The Teachings of Ptah Hotep

8/20/2019 The Teachings of Ptah Hotep

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CHAPTER III

THE PTAH-HOTEP AND THE KE'GEMNI: THE OLDEST BOOKS IN

THE WORLD

THE Instructions of Ptah-hotep and of Ke'gemni possess, apart from the curious nature of

their contents, a feature of the greatest interest, and an adequate claim on the notice of all

persons interested in literature and its history. For if the datings and ascriptions in them e

accepted as trust!orthy--there is no reason !hy they should not e accepted--they !ere

composed aout four thousand years efore "hrist, and three thousand fi#e hundred and fifty

years efore "hrist, respecti#ely. $nd the significance of those remote dates is, that they are

the oldest oo%s in the !orld, the earliest e&tant specimens of the literary art. They stand on

the e&treme horion of all that ocean of paper and in% that has ecome to us as an

atmosphere, a fifth element, an essential of life.

(oo%s of many %inds had of course een !ritten for centuries efore Ptah-hotep of )emphis

summarised, for the enefit of future generations, the

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leading principles of morality current in his day e#en efore the iier, fi#e hundred years

earlier, ga#e to his children the scroll !hich they pried ao#e all things on earth ut those

ha#e perished and these remain. There are lists of titles !hich ha#e a large sound, and prayers

to the gods for all good things, on the toms and monuments of %ings and magnates long

efore the time Ke'gemni ut those are not oo%s in any sense of that !ord. E#en the long,

strange chants and spells engra#en in the royal pyramids o#er against )emphis are later than

the time of Ptah-hotep, and cannot e called oo%s in their present form, although some of

them apparently originated efore the First /ynasty. 0

1or do the oldest oo%s of any other country approach these t!o in antiquity. To dra!

comparisons et!een them let us, in imagination, place oursel#es at the period at !hich Ptah-

hotep li#ed, that is aout (.". 2334, 5under King Isosi, li#ing fore#er,5 and ta%e a glance at

futurity.

The (aylonians are doutless e&ercising their

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literary talents ut they !ill lea#e nothing !orthy the name of oo% to the far posterity of

fifty-four centuries hence. Thirteen centuries shall pass efore Hammurai, King of (aylon,

drafts the code of la!s that !ill e found at that time. 6nly after t!o thousand years shall

)oses !rite on the origin of things, and the edas e arranged in their present form. It !ill e

t!o-and-a-half thousand years efore the 7reat King of 8erusalem !ill set in order many

pro#ers and !rite oo%s so much resemling, in form and style, that of Ptah-hotep efore

the source and summit of European literature !ill !rite his !orld epics. For the space of

years et!een 9olomon and oursel#es, great though it seem, is not so great as that et!een

9olomon and Ptah-hotep.

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1othing definite is %no!n concerning these t!o noles eyond !hat is said of them in their

!or%s. $ fine tom of a certain Ke'gemni e&ists at )emphis his titles, so far as can e

ascertained, are: 8udge of the High "ourt 7o#ernor of the ;and unto its ;imit, 9outh and

1orth /irector of e#ery "ommand. He has sometimes een supposed to e identical !ith our

Ke'gemni ut I am assured y those most competent to


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(. Here egin the pro#ers of fair speech, spo%en y the Hereditary "hief, the Holy Father,

(elo#ed of the 7od, the Eldest 9on of the King, of his ody, the 7o#ernor of his "ity, the

iier, Ptah-hotep, !hen instructing the ignorant in the %no!ledge of e&actness in fair

spea%ing the glory of him that oeyeth, the shame of him that transgresseth them. He said

unto his son:

. (e not proud ecause thou art learned ut discourse !ith the ignorant man, as !ith the

sage. For no limit can e set to s%ill, neither is there any craftsman that possesseth full

ad#antages. Fair speech is more rare than the emerald that is found y sla#e-maidens on the

peles.

0. If thou find an arguer tal%ing, one that is !ell disposed and !iser than thou, let thine arms

fall, end thy ac%, e not angry !ith him if he agree ABC not !ith thee. >efrain from

spea%ing e#illy oppose him not at any time !hen he spea%eth. If he address thee as one

ignorant of the matter, thine humleness shall ear a!ay his contentions.

2. If thou find an arguer tal%ing, thy fello!,

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one that is !ithin thy reach, %eep not silence !hen he saith aught that is e#il so shalt thou e

!iser than he. 7reat !ill e the applause on the part of the listeners, and thy name shall e

good in the %no!ledge of princes.

+. If thou find an arguer tal%ing, a poor man, that is to say not thine equal, e not scornful

to!ard him ecause he is lo!ly. ;et him alone then shall he confound himself. uestion him

not to please thine heart, neither pour out thy !rath upon him that is efore thee it is

shameful to confuse a mean mind. If thou e aout to do that !hich is in thine heart,o#ercome it as a thing re


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!ith many glances. It is ahorred of the soul to stare at him. 9pea% not until he address thee

one %no!eth not !hat may e e#il in his opinion. 9pea% !hen he questioneth thee so shall

thy speech e good in his opinion. The nole !ho sitteth efore food di#ideth it as his soul

mo#eth him he gi#eth unto

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him that he !ould fa#our--it is the custom of the e#ening meal. It is his soul that guideth his

hand. It is the nole that esto!eth, not the underling that attaineth. Thus the eating of read

is under the pro#idence of the 7od he is an ignorant man that disputeth it.

D. If thou e an emissary sent from one nole to another, e e&act after the manner of him that

sent thee, gi#e his message e#en as he hath said it. (e!are of ma%ing enmity y thy !ords,

setting one nole against the other y per#erting truth. 6#erstep it not, neither repeat that

!hich any man, e he prince or peasant, saith in opening the heart it is ahorrent to the soul.

*. If thou ha#e ploughed, gather thine har#est in the field, and the 7od shall ma%e it greatunder thine hand. Fill not thy mouth at any neighor's tale . . . If a crafty man e the

possessor of !ealth, he stealeth li%e a crocodile from the priests.

;et not a man e en#ious that hath no children let him e neither do!ncast nor quarrelsome

on account of it. For a father, though great, may e grie#ed as to the mother of children, she

hath less peace than another. erily, each man is created--

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to his destiny--y the 7od, !ho is the chief of a trie, trustful in follo!ing him.

4. If thou e lo!ly, ser#e a !ise man, that all thine actions may e good efore the 7od. If

thou ha#e %no!n a man of none account that hath een ad#anced in ran%, e not haughty

to!ard him on account of that !hich thou %no!est concerning him ut honour him that hath

een ad#anced, according to that !hich he hath ecome.

(ehold, riches come not of themsel#es it is their rule for him that desireth them. If he estir

him and collect them himself, the 7od shall ma%e him prosperous ut He shall punish him, if

he e slothful.

. Follo! thine heart during thy lifetime do not more than is commanded thee. /iminish not

the time of follo!ing the heart it is ahorred of the soul, that its time--of ease--e ta%ena!ay. 9horten not the daytime more than is needful to maintain thy house. hen riches are

gained, follo! the heart for riches are of no a#ail if one e !eary.

0. If thou !ouldest e a !ise man, eget a son for the pleasing of the 7od. If he ma%e

straight his course after thine e&ample, if he arrange thine affairs in due order, do unto him all

that is good,

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for thy son is he, egotten of thine o!n soul. 9under not thine heart from him, or thine o!n

egotten shall curse--thee--. If he e heedless and trespass thy rules of conduct, and is#iolent if e#ery speech that cometh from his mouth e a #ile !ord then eat thou him, that

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his tal% may e fitting. Keep him from those that ma%e light of that !hich is commanded, for

it is they that ma%e him reellious. $nd they that are guided go not astray, ut they that lose

their earings cannot find a straight course.

2. If thou e in the chamer of council, act al!ays according to the steps eneport thine actions !ithout concealment disco#er thy conduct !hen in council !ith

thine o#erlord. It is not e#il for the en#oy that his report e not ans!ered. 5ea, I %no! it,5 y

the prince for that !hich he %no!eth includeth not--this. If he--the prince--thin% that he !ill

oppose him on account of it,--he thin%eth--5He !ill e silent ecause I ha#e spo%en.5 0

=. If thou e a leader, cause that the rules that thou hast en


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fall thereinto. It setteth at #ariance fathers-in-la! and the %insmen of the daughter-in-la! it

sundereth

p. 4=

the !ife and the husand. It gathereth unto itself all e#ils it is the girdle of all !ic%edness. (ut the man that is epeat not e&tra#agant speech, neither listen thereto for it is the utterance of a ody

heated y !rath. hen such speech is repeated to thee, hear%en not thereto, loo% to the

ground. 9pea% not regarding it, that he that is efore thee may %no! !isdom. If thou e

commanded to do a theft, ring it to pass that the command e ta%en off thee, for it is a thing

hateful according to la!. That !hich destroyeth a #ision is the #eil o#er it.

