The Theory of The Theory of Evolution:Evolution:

A Theory based upon the A Theory based upon the similarities and similarities and

differences of life-forms differences of life-forms alive and extinctalive and extinct

When Did Evolution begin? When Did Evolution begin? The answer is in these The answer is in these

questions…questions…

How has the Earth changed How has the Earth changed from the past to the present?from the past to the present?

What has caused the changes?What has caused the changes?

Will the changes in the Earth Will the changes in the Earth ever cease to happen?ever cease to happen?

Proof the Earth has Proof the Earth has Changed: Changed:

Land formations have changed Land formations have changed

Earth’s Climate has changed Earth’s Climate has changed

Life was once only found in Life was once only found in marine environmentmarine environment

Dinosaurs were in the past Dinosaurs were in the past dominant form of life on land; dominant form of life on land; Today mammals areToday mammals are

Causes of Earth ChangesCauses of Earth Changes

Land Changes caused by Plate Land Changes caused by Plate Tectonic ForcesTectonic ForcesClimate Changes caused by Climate Changes caused by Drifting Continents, Volcanoes, Drifting Continents, Volcanoes, Outer Space EventsOuter Space EventsLife from sea to land caused by Life from sea to land caused by Dropping Sea levels and Ozone Dropping Sea levels and Ozone layer allow for live to go on landlayer allow for live to go on landMass Extincions caused by Mass Extincions caused by Space Impact/ ASTEROIDS & Space Impact/ ASTEROIDS & COMETSCOMETS

What is Evolution?What is Evolution?

A change in an organism A change in an organism throughout time.throughout time.

Success = existenceSuccess = existenceFailure = extinctionFailure = extinction

Things organisms must do to Things organisms must do to survive survive

1.1. Must be successful each dayMust be successful each day

2.2. Acquire Energy/Feed as neededAcquire Energy/Feed as needed

3.3. Exchange gases/ Respire as Exchange gases/ Respire as neededneeded

4.4. Reproduce / Breed to pass on DNAReproduce / Breed to pass on DNA

5.5. Structure / Body Plan no injury or Structure / Body Plan no injury or flawflaw

6.6. Mobility / Ability to move Mobility / Ability to move

What causes Evolution?What causes Evolution?

Evolution is caused by the idea Evolution is caused by the idea of Natural Sectionof Natural SectionNatural Selection is survival of Natural Selection is survival of the fittestthe fittestOnly strongest organisms will be Only strongest organisms will be left to reproduce; others will die left to reproduce; others will die before being able to reproducebefore being able to reproduceThis process causes the This process causes the organism to EVOLVE over timeorganism to EVOLVE over time

4 Major Forces of Natural 4 Major Forces of Natural Selection (4 Factors of Selection (4 Factors of

Evolution)Evolution)

1.1. Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

2.2. Disease ResistanceDisease Resistance

3.3. Competition for FoodCompetition for Food

4.4. Predator InfluencePredator Influence

Evolutionary Success: Evolutionary Success: Lionfish Lionfish

What creates Evolution? What creates Evolution?

Variations within a Variations within a species:species:

some variations good: some variations good: aid survivalaid survival

some bad: early deathsome bad: early death

What is a Variation?What is a Variation?

A change in the appearance or A change in the appearance or behavior of one organism to behavior of one organism to another of the same speciesanother of the same species

If positive, allows for greater If positive, allows for greater survivability for the organism: survivability for the organism: THIS IS CALLED AN THIS IS CALLED AN ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

IS this a Variation or Adaptation?IS this a Variation or Adaptation?

EXAMPLES of ADAPTATIONSEXAMPLES of ADAPTATIONS

Webbed Feet on duckWebbed Feet on duck

Coloration to environmentColoration to environment

Waxy coating on leavesWaxy coating on leaves

poisonpoison

INABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGE INABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGE LEADS TO LEADS TO EXTINCTIONEXTINCTION

3 Types or Patterns of 3 Types or Patterns of Evolution: Evolution:

1. 1. Divergent EvolutionDivergent Evolution

share common ancestor share common ancestor but look totally but look totally different todaydifferent today

Hoofed animals and Hoofed animals and whales/dolphinswhales/dolphins

Types of EvolutionTypes of Evolution

2. 2. Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution

Share totally different Share totally different ancestor but look similar ancestor but look similar

todaytoday

dolphin and sharkdolphin and shark

Types of EvolutionTypes of Evolution

3. 3. Parallel Evolution-Parallel Evolution-

related animals evolve in related animals evolve in same way for long period same way for long period

of timeof time

deer and antelopedeer and antelope

Evolutionary Question?????Evolutionary Question?????

Is it possible for an Is it possible for an organism / life form to organism / life form to successfully do all the successfully do all the aforementioned items and aforementioned items and still be threatened with still be threatened with the possibility of the possibility of extinction??????extinction??????

Evolution Proposed byEvolution Proposed byCharles Darwin: Charles Darwin:

Studied and collected thousands of Studied and collected thousands of life-forms during 5 year journeylife-forms during 5 year journey

most famous for his observations on most famous for his observations on the Galapagos Islandsthe Galapagos Islands

studied and observed 14 different studied and observed 14 different kinds of finches on the islandskinds of finches on the islands

found one dominant type on each found one dominant type on each island; each one was differentisland; each one was different

Charles Darwin: Reflection of Charles Darwin: Reflection of his Observationshis Observations

Studied findings on finches and Studied findings on finches and other life-forms for 20 yearsother life-forms for 20 years

from his studies wrote book from his studies wrote book entitled entitled The Origin of the SpeciesThe Origin of the Species in 1859.in 1859.

Was not well received; went Was not well received; went against religious beliefsagainst religious beliefs

revolutionized modern scientific revolutionized modern scientific thoughtthought

Charles Darwin: The Charles Darwin: The FinchesFinches

14 different versions of finches 14 different versions of finches existed on Galapagos Islandsexisted on Galapagos Islands

Usually only 1-2 types of finch Usually only 1-2 types of finch located on an islandlocated on an island

major difference between finches major difference between finches was beak size; shapewas beak size; shape

beaks were deciding tool in success beaks were deciding tool in success failure of birds to survivefailure of birds to survive

beaks were primary tool for food beaks were primary tool for food

Charles Darwin: Reflection of Charles Darwin: Reflection of his Observationshis Observations

Studied findings on finches and Studied findings on finches and other life-forms for 20 yearsother life-forms for 20 years

from his studies wrote book from his studies wrote book entitled entitled The Origin of the SpeciesThe Origin of the Species in 1859.in 1859.

Was not well received; went Was not well received; went against religious beliefsagainst religious beliefs

revolutionized modern scientific revolutionized modern scientific thoughtthought

Charles Darwin: 4 Main Charles Darwin: 4 Main Points of BookPoints of Book

1.1. All organisms produce more All organisms produce more offspring than can surviveoffspring than can survive

2.2. Variations exist in all populations Variations exist in all populations of speciesof species

3.3. Some variations are better than Some variations are better than others; more beneficial for survivalothers; more beneficial for survival

4.4. Overtime offspring of more Overtime offspring of more successful organisms will make up successful organisms will make up the population of speciesthe population of species

Charles Darwin: The Charles Darwin: The OutcomeOutcome

BBook basically states that Natural ook basically states that Natural Forces are primary reasons for a Forces are primary reasons for a species evolving; not divine powersspecies evolving; not divine powersEvolution, therefore continually is Evolution, therefore continually is happeninghappeningVariations acted upon by Natural Variations acted upon by Natural Selection Forces (En, Dis, CF & Pred) Selection Forces (En, Dis, CF & Pred) Variations are caused by numerous Variations are caused by numerous factors most likely of which are factors most likely of which are mutations in an organisms DNA, that mutations in an organisms DNA, that then are passed on (modern then are passed on (modern genetics)genetics)