1

MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI ŞI CERCETĂRII

UNIVERSITATEA ,,1 DECEMBRIE 1918” DIN ALBA IULIA

ŞCOALA DOCTORALĂ DE FILOLOGIE

Summary of PhD Thesis

THE SYMBOLISM OF SACREDNESS

IN GRIGORE VIERU`S POETRY

PhD Supervisor:

Prof. univ. dr. habil. DIANA CÂMPAN

PhD Candidate:

MELENCEANU (GÎSCĂ) RAISA

Cahul, The Republic of Moldova

ALBA IULIA

2020

2

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................4

Chapter I. MEANINGS OF SACREDNESS. THEORIES, CONCEPTS AND

VARIATIONS IN ARTISTIC IMAGINARY...........................................................................13

I.1. Sacredness – the concept and flexibility of definitions. Meanings and characteristics of

sacredness............................................................................................................................. .........13

I.2. Theorists and theoretical studies on sacredness......................................................................20

I.3. Image, imagination, imaginary – theoretical conceptualisations............................................32

I.3.1. Symbolic imaginary - functions, peculiarities, reflections.......................................38

Chapter II. GRIGORE VIERU – MAJOR THEMES OF HIS WORK AND THE

VOCATION OF SELF DEFINITION......................................................................................75

II.1. Directions and critical receptions of Grigore Vieru’s oeuvre................................................75

II.2. From the poetic imaginary of first poems to major poetry....................................................88

II.2.1. Childhood poetry - the state of being a child..........................................................99

II.3. Maternal principle – a substitute of eternity........................................................................111

II.4. Ethnic and national symbols................................................................................................116

II.4.1. Ancestral tongue – a landmark of national consciousness...................................116

II.4.2. Birthplace – a treasury of values...........................................................................119

II.4.3. Parental home – a torturous longing.....................................................................121

II.4.4. Village – the matrix of spiritual endowments.......................................................122

II.4.5. The Prut River – the cradle of brotherhood..........................................................123

II.5. Biblical Symbols – pious spiritual exaltation......................................................................124

II.5.1. Divinity - searching for the absolute....................................................................124

II.5.2. The Cross/crucifixion - the meeting place with God.............................................128

II.5.3. Prayer - the breath of the soul...............................................................................128

II.6. Plant and animal worlds – symbols and associations...........................................................130

II.6.1. Flower, grass and tree............................................................................................130

II.6.2. Blackbird, cuckoo, nightingale, swallow and raven..............................................133

II.6.3. Bee and ant............................................................................................................137

II.7. Ascensional symbols – images and meanings.....................................................................139

II.7.1. Mountain – a symbol of transcendence.................................................................139

II.7.2. Flight – the image of unlimited possibilities.........................................................141

II.8. Astral and terrestrial symbols – transitional stages of existence.........................................142

3

II.8.1. Sky and earth – two extremes in the space of existence........................................142

II.8.2. Sun and moon – spiritual fulness..........................................................................144

II.8.3. Star – unexplored poetic meanings.......................................................................148

Chapter III. SACRED TOPOI AND BIBLICAL IMAGINARY IN GRIGORE VIERU’S

WORK........................................................................................................................................156

III.1. Biblical text – fundamental reference and symbolic nucleus in Grigore Vieru’s poetry...156

III.2. Symbolic imaginary and a potential poetics of the sacred.................................................169

III.3. Sacred topoi in Grigore Vieru’s poetry..............................................................................181

III.3.1. Childhood – the mystery of revealing the future..................................................183

III.3.2. Mother – the representation of the infinite..........................................................186

III.3.3. Home country – a constituent element of existence.............................................190

III.3.4. Mother tongue – an inalienable component of national specificity.....................194

III.3.5. Village and parental home – indispensable entities.............................................199

III.3.6. Bread – the physical and spiritual food of the nation..........................................201

Chapter IV. THE CONSTANTS OF POETIC VISION – BETWEEN RELIGIOUS

IMAGINARY AND THE SYMBOLIC VIRTUES OF IDENTITY.....................................205

IV.1. Maternal principle – the dominant of Grigore Vieru’s lyrics.............................................205

IV.2. Beloved woman – a divine medicine..................................................................................211

IV.3. Homeland – a child wrapped in barbed wire.....................................................................216

IV.4. Doina – a symbol of Romanian existence...........................................................................224

IV.5. The poetry of peace – symbolic projections.......................................................................226

CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................233

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. .....238

4

Keywords: sacred, biblical imaginary, motifs, symbols, poetry, Grigore Vieru, literary criticism,

poetic vision, sacred topoi

Grigore Vieru’s literary work presents a special interest in literary criticism, constantly

provoking debates and reinterpretations in terms of value or from ethical, aesthetic, historical and

literary points of view. Consequently, the popularity of his poems extends beyond the Prut River.

Grigore Vieru’s poetry reflects the national and spiritual values, as well as ideals, of his people

in a simple but highly symbolic artistic way, as the Transylvanian poet is, according to his own

way of viewing himself, “soul from the people’s soul”. Grigore Vieru particularly explored the

topics and motifs that are relevant to his cultural identity, greatly contributing to the reunification

of the national consciousness, the shaping of spiritual mentality and the education of the young

generation in an unfavourable social, political and historical climate.

The doctoral dissertation The Symbolism of Sacredness in Grigore Vieru’s Poetry deals

with a rich area of research, focusing on the literary work of the Bessarabian poet Grigore Vieru

and analysing the manner in which the symbolism of sacredness and thematic symbolic nuclei

are created, their validation and effervescence, from the perspective of religious imaginary and

the chance of decisive meanings to become a personal myth. Grigore Vieru’s lyrics is

characterised by a time-tested dynamism, which is focused on an imaginary with a unique

visionary background and on a series of themes and motifs with unusual creative resonance. This

unique universe is associated with the national cultural complex, considering the creed, traditions

and folk genius that were conveyed for centuries. From this perspective, the poet systematises

his own images, symbols and myths, giving them complete freedom to constantly update and

produce new semantic systems which favour, in their turn, the association between the product

of Grigore Vieru’s poetic imaginary, his personal product and the imaginary of other poems. The

system of images frequently encountered in the poet’s oeuvre: the heart, fire, spring, tear,

country, tree, leaf, star, ear, earth, poppy, light, salt, etc. confirms the author’s perception of

reality and penetrate, through poetic text, into the reader’s mind and feelings, adapting itself to

the pre-existing imaginary, favouring the adaptation to abstract representations, which are used

through logic. Any of these images carries and produces meanings at present, but it is not

excluded that they will continue to produce meanings in the future as well, acting differently on

knowledge approach and on the reader. For these reasons, one finds that Grigore Vieru’s poetic

imaginary has unexpected depths, which sketch imagistic density, exceeding any limit of

intuitive knowledge. With the purpose of understanding the structure related to the depth of the

text, decoding was applied in certain cases, which enabled the analysis of multiple images whose

meanings are evident and relatively easy to be perceived, while others refer to the revealing

space of a cultural community.

5

This doctoral dissertation is not intended to deal with monographic extension, but aims at

revisiting Grigore Vieru’s poetry with specific analytical instruments, activated from the theory

of imaginary, archetypology, cultural anthropology, theology and philosophy, with the intention

of highlighting the capacity of certain recurrent symbols to construct a special poetics, deeply

anchored in the germinative nucleus of the sacred. It should be mentioned from the outset that in

Grigore Vieru’s artistic imaginary, some matrices of the individual, national or universal being

are considered sacred, not only receiving a metaphorical or allegorical core, but being also

deeply anchored in a personal myth, recurrent throughout the poet’s literary output. This is the

reason why the study aims at analytically accessing the core of lyrical emotion and

hermeneutically investigating the principle itself, which is particularly activated in the poet’s

work: his lyrics is in its entirety a long and essential confessional exercise, life sequences being

mirrored symmetrically and overtly in the imaginary creator. What the poet sublimates and

sacralises is necessarily a component of the ontological and affective overlay that defines high

conscience, which is independent of the profane or the little history.

