area. Population density is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer.

• Document 1:What kind of document is it?What is the space represented?What information can be found in it skey?Q2: How can you qualify the world population

distribution?Q3: Where are the areas of high population which are

densely populated?Q4: Where are the areas of low population, which are

sparsely populated?Q5: What can explain the uneven distribution of the

world population?

• Factors influencing global population distribution:

–Physical: climate, relief, soil, vegetation

–Human: economic activities, human resources, natural resources, historical factors

From development to sustainable development

• Unit Questions:1. What inequalities characterize the modern

world?2. What will be the needs of the 9 Billion

inhabitants in 2050?3. Is sustainable development possible?

1. Inequalities and the Modern World• Map 1: Wealth and PovertyDevelopment countries in the north have a high GNI

(GNP) from $8,600 to $30,000 per capitaHowever, poor countries in the south have a low GNI,

ranging from less than $1,000 to $8,600 per capita.In subsaharian Africa and southeast and central Asia,

70 -74% of the population lives with less than $2/day

Key Word: Gross National Product: The total value of goods and services produced within a country

World map for the year 2007, shaded by gross national income (PPP) per capita. Source: World Bank.

Which countries are the wealthiest? The poorest?

Map 1 Wealth and Poverty

I. Inequalities in wealth and development on every scaleA. How can we measure wealth and development?

1. Wealth

Map 1: Wealth and Poverty in the world: thematic planisphere, color coding and various graphs, criteria used: GNP (PPP)

• GNI: Gross National Income : (previously known as Gross National Product-GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries the instrument used to measure the level of production in a country using the addition of the value of the goods and services produced in one year, divided by the number of inhabitants. The GNI in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) is an indicator of the standard of living.

• What does the map show?The GNI and GNP is criticized as an indicator of development because it does not take into account social factors

In 1990, the UN implented another indicator in order to measure development levels

Development: HDI (Human Development Indicator) is

calculated by the per capita revenue ($/year), life expectancy per capita, literacy rates of adults and educational rates of children under 15

The value is expressed from 0 to 1

Map 2: Human Development Index

Map 3: North South Divide GDP in PPP

• Maps 2 & 3: HDI–Thematic Planisphere–Gap between North and South–Countries whose HDI is greater than

0.9 are located in the north while those whose HDI is lower than 0.5 can be found in the south

B. To what extent is development unequal?

1. On a world scale: Long-standing development in the North, recent in the south• Even if it is constantly evolving, a line

separates the North from the South (Map 3)

The North• In the North, development dates back to the

18th century (demographic growth, industrialization and urbanization in Europe, North America and Japan) and the Triad dominates (more than 70% of the planetary production of wealth, 80% of trade and new scientific discoveries)

• With more than 80% of the world’s inhabitants, the South produces less than 30% of its wealth.

• Even if localized areas of development began in the 30’s, it did not generalize until the 60’s.

• Demographic explosion has slowed down development in the south (population has increased 3.5 times since 1950)

• Certain emerging countries in the south now compete against the north (BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa etc…)

The South

2. On a Regional Scale:•In the North: contrast between Northern and Western Europe vs. Southern and Eastern Europe•In the South: even greater contrast between regional areas

- Eastern Africa and Central America, poorest area- Great heterogeneity between emerging powers (BRICS), intermediary developing

countries (baby tigers like Indonesia) and LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries)