The Start of the Civil The Start of the Civil WarWar

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Strengths and WeaknessesStrengths and Weaknesses Northern StrengthsNorthern Strengths

– Larger populationLarger population– More railroads and More railroads and

factoriesfactories– Resources (coal, iron)Resources (coal, iron)– Better balanced economyBetter balanced economy– More $More $– Established governmentEstablished government– Army, and navy (could Army, and navy (could

blockade)blockade) Northern WeaknessesNorthern Weaknesses

– Had to attack to preserve Had to attack to preserve the Unionthe Union

– Less trained leadersLess trained leaders– Not total support – some Not total support – some

wanted to “let South go”wanted to “let South go”

Southern StrengthsSouthern Strengths– Better military leadersBetter military leaders– Defensive position – didn’t Defensive position – didn’t

have to conquer North, have to conquer North, just not be defeatedjust not be defeated

– Familiar territoryFamiliar territory– Fighting to preserve their Fighting to preserve their

way of life (survival) – way of life (survival) – rabbit and the foxrabbit and the fox

Southern WeaknessesSouthern Weaknesses– Smaller populationSmaller population– Economy primarily based Economy primarily based

on one cropon one crop– Few factories and railroadsFew factories and railroads– Large population of slavesLarge population of slaves– New governmentNew government

Union Military StrategiesUnion Military Strategies The The Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

– Naval BlockadeNaval Blockade Prevent trade with Prevent trade with

EuropeEurope– Gain control of the Gain control of the

Mississippi River – Mississippi River – split split the Confederacythe Confederacy

Capture RichmondCapture Richmond– Public wanted a quick Public wanted a quick

endend Lincoln keeps Lincoln keeps “border”“border”

states (MO, KY, DE, states (MO, KY, DE, MD) saying he would MD) saying he would not interfere w/slaverynot interfere w/slaveryGen. Winfield Scott

Confederate War StrategyConfederate War Strategy

President President Jefferson Jefferson DavisDavis

War of War of AttritionAttrition– Defensive warDefensive war– Push back Union Push back Union

advances until they give advances until they give up (wear them down)up (wear them down)

Try to get Try to get foreign alliesforeign allies– South produces 75% of South produces 75% of

world’s cottonworld’s cotton– Try to get Try to get England and England and

FranceFrance to help to help

11stst Bull Run (Manassas) Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861July 21, 1861

– First major battleFirst major battle of the of the warwar

– General Irvin McDowell General Irvin McDowell (Union) vs. Gen. (Union) vs. Gen. Beauregard and Gen. Beauregard and Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (Confederacy)Jackson (Confederacy)

Confederate VictoryConfederate Victory– Confederacy forces Union Confederacy forces Union

retreatretreat– Union troops run back to Union troops run back to

WashingtonWashington– Showed both sides that Showed both sides that

the war would not be the war would not be easyeasy

McDowell)

Jackson

Early BattlesEarly Battles McDowell replaced by McClellanMcDowell replaced by McClellan

– Respected by men but hesitantRespected by men but hesitant– Organizes army of the PotomacOrganizes army of the Potomac

Ulysses S. Grant in the westUlysses S. Grant in the west– Fort Henry & Fort DonelsonFort Henry & Fort Donelson– ShilohShiloh – first battle with massive casualties; – first battle with massive casualties;

horrified both sideshorrified both sides Union captures New Orleans but unable to Union captures New Orleans but unable to

capture entire Miss.capture entire Miss. IroncladsIronclads – Monitor vs. Virginia – Monitor vs. Virginia

(Merrimack); ended in draw but end of (Merrimack); ended in draw but end of wooden shipswooden ships

Tactics and TechnologyTactics and Technology

TacticsTactics– Based on Based on European European

ways of fightingways of fighting– Slowly changed with Slowly changed with

the new technologythe new technology TechnologyTechnology

– Cone shaped bullets Cone shaped bullets rather than roundrather than round

– Repeating rifleRepeating rifle– Heavy artilleryHeavy artillery– Made battle deadlyMade battle deadly– http://www.history.com/

videos/civil-war-tech

Early BattlesEarly Battles

Lincoln urges McClellan to attackLincoln urges McClellan to attack Failed to take Richmond (against Failed to take Richmond (against

Lee)Lee) Also another loss at the Second Also another loss at the Second

Battle of Bull Run (Lee & Stonewall Battle of Bull Run (Lee & Stonewall Jackson instrumental)Jackson instrumental)