0+. If thou !ouldest e a !ise man, and one sitting in council !ith his o#erlord, apply thine

heart unto perfection. 9ilence is more profitale unto thee than aundance of speech.

"onsider ho! thou may e opposed y an e&pert that spea%eth in council. It is a foolish thingto spea% on e#ery %ind of !or%, for he that disputeth thy !ords shall put them unto proof.

p. 4D

03. If thou e po!erful, ma%e thyself to e honoured for %no!ledge and for gentleness.

9pea% !ith authority, that is, not as if follo!ing in


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6ne that rec%oneth accounts all the day passeth not an happy moment. 6ne that gladdeneth

his heart all the day pro#ideth not for his house. The o!man hitteth the mar%, as the

steersman reacheth land, y di#ersity of aim. He that oeyeth his heart shall command.

0=. ;et not a prince e hindered !hen he is occupied neither oppress the heart of him that is

already laden. For he shall e hostile to!ard one that delayeth him, ut shall are his soulunto one that lo#eth him. The disposal of souls is !ith the 7od, and that !hich He lo#eth is

His creation. 9et out, therefore, after a #iolent quarrel e at

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peace !ith him that is hostile unto--thee--his opponent. It is such souls that ma%e lo#e to

gro!.

0@. Instruct a nole in such things as e profitale unto him cause that he e recei#ed among

men. ;et his satisfaction fall on his master, for thy pro#ision dependeth upon his !ill. (y

reason of it thy elly shall e satisfied thy ac% !ill e clothed therey. ;et him recei#e thineheart, that thine house may flourish and thine honour--if thou !ish it to flourish--therey. He

shall e&tend thee a %indly hand. Further, he shall implant the lo#e of thee in the odies of thy

friends. Forsooth, it is a soul lo#ing to hear%en.

0D. If thou e the son of a man of the priesthood, and an en#oy to conciliate the

multitude. . . . 0 spea% thou !ithout fa#ouring one side. ;et it not e said: 5His conduct is that

of the noles, fa#ouring one side in his speech.5 Turn thine aim to!ard e&act


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heart in an occasion of speech. hen he hath told thee his past life, he hath made an

opportunity that thou may either e ashamed for him or e familiar !ith him. (e not reser#ed

!ith him !hen he openeth speech, neither ans!er him after a scornful manner. ithdra! not

thyself from him, neither interrupt ABC him !hose matter is not yet ended, !hom it is possile

to enefit.

2+. ;et thy face e right !hat time thou li#est. That !hich goeth into the storehouse must

come out therefrom and read is to e shared. He that is grasping in entertainment shall

himself ha#e an empty elly he that causeth strife cometh himself to sorro!. Ta%e not such

an one for thy companion. It is a man's %indly acts that are rememered of him in the years

after his life.

23. Kno! !ell thy merchants for !hen thine affairs are in e#il case, thy good repute among

thy friends is a channel ABC !hich is filled. It is more important than the dignities of a man

and the !ealth of one passeth to another. The good repute of a man's son is a glory unto him

and a good character is for rememrance.

2=. "orrect chiefly instruct conformaly--there!ith. ice must e dra!n out that #irtue

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may remain. 1or is this a matter of misfortune, for one that is a gainsayer ecometh a

strifema%er.

2@. If thou ma%e a !oman to e ashamed, !anton of heart, not %no!n y her to!nfol%, to e

falsely placed, e %ind unto her for a space, send her not a!ay, gi#e her to eat. The

!antonness of her heart shall esteem thy guidance.

". If thou oey these things that I ha#e said unto thee, all thy demeanour shall e of the est

for #erily, the quality of truth is among their e&cellences. 9et the memory of them in the

mouths of the people for their pro#ers are good. 1or shall any !ord that hath here een set

do!n cease out of this land for e#er, ut shall e made a pattern !herey princes shall spea%

!ell. They--my !ords--shall instruct a man ho! he shall spea%, after he hath heard them yea,

he shall ecome as one s%illful in oeying, e&cellent in spea%ing, after he hath heard them.

7ood fortune shall efall him, for he shall e of the highest ran%. He shall e gracious to the

end of his life he shall e contented al!ays. His %no!ledge shall e his guide ABC into a place

of security, !herein he shall prosper !hile on earth. The scholar shall e content in his

%no!ledge. $s to the prince, in his turn,

p. 2

forsooth, his heart shall e happy, his tongue made straight. $nd--in these pro#ers--his lips

shall spea%, his eyes shall see, and his ears shall hear, that !hich is profitale for his son, so

that he deal


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6edience is etter than all things that are it ma%eth good-!ill.

