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Chapter Menu
The Structure of the Atom
Section 4.1 Early Ideas About
Matter
Section 4.2 Defining the Atom
Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ
Section 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and
Radioactive Decay
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Section 4-1
Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter
• Compare and contrast the atomic models of
Democritus, Aristotle, and Dalton.
theory: an explanation supported by many experiments; is still subject to new experimental data, can be modified, and is considered successful if it can be used to make predictions that are true
• Understand how Dalton's theory explains the
conservation of mass.
Section 4-1
Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter (cont.)
Dalton's atomic theory
The ancient Greeks tried to explain matter, but the scientific study of the atom began with John Dalton in the early 1800's.
Section 4-1
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Many ancient scholars believed matter was composed of such things as earth, water, air, and fire.
• Many believed matter could be endlessly divided into smaller and smaller pieces.
Section 4-1
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Democritus (460–370 B.C.) was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible, but made up of individual particles called atomos.
• Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) disagreed with Democritus because he did not believe empty space could exist.
• Aristotle’s views went unchallenged for 2,000 years until science developed methods to test the validity of his ideas.
Section 4-1
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
Section 4-1
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• John Dalton revived the idea of the atom in the early 1800s based on numerous chemical reactions.
• Dalton’s atomic theory easily explained conservation of mass in a reaction as the result of the combination, separation, or rearrangement of atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Matter is composed of atoms.
John Dalton…
2. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
3. Atoms of a given element are identical.
4. Atoms of different elements are different.
5. Atoms can combine to form compounds.
6. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged.
Section 4-1
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-1
A B C D
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Section 4.1 Assessment
Who was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Dalton
D. Democritus
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-1
A B C D
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Section 4.1 Assessment
Dalton’s theory also conveniently explained what?
A. the electron
B. the nucleus
C. law of conservation of mass
D. law of Democritus
End of Section 4-1
Section 4-2
Section 4.2 Defining the Atom
• Define atom.
model: a visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanation of data collected from many experiments
• Distinguish between the subatomic particles in
terms of relative charge and mass.
• Describe the structure of the atom, including the
locations of the subatomic particles.
Section 4-2
Section 4.2 Defining the Atom (cont.)
atom
cathode ray
electron
nucleus
proton
neutron
An atom is made of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons; electrons move around the nucleus.
Section 4-2
The Atom
• The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element is called an atom.
• An instrument called the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allows individual atoms to be seen.
Surface of
Platinum
Section 4-2
The Electron
• When an electric charge is applied to a cathode ray tube, a ray of radiation travels from the cathode to the anode, called a cathode ray.
• Cathode rays are a stream of particles carrying a negative charge.
• The particles carrying a negative charge are known as electrons.
Section 4-2
The Electron (cont.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU8nMKkzbT8
Section 4-2
The Electron (cont.)
• J.J. Thomson was able to determine the charge/mass ratio for an electron by studying the cathode rays.
• Thomson received the Nobel Prize in 1906 for identifying the first subatomic particle—the electron!
Section 4-2
The Electron (cont.)
• In the early 1910s, Robert Millikan used the oil-drop apparatus shown below to determine the charge of an electron.
Section 4-2
The Electron (cont.)
• With the electron’s charge and charge-to-mass ratio known, Millikan calculated the mass of a single electron.
the mass of a hydrogen
atom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMfYHag7Liw
Section 4-2
The Electron (cont.)
• Matter is neutral.
• J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the atom states that the atom is a uniform, positively changed sphere containing electrons.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus
• In 1911, Ernest Rutherford studied how positively charged alpha particles interacted with solid matter.
• By aiming the particles at a thin sheet of gold foil, Rutherford expected the paths of the alpha particles to be only slightly altered by a collision with an electron.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• Although most of the alpha particles went through the gold foil, a few of them bounced back, some at large angles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBqHkraf8iE
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• Rutherford concluded that atoms are mostly empty space.
• Almost all of the atom's positive charge and almost all of its mass is contained in a dense region in the center of the atom called the nucleus.