The main goal and objectives of the research. The present study starts from the

premise that Grigore Vieru’s entire literary work can be analysed using new approaches,

different from or complementary to those which were adopted to date, relating to the

perspectives of literary criticism, as well as various stylistic, thematic and socio-cultural

approaches, which highlight the predisposition of Grigore Vieru’s poetry to open itself through

its deep meanings, from the viewpoint of the phenomenological and hermeneutical definition of

sacredness. In addition, the research focuses on the significance of diverse structures of symbolic

imaginary in Grigore Vieru’s poems, pursuing the aim of diversifying, emphasising, completing

and structuring the exegetical inventory related to the poet’s oeuvre.

The topic of the dissertation is current in the context of the immanent events of recent

times, when the poet’s personality and work, both very popular and frequently invoked in the

present day, are ready to begin an open battle with the supreme judge – time. Therefore, in order

to contribute to the valorisation and preservation of the treasury of Grigore Vieru’s work, the

most precious aspects of his works are foregrounded. The importance and relevance of the topic

biblical imaginary and the symbolism of sacredness are fully argued through appropriate

aesthetic evidence of his poems that, pursuing a noble mission, contributed to the protection of

national identity, as well as of cultural and patrimonial heritage, to the preservation and

dissemination of historical truth, the poet himself sowing kindness and mercy, being a spiritual

model worthy to be followed through faith, devotion, honour, dignity, humanity, honesty –

values that defined him throughout his life. This multiple perspective constitutes the element of

novelty of the present research, applied, in a practical manner, in the last part of the paper, in

6

which the most popular symbols, archetypes and ethno-symbols subsumed to the sacredness

characterising Grigore Vieru’s lyrics are analysed. Out of all images and symbols included in

various contexts of the poet’s work, those having specific features, traditional and national tint,

as well as deeply anchored in the Romanian cultural area and artistic imaginary were primarily

selected. A conclusive image of integrative space is home country, which sums up the other

symbols, such as: mother tongue, parental home, the Prut River, native village, tricolour, the

bread from the table, etc. All these are true representations of Romanian society, acting as

equivalents of the belonging to this people and being a distinguishing sign, a space of longing

and abundance, as well as a symbol of physical and spiritual existence, etc.

An impetus for researching the topic is provided by numerous Bessarabian intellectuals,

who urge people to preserve Grigore Vieru’s memory alive, to be worthy of his name and world-

famous personality, showing admiration and respect for his clear conscience and for his work

that gives prominence to authentic truth and everything of Romanian origin.

The general objectives of the doctoral dissertation pursue the approaches and practical

determinations of sacredness regarding its definition and scientific relatedness, as opposed to the

profane and the effects of the desacralised world upon the modern man in a society with a

marked decline in religiousness. On the other hand, the objectives deal with the functionality of

symbolic imaginary concerning the mechanisms of logic in the textualisation of images at the

level of understanding and interpretation of poetic content. Moreover, the study aims at

analysing compositional structures, highlighting the poet’s way of conceptualization, thinking

and expression in evolutionary terms, from the poetry for children to that of maturity, and

particularly emphasising the way of designating an analytical-scientific approach, based on the

most recent theories in the study of imaginary as a whole, which determine specific structures of

the schemes and grids related to symbol images, transfiguring them into poetic language.

The originality of the present research consists in associating the poetic study with the

approaches to sacredness and various theories about the imaginary; in proposing a detailed

analysis based on the rewarding principle of approaching a literary work in the context of

Romanian literature; highlighting Grigore Vieru’s artistic creed and creative personality,

beginning with origins poetry, establishing the organic connection between the poet, maternal

principle and childhood, and ending with the big architecture of the conscience that gets off the

paradigm of the profane and overtly enters the philosophical edifice of the self and the house of

the religiosity of being. Moreover, a special attention is drawn to the close connection between

the poet and the fundamental elements of Romanian existence, his indisputable contribution to

children’s harmonious development into adulthood, in order to initiate them into the world’s

mysteries and accelerate their spiritual growth. On the other hand, the study emphasises the

7

poet’s predilection for folklore, limit situations, the dialogical condition of the person, and the

dominants of Bessarabian lyrical poetry. It foregrounds the poet’s attempts to return to national

sacred elements, to the relationship between the sacred and the profane, as well as to the

dialogue between generations, all being perfectly included in the same visionary context.

The doctoral dissertation is structured into four chapters, revolving around the main topic,

starting from theoretical landmarks and continuing with the application of a multiple

hermeneutics to the poet’s oeuvre.

The first chapter, Meanings of sacredness. Theories, concepts and variations in artistic

imaginary, deals with certain theoretical landmarks regarding the approaches and characteristics

of sacredness and pinpoints the main coordinates of the imaginary by revisiting consecrated,

essential landmarks, particularly focusing on symbolic imaginary from the viewpoint of the

exhaustive analysis of conceptual fields, in an attempt to reveal Grigore Vieru’s work through an

appropriate systematisation of study and analysis tools. Consequently, the theoretical research of

the literary and artistic imaginary is concerned with the functions and values of the image to the

full extent of cognitive activities, as well as with the role of the poetic word in the enhancement

of the imaginary and the transfiguration process of facts into images.

The first subchapter, Sacredness – the concept and flexibility of definitions. Meanings

and characteristics of sacredness, defines the sacredness from the perspective of various

scientific approaches, based on Christian traditions, as a result of ethical saturation and gradual

schematisation of original and specific sentimental reflexes. Furthermore, it analyses certain

aspects related to the religious phenomenon, describing society’s role on the behaviour and ways

of expression of religious beliefs, representing a step towards the current understanding of

sacredness. In addition, it explores the main approaches of sacredness existing nowadays,

especially the ones that will support, as a theoretical framework, the analysis of Grigore Vieru’s

poems: sociological, ethnological, phenomenological and hermeneutical approaches. Starting

from these structures, a wide conceptualization of sacredness in terms of its characteristics is

highlighted: the sacred is opposed to the profane; it is rational, but un rationalizable; the man

cannot express it; it is a power in and of itself; it has an ambivalent and ambiguous character,

etc.

Another aspect, which is examined in the second subchapter, Theorists and theoretical

studies on sacredness, is the contribution of the German phenomenologist Rudolf Otto through

his work related to the irrational component of the sacred, in which he addresses the issue of

religious experience, the content and characteristics of sacredness, as well as the ways of

expressing it throughout human existence. At the same time, Rudolf Otto maintains that the

sacred is the sphere which comprises all the components of the religious and formulates a

8

concept in itself, which has a specific character and allows the identification and understanding

of eventual stages of development or inferior forms, numinosity, denoting divine power and will.

In this context, a significant role in the establishment of conceptual coordinates is played by

Mircea Eliade, who considers that sacredness is a special way in which conscience relates to the

surrounding world. Additionally, he discovers another side of the sacred, namely the feeling of

dread or religious fear. In the same vein, Geo Widengren claims that, at its origin, sacredness is a

purely religious concept, unattainable and completely separated from people, comprising

everything that belongs to the divine sphere. Gerard van der Leeuw places the sacred in the

centre of religion, that is, in the core of the mysterious power the man encounters. The

sociologist Emile Durkheim introduces the opposition between the sacred and the profane, a

distinction unanimously accepted, which represented a quite important technical support for

previous research.

The third subchapter, Image, imagination, imaginary – theoretical conceptualisations,

analyses symbolic imaginary, its functions and defining features, pursuing the same major

objectives in the investigation of the artistic and literary imaginary, specific methods of

approaching analysis tools, the way in which symbols, images and myths function at the level of

social groups, but also at the level of the individual-creator, of both the individual and collective

unconscious. In this respect, special attention is paid to the imaginary-symbol, defining the

functions it performs in the construction of meaning and in the process of the act of creation.

This subject is studied from the perspective of Gilbert Durand, who situates the imaginary

between two reciprocal forces, namely the significant and the signified. In his opinion, the

imaginary should not be regarded as a world of symbols and perceptions or as a set of images,

but as a point of interference between the world and the creator, illustrating a close relation

between imaginary and literature, or art in general. Influenced by Gilbert Durand, Gaston

Bachelard and C. G. Jung, Jean Burgos suggests a new definition of imaginary and emphasises

that it should be distinguished from rhetoric and metaphor, highlighting a double play between

the dialectic of the virtual and the actual, between identity and otherness, notions discussed

within the theorizing of symbol. Jean-Jacques Wünenburger explores the connection between

thinking in images and abstract thinking and the mysterious way in which the human intellect

emancipates all contents of these images and moves to the practices of the figurative intellect,

focusing on thinking activities with respect to the art of memory and on future anticipations and

forecasts. Furthermore, it is worth highlighting that the word, which performs the function of a

continuum formed from the system of images existing in poetic text, has a major role in the

construction of literary discourse. Finally, this subchapter deals with the role of a symbol in

9

poetics and the way in which it can be valorised, defining it in semiotic terms as a category of

sign.

