THE TECHNOLOGICAL TEAMusers.metu.edu.tr/sevaiogl/EE 100 Chapter02.pdf · Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 2 METU What is Engineering ? April 7,

Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 1

METUWhat is Engineering ?

April 7, 2005,

The Technological Team



April 7, 2005,

The Technological TeamEngineers usually work in a team of;

• Scientists,• Engineers,• Technologists,• Technicians,• Craftsmans

which brings together complementary skills to solve a problem;



April 7, 2005,

ScientistsScientists:Search for new fundamental understanding of the world and develop existing knowledgeApplied Scientists:Apply knowledge gained by theoretical advances to develop new products and devices



April 7, 2005,

Engineers

• Usually lead the team,

• Function: design of a new product, project or system



April 7, 2005,

Engineering Education

• Develops creative mindswith the mathematical and analytical skills necessary to:• create new designs, • find out alternative, better

solutions to existing methods of performing tasks



April 7, 2005,

A Technologist• Has education with less

mathematical requirement,• Material is presented in less

theoretical manner,• Often works with

engineer and technicians,

• Develops further changes on design,

• Initiative and abilities determine the assignments,

• Often the functions of the engineer and technologistoverlap at the workplace



April 7, 2005,

Techniciansare hands on people;

• Draftsman,• Electric, Electronic

Technician,• Mechanic,• etc



April 7, 2005,

Craftsman

• are skilled workers, • they have skills to

build devices and systems



April 7, 2005,

Engineering Societies

• Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO)

• Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

• Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)

http://www.emo.org.tr/index.php

http://www.ieee.org/



April 7, 2005,

Main Duties of Engineering Societies• Enhance the standing of

engineers,• Maintain and improve

standards of engineering education,

• To bring engineers together for exchange of information and ideas,

• To give attention to the professional and economic aspects of the practice of engineering



April 7, 2005,

ABET(Accreditation Board for Engineering And Technology)

Main function of ABETis the examination and accreditation of engineering and technology curricula

Aims to assure that students are given a relevant education



April 7, 2005,

Abet Team

• Members of societies forming ABET appoint a team from their members which examines;• quality of the course material,• competence of the faculty,• administrative support,

• interviews with students and staff



April 7, 2005,

Fields of Engineering• Aeronautical & Aerospace,• Agricultural,• Architectural,• Automotive,• Biomedical,• Ceramic,• Civil,• Computer & Computer Science

Engineering,



April 7, 2005,

Fields of Engineering

• Electrical & Electronics,• Environmental,• Industrial,• Manufacturing,• Marine, Naval & Ocean,• Mining & Geological,• Nuclear,• Petroleum



April 7, 2005,

Materials and Metallurgical Engineering• Materials science seeks to

understand the properties of materials,• What are the factors of the atomic

and molecular structure which make one material brittle, the other elastic,

• uses the knowledge on atomic / molecular structure to develop new materials that will have improved characteristics,• greater strength, corrosion

resistance etc• All areas of industry are affected

by new materials



April 7, 2005,

Metallurgical Engineering• is more concerned

with metals,• Extracting metals

from naturallyaccuring ores



April 7, 2005,

Biomedical Engineering• Comparatively new - began

in 1940’s,• In a sense however it has

been practiced for thousands of years since the introduction of first artificial limb,

• Interdisciplinary,• Engineers work with

biologists and physicians to develop new equipment and materials



April 7, 2005,

Bioengineering

Applying engineering techniques to biological systems



April 7, 2005,

Medical Engineering

• Develops medical instrumentation,• monitoring instruments

(EKG etc),• artificial organs,• prosthetic devices



April 7, 2005,

Clinical Engineering• Concerns itself with

hospital system problems such as:• decontaminating air lines, • removing anesthetic

gases from operating rooms,

• Operation and maintenance of medical equipment



April 7, 2005,

Computer Engineering and Computer Science

are closely relatedBoth involved with the design and organization of computers both software and hardware



April 7, 2005,

Computer Engineering and Computer Science• Computer science :

• from software viewpoint• Computer engineering :

