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Nail Theory•Nail Structure
•Nail Growth
•Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions
Onychology
The study of nails.
Nail Structure1. Free Edge – Extends past the
skin.
2. Nail Body – Visible nail area.
3. Nail Wall – Skin on both sides of nail.
4. Lunula – Whitened half-moon
5. Eponychium – Lies at the base of the nail, live skin.
6. Mantle – Holds root and matrix.
Nail Structure7. Nail Matrix – Generates cells that
make the nail.
8. Nail Root – Attached to matrix
9. Cuticle – Overlapping skin around the nail
10. Nail Bed – Skin that nail sits on
11. Nail Grooves – Tracks that nail slides on
12. Perionychium – Skin around nail
13. Hyponychium – Underneath the free edge
Hyponychium
Nail Body
Nail Groove
Nail Bed
Lunula
Eponychium
Nail Root
Matrix
Free Edge
Nail Bed
Eponychium
Matrix
Nail Root
Nail Growth
• Keratin – Glue-like protein that hardens to make the nail.
• Rate of Growth
– 4 to 6 month to grow new nail
– Approx. 1/8” per month
• Faster in summer
• Toenails grow faster
Injuries• Result: shape distortions or discoloration
– Nail lost due to trauma.
– Nail lost through disease.
Nippers Nail Clippers
Cuticle Pusher Emery Board
or orangewood stick
Types of Nail Implements
Nail Diseases, Disorders and
Conditions
• Onychosis – Any nail disease
• Etiology – Cause of nail disease, disorder or condition.
• Hand and Nail Examination – Check for problems
• Six signs of infection – Pain, swelling, redness, local fever, throbbing and pus
Symptoms• Coldness – Lack of circulation
• Heat – Infection
• Dry Texture – Lack of moisture
• Redness – Infection
• Color of Nail Bed – Bruise
• Condition of Free Edge – Nail biter
• Tenderness/stiffness – Arthritis
• Nail Plate Thickness - Filing
Nail Irregularities
•Refer to a physician!!
–Do not diagnose!!
Onychomycosis• Tinea Unguium /
Ringworm
• Cause – fungus
• Thick, turns colors, deformed
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!!
Tinea Manus• Hand Ringworm
• Fungus
• Blisters & flakes
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!
Tinea Pedis• Athletes Foot / Foot
Ringworm
• Fungus
• Itching & red blisters
• See Physician
• No services may be performed!!
Paronychia• Inflammation
• Bacterial Infection
• Shows signs of infection
• May grow out irregular
• See physician
• No service may be performed!!
Onychoptosis
• Shedding of Nails
• Disease
• Sensitive, nail loss
– Will re-grow
• Needs to be protected
• No service may be performed!!
Onychia• Inflammation of Matrix
• Bacterial Infection
• Signs of infection
• Nail may not grow back
– If it does grow, may be
deformed
• Needs to be protected
• No services may be performed!!
Onychatrophia
• Wasting away of the nail
• Injury
• Shrinkage, separation
• May improve in 3 – 6 months
• No services may be performed!!
Onycholysis
• Loosening of Nail
• Systemic
• Partially loose nail, becomes detached
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!
Blue Nails• Blue nails
• Systemic
• Blue in color, poor circulation
• Manicure with caution!
Corrugations• Ridges across nail
• Injury/systemic
• Ridges
– Buff lightly
– Ridges may disappear
while growing out.
• Lightly buff, apply base coat
Kolionychia• Spoon Nails
• Systemic
• Concave, unusual shape, unlikely to disappear
• File carefully, polish to protect
Furrows• Vertical Lines
• Injury
• Buff lightly, may grow out, may be permanent
• Lightly buff and apply base coat
Onychogryposis• Claw Nails
• Systemic
• Thick, curved, claw-like
• Physician may remove– Difficult to clean and
cut.
• Clean under free edge.
Extreme Case of
Onychogryposis
Onychocryptosis• Ingrown Nails
• Environmental
• Signs of infection: No Service
• Refer to physician
• If not infected: Soften skin, trim nail
• DO NOT CUT OUT INGROWN NAIL!!
Onychauxis
• Hypotrophy
• Injury
• Thickness, easily recognizable
• Lightly buff
Agnails• Hang Nail
• Dry Cuticle
• Skin breaks at corner of nail, trim
• May heal in 2 to 3 days
• Trim Hangnail and Moisturize
Bruised Nails• Purple Nails
• Trauma
• Discoloration under nail, normal growth will continue
• No pressure on nail plate.
Leuconychia• White spots
• Injury or liver disease
• Small separation from nail bed, grows out with nail.
• Perform nail service as usual.
Pterygium• Overgrown cuticles
• Sticky cuticle
• Excess cuticle that splits and eventually tears.
• Soften, massage cuticles and push back
– Unless skin is broken,
then no service.
Extreme Case of Pterygium
Onychophagy• Bitten Nails
• Habit
• Easily recognizable, will re-grow if biting stops
• Perform nail service weekly
Onychorrhexis• Split Nails
• Injury (improper filing or harsh chemical contact)
• Easily recognizable, file with emery board carefully, may be permanent
• Soften nails, use hot oil manicure