The second chapter, Grigore Vieru – major themes of his work and the vocation of self

definition, focuses on the most relevant structures of Grigore Vieru’s poetic imaginary,

exploring his wide range of poetry, from the poetry for children to that of maturity, both being

imbued with Romanian folklore. In this regard, the following poetic motifs and symbols should

be mentioned: mother, childhood, parental home, homeland, mother tongue, beloved woman,

The Prut River, etc. Additionally, this chapter analyses the main themes and motifs in Gr.

Vieru’s work, in relation to the most important critical references regarding the symbolic

imaginary of the poet, and explores certain biblical symbols, such as the Cross, the Crucifixion,

divinity, prayer, the Ascension, and other astral and terrestrial symbols, dealing with the meaning

of various images in different artistic contexts. Particular consideration is given to simplicity – a

defining feature of Gr. Vieru’s lyrics, in order to emphasise the talent and mastery of creating

moralising verses, mentioning the fact that through the simplicity of his verse, the poet looks into

existential problems of humanity with remarkable talent and mastery, while exegetes of his

poems are concerned with the sources of inspiration for his authentic and original language. On a

different note, the subchapters are structured based on the themes and motifs discussed by the

poet, which made him popular both in the country and abroad. Some compositional structures

characterising Grigore Vieru’s poems are also explored, attention being paid to the poet’s way of

conceptualisation and thinking, in order to obtain authentic poetic situations.

The subchapter Directions and critical receptions of Grigore Vieru’s oeuvre begins with

the critical acclaim that greeted the publication of Grigore Vieru’s debut volume – Alarm (1957),

which announced a successful beginning of his career, as confirmed by important articles, such

as The Prestige of Simplicity, A Promising Debut, At the Crossroad of Thoughts and the like,

written by N. Manolescu, M. Cimpoi, V. Vasilache, and many others. Based on the rewarding

principle of analysing a literary work, the critics emphasised the distinctive features of Grigore

Vieru’s poetry. The most conspicuous and frequent feature of the poet’s writings is the simplicity

of the way in which the verses are formed, a simplicity that astonishes by its beauty and depth.

The interpreters of the poet’s work define its major lyrics as “the essence of longing” and argue

that it is characterised by a special formula, determined and guided by the social, cultural,

spiritual and political context. Consequently, some scholars like Mihai Cimpoi, M. Dolgan, Th.

Codreanu, A. Bantoș, and E. Botezatu present these findings, referring in particular to the themes

and motifs found in Grigore Vieru’s poetry of maturity, which are determined by the degree of

return to the sources of ancestral folk tradition and classical lyrics. Literary critics frequently use

this perspective of interpretation, as demonstrated by periodical publications. Moreover, the

10

present subchapter synthesises the existing directions of critical reception of the poet’s literary

output, mentioning the numerous monographs dedicated to Grigore Vieru, written by some of the

most incisive critics and literary historians, among whom the following should be listed: M.

Cimpoi, M. Dolgan, F. Băileșteanu, S. Gruia, V. Nistru-Țigănuș, and others. Analysing the

critical references, two creation stages of the poet were defined: the poetry for children, with

which he debuted, and the literature for adults, which reveals the influence of social, political

and cultural factors on post-war Bessarabian space, on the conception of life and the act of

creation, as well as on Bessarabian poetic writing, in its entirety.

The subchapters From the poetic imaginary of first poems to major poetry and Maternal

principle – a substitute of eternity examine the two successive stages of Grigore Vieru’s literary

career, identified by researchers concerned with the study and analysis of the poet’s output. The

first stage comprises all the poems dedicated to children, with which the poet debuted in 1957

and continued until 1968, when the volume of poems for adults Your Name was published – the

moment that is considered the beginning of the second stage of his literary career, known as the

poetry of maturity. In fact, these stages overlap slightly, completing each other in terms of the

motifs discussed, thus becoming an authentic whole. From the very beginning of his career, the

poet announced the directions of his civic programme by tackling the fundamental motifs and

themes of his lyrics. Thus, he develops a variety of themes and motifs related to identity, such as:

mother, homeland, child and childhood, love, beauty, woman, ancestral tongue, hearth, the

charm of nature, etc., which define the essential principles of human existence: honour, piety,

filial love, country, national dignity, gratitude, honesty, principledness – values that underpin a

nation’s belief system, truly living every word spoken. Furthermore, the subchapters mentioned

above analyse the central concept of Gr. Vieru’s work, namely the maternal principle, the

connecting link between two worlds, the bodily (physical) world and the spiritual one, both

being evoked by the poet, who conveys them wisdom from his wisdom, soul from his soul,

feelings from his own feelings and experience from his own experience. Out of his deep love for

his mother, the poet created a ritual of maternal adoration for the woman who brought him into

the world and maintained his existence. He faithfully recorded and reconstructed his mother’s

image, as he knew her until she passed away, in really impressive poems with deep meanings.

Next to his mother and childhood, Grigore Vieru lived with his whole being for his

mother tongue, parental home, village, etc., as it is mentioned in the subchapter Ethnic and

national symbols which reveals that, in the poet’s conception, true love for eternal values,

language, country, fatherland is not dictated or forced, but is pondered and deeply felt. The poet

compares the Romanian language with embers smouldering in the hearth, assuming the

responsibility for making all the efforts not to put them out. For him, the mother tongue

11

symbolically comes into being from the sun; Homeland is the echo of the love for one’s own

nation, it is the treasury of ancestral values and the fight for sovereignty – homeland is one’s

being; Parental home is the symbol of the mother and childhood, of integration, warmth and

homeland; the Village was his first teacher, who taught him the longing for parents, country and

the plain; the Prut River is like one of his family members and an old witness to all the troubles

of his ancestors, being also the cradle of brotherhood.

In order to renew the poetic discourse and vision, the subchapter Biblical Symbols – pious

spiritual exaltation, deals with biblical symbols (divinity, the Cross, prayer, grace, mystery) as

representations of ascensional symbolism, with active, spiritual meanings, presenting them as

indispensable elements in Gr. Vieru’s lyrics for the creation of symbolic images. The entire

poetic imaginary of Grigore Vieru’s oeuvre comprises a symbolic approach of favourite images,

which are tackled in the subchapter Plant and animal worlds – symbols and associations (flower,

grass, tree, blackbird, cuckoo, nightingale, swallow, raven, bee, ant), in the subchapter

Ascensional symbols – images and meanings (mountain, flight) and in the subchapter Astral and

terrestrial symbols – transitional stages of existence (the sky, earth, sun, moon, stars).

The third chapter of the present dissertation, Sacred topoi and biblical imaginary in

Grigore Vieru’s work, focuses on the symbolism, ascensional schemes, archetypes and lyrical

representations of the Creation, as they are rendered in Holy Scripture, the poet’s source of

inspiration for his religious poetry. Grigore Vieru’s poetry is of Christian character and his works

include all the aspects of Romanian religious life, although he did not manage to fully explain

transcendence. A great part of the poet’s literary output has its roots in both sacred literature

(artistically resizing themes, motifs, symbols, images) and folk literature, in which the religious

feeling is glimpsed (for example, in star carols or when evoking the Saviour’s birth).

As the main objective of this dissertation is to foreground the influence of the biblical text

on the creation of biblical imaginary and the symbolism of sacredness in Gr. Vieru’s work, the

subchapter Biblical text – fundamental reference and symbolic nucleus in Grigore Vieru’s poetry

intends to highlight a poet’s status as a public declaration of his/her principles and convictions. It

is worth mentioning that the itinerary of Grigore Vieru’s life is built on the model of religious

inspiration, assuming the principles of ascension and personal growth, always being in lively

enthusiastic ascension, as a poet who dares to come, using his artistic imagination, in proximity

to the religious, making faith his personal way of thinking and living. The faith in God is not the

manifestation that is shown only in difficult moments of life, but it is a profession, a way of

existence in which conscience, soul and body are all involved. A specific and unusual truth of

the creative manner is that the poet Grigore Vieru reveals deep meanings and enlivens

everything coming from his inspired pen. Everything he wrote seems to talk about what is

12

important for the man’s life and destiny, firstly crossing his mind, then his loving heart that gives

prominence to every fact which appears insignificant at first sight. Further, the subchapter

Symbolic imaginary and a potential poetics of the sacred, explores symbolic imaginary from a

new perspective of researching and understanding the poet’s oeuvre that starts from simple

realities, which are amplified in profound existential philosophy. In addition, this subchapter

analyses the prevailing images of the poet’s work, the ways of producing poetry, its functions

and suggestive power, in relation to the poet’s whole symbolic imaginary, determining their

substance and power in the linguistic play created by the poet, which derives from the manner of

creation of diverse series of images, from his lyricism, from the capacity of conceiving the

totality of singular elements and from the uncommon way of imprinting impressive meanings to

recurrent images. The subchapter Sacred topoi in Grigore Vieru’s poetry, examines the

concomitance of simplicity and complexity characterising Grigore Vieru’s verse, synthesizing

traditional (rustic and archaic) thematic approached by the poet from the perspective of the

meditative content of various motifs, which are transfigured into sacred topoi, such as mother,

childhood, village and parental home, home country, mother tongue, etc., topoi that belong to

the sphere of the sacred and leave the area of the profane. Grigore Vieru’s poems fully explore

these symbols that configure complex and deep meanings, which, coalescing from affective and

psychological points of view, consecrate the superior form of love.

Towards the end of the study, in the fourth chapter, The constants of poetic vision –

between religious imaginary and the symbolic virtues of identity, the message revolves

especially around the culminating symbol – the maternal principle, which constitutes the centre

of the poet’s entire work. The ingenuous poetico-symbolic space of the poet’s literary output is

completely based on the mother archetype, the maternal principle acquiring immeasurable

cosmic vibration and becoming a substitute of eternity. Thus, the subchapter Maternal principle

– the dominant of Grigore Vieru’s lyrics emphasises that, in the poet’s conception, mother is a

wonderful creature, who is merged with the infinite, the Universe and does not have limits in her

potentialities, as she can give birth to two parallel worlds: the sky and the earth – the imaginary

world and the real one, becoming omnipresent. This symbol of Grigore Vieru’s lyrics can be

interpreted from two perspectives: as a simple reproduction of familiar maternal meanings and as

a creative force of the image, a force that explores potentialities, being unlimited by memory.

For this reason, in Grigore Vieru’s lyrics, the maternal image appears in both known and new

situations. In this context, the mother image can be easily found in various states. The mother

symbol in relation to homeland represents the native village, the spring, the hot bread, the blade

of grass, the old book of the nation, the holy slice of history, the earth soaked with the blood of

ancestors and cemented with the bones of enemies, the sunrise and sunset over the native village,

13

the walnut tree near the gate and the cradle of memories in which the essential of life is

comprised. Mother and homeland are both indispensable for living in full harmony with one’s

own conscience, motivating life and death, while love for one’s mother and the sacrifice for

one’s homeland are inherent in every human being from birth. The maternal word is the matrix

in which the poet includes all affective processes that live in the human soul: joy, laugh, cry,

comfort, singing, pain and even silence. The hearth of the Romanian people begot and gave birth

to the Romanian language, which, continuing its existence through the sons of the nation,

becomes immortal. Mother and longing are in an inexplicable unity, in the poet’s opinion, these

two elements being in an inseparable relation, because mother and longing are interwoven in the

human being in the same way as the breath is indispensable for the human body.

The subchapter Beloved woman – a divine medicine analyses the motif of the beloved

woman, presented not from a purely heroic point of view, but regarded from a larger

philosophical perspective as a fascinating mystery of the meaning of human existence. The

feeling of love towards a woman is developed in meditative lyrics of inner turmoil and love,

from the standpoint of a subtle interpreter of women’s psychology, with much tenderness and

sincerity. Grigore Vieru’s love poetry is characterised by a terrestrial passion that is intensely

lived, encountered in all aspects of daily life, in dedication to unseen depths, fidelity,

unshakeable faith and intense longing, in joy and suffering, meetings and separations, in pleas

and curses, in silent and endless burning, poetry that is placed at a higher moral level.

The subchapter Homeland – a child wrapped in barbed wire highlights the poet’s high

degree of commitment and abnegation, which is demonstrated throughout his literary activity,

but also through his activism and involvement in social life, proving principledness and

perseverance in protecting and promoting national, ancestral values.

In the subchapter Doina – a symbol of Romanian existence, the poet identifies himself,

through his frail yet resilient character, with the traditional doina, a symbol of Romanian

existence. The poetry of peace – symbolic projections is the last subchapter, which emphasises

the sphere of anti-war, pacifist philosophical thoughts, derived from the fact that the poet

assisted at the dramatic emotions intensely felt by his mother, an image archetype in his lyrics.

The originality of the present research consists in the critical reception of Grigore Vieru’s

work in a new manner, different from those existing to date, referring to thematic, sociological,

stylistic and culturological perspectives, which tend to impose another point of view on lyrics,

from the perspective of poetic imaginary and the symbolism of sacredness, giving superior

coherence to his oeuvre as a whole.

The mechanism of Grigore Vieru’s poetic work allows such an investigation, because it

has an artistic imaginary which is quite nuanced and rich in multiple meanings and also because

14

of the determining role of the poet’s literary output in the evolution of the Romanian literature

from Bessarabia, as well as in the process of its integration and synchronisation with Romanian

literature in general.

This doctoral dissertation ends with conclusions, which summarise the research

hypotheses in relation to the results obtained, determined by the analytical perspective of the text

explored from practical and applied point of view. One of the conclusions is related to the fact

that the oeuvre of the Bessarabian poet Grigore Vieru has been subject to various studies carried

out by the exegetes in the field, critics and professional researchers, as well as by readers and

admirers of the beauty and simplicity of his poetry from the Republic of Moldova and abroad,

the great amount of research on the poet’s work being favoured by the lyrical novelty of the

volumes published and by the impressive evolution of the stylistic and thematic register of his

poems.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. PRIMARY SOURCES:

1. In volumes

VIERU, Grigore, Alarma, Chișinău, Editura Şcoala sovietică, 1957.

VIERU, Grigore, Muzicuțe, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Şcoala sovietică,1958.

VIERU, Grigore, La fereastra cu minuni, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească,

1960.

VIERU, Grigore, Bună ziua, fulgilor, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1961.

VIERU, Grigore, Ce poezie știi tu, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1961.

VIERU, Grigore, Făt-Frumos, curcubeul, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească,

1961.

VIERU, Grigore, Cum mi-am învățat băiatul cifrele și număratul,versuri, Chișinău, Editura

Cartea moldovenească, 1963.

VIERU, Grigore, Făgurași, poezii, povestiri, cântece pentru grădiniţa de copii, Chișinău,

Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1963.

VIERU, Grigore, Mulțumim pentru pace, Culegere de versuri pentru şc. primară, Chișinău,

Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1963.

VIERU, Grigore, Soarele cel mic, povestiri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1963.

VIERU, Grigore, Versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1965.

VIERU, Grigore, Poezii de sama voastră, (versuri pentru copii de la 2 până la 10 ani), Chișinău,

Editura Lumina, 1967.

15

VIERU, Grigore, Numele tău, poeme, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1968.

VIERU, Grigore, Duminica cuvintelor, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1969.

VIERU, Grigore, Trei iezi, versuri alese pentru copii, Chișinău, Editura Editura Lumina, 1970.

VIERU, Grigore, Versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească, 1971.

VIERU, Grigore, Aproape: versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea Moldovenească, 1974.

VIERU, Grigore, Numărătoarea, versuri,Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1974.

VIERU, Grigore, Albinuța, cartea preşcolarului, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1975.

VIERU, Grigore, Cum mi-am învățat băiatul cifrele și număratul, versuri,Chișinău, Editura

Lumina, 1975.

VIERU, Grigore, Mama: versuri, Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1975.

VIERU, Grigore, Un verde ne vede. Versuri, Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1976.

VIERU, Grigore, Steaua de vineri, poeme, Iaşi, Editura Junimea, 1978.

VIERU, Grigore, Fiindcă iubesc, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1980.

VIERU, Grigore, Poezii, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1983.

VIERU, Grigore, Taina care mă apără: poeme, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1983.