Ho! good it is that a son should ta%e that from his father y !hich he hath reached old age--

oedience.

That !hich is desired y the 7od is oedience disoedience is ahorred of the 7od.

erily, it is the heart that ma%eth its master to oey or to disoey for the safe and sound life

of a man are his heart.

It is the oedient man that oeyeth !hat is said he that lo#eth to oey, the same shall carry

out commands.

He that oeyeth ecometh one oeyed.

It is good indeed !hen a son oeyeth his father and he-his father-that hath spo%en hath great

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p. =

not one in the place of another. (e!are of opening . . . in thyself.

(e !ary of speech !hen a learned man hear%eneth unto thee desire to e estalished for

good in the mouth of those that hear thee spea%ing. If thou ha#e entered as an e&pert, spea%!ith e&act ABC lips, that thy conduct may e seemly.

+0. (e thine heart o#erflo!ing ut refrain thy mouth. ;et thy conduct e e&act !hile

amongst noles, and seemly efore thy lord, doing that !hich he hath commanded. 9uch a

son shall spea% unto them that hear%en to him moreo#er, his egetter shall e fa#oured.

$pply thine heart, !hat time thou spea%est, to saying things such that the noles !ho listen

declare, 5Ho! e&cellent is that !hich cometh out of his mouthJ5

+2. "arry out the ehest of thy lord to thee. Ho! good is the teaching of a man's father, for he

hath come from him, !ho hath spo%en of his son !hile he !as yet unorn and that !hich is

done for him--the son--is more than that !hich is commanded him. Forsooth, a good son is of the gift of the 7od he doeth more than is en


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2. If thou sit !ith a glutton, eat !ith him, then depart ABC.

If thou drin% !ith a drun%ard, accept--drin%--and his heart shall e satisfied.

>efuse not meat !hen !ith a greedy man. Ta%e that !hich he gi#eth thee set it not on one

side, thin%ing that it !ill e a courteous thing.

+. If a man e lac%ing in good fello!ship, no speech hath any influence o#er him. He is sour

of face to!ard the glad-hearted that are %indly to him he is a grief unto his mother and his

friends and all men--cry--, 5;et thy name e %no!n thou art silent in thy mouth !hen thou

art addressedJ5

3. (e not haughty ecause of thy might in the

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midst of thy young soldiers. (e!are of ma%ing strife, for one %no!eth not the things that the7od !ill do !hen He punisheth.

The iier caused his sons and daughters to e summoned, !hen he had finished the rules of

the conduct of men. $nd they mar#elled !hen they came to him. Then he said unto them,

5Hear%en unto e#erything that is in !riting in this oo%, e#en as I ha#e said it in adding unto

profitale sayings.5 $nd they cast themsel#es on their ellies, and they read it, e#en as it !as

in !riting. $nd it !as etter in their opinion than anything in this land unto its limits.

1o! they !ere li#ing !hen His )a


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2. hen thou liest do!n ha#e a care for thy 0 #ery life, since friends e&ist not for a man in

the day of misfortunes. I ga#e to the eggar, and caused the orphan to li#e I made him that

had not to attain, e#en as he that had.

+. (ut it !as the eater of my food that made insurrection against me to !hom I ga#e mine

hands, he created disturance therey they that arrayed them in my fine linen regarded me asa

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shado! and it !as they that anointed themsel#es !ith my spices that entered my harem.

3. )y images are among the li#ing and my achie#ements are among men. (ut I ha#e made

an heroic story that hath not een heard a great feat of arms that hath not een seen. 9urely

one fighteth for a lassoed o& that forgetteth yesterday and good fortune is of no a#ail unto

one that cannot percei#e it.

=. It !as after the e#ening meal, and night !as come. I too% for myself an hour of ease. I lay

do!n upon my ed, for I !as !eary. )y heart egan to !ander ABC. I slept. $nd loJ !eapons

!ere randished, and there !as conference concerning me. I acted as the serpent of the

desert. 0

@. I a!o%e to fight I !as alone. I found one struc% do!n, it !as the captain of the guard. Had

I recei#ed quic%ly the arms from his hand, I had dri#en ac% the dastards y smiting around.

(ut he !as not a ra#e man on that night, nor could I fight alone an occasion of pro!ess

cometh not to one surprised. Thus !as I.

D. (ehold, then, #ile things came to pass, for

p. 00

Gparagraph continues I !as !ithout thee the courtiers %ne! not that I had passed on to thee--my

po!er. I sat not !ith thee on the throne. ;et me then, ma%e my plans. (ecause I a!ed them

not I !as not unmindful of them ut mine heart ringeth not to rememrance the slac%ness

of ser#ants.