• Electrons are held within the atom by their attraction to the positively charged nucleus.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• The repulsive force between the positively charged nucleus and positive alpha particles caused the deflections.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• Rutherford refined the model to include positively charged particles in the nucleus called protons.
• James Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 for discovering the existence of neutrons, neutral particles in the nucleus which accounts for the remainder of an atom’s mass.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• All atoms are made of three fundamental subatomic particles: the electron, the proton, and the neutron.
• Atoms are spherically shaped.
• Atoms are mostly empty space, and electrons travel around the nucleus held by an attraction to the positively charged nucleus.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• Scientists have determined that protons and neutrons are composed of subatomic particles called quarks.
Section 4-2
The Nucleus (cont.)
• Chemical behavior can be explained by considering only an atom's electrons.
http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/atomicmodel/
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-2
A B C D
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Section 4.2 Assessment
Atoms are mostly ____.
A. positive
B. negative
C. solid spheres
D. empty space
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-2
Section 4.2 Assessment
A B C D
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What are the two fundamental subatomic particles found in the nucleus?
A. proton and electron
B. proton and neutron
C. neutron and electron
D. neutron and positron
End of Section 4-2
Section 4-3
Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ
• Explain the role of atomic number in determining the
identity of an atom.
• Define an isotope.
• Explain why atomic masses are not whole numbers.
• Calculate the number of electrons, protons, and
neutrons in an atom given its mass number and
atomic number.
Section 4-3
Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ (cont.)
atomic number
isotopes
mass number
The number of protons and the mass number define the type of atom.
periodic table: a chart that organizes all known elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families) arranged by increasing atomic number
atomic mass unit (amu)
atomic mass
Section 4-3
Atomic Number
• Each element contains a unique positive charge in their nucleus.
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom identifies the element and is known as the element’s atomic number.
Section 4-3
Isotopes and Mass Number
• All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons and electrons but the number of neutrons in the nucleus can differ.
• Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
Section 4-3
Isotopes and Mass Number (cont.)
• The relative abundance of each isotope is usually constant.
• Isotopes containing more neutrons have a greater mass.
• Isotopes have the same chemical behavior.
• The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Protium = 1 amu Deuterium = 2 amu Tritium = 3 amu
Hydrogen
Isotopes
Section 4-3
Isotopes and Mass Number (cont.)
http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/isotopes/
For Neutral Atoms
Atomic Number (Z) = # of protons
# protons = # electrons
Mass Number (A) = protons + neutrons
# neutrons = mass number – atomic number
Atomic Structure
Section 4-3
Mass of Atoms
• One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• One amu is nearly, but not exactly, equal to one proton and one neutron.
Section 4-3
Mass of Atoms (cont.)
• The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-3
A B C D
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Section 4.3 Assessment
An unknown element has 19 protons, 19 electrons, and 3 isotopes with 20, 21 and 22 neutrons. What is the element’s atomic number?
A. 38
B. 40
C. 19
D. unable to determine
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-3
Section 4.3 Assessment
A B C D
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Elements with the same number of protons and differing numbers of neutrons are known as what?
A. isotopes
B. radioactive
C. abundant
D. ions
End of Section 4-3
Section 4-4
Section 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and
Radioactive Decay
• Explain the relationship between unstable nuclei and
radioactive decay.
element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
• Characterize alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in
terms of mass and charge.
Section 4-4
Section 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and
Radioactive Decay (cont.)
radioactivity
radiation
nuclear reaction
radioactive decay
alpha radiation
Unstable atoms emit radiation to gain stability.
alpha particle
nuclear equation
beta radiation
beta particle
gamma rays
Section 4-4
Radioactivity
• Nuclear reactions can change one element into another element.
• In the late 1890s, scientists noticed some substances spontaneously emitted radiation, a process they called radioactivity.
• The rays and particles emitted are called radiation.
• A reaction that involves a change in an atom's nucleus is called a nuclear reaction.
Section 4-4
Radioactive Decay
• Unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation in a spontaneous process called radioactive decay.
• Unstable radioactive elements undergo radioactive decay thus forming stable nonradioactive elements.
Section 4-4
Radioactive Decay (cont.)