VIERU, Grigore, Scrieri alese: versuri, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1984.

VIERU, Grigore, Cel care sunt: versuri, creionări, interviuri, note, Chișinău, Editura Literatura

artistică, 1987.

VIERU, Grigore, Mama: versuri, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1988.

VIERU, Grigore, Rădăcina de foc. Poeme. Confesiuni, Cuvânt înainte de Ioan Alexandru,

Postfață de Victor Crăciun, București, Editura Univers, 1988.

VIERU, Grigore, Spune-i soarelui o poezie, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1989.

VIERU, Grigore, Cine crede, [culeg. de interviuri, publicistică, poezii, melodii pe versurile aut.],

alcăt. Iu. Ţibulschi; prez.graf. de A. Macovei, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1989.

VIERU, Grigore, Rădăcina de foc. Poeme. Confesiuni, Chișinău, Editura Univers, 1989.

VIERU, Grigore, Frumoasă-i limba noastră,versuri, Chișinău, Editura Hyperion, 1990.

VIERU, Grigore, La fereastra cu minuni, versuri, Chișinău, Editura Cartea moldovenească,

1990.

VIERU, Grigore, Hristos nu are nici o vină. Poeme și cântece, Prefață de Carolina Ilica, Postfață

de Dumitru M. Ion, București, Editura Orient/ Occident, 1991.

VIERU, Grigore, Curățirea fântânii, pref., tab. cron., selecţ. text. şi aprec. crit. de V. Pâslaru;

postf. (date biogr.) de V. Crăciun Galați, Editura Porto-Franco, 1993.

VIERU, Grigore, Rugăciune pentru mama, Craiova, Editura Scrisul Românesc, 1994.

VIERU, Grigore, Cartea ghioceilor, Chișinău Editura, Prometeu, 1996.

16

VIERU, Grigore, Văd şi mărturisesc, versuri, aforisme şi confesiuni, Prefață de Mihai

Ungheanu, medalion de Mihai Cimpoi, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1996.

VIERU, Grigore, Acum şi în veac: poeme, confesiuni, Chișinău, Editura Litera, 1997.

VIERU, Grigore, Strigat-am către tine (versuri, aforisme, confesiuni), Chișinău, Editura Litera,

ULIM, 1999.

VIERU, Grigore, Izbăvirea, Galaţi, Editura Press Edit, 1999.

VIERU, Grigore, Lucrare în cuvânt, confesiuni, aforisme, Cuvânt înainte de acad. Mihai

Cimpoi, Craiova, Editura Fundaţiei „Scrisul Românesc”, 2001.

VIERU, Grigore, Întregul cer, Chișinău, Editura Prut Internaţional, 2002.

VIERU, Grigore, La școala iepuraşilor, Chișinău, Editura Prut Internaţional, 2002.

VIERU, Grigore, Cântec de leagăn pentru mama: poezii şi aforisme, Timişoara, Editura

Augusta, 2003.

VIERU, Grigore, Cât de frumoasă ești. Antologie de poezie românească, București-Chișinău,

Editura Litera Internațional, 2004.

VIERU, Grigore, Ghicitoare fără sfârșit, Chișinău, Editura Prut Internaţional, 2005.

VIERU, Grigore, Liniștea lacrimii, Prefață de Antonie Solomon, Postfață de Tudor Nedelcea,

Craiova, Fundaţia Scrisul Românesc, 2006.

VIERU, Grigore, Taina care mă apără, itinerar biogr. şi bibliogr. de Daniel Corbu, Postfață de

Theodor Codreanu, Iaşi, Editura Princeps Edit, 2008.

VIERU, Grigore, Soare, soare, domn frumos, Chișinău, Editura Prut Internaţional, 2008.

VIERU, Grigore, Pâine cu rouă, povestiri, Bucureşti, Editura Agora, 2009.

VIERU, Grigore, Cele mai frumoase poezii, Prefață de Adrian Păunescu, Bucureşti, Editura

Jurnalul, 2009.

VIERU, Grigore, Lumina de taină. Pagini alese, Chișinău, Editura Policadran, 2010.

VIERU, Grigore, Grigore Vieru, O sută și una de poezii, Selecție, cuvânt-înainte, crochiu

biografic și repere critice de Constantin Cubleșan, București, Editura Academiei Române, 2016.

2. In periodicals

VIERU, Grigore, Acasă, 1968 în „Femeia Moldovei”, 1979, nr. 1, p. 5.

VIERU, Grigore, De la tine în „Gazeta de seară”,Chişinău, 1988, 24 august, p. 2.

VIERU, Grigore, Internaționalismul în „Literatura și Arta”, 28 septembrie, 1989, p. 4.

VIERU, Grigore, Transplantare, [versuri], „Vocea Poporului”, 2009, 6 martie, p. 1.

VIERU, Grigore, Mișcarea în infinit în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p. 56.

VIERU, Grigore, Ritmul ființării noastre în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p. 119.

17

VIERU, Grigore, Limba română – Oastea noastră națională în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul

XIX, 2009, p. 361.

VIERU, Grigore, Cugetări despre Limba Română în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009,

p. 230.

VIERU, Grigore, Cugetări despre Patrie în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p. 180-

182.

VIERU, Grigore, Cugetări despre Mamă în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p. 281.

VIERU, Grigore, Limba în care creezi trebuie să fie atotcuprinzătoare mișcării sufletului și

cugetului în „Limba română”, nr. 1-4, XIX, 2009, p. 360.

3. SITEGRAPHY

VIERU, Grigore, Versuri albe, disponibil pe adresa http://poetii-nostri.ro/grigore-vieru-

versuri-albe-poezie-id-21945/, accesat 02.04.2019.

II. SECONDARY SOURCES

CRITICAL REFERENCES IN VOLUMES:.

ALEXANDRU, Ioan, Cuvânt înainte la Grigore Vieru – Rădăcina de foc. Postfață de Victor

Crăciun. Selecție și îngrijire: Arcadie Donos, București, Editura Univers, 1988.

BAHNARU, Vasile, Eseu despre armonia dintre liric și mesianic în poezia lui Grigore Vieru, în

Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a

Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P. Știința, 2010.

BANTOȘ, Ana, Dinamica sacrului în poezia basarabeană, București, Editura Fundației

Culturale Române, 2000.

BANTOȘ, Ana, Deschidere spre universalism. Literatura română din Basarabia, Chișinău,

Editura Tipografia Serebia, 2011.

BĂILEȘTEANU, Fănuș, Grigore Vieru – omul și poetul, București, Editura Iriana, 1995.

BEȘLEAGĂ, Vladimir, Grigore Vieru, în Suflul vremii, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică,

1981.

BOTEZATU, Eliza, Mamă, tu ești patria mea.., Patosul patriotic și internaționalist al poeziei,

Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1979.

BURLACU, Alexandru, Grigore Vieru între tentația orfică și mesianică, în Literatura română

postbelică. Integrări, valorificări, reconsiderări, Chișinău, Editura Tipografia centrală, 1998.

CIMPOI, Mihai, Întoarcerea la izvoare, Chișinău, Editura Literatura artistică, 1985.

18

CIMPOI, Mihai, O istorie deschisă a literaturii române din Basarabia, ediția a II-a, Galați,

Editura Porto-Franco, 1997.

CIMPOI, Mihai, Grigore Vieru: poetul arhetipurilor, Chișinău, Editura Prut Internațional, 2005.

CIMPOI, Mihai, Itinerar biografic: Grigore Vieru în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă

intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P.

Știința, 2010.

CIMPOI, Mihai, Grigore Vieru, poetul-simbol, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă

intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P.

Știința, 2010.

CIOCANU, Ion, Literatura română. Grigore Vieru-poet și compositor, Chișinău, Editura

Prometeu, 2003.

CODREANU, Theodor, Duminica mare a lui Grigore Vieru, Iași, Editura Princeps Edit, 2010.

CODREANU, Theodor, Zece argumente pentru intrarea în canonul literar a lui Grigore Vieru

în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a

Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P., Știința, 2010.

CRĂCIUN, Victor, Postfață la volumul Grigore Vieru. Rădăcina de foc, București, Univers,

1988.