2. Emancipation and the War2. Emancipation and the War

Lincoln and slaveryLincoln and slavery– Originally only wanted to preserve the Originally only wanted to preserve the

UnionUnion– Did not think he had the right to abolish Did not think he had the right to abolish

slaveryslavery– Ending slavery became a war strategyEnding slavery became a war strategy

AntietamAntietam – bloodiest single day of – bloodiest single day of the war (23,000), MDthe war (23,000), MD

Gave Lincoln the victory he neededGave Lincoln the victory he needed

EmancipationEmancipation

The The Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation– January 1, 1863, slaves in areas of January 1, 1863, slaves in areas of

rebellion against the government would rebellion against the government would be freebe free

– Didn’t apply to Didn’t apply to border statesborder states– Also hoped to stop British support Also hoped to stop British support

(wouldn’t support a war about slavery)(wouldn’t support a war about slavery) Reaction to the Proclamation was Reaction to the Proclamation was

mixedmixed

African Americans FightAfrican Americans Fight

ContrabandContraband– Slaves became property Slaves became property

of the Union then were of the Union then were freedfreed

African American African American SoldiersSoldiers– Gained ability to fight Gained ability to fight

after the proclamationafter the proclamation– All black regiments All black regiments

under a white officerunder a white officer– 5454thth MA Regiment MA Regiment

Robert ShawRobert Shaw Battle of Ft. WagnerBattle of Ft. Wagner

Sec. 3 Politics in the NorthSec. 3 Politics in the North

Financial MeasuresFinancial Measures– 1861, first federal 1861, first federal

income taxincome tax, bonds, , bonds, Homestead Act, tariffsHomestead Act, tariffs

Emergency Wartime Emergency Wartime ActionsActions– Martial LawMartial Law– DraftDraft – could also hire – could also hire

substitutessubstitutes Opposition to the WarOpposition to the War

– Riots protesting draftRiots protesting draft– CopperheadsCopperheads – against – against

warwar– Lincoln suspends the Lincoln suspends the

writ of writ of habeas corpushabeas corpus

Politics in the SouthPolitics in the South DraftDraft

– Southerners were not Southerners were not reenlistingreenlisting

– General Lee pushes for General Lee pushes for a draft – required a draft – required military servicemilitary service

– April 1862, Confederate April 1862, Confederate Congress passes first Congress passes first draft lawdraft law

– 18 to 35 required three 18 to 35 required three year serviceyear service

– ExceptionException Owners of more than Owners of more than

20 slaves20 slaves Could hire substituteCould hire substitute

Life in the WarLife in the War

Southern EconomySouthern Economy– Food production Food production

declinesdeclines– Cotton production Cotton production

continuescontinues– InflationInflation

Northern EconomyNorthern Economy– Most northern Most northern

industries were helped industries were helped by the warby the war

– Women fill jobsWomen fill jobs– Some profited from war Some profited from war

Prison CampsPrison Camps– Andersonville, GeorgiaAndersonville, Georgia– Prisoner exchange Prisoner exchange

endedended Medical ConditionsMedical Conditions

– Attempt to control Attempt to control disease but most disease but most casualties resulted from casualties resulted from thisthis

– Amputations commonAmputations common– Clara BartonClara Barton

Creates the Red CrossCreates the Red Cross

Union vs. Conf. SoldiersUnion vs. Conf. Soldiers

http://www.history.com/videos/confederate-vs-union-soldiers

4. Turning Points4. Turning Points

Chancellorsville & Chancellorsville & Fredericksburg Fredericksburg 1862 – 1862 – key Conf. victorieskey Conf. victories

Jackson killedJackson killed http://www.history.com/

videos/stonewall-jackson The Siege of The Siege of Vicksburg Vicksburg - -

city surrounded, people city surrounded, people starved, surrendered starved, surrendered July 4, 1863July 4, 1863

Cut South in half – one Cut South in half – one of their main goalsof their main goals

Gettysburg - 1863Gettysburg - 1863

July 1July 1– Union takes position along Cemetery RidgeUnion takes position along Cemetery Ridge– Confederacy takes position along Seminary RidgeConfederacy takes position along Seminary Ridge

July 2July 2– Longstreet slow to attack, Longstreet slow to attack, MeadeMeade gets reinforced gets reinforced– Little Round Top – Little Round Top – Joshua ChamberlainJoshua Chamberlain, bayonets, bayonets– http://www.history.com/videos/chamberlain-defend

s-little-round-top3– LeeLee orders a direct assault on the center of the line orders a direct assault on the center of the line– Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge – “I have no division.” – “I have no division.”

