The Third Book of Natural Magick.doc

8/14/2019 The Third Book of Natural Magick.doc

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The Third BookofNatural Magick

"Which delivers certain precepts ofHusbandry, and shows how to

intermingle sundry kinds of Plants

and how to produce new kinds."

"Proeme"Chapter I "How new kinds of Plants may be

generated of putrefactions"Chapter II "How Plants are changed, one of them

degenerating into the form of the other."Chapter III "How to make one fruit compounded

of many."Chapter I! "f a second means whereby fruits

may be mingled and compounded together"Chapter ! "f a third way, whereby diverse kinds

of fruits may be compounded together."Chapter !I "How a double fruit may be made,whereof the one is contained within the other."
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Chapter !II "f another device, whereby strangefruits may be generated, and made either better or

worse."Chapter !III "How to procure ripe fruits and

flowers before their ordinary season."Chapter I# "How we may have fruits and flowers

at all time of the year."Chapter # "How to produce fruits that shall be

later and backward."Chapter #I "How we may cause fruit to grow

bigger then their ordinary kind."Chapter #II "How to produce fruit that shall not

have any stone or kernel in it."Chapter #III "How fruit may be produced without

any outward rinds or shells."Chapter #I! "How to procure fruits, to be of

diverse colors, such as are not naturally incident to

their kind."Chapter #! "How the color of $lowers may also be

changed."Chapter #!I "How fruits and $lowers may be

made to yield better flavor then ordinary." Chapter #!II "How to procure fruits to be sweeter

and pleasanter for taste."Chapter #!III "How fruits that are in their

growing, may be made to receive and resemble allfigures and impressions whatsoever."

Chapter #I# " How fruits may be made to be moretender, and beautiful, and goodly to the eye."
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Chapter ## "How diverse kinds of fruits, andlikewise Wines may be made medicinable."

Chapter ##I "How to plant $ruits and !ines, that

they may yield greatest increase."

%he Proeme

We have rehearsed concerning different kinds of new

living creatures. &ow I shall speak of plants, which ravishwith admiration the eyes and minds of those thatcontemplate on them, with their abundant pleasantness,and wonderful elegance. %hese bring more profit, and bythese a natural Philosopher may seem more admirable.$or use made with the earth, is more honest andhonorable then with other things, and the ground nevergrows old or barren, but is everywhere naturally rank toreceive new seed, and to produce new, and is everunsatisfied fruitfulness, and brings perpetual increase.'nd if nature be always admirable, she will seem more

wonderful in plants. Copulationwas but of one kind, hereit is almost infinite, and not only every tree can be(ngrafted into every tree, but one tree may beadulterated with them all. )iving creatures of diversekinds were not easily produced. 'nd those that comefrom other countries were hard to get. Here is nodifficulty at all. *rafts are fetched and sent, if need be, toany part of the world. 'nd if diversity of creatures aremade in 'frica, by their Copulatingwhen they meet atthe rivers, that so new creatures are always produced,here in Italy, where the air is always calm, and the

climate very indulgent, strange and wild plants find agood harbor, and ground to grow in, which is the motherand nourisher of all, and so fruitful to produce a diversityof new types of plants, that it can hardly be e+hausted.'nd we can better write of them, and know the truthmore then others, because we have them still before oureyes, and an opportunity to study their effects. 'nd if our
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ancestors found many new things, we by adding totheirs, have found many more, and shall produce moree+cellent things overpassing them, because daily by ourart, or by chance, by nature or new e+perience, newplants are made. iodoruswrites, that the !ineat firstwas but one, and that was wild, but now by the help of-acchusalone, from the uality of the ground, the natureof the climate, and the art of planting, it is varied intomany kinds, that it were madness to number them up,and not worth our time. &ature brought forth but onekind of Pear tree. &ow so many men/s names are honoredby it, that one is called ecumana, another olabelliana,and another is named from ecumius and olabella. %hesame thing is observed in $igs, of )ivyand Pompey.0uinces are of many kinds, some called 1arianafrom1arius, 1anliana from 1anlius,'ppiana Claudianafrom'ppius Claudius, Cestianafrom Cestius. %heir varietieshave made the authors names immortal. What shall I sayof )aurel Cherries, found in Pliny his time2 What ofCitrons2 Which as'thenauessays, were too sharp to eatin the days of %heophrastus, and the ancestors of Plutarkand Pliny, but Palladiusmade them to become sweet.What of the Peach, and'lmondpeachnuts, fruits ourforefathers knew not, yet now are they eaten, beingpleasant and admirable2 What of Clovegilliflowers, thatthe gardeners art has made so dainty and sweet scented2