DABIJA, Nicolae, Fratele lui Eminescu, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în

m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P, Știința,

2010.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Creația lui Grigore Vieru în școală, Chișinău, Editura Lumina, 1984.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Literatura română postbelică. Integrări, valorificări, reconsiderări,

Chișinău, Tipografia centrală, 1998.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Grigore Vieru: lucrare în cuvânt, în literatura română postbelică. Întrebări,

valorificări, reconsiderări. Chișinău, Editura Tipografia Centrală,1998.

DOLGAN, Mihai, Grigore Vieru, adevăratul: eseu, Chișinău, Editura pentru Literatura și Arta,

2003.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Poezia contemporană, mod de existență în metaforă și idee, Chișinău, Elan

Poligraf, 2007.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Eminesciene, vierene, druțiene (o hermeneutică a imaginarului celor mai

mari scriitori naționali),Chișinău, CEPUSM, 2008.

GALAICU-PĂUN, Emilian, Gama do-major a poeziei basarabene, în Poezia de după poezie,

Chișinău, Editura Cartier, 1999.

19

GEORGESCU, Paul Alexandru, Grigore Vieru și diamantizarea umanului, în Grigore Vieru,

Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în m.m.vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai

Cimpoi, Chișinău, Editura Știința, 2010.

GORBAN, Paul, Mișcarea în infinit a lui Grigore Vieru, Iași, Editura Princeps Edit, 2011.

GRUIA, Stelian, Poet pe Golgota Basarabiei, București, Editura Eminescu, 1995.

HADÂRCĂ, Ion, Axul postumității testamentare sau demers pentru un mare premiu către opera

unui mare poet, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de

Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P. Știința, 2010.

IACOBAN, Mircea Radu, Grigore Vieru, Izvorul şi clipa, antologie, Prefață de M. Sorescu,

Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 1981.

ILIEVICI, Maria, MALERU, Tamara, Grigore Vieru: Bibliografie, Ministerul Culturii al Rep.

Moldova, Biblioteca Naţională pentru Copii „Ion Creangă”; ed. îngrijită de Claudia Balaban,

Ed. a 2-a, revizuită, Chișinău, Editura „Baștina-Radog”, 2010.

LUNGU, Eugen, Referințe istorico-literare în Grigore Vieru, Acum și în veac, București-

Chișinău, Editura Litera Internațional, 2001.

MANOLESCU, Nicolae, Istoria critică a literaturii române, Pitești, Editura Paralela 45, 2008.

MICU, Dumitru, Istoria literaturii române: de la creația populară la postmodernism, București,

Editura Speculum I.O., 2000.

PÂSLARU, Vlad, Prefață la volumul Curățirea fântânii, Galați, Editura Porto-Franco, 1993.

RACHIERU, Adrian Dinu, Grigore Vieru – Patria și Matria, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr.

colectivă intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău,

I.E.P. Știința, 2010.

ROIBU, Nicolae, Focul din verb (Scriitori prezenţi la radio naţional sau o istorie subiectivă a

literaturii), Chişinău, Editura Hyperion, 1991.

SIMION, Eugen, Scriitori români de azi, vol. III, București, Editura Cartea Românească, 1998.

ȘLEAHTIȚCHI, Maria, Literatura pentru copii: între inocență și nostalgia jocului, în Grigore

Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă intern. în m.m.vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord.

Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P. Știința, 2010.

ȘTEFĂNESCU, Alex, Grigore Vieru, în Istoria literaturii române contemporane. 1941-2000,

București, Editura Mașina de scris, 2005.

ȘTEFĂNESCU, Alex, Grigore Vieru, în Grigore Vieru, poetul, [monogr. Colectivă intern. în

m.m.vol.] Acad. de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, Editura Știința, 2010.

TELEUCĂ, Victor, Mai pictează-mi o miriște, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă

intern. în m. m. vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P.

Știința, 2010.

20

ȚIGĂNUȘ, Nistru, Virgil, Grigore Vieru: iluminat de poezie, Chișinău, Editura Universității din

Chișinău, 2006.

ȚURCANU, Andrei, Poezia postbelică: de la dogmă la creativitate, în Literatura română

postbelică. Integrări, valorificări, reconsiderări. Coord. M. Dolgan, Chișinău, Editura

Tipografia centrală, 1998.

UNGUREANU, Mihai, Taina care mă apără, în Grigore Vieru, Poetul, [monogr. colectivă

intern. în m.m.vol.], Academia de Științe a Moldovei, coord. Mihai Cimpoi, Chișinău, I.E.P.

Știința, 2010.

CRITICAL REFERENCES IN PERIODICALS:

ADAM, Georgeta, Eminescu să ne judece. Interviu realizat cu poetul Grigore Vieru, în

„Literatura și Arta”, nr. 14 (2382), 4 aprilie 1991, p. 4.

BACOS, Camelia, Rolul imaginii asupra mentalității colective, în „Societate și Cultură”, nr. 3,

1992, p. 23.

BANTOȘ, Alexandru, „Fără limba română n-aș fi ajuns poet”, interviu realizat cu poetul

Grigore Vieru cu prilejul aniversării a 60, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1 (19), anul V, 1995, p. 21.

BANTOȘ, Alexandru, Mesager pentru Basarabia, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009,

p. 14.

BANTOȘ, Ana, Poet al candorilor, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1 (19), anul V, 1995, p. 34.

BANTOȘ, Ana, Între exilul și libertatea interioară, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-3, 2005, p.

26.BANTOȘ, Ana, Simplitatea lui Grigore Vieru,în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, XIX, 2009, p.

131.

BEȘLEAGĂ, Vladimir, La început, Grigore Vieru..., în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, XIX, 2009, p.

270-272.

BURLACU, Alexandru, Poetica lui Grigore Vieru, în „Metaliteratura”, nr. 1-2 (20), anul IX,

2009, p. 7.

CIOPRAGA, Constantin, Grigore Vieru – destin re-întemeietor, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4,

(163-166), anul XIX, 2009, p. 16.

CIMPOI, Mihai, Grigore Vieru: carte de învățătură, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX,

2009, p. 60-61.

CIOCANU, Ion, Cinstirea limbii în publicistica lui Grigore Vieru, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-3,

2005, p. 37.

COLESNIC, Iurie, Un rege al metaforei – Grigore Vieru, în „Literatura și arta”, nr. 6, din 9

februarie 1995, p. 5.

DABIJA, Nicolae, Grigore Vieru, în „LIteratura și Arta”, 7 februarie 2008, p. 3.

21

DABIJA, Nicolae, A murit fratele lui Eminescu, în „Literatura și Arta”, nr. 3, 22 ianuarie, 2009,

p. 2.

DOLGAN, Mihail, Numai prin artă omenirea se poate salva de vid, în „Limba Română”, nr.5-9,

anul XV, 2005, p. 26.

DUCA, Gheorghe, Grigore Vieru pe ultimul drum, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX,

2009, p. 387.

DUMITRESCU-Bușulenga, Zoe, Ecoul tuturor, în „Literatura și Arta”, 15 aprilie 1993, p. 6.

DUNGACIU, Dan, Diviziile lui Grigore Vieru, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p.

154.

FILIP, Iulian, Întârzierea în copilărie a lui Grigore Vieru, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4 (163-

166), anul XIX, 2009, p. 256.

FILIP, Iulian, Unitate între cuvânt și sacrificiu, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX, 2009, p.

47.

GÂRLEA, Olesea, Valori semantice ale cuvântului lacrimă în creația lui Grigore Vieru, în

„Metaliteratura”, anul IX, nr. 1-2, (20), 2009, p. 18-20.

GRIGURCU, Gheorghe, Poezie de Patrie, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-3, anul XV, 2005, p. 89.

IACOBAN, Mircea Radu, Un firicel de om, Grigore Vieru, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul

XIX, 2009, p. 28.

PĂUNESCU, Adrian, Grigore Vieru pe ultimul drum, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX,

2009, p. 386.

LEAHU, Nicolae, Ci să nu închideți cartea...”, în „Jurnal de Chișinău”, 13 februarie, 2009, p. 7.

MANOLESCU, Nicolae, Mamă, tu ești patria mea, în „România literară”, Anul XXII, nr. 5, 2

februarie 1989, p. 34.

MANOLESCU, Nicolae, Grigore Vieru, Neamul și literatura pe cântarul lefterilor, în

„Literatura și arta”, 3 aprilie 2003, p. 1.

MĂRGINEANU, Ion, Grigore Vieru – Omul „bucuriilor elementare”, în „Dacoromânia”, nr.