*. Ha#e e#er !omen gathered together assailantsB $re assassins reared !ithin my palaceB

as the opening done y cutting through the groundB The underlings !ere decei#ed as to

!hat they did. 0 (ut misfortunes ha#e not come in my train since my irth nor hath theree&isted the equal of me as a doer of #aliance.

4. I forced my !ay up to Elephantine, I !ent do!n unto the coast-la%es 2 I ha#e stood upon

the oundaries of the land, and I ha#e seen its centre. I ha#e set the limits of might y my

might in my deeds.

. I raised corn, I lo#ed 1opi + the 1ile egged of me e#ery #alley. In my reign none

hungered none thirsted therein. They !ere contented in that !hich I did, saying concerning

me, 5E#ery commandment is meet.5

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0. I o#ercame lions I carried off crocodiles. I cast the 1uians under my feet I carried off

the southern 1uians I caused the $siatics to flee, e#en as hounds.

2. I ha#e made me an house, adorned !ith gold, its ceilings !ith lapis lauli, its !alls

ha#ing deep foundations. Its doors are of copper, their olts are of rone. It is made for

e#erlasting eternity is in a!e of it. I %no! e#ery dimension thereof, 6 ;ord of the orldJ

+. There are di#ers de#ices in uildings. I %no! the pronouncements of men !hen inquiring

into its eauties ut they %no! not that it !as !ithout thee, 6 my 9on, 9en!esert life, safe

and sound, e to thee--y thy feet do I !al% thou art after mine o!n heart y thine eyes do I

see orn in an hour of delight !ith spirits that rendered thee praise.

3. (ehold, that !hich I ha#e done at the eginning, let me set it in order for thee at the end

let me e the landing-place of that !hich is in thine heart. $ll men together set the hite

"ro!n on the 6ffspring of the 7od. fi&ing it unto its due place. I shall egin thy praises !hen

in the (oat of >a. Thy %ingdom hath een from prime#al

p. 0+

time not y my doing, !ho ha#e done #aliant things. >aise up monuments, ma%e eautiful

thy tom. I ha#e fought against him !hom thou %no!est for I desire not that he should e

eside thy )a


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4+:0 The ao#e translation is not satisfactory the te&t may e corrupt. 1o intelligile

translation of it has yet een made.

4=: I.e.., all !ic%edness is contained therein.

4@: $ ser#ant.

4D: 9o also in life, y di#ersity of aim, alternating !or% and play, happiness is secured.

Tac%ing is e#idently meant in the case of the steersman.

4*: This section refers to the relations et!een the son of a noleman and his tutor,

d!elling on the enefits from former pupils in high places, if their school days ha#e een

pleasant.

4*:0 $n oscure phrase.

4: ;iterally, 5It is that !hich pre#enteth the heart from ad#ancing ABC5 $ curious phrase.

: ;iterally, after his stic% or sceptre.

0: ho %no!s them.

+: The greater part of this section is a play upon the root sodem, !hich in its meaning

includes our hear--listen--and oey. This tiresome torture of !ords is frequent in Egyptian,

especially in old religious te&ts.

3: The 5Follo!ers of Horns5 are a legendary dynasty of demigods, elie#ed y theEgyptians to ha#e ruled for aout 2,+44 years after the reign of Horus, and efore that of

)enes. There is also an order of spirits y this name.

=: $ !ord of un%no!n meaning apparently some %ind of plant. 9uch a !ord seems out of

place here, and may e idiomatic, li%e our 5flo!ery language.5 (ut the preceding line

o#iously refers to this oo%.

@: "omfortale.

D: This is a rather dar% saying, ut apparently the author means that although the duly

instructed guest may only parta%e moderately of the aundance efore him, !hat he cats is asgood as the rest. His portion !ill e equal to the !hole as regards quality, though inferior as

regards quantity.

04: $ ceremonial title applied to deceased persons, analogous to our 5the late.5 58ustified5

is not an e&act rendering, ut it is usual, and !ill ser#e.

04:0 ;iterally, heart.

0: $n allusion to the people of Egypt, !hom he had freed from the foreign oppressors.

0:0 He remained quiet ut !atchful.

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15/15

00: >eferring to the co-regency !ith his son.

00:0 >eferring to the attempted assassination.

00:2 The limits, south and north, of his Kingdom.

00:+ The god of corn.
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The Teachings of Ptah Hotep