REVIEW TOPICS: WEEK 4 – VERBS SUBJUNCTIVES OF THE PRESENT

SYSTEM, BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE;

AND PARTICIPLES

The Subjunctive

The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality. i.e., the “coulda, shoulda, woulda” of Latin.

The Subjunctive exists in only 4 tenses:Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential or unreal actions are, by nature, in the future. Therefore, no future tenses are necessary.

For now, we’ll review the subjunctives in the present system, i.e., just the present and imperfect tenses!

Forming the SubjunctiveIn English, we form the subjunctive by using a number of

auxiliary helping verbs, like: were, would, may, might, should, may have, could have, etc.

The Subjunctive in Latin can be identified by a change in the formation of verbs, usually a change to the verb stem.

In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.

Some really good news: The same personal endings are used when conjugating the subjunctive! • (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) for active• (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) for passive

Forming the Present Subjunctive

The changes in the stem vowels of the present subjunctive are the following:

2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia 3rd conjugation: e --> a 1st conjugation: ā --> e

A helpful way to remember how the vowels shift is with the mnemonic:

We Fear a Liar OR We eat all Friars

The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Active

LaudemLaudēsLaudetLaudēmusLaudētisLaudent

MoneamMoneāsMoneatMoneāmusMoneātisMoneant

AgamAgāsAgatAgāmusAgātisAgant

AudiamAudiāsAudiatAudiāmusAudiātisAudiant

Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere

CapiamCapiāsCapiatCapiāmusCapiātisCapiant

Remember: We Fear all Liars!

The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Passive

LauderLaudērisLaudeturLaudēmurLaudēminīLaudentur

MonearMoneārisMoneaturMoneāmurMoneāminīMoneantur

AgarAgārisAgaturAgāmurAgāminīAgantur

AudiarAudiārisAudiaturAudiāmurAudiāminīAudiantur

Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere

CapiarCapiārisCapiaturCapiāmurCapiāminīCapiantur

Remember: We Fear all Liars!

The Imperfect SubjunctiveThe imperfect subjunctive is even easier to form than the present

subjunctive.

It combines the second principal part (pres. Act. inf.) and the present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) or (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)

Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

Ago, agere 3rd person sing. impf. act. subj.

Agere + t = Ageret

Imperfect Active Subjunctive

LaudāremLaudārēsLaudāretLaudārēmusLaudārētisLaudārent

MonēremMonērēsMonēretMonērēmusMonērētisMonērent

AgeremAgerēsAgeretAgerēmusAgerētisAgerent

AudīremAudīrēsAudīretAudīrēmusAudīrētisAudīrent

Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere

CaperemCaperēsCaperetCaperēmusCaperētisCaperent

Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

LaudārerLaudārērisLaudārēturLaudārēmurLaudārēminiLaudārentur

MonērerMonērērisMonērēturMonērēmurMonērēminiMonērentur

AgererAgerērisAgerēturAgerēmurAgerēminiAgerentur

AudīrerAudīrērisAudīrēturAudīrēmurAudīrēminiAudīrentur

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive

Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere

CapererCaperērisCaperēturCaperēmurCaperēminiCaperentur

Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

And the Subjunctive of sum, esse

PRESENTsimsīssitsīmussītissint

IMPERFECTessemessēsessetessēmusessētisessent

The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si- The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected: inf. + ending

Pres. And Impf. Subj. of possum, posse

PRESENTpossimpossīspossitpossīmuspossītispossint

IMPERFECTpossempossēspossetpossēmuspossētispossent

As always, just add the prefix pot- to the corresponding forms of sum, esse to conjugate possum, posse (And allow for assimilation of the t, where necessary).

Basic Participle InfoParticiples are, by definition, verbal ADJECTIVES, so they are part

verb and part adjective.

They have the tense and voice of verbs (but not person or mood!) and the gender, number, and case of adjectives.

The tense of a participle always conveys time relative to the time of the main verb. Participles exist in the present, perfect, and future tenses only.

As a verbal thing, participles can take direct objects (if they are active), agents (if they are passive), or other constructions as needed (such as an indirect objects, etc.)

As an adjective, participles will agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender; they can also function as substantives, if needed.

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present 1 xxxxxx

Perfect xxxxxx 2

Future 3 4

To help you remember participles, consider the following “participle box” – allowing you to learn the form for each tense and voice of the participle.

The Present Active Participle

To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem (root + theme vowel) of a verb and add “-ns, -ntis”.

A good way to remember this is the word “present”

Two quick notes, however:

(1) As we have seen before, the 3rd-io conjugation will present an “i” at the ends of verbs in the present system.

(2) Since Latin hates the “int” sound, the Romans inserted an “e” between the “i” stem vowel and the participial endings in the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations: “-iens, -ientis”

The present active participle declines like a (1-Termination) 3rd Declension adjective! (see potens, potentis, for example)

Present Active Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =

faciō, facere, fecī, factum =

All present active participles are translated:

“__(verb)__ing”

Pres. Act. Ppl. = Present Stem + -ns, -ntis

amāns, -ntis

habēns, -ntis

ducēns, -ntis

faciēns, -ntis

audiēns, -ntis

The Perfect Passive Participle

Probably the most common Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle.

The Fourth Principle Part of each verb is also called the “participial stem” because it simply is the perfect passive participle.

To form the Perfect Passive Participle, then, simply use the Fourth Principle Part and add 2-1-2 adjective endings to it, i.e., decline it like a 1st/2nd declension adjective.

The Perfect Passive Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =

audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =

faciō, facere, fecī, factum =

All perfect passive participles are translated:

“having been _(verb)_ed”

amātus, -a, -um

habitus, -a, -um

ductus, -a, -um

factus, -a, -um

audītus, -a, -um

Pf. Pass. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th princ. part) + 2/1/2 endings

The Future Active Participle

To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Participial Stem (Fourth Principle Part) from a verb, insert “-ur-” as a future marker, and add 2/1/2 adj. endings.

Or you can simply think of it as adding “-urus, -ura, -urum” onto the ppl. stem.

A good way to remember this is the word “future”.

The Future Active Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum =

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =

audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum =

faciō, facere, fecī, factum =

All future active participles are translated:

“about to _(verb)_”

amāturus, -a, -um

habiturus, -a, -um

ducturus, -a, -um

facturus, -a, -um

audīturus, -a, -um

Fut. Act. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th pp.) + “-ur-” + 2/1/2 endings

The Future Passive Participle

The last participle to learn (the future passive participle) is not often used in Latin as a participle in the strictest sense.

It is also called the Gerundive and is often used as a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin.

To form the future passive ppl., simply take the present stem from a verb and insert the infix “-nd-” before adding 2/1/2 adj. endings; or you can just think of it as adding: “ndus, a, um” onto the present stem.

Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations have an ‘i’ at the end of the stem, so insert an “e”, yielding: “iendus, a, um”

A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive or the words: Amanda, Miranda, and agenda.

Future Passive Participle

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum =

amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum =

habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum =

audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum =

faciō, facere, fecī, factum =

Future passive participles can be translated:

“about to be _(verb)_ed” or “ought to be _(verb)_ed”

Fut. Pass. Ppl. = Present Stem + “-nd-” + 2/1/2 adj. endings

amandus, -a, -um

habendus, -a, -um

ducendus, -a, -um

faciendus, -a, -u,m

audiendus, -a, -um

The Participle Box

Active Passive

Present amāns, ntis XXXXXX

Past (Perfect)

XXXXXX amātus, a, um

Futureamāturus, -ura, -

urum amandus, a, um

Now you can fill in each square of the participle box for a given verb: e.g., amō, amāre, amavī, amātus