• Alpha radiation is made up of positively charged particles called alpha particles.
• Each alpha particle contains two protons and two neutrons and has a 2+ charge.
Section 4-4
Radioactive Decay (cont.)
• Beta radiation is radiation that has a negative charge and emits beta particles.
• Each beta particle is an electron with a 1– charge.
Section 4-4
Radioactive Decay (cont.)
• Gamma rays are high-energy radiation with no mass and are neutral.
• Gamma rays account for most of the energy lost during radioactive decay.
Section 4-4
Radioactive Decay (cont.)
• Mass is conserved in all forms of radioactive decay.
• Atoms that contain too many or too few neutrons are unstable and lose energy through radioactive decay to form a stable nucleus.
• Few exist in nature—most have already decayed to stable forms.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-9yt7OAYmE
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-4
A B C D
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Section 4.4 Assessment
A reaction that changes one element into another is called what?
A. chemical reaction
B. beta radiation
C. nuclear reaction
D. physical reaction
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-4
Section 4.4 Assessment
A B C D
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Why are radioactive elements rare in nature?
A. They do no occur on Earth.
B. Most have already decayed to a stable form.
C. They take a long time to form.
D. They are too hard to detect.
End of Section 4-4
Resources Menu
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Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
Standardized Test Practice
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Concepts in Motion
Study Guide 1
Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter
Key Concepts
• Democritus was the first person to propose the existence of atoms.
• According to Democritus, atoms are solid, homogeneous, and indivisible.
• Aristotle did not believe in the existence of atoms.
• John Dalton’s atomic theory is based on numerous scientific experiments.
Study Guide 2
Section 4.2 Defining the Atom
Key Concepts
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that maintains the properties of that element.
• Electrons have a 1– charge, protons have a 1+ charge, and neutrons have no charge.
• An atom consists mostly of empty space surrounding the nucleus.
Study Guide 3
Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ
Key Concepts
• The atomic number of an atom is given by its number of protons. The mass number of an atom is the sum of its neutrons and protons.
atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons
mass number = atomic number + number of neutrons
• Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
• The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the masses of all of its naturally occurring isotopes.
Study Guide 4
Section 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay
Key Concepts
• Chemical reactions involve changes in the electrons surrounding an atom. Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom.
• There are three types of radiation: alpha (charge of 2+), beta (charge of 1–), and gamma (no charge).
• The neutron-to-proton ratio of an atom’s nucleus determines its stability.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Whose work led to the modern atomic theory?
A. Dalton
B. Rutherford
C. Einstein
D. Aristotle
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 2
A B C D
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Which particle is not found in the nucleus of an atom?
A. neutron
B. proton
C. gamma ray
D. electron
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 3
A B C D
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Two isotopes of an unknown element have the same number of:
A. protons
B. neutrons
C. electrons
D. both A and C
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 4
A B C D
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Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.941 and two isotopes, one with 6 neutrons and one with 7 neutrons. Which isotope is more abundant?
A. 6Li
B. 7Li
C. Both isotopes occur equally.
D. unable to determine
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 5
A B C D
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What happens when an element emits radioactive particles?
A. It gains energy.
B. It gains neutrons.
C. It loses stability.
D. It loses energy.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element?
A. proton
B. atom
C. electron
D. neutron
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How many neutrons, protons, and electrons does 124
54Xe have?
A. 124 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons
B. 70 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons
C. 124 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons
D. 70 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The primary factor in determining an atom's stability is its ratio of neutrons to ____.
A. protons
B. electrons
C. alpha particles
D. isotopes
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is the densest region of an atom?
A. electron cloud
B. nucleus
C. isotopes
D. atomic mass
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 5
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why are electrons attracted to the cathode in a cathode ray tube?
A. The cathode is more stable.
B. The cathode has a positive charge.
C. The cathode has a negative charge.
D. The cathode has no charge.
IB Menu
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CIM
Table 4.3 Properties of Subatomic Particles
Figure 4.12 Rutherford's Experiment
Figure 4.14 Features of an Atom
Figure 4.21 Types of Radiation
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