73, 2015, p. 15.

MĂTCAȘ, Nicolae, Cartea de căpătâi a creșterii noastre spirituale, în „Limba română”, nr. 1

(19), anul V, 1995, p. 26.

MELNICIUC, Ion, Între Lacrimă și Limba Română, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX,

2009, p. 278-279.

RACHIERU, Adrian Dinu, Grigore Vieru – Patria și Matria, în „Acolada”, nr. 11, noiembrie,

2009, p. 17.

RENIȚĂ, Alecu, Grigore Vieru: rădăcina de foc a Basarabiei, în „Natura”, nr. 1, 2009, p. 9.

SIMION, Eugen, Un liric complex, în „Literatura și Arta”, nr. 16 (2488), 15 aprilie 1993, p. 4.

22

SIMION, Eugen, Grigore Vieru, un poet cu lira-n lacrimi, cronică literară în „Caiete critice”, nr.

1-3/1994, pag. 22.

SIMION, Eugen, Grigore Vieru, în „Literatura și Arta”, 5 februarie 2009, p. 2.

STRÂMBEANU, Andrei, Grigore Vieru pe ultimul drum în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul

XIX, 2009, p. 390.

ȘCHIOPU, Constantin, Perspective de receptare a liricii lui Grigore Vieru, în „Limba Română”,

nr. 1, anul XXIV, 2014, p. 37.

ȘTEFĂNESCU, Alex, Grigore Vieru, în „Democrația”, 14 octombrie 2003, p. 13.

UNGUREANU, Cornel, Grigore Vieru și regăsirea rădăcinilor, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4,

anul XIX, 2009, p. 35.

UNGUREANU, Ion, Cu prețul vieții, (din cuv. rostită la manifestarea consacrată celor 150 de

ani de la Unirea Principatelor și de comemorare a poetului Grigore Vieru), în „Literatura și

Arta”, 26 februarie, 2009, p. 3.

URSACHI, Petru, Grigore Vieru sau Limba Română, în „Limba Română”, nr. 1-4, anul XIX,

2009, p. 34.

III. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

BAUDELAIRE, Charles, Curiozități estetice, București, Editura Meridiane, 1971.

BIBILIA sau Sfânta Scriptură, Societatea Biblică Interconfesională din R.M., trad. Cornilescu,

2010.

BOIA, Lucian, Pentru o istorie a imaginarului, București, Editura Humanitas, 2000.

BOTE, Lidia, Simbolismul românesc, București, Editura pentru literatură, 1996.

BRAGA, Corin (coord.), Concepte și metode în cercetarea imaginarului (Dezbaterile

Phantasma), Iași, Editura Polirom, 2007.

BRAGA, Mircea, Teorie și metodă. Eseu despre izvoarele aventurii metodologice moderne,

Sibiu, Editura Imago, 2002.

BURGOS, Jean, Pentru o poetică a imaginarului, București, Editura Univers, 1988.

BURGOS, Jean, Imaginar și Creație, București, Editura Univers, 2003.

BUZAȘI, Ion, CIORTEA, Marcela, Dumnezeu și sufletul în poezia română contemporană, Alba

Iulia, Editura Reîntregirea, 2009.

CAILLOIS, Roger, Omul și Sacrul, trad. din limba franceză de Dan Petrescu, București, Editura

Nemira, 2006.

23

CĂLINESCU, Matei, Cinci fețe ale modernității. Modernism, avangardă, decadență, kitsch,

postmodernism trad. de Tatiana Pătrulescu și Radu Țurcanu, postfață de Mircea Martin,

București, Editura Univers, 1995.

CODOBAN, Aurel, Sacru si ontofanie, Iași, Editura Polirom, 1998.

DURAND, Gilbert, Structurile antropologice ale imaginarului, București, Editura Univers,

1977.

DURAND, Gilbert, Aventurile imaginii. Imaginația simbolică. Imaginarul., trad. de Muguraș

Constantinescu și Anișoara Bobocea, București, Nemira, 1999.

DURAND, Gilbert, La foi du cordonnier, Denoёl, 1984, în Jean-Jacques Wünenburger, Filosofia

imaginilor, trad. de Muguraș Constantinescu, Ediție îngrijită și postfață de Sorin Alexandrescu,

Iași, Editura Polirom, 2004.

DURKHEIM, Emile, Formele elementare ale vieții religioase, trad. de Magda Jeanrenaud și

Silviu Lupescu, Iași, Editura Polirom, 1995.

ELIADE, Mircea, Mituri vise şi mistere, în Eseuri, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1991.

ELIADE, Mircea, Oceanografie,București, Editura Humanitas, 1991.

ELIADE, Mircea, Istoria credințelor și ideilor religioase, vol. II, București, Editura Științifică și

Enciclopedică, 1992.

ELIADE, Mircea, Jurnal, vol. II, București, Editura Humanitas, 1993.

ELIADE, Mircea, Nostalgia originilor. Istorie și semnificație în religie, București, Editura

Humanitas, 1994.

ELIADE, Mircea, Tratat de istorie a religiilor, București, Editura Humanitas, 1995.

ELIADE, Mircea, Sacrul și profanul, București, Editura Humanitas, 2005.

ELIADE, Mircea, Încercarea labirintului, Convorbiri cu Claude-Henri Rocquet, București,

Editura Humanitas, 2007.

FONTANIER, Pierre, Figurile limbajului, trad. de Antonia Constantinescu, București, Editura

Univers, 1977.

GAUCHET, Marcel, Dezvrăjirea lumii. O istorie politică a religiei, Bucureşti, Editura

Ştiinţifică, 1995.

LEEUW, Gerard van der, La Religion dans son essence et ses manifestations, în Julien Ries,

Sacrul în istoria religioasă a omenirii, trad. de Roxana Utale, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2000.

MAURON, Charles, De la metaforele obsedante la mitul personal, Traducere de Ioana Bot,

Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 2001.

MÜLLER, Max, Essai de mythologiecomparée, Paris, Editura Covent Garden, 1859.

NICOLAESCU, Irina, Sergiu I. Nicolaescu, Specificul poeziei religioase româneşti,

în Rugăciunile poeţilor (antologie), Piteşti, Editura Paralela 45, 2000.

24

OTTO, Rudolf, Sacrul. Despre elementul iraţional din ideea divinului şi despre relaţia lui cu

raţionalul, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1992.

PANTEA, Aurel, (coordonator), Sacrul în poezia românească (volum colectiv), Cluj, Editura

Casa Cărții de Știință, 2007.

RIES, Julien, Sacrul în istoria religioasă a omenirii, trad. de Roxana Utale, Iași, Editura

Polirom, 2000.

RIVIERE, Claude, Socioantropologia religiilor, trad. de Mihaela Zoicaș, Iași, Editura Polirom,

2000.

SADOVEANU, Evan, Simbolismul, Viața românească II, 1908, vol. VII în Lidia Bote,

Simbolismul românesc, București, Editura pentru literatură, 1996.

SÖDERBLOM, Nathan, în interpretările lui J. Riesşi J. M. Velasco – J. Ries, Sacrul în istoria

religioasă a omenirii, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2000.

VELASCO, Juan Martín, Introducere în fenomenologia religiei, trad. de Cristian Bădiliţă, Iaşi,

Editura Polirom, 1997.

VINTILESCU, Petre, Poezia imnografică, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Renașterea, 2005.

WEBER, Max, Sociologia religiei. Tipuri de organizări comunitare religioase, Bucureşti,

Editura Teora, 1998.

WUNENBURGER, Jean-Jacques, Sacrul, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 2000.

WUNENBURGER, Filosofia imaginilor, trad. de Muguraș Constantinescu, Ediție îngrijită și

postfață de Sorin Alexandrescu, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2004.

DICTIONARIES:

ANTONESCU, Romulus, Dicționar de simboluri și credințe tradiționale românești, Ediție

Digitală 2016, disponibil pe adresa http://cimec.ro/Etnografie/Antonescu-dictionar/Dictionar-de-

Simboluri-Credinte-Traditionale-Romanesti-p.html, accesat la data de 07.05.2020.

CIOBANU, Maria, NEGRIU Dorina, Dicționar de motive și simboluri literare, Chișinău,

Editura UNIMARC, 2005.

Dicționarul literaturii române. Slovnik rumunsky chspisovatelu (în cehă), Jiri Nasinec și

LibuseValentova, în colaborare cu Vitalie Ciobanu și Vasile Gâneț, Editura Libri, 2001.

Dicționarul General al Literaturii Române, coord. Eugen Simion, vol. 7, (Ț-Z), București,

Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2009.

Dicționar explicativ al limbii române, disponibil pe adresa https://dexonline.ro/definitie/numino

s, accesat la data de 12.04.2018.

25

WEBOGRAPHY:

BATIN, Irina, Grigore Vieru-poet al „pătimirii” basarabene, disponibil pe adresa

https://batinirina.wordpress.com/2009/01/29/grigore-vieru-poet-al-patimirii-basarabene/, accesat

la data de 20.01.2020.

CIOCANU, Ion, Grigore Vieru: avansul de o viață, disponibil pe adresa

http://ionciocanu.blogspot.com/2012/02/ grigore-vieru-avansul-de-o-viata.html, accesat

01.05.2019.

CÂRNECI, Magda, Teoreme poetice,disponibil pe adresa https://revista22.ro/25950/25239/.html

accesat la data de 28.04.2018.

DINCESCU, Ștefan, Octavian Voicu, Gilbert Durand, simbolurile ascensionale, disponibil pe

adresa http://stefandincescu-octavianvoicu.blogspot.com/2016/11/gilbert-durand-simbolurile-

ascensionale.html, accesat la data de 22.06.2020.

DUBOIS, C.G., L’imaginaire de la Renaissance, PUF, 1985, disponibil pe adresa

https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhren_0181-6799_1985_num_21_1_1496, accesat la data de

28.03.2018.

GEORGE, Florin, Problema sacrului la Rudolf Otto, disponibil pe adresa

https://floringeorgepopovici.wordpress.com/2011/09/08/problema-sacrului-la-rudolf-otto/,

accesat la data de 02.09.2019.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa, „Grigore Vieru – marile teme ale creației și vocația definirii de

sine”, în vol. Iulian Boldea (Editor), Literature, Discourses and the Power of Multicultural

Dialogue, Arhipelag XXI Press, Târgu-Mureș, 2017, eISBN: 978-606-8624-12-9, p. 748-754

(Proceeding-ul conferinței internaționale LITERATURE, DISCOURSE AND

MULTICULTURAL DIALOGUE, 5th EDITION, 9-10 DECEMBER 2017, TÂRGU- MUREŞ,

ROMANIA), disponibil pe adresa https://old.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD-05/Lit/Lit%2005%20A4.pdf.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa, „Aspecte ale sacrului în poezia lui Grigore Vieru”, Publicație în

Revista de studii interdisciplinare C. STERE, An 5 (2018), nr. 3-4 (19-20), 10 mai, 2018,

Universitatea Americană din Moldova, Chișinău, Editura Vasiliana ’98 – acreditată CNCS, ISSN

2457-5550, p. 161-166, PROGRAMA ASPECTE INTERDISCIPLINARE ALE

ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTULUI SUPERIOR CONTEMPORAN, disponibil pe adresa

https://revistestiintifice.md/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/RSI-An.-5-2018-nr.3-4-19-20.pdf.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa, Cercetări asupra imaginarului modern în contextul cultural

actual, în revistaJournal of romanian literary studies, numărul 16/ 2019 (apariţie:1 martie 2019)

26

Arhipelag XXI Press,Târgu-Mureș, 2017, ISBN: 978-606-8624-00-6,p. 127-131, disponibil pe

adresa https://old.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD-07/LDMD-07%20Lit.pdf.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa,GrigoreVieru – poet al valorilor absolute. Direcții și receptări

critice, în Analele Universității de Stat „B.P.Hasdeu” din Cahul, 2019, Volumul VI, Partea 2,

ISSN 2587-3563, E-ISSN 2587-3571,p. 312-316, disponibil pe adresa

http://conference-prospects.usch.md/2.pdf.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa, Grigore Vieru – de la imaginarul poetic al primelor poeme la

poezia majoră, în ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS APULENSIS. SERIES PHILOLOGICA Issue: 20

/ 2019, Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia, ISSN: 1582-5523, p. 87-98, disponibil

pe adresa http://philologica.uab.ro/index.php?pagina=pg&id=35&l=ro.

GÎSCĂ (Melenceanu), Raisa, Imaginarul biblic – reper fundamental pentru tărâmul

simbolurilor poetice ce migrează de la textul sacru spre poezie în creația lui GrigoreVieru,în

vol. Iulian Boldea (Editor), Multiculturalism through the lenses of literary dicourse, Arhipelag

XXI Press, Târgu-Mureș, 2019, ISBN: 978-606-8624-09-9, p. 230-233 (Proceeding-ul

conferinței internaționale LITERATURE, DISCOURSE AND MULTICULTURAL DIALOGUE

7th EDITION, TÂRGU MUREŞ, ROMANIA, 2019, disponibil pe adresa

https://old.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD-07/LDMD-07%20Lit.pdf.

GOMBOS, Stelian, In memoriam Grigore Vieru – „Poezia mea vine din marea singurătate şi

greaua suferinţă”…, disponibil pe adresa http://www.ziarulnatiunea.ro/2014/01/19/in-

memoriam-grigore-vieru-poezia-mea-vine-din-marea-singuratate-si-greaua-suferinta/, accesat

09.04.2019.

PECICAN, Ovidiu, Locurile memoriei. Eseu despre generarea imaginii trecutului de către

memoria colectivă,disponibil pe adresa https://revista22.ro/25950/25239/.html, accesat la data de

15.05.2018.

POHILĂ, Vlad, Moartea poetului, afirmarea literaturii, în „Biblio Polis”, nr. 1, 29 mai 2009,

disponibil pe adresa http://bibliopolis.hasdeu.md/index.php?bpa=1319, accesat la data de

10.05.2019

SCHOPPEL, Carla-Francesca, Jean Burgos, Imaginar și creație, disponibil pe adresa

http://semnebune.ro/2014/jean-burgos-imaginar-si-creatie/, accesat la data de 28.03.2018.

27

SOARE, Raluca, Variații ontologice în statutul imaginii, disponibil pe adresa

http://www.revistatransilvania.ro/arhiva/2007/pdf/numărul2/art24.pdf, accesat la data de

22.02.2019.

SPIRIDON, Vasile: „Prin literatură evadez în imaginar”, disponibil pe adresa

https://adevarul.ro/locale/piatra-neamt/portret-vasile-spiridon-prin-literatura-evadez-imaginar-

1_50ace4077c42d5a6638b4df4/index.html, accesat la data de 16.12.19.

VEDRINE, H., Les grandes conceptions de l’imaginaire, Le Livre de poche, Biblio-Essais, 1990,

disponibil pe adresa http://phantasma. lett.ubbcluj. ro/?p=3620, accesat la data de 28.03.2018.

WUNENBURGER, Jean-Jacques, Imaginarul, o categorie flexibilă, disponibil pe

adresahttp://phantasma. lett.ubbcluj. ro/?p=3620, accesat la data de 28.03.2018.

WUNENBURGER, Jean-Jacques, Imaginarul, o categorie flexibilă, disponibil pe adresa

http://www.revistaramuri.ro/index.php?id=988&editie=42&autor=de%20Ionel%20Bu%25BAe

accesat la data de 30.03.2018.

WUNENBURGER, Jean-Jacques, Prea multe imagini ucid imaginația, interviu realizat de

Muguraș Constantinescu în „România literară”, nr. 37, 2003, disponibil pe adresa

https://arhiva.romlit.ro/index.pl/jean jacques_wunenburger__prea_multe _imagini_ucid

imaginaia, accesat pe 20.05.2019.

ZAMFIR, Gheorghe, Era un om al crucii!, în „Jurnalul Național”, 16 februarie 2009, disponibil

pe adresa https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/editie-de-colectie/grigore-vieru/era-un-om-al-crucii-399121,

accesat la data de 29.04.2020.

Postmodernitatea – Un pod cu trei capete, disponibil pe adresa

http://phantasma.lett.ubbcluj.ro/?p=3380, accesat la data de 18.05.2018.

Cosmodernitatea sau provocările unui concept transdisciplinar, disponibil pe adresa

http://phantasma.lett.ubbcluj.ro/?p=3363, accesat la data de 18.05.2018.