Results of GettysburgResults of Gettysburg

UnionUnion– 23,000+ casualties23,000+ casualties

ConfederatesConfederates– 28,000+ casualties28,000+ casualties

July 4July 4thth, , Confederates Confederates retreatretreat

No other invasions No other invasions of Northof North

Turning pointTurning point

GettysburgGettysburg

http://www.history.com/videos/gettysburg-battle-strategy

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge http://www.history.com/videos/last-c

harge-at-gettysburg

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address

November 19, November 19, 18631863

Lincoln speaks Lincoln speaks brieflybriefly

Powerful and Powerful and moving speechmoving speech

New definition of New definition of the United Statesthe United States

Grant Takes CommandGrant Takes Command 1864 - Grant given full 1864 - Grant given full

control of the Union armycontrol of the Union army Lincoln about Grant “He Lincoln about Grant “He

fights.” fights.” VA – attempt to take VA – attempt to take

Richmond - Battle of the Richmond - Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, PetersburgCold Harbor, Petersburg– Huge toll on Confed.Huge toll on Confed.

TOTAL WARTOTAL WAR – civilians, – civilians, economy, materials, break economy, materials, break the will of the peoplethe will of the people

William T. ShermanWilliam T. Sherman in in control in the westcontrol in the west

Grant

Sherman in GeorgiaSherman in Georgia

Battle of Kennesaw Battle of Kennesaw Mountain – brief Mountain – brief victory for Southvictory for South

Atlanta falls Atlanta falls eventually and much eventually and much is burnedis burned

600 mile path of 600 mile path of destructiondestruction

Part of “total war”Part of “total war” Sherman’s March to Sherman’s March to

the Seathe Sea

Sherman

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Lincoln fears losingLincoln fears losing– Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson named Vice-President named Vice-President

candidate (Democrat from TN)candidate (Democrat from TN) Democrats nominate George McClellanDemocrats nominate George McClellan With Sherman taking Atlanta, Lincoln With Sherman taking Atlanta, Lincoln

easily winseasily wins Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment

– Ratified on December 6, 1865Ratified on December 6, 1865– Ended slavery in the U.S.Ended slavery in the U.S.

5. End of the War5. End of the War Grant controls Grant controls

Richmond after siegeRichmond after siege Sherman begins to Sherman begins to

move northmove north– Destroys South CarolinaDestroys South Carolina

Appomattox Court Appomattox Court HouseHouse– April 9, 1865, Lee April 9, 1865, Lee

surrenders to Grant surrenders to Grant at Appomattox at Appomattox Court House, VACourt House, VA

– Solemn and Solemn and dignifieddignified

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination

John Wilkes Booth leads failed plot to kill John Wilkes Booth leads failed plot to kill General Grant, Vice President Johnson, General Grant, Vice President Johnson, Secretary of State Seward, and President Secretary of State Seward, and President LincolnLincoln

April 14, 1865April 14, 1865– 5 days after war’s end5 days after war’s end– Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C.Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C.– Booth mortally wounds LincolnBooth mortally wounds Lincoln

Died the next morningDied the next morning

– Booth killed in a tobacco warehouse in VirginiaBooth killed in a tobacco warehouse in Virginia

Why the North wonWhy the North won

Better technologyBetter technology Large populationLarge population Abundant resourcesAbundant resources Fearless leaders who would do Fearless leaders who would do

anything to win (Grant, Sherman)anything to win (Grant, Sherman) Steady leadership of LincolnSteady leadership of Lincoln Decision to proclaim emancipationDecision to proclaim emancipation

ImpactImpact

600,000 dead600,000 dead Hundreds of thousands more woundedHundreds of thousands more wounded Harsh reality of total warHarsh reality of total war Southern terrain devastatedSouthern terrain devastated New opportunities for southern blacks but New opportunities for southern blacks but

also obstaclesalso obstacles War helped cement federal authorityWar helped cement federal authority Matthew Brady – Civil War photographsMatthew Brady – Civil War photographs How will the South rebuild?How will the South rebuild?