• from the hardware point of view • with less emphasis on the software

• At METU• CEng educates more like a CS

Department,• EE educates more like a Computer

Engineering Department



April 7, 2005,

Computer Engineering and Computer Science

Computer science in the most general sense is the study of problem solving procedures, computability and computation systems

Software Engineering is a relatively new area and is concerned with the creation of software to solve problems



April 7, 2005,

Electrical and Electronics Engineering• Covers a very diverse field• The role of electrical

engineering in modern society is vital• A blackout dramatizes

how dependent we are on systems with electrical components

• Imagine what would happen to social life without communications, telephones or computers



April 7, 2005,

• Electrical (electronic) signals may vary from a few volts to a few million volts

• frequencies vary from DC to gigahertz (1000 million cycles per second)

• Engineers in this field are often called Electrical Engineers

• ……however……

Electrical and Electronics Engineering



April 7, 2005,


• in more specific terms• Electronics Engineering deals

with the passage of charged particles in gas, vacuum or semiconductors

• Electrical Engineering deals with the motion of electrons in metals such as wires and filaments



April 7, 2005,

• At the extreme ends, there is little relationship between “Electrical” and “ElectronicsEngineering”

-other than common fundamental laws

• High voltage area requires specific knowledge on the extreme end of ElectricalEngineering

• An engineer concerned with radars has more to do with Electronics engineering




April 7, 2005,


• In many applications, electrical and electronics engineering is interlacedsuch as;• industrial applications, • automotive field, • household appliances• etc



April 7, 2005,

• Most engineering disciplines involve use of electrical eng’g in the system design• machine tools used to be an

exclusive area of Mechanical Eng’gBut now it is not possible to imagine a modern machine tool without a computer control and a sophisticated speed control system

• In the civil engineering area, communication, security, alarm, energy control etc systems became a vital part of a modern building




April 7, 2005,

Mechanical Engineering• Mechanical Engineers

apply principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices

• Not only concerned with devices that move but is also interested in • thermal design, • heating, • air conditioning • etc



April 7, 2005,

Mechanical Engineering• Mechanical engineers must be able

to control mechanical systems and work frequently with electrical engineers in designing systems

• Mechanical Engineers are also concerned with • vibration, • noise, • fatigue, • lubrication



April 7, 2005,

The Technological TeamResearchDevelopmentDesignManufacturing & ConstructionOperations & MaintenanceSalesManagementGovernment, Consulting & TeachingQuality Assurance & Control



April 7, 2005,

Engineering Research• Not the basic research of scientists

seeking phenomena not understood,

• Rather applied research • that uses the results of basic

research,• aimed at creating a new or

improved product,• creating new technology,

• Market conditions determine whether a new product is needed



April 7, 2005,

Research Engineers

are expected to bebright open minded people, often with higher degrees



April 7, 2005,

Development Engineer• Works closely with the

research engineer,• Often research and

development is together (R&D)• because companies

can not afford undirected research,

• Development must be towards a new product or improvement of a product



April 7, 2005,

Development Engineer

• Must convince management to fund new proposals based on market projections & customer requests from sales engineers,

• Are not always concerned with latest research,• may use existing devices to solve a

problem



April 7, 2005,

DesignThe next step in product

development After development engineer

shows that a new product or process is possible, management is convinced to spend:

• resources, • people, • space, • money



April 7, 2005,

Design Engineer• translates a concept or a model into

producible form,• While doing that, considers manufacturing

facilities available,• documents the product, so that

manufacturing engineers can set up the machinery, chose materials & components required



April 7, 2005,

Design Engineer

must balance;• economics product quality, • aesthetic values etcmust have a broad engineering backgroundto balance conflicting requirements of;• cost,• quality,• aesthetics



April 7, 2005,

• Converts paper design of a product into a physicalreality

• This requires coordination of many types of people, materials and equipment,

• Communication with trades people, design engineers & management is important

Manufacturing and Construction Eng



April 7, 2005,

Manufacturing and Construction Eng

• Must be able to;• handle labor disputes,• notice and notify management of

significant problems,• assure flow of materials,• keep workforce fully utilized



April 7, 2005,

Operation and Maintenance Eng.• An existing facility must

be operated & maintained,

• Data from equipment must be analyzed,

• Measures must be taken to assure,

• continuity of operation,• Maintenance must be

scheduled



April 7, 2005,

Operation and Maintenance Eng.

• must be a generalists & be able to deal with• electrical systems• electronics• control systems• steam / air systems

• and specialist to maintain and repair them



April 7, 2005,

Operations and Maintenance Eng.

• also responsible for;• plant safety & technician training,• must be knowledgeable on union

contracts



April 7, 2005,

Sales Engineer• A vital position for survival of a

companyA sales engineer must;

• know of customers needs & why a product matches,

• Know what customers needs more in quality and quantity,

• be able to communicate with customer,

• be technically proficient,• Represent the company properly



April 7, 2005,

Sales Engineer

So usually not a starting positionSome experience is needed in manufacturing or service area



April 7, 2005,

Managers• more than 75% of engineers

become managers,• It is not always necessary to

develop technologies,• Using available technologies in

industrial area is moreimportant,

Technical Managers• comprehend new technologies

and have an intuitive,• understanding of which opinion

to accept



April 7, 2005,

Managers

Engineers because of their education and training develop an intuition & can quickly learn management skills to run technical industries



April 7, 2005,

Managers• manage resources, people,

money & materials,• interpersonal skills are

necessary,• Attend meetings, • Read reports etc,• Organize, direct & control

several tasks and activities simultaneously



April 7, 2005,

Managers • Most management situations involve

problem solving,• Managerial difficulties also involve solving

people’s problems,• a skill that can be learned &• an art that can be refined



April 7, 2005,

Government EngineersGovernment Engineers

• Manage and direct government funds for fundamental and applied research

• provide an important link in helping thegovernment officials make sound decisions in the light of complex technological systems



April 7, 2005,

Consulting and Teaching Eng.

• Consultant : a specialist for hire• many companies can not afford to keep

them continuously in their payroll,• Teaching

• must balance research and teaching interests



April 7, 2005,

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

• Part of the manufacturing process but often a separate department,

• Growingly more important for competitiveness



April 7, 2005,

What Is Quality?• A quality product or service is expected to

have a greater degree of excellence if the price is high compared to competitors,

• A quality product should show less variable performance



April 7, 2005,

Need for Quality ControlManufactured products show variations from the prototype

solderingsoldering technique of technique of aan electronicn electronic circuit circuit designed may be difficult todesigned may be difficult to

perform and does not assureperform and does not assurerepeatabilityrepeatabilityneedsneeds a revision and quality a revision and quality controlcontrol is essentialis essential

To control To control variability, a product must be , a product must be designed to tolerate variations in designed to tolerate variations in componentscomponents



April 7, 2005,

Quality Services

• Quality control : checking materials and components as they are received and manufactured

• Quality assurance : checking product or service after it is completed



April 7, 2005,

Quality Control

Quality Controlyields greater profitably since the number of returned products decreases & company image, customer satisfaction improves



April 7, 2005,

Cost of Quality ControlCosts associated with implementing a quality control system:

• tests on final product,• tests of materials purchased,• Failure costs: from re-manufacture and repair

of the returned products because of not meeting the expected performance



April 7, 2005,

Total Quality Control

• Total quality control assures repeatable production by specifying all steps and tests (does not mean a superior product) on the other hand,

• Standards determine the minimum requirements, but do not assure repeatability



April 7, 2005,

Total Quality Control• Classical understanding of quality: to check to check

whether whether thethe final product final product is is againstagainst company company standardsstandards

•• ModernModern understanding understanding of qualityquality : : to specify to specify steps well and keep under control to end up with steps well and keep under control to end up with less failure and variabilityless failure and variability



April 7, 2005,

Total Quality Cost Curve

0100

Expe

nses

A

B

Total quality cost

Preventivecosts

Failure costs

Defects

• To spend less,increases the failurecosts,

• To spend more,decreases profitability because of test and appraisal costs,

• Minimum of total quality cost assumes that there will be A % of defective products and the quality program will incur B expense

Documents

THE TECHNOLOGICAL TEAMusers.metu.edu.tr/sevaiogl/EE 100 Chapter02.pdf · Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 2 METU What is Engineering ? April 7,