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The Telencephalon. Xiaoming Zhang. The Telencephalon. External features: 2 Cerebral hemispheres (separated by longitudinal cerebral fissure ) Transverse cerebral fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and cerebellum. 3 poles, 3 surfaces 3 borders . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Telencephalon
Xiaoming Zhang
The Telencephalon External features:
2 Cerebral hemispheres
(separated by longitudinal cerebral fissure) Transverse cerebral fissure intervenes between
the hemispheres and cerebellum. 3 poles, 3 surfaces
3 borders
The Telencephalon External features:
3 Main fissures on surface of each hemisphere: The Lateral sulcus The Central sulcus The Parietooccipital sulcus
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Superior parietal lobule
Supramarginal gyrus
Intraparietal sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
5 Lobes: (divided by 3 sulci) The Frontal lobe The Parietal lobe The Occipital lobe The Temporal lobe The Insular lobe (insula)
Main gyri and sulci Dorsolateral surface: in frontal lobe: — precentral sulcus, superior and inferior frontal sulcus precentral gyrus
superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
in parietal lobe:
— postcentral sulcus supermarginal gyrus
— intraparietal sulcus angular gyrus
— postcentral gyrus — superior and inferior parietal lobule
in temporal lobe:
superior temporal sulcus
inferior temporal sulcus
superior
middle
inferior temporal gyrus
transverse temporal gyrus
Right superior figure:Lateral view of cerebral hemisphere
Transverse temporal gyri
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,middleand inferioe frontal gyri
Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Superior parietal lobule
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Corpus callosum Callosal sulcus
cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Marginal ramus
Paracentral lobule
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lingual gyrus
Inferior surfaceOlfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone
Anterior perforated substance
Collateral sulcus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Medial and lateraloccipitotemporal gyri
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampal formation
Limbic lobe and limbic system: Limbic lobe: composed of cingulate gyrus,
parahippocampal gyrus and uncus.
Limbic system: comprises of limbic lobe and relative cortex
and other structures of brain (hippocampal
formation, part of amygdaloid nucleus,
hypothalamus and anterior nucleus of
thalamus)
Internal structures: Gray matter
White matter
Lateral ventricle
Gray matter: Cortex: Functional localizations of cerebral cortex
— somatic motor area: in precentral gyrus and anterior part
of paracentral lobule; mainly control skeleton muscles on
the opposite side of body.
— somatic sensory area: in the postcentral gyrus and
posterior part of paracentral lobule; receive the sensory
signals from skin, proprioceptors and taste receptors on
the opposite side of body.
First somatic motor areaCharacters • Representation is inverted,
but head and face are upright
• A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
• Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements
First somatic sensory area
Characters • Sensory representation,
like motor area, is crossed and inverted
• Receiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body
— visual area (striate area): surrounds the calcarine sulcus ;
receive the data from the temporal half of ipsilateral
retina and nasal half of the contralateral retina.
— auditory area (acoustic area): in the transverse temporal
gyri; efferent fibers of medial geniculate nucleus of
bilateral side end in this area.
— visceral moter area: in the limbic lobe.
— The language areas:
1. Writing area—posterior part of middle frontal gyrus.
2. Motor speech area— posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus.
3. Auditory language area posterior part superior temporal gyrus
4. Visual language area -angular gyrus
basal ganglion : Corpus striatum: Caudate nucleus: “C” – shaped head, body and tail of caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus: Claustrum: between the lentiform nucleus and insula. Amygdaloid body: holds the amygdaloid nucleus and lies at the end
of tail of caudate nucleus.
White matter: 3 kinds of fibers Association fibers:
— connect cortical areas in same hemisphere.
— Superior longitudinal fasciculus
— Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
— Cingulum
—Uncinate fasciculus
— Arcuate fibers
Commissural fibers: — Corpus callosum
* at the bottom of longitudinal cerebral fissure
* 4 parts : rostrum, genu, trunk and splenium
— anterior commissure
— commissure of fornix:
Projection fibers:
— connect the cortex and subcortical structures
— internal capsule:
* a plate of white matter
* position:
medially to the lentiform nucleus;
laterally to the caudate nucleus and
thalamus.
* “X” – shaped in the horizontal section
* 3 parts: anterior limb; posterior limb and genu.
* projection fibers passing through each part of the
internal capsule: anterior limb—frontopontine tract;
anterior thalamic radiation
genu—corticonuclear tract
posterior limb—corticospinal tract
thalamocortical tract
parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract
optic radiation
auditory radiation
Anterior thalamic radiation
Frontopontine tract
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract
Acoustic radiation
Optic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Corticonuclear tract
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Lateral geniculate body
Lateral ventricles: “C”- shaped cavity in each cerebral hemisphere. filled with cerebrospinal fluid 4 parts:
— anterior horn (in frontal lobe) — central part (in parietal lobe ) — posterior horn (in occipital lobe) — inferior horn (in temporal lobe) communicated with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen.
The Coronary section of the brain
Superior view of lateral ventricle
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