'nd so of other plants I have everywhere set down in thiswork2 ur &aples abounds so with them, that we wouldnot go forth to see the orchards of the Hesperides,'lcinus, 3emiramis, and at 1emphis, that were made tohang above ground. -ut I shall briefly and plainly relatethe History.

Chapter I"How new kinds of Plants may be

generated of Putrefaction."
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Swe have shown before, that new kinds of living creatures maybe generated of Putrefaction, so , to proceed in the sameorder as we have begun, we will now show that new kinds of

plants may grow up of their own accord, without any help offeed or such like. The'ncients, questionless, were of opinionthat diverse plants were generated of the earth and water mixedtogether, and that particular places did yield certain particularplants. We rehearsed the opinion of iogenes before, who heldthat plants are generated of water Putrefiedin itself, and a littleearth tempered therewith. %heophrastusheld, that the raincauses much Putrefactionand alteration in the earth, andthereby plants may be nourished, the 3un working upon it withhis heating, and with his drying operation. They write also, thatthe ground when it is stirred, brings forth such kinds of plantsalways, as are usual in the same place. In the Isle Creta, theground is of that nature, that if it be stirred anywhere, and noother thing, sown or planted in it, it will of itself bring forth aCypress %ree. nd their tilled lands, those that are somewhatmoist, when they lie fallow, bring forth %histles. !o the Herb)aserin frica, is generated of a kind of pitchy or clammy rainand thick dirt. nd the Herbwill show itself out of the earthpresently after the rain is fallen. Plinysaid, that the waterswhich fall from above, are the cause of every thing that growsupon the earth, nature showing therein her admirable work andpower. nd many such things they report, which we havespoken of in the books of the knowledge of plants. nd I myself

have often experienced, that ground dug out from under thelowest foundations of certain houses, and the bottom of somepits, and laid open in some small vessel to the force of the 3un,and watered them often with a little sprinkling, and foundthereby, that a fine light earth would bring forth Herbs that had3lightstalks like a 4ush, and leaves full of fine little ranges, andlikewise that a rough and stiff earth full of holes, would bringforth a slight Herb, hard as wood, and full of crevices. In likemanner, if I took of the earth that had been dug out of the thickwoods, or out of moist places, or out of the holes that are inhollow 3tones, it would bring forth Herbs that had smooth

bluish stalks, and leaves full of "uice and substance, such asPennywort, Purslane, 3enegreek, and 3tonecrop. Wemade trial also of some kinds of earth that had been far fetched,such as they had used for the -allastof their ships, and wefound such Herbs generated thereof, as we knew not what theywere. #ay further also, even out of very roots and barks of trees,and rotten seeds, pounded and buried, and there 1aceratedwith water, we have brought forth in a manner the very same
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Herbs, as out of an aken root, the HerbPolypody, and akfern, and 3plenewort,or a least such Herbsas did resemblethose, both in making and in properties. What should I hererehearse, how many kinds of %oadstools and Puffs we haveproduced$ %es, of every several mixture of Putrefiedthings, somany several kinds have been generated. ll which I would herehave set down, if I could have reduced them into any method, orelse if such plants had been produced, as I intended. &ut thosecome that were never sought for. &ut happily I shall hereafter, if*odwill, write of these things, for the delight, and speculation,and profit of the more curious sort. Which I have neither timenor leisure now to mention, seeing this work is rustled up inhaste. &ut let us see,

"How %oadstoolsmay be generated."ioscorides, and others have written, that the bark of a WhitePoplar tree, and of a black, being cut into small pieces, andsowed in dug lands or furrows, will at all times of the year bringforth 1ushrooms, or %oadstools that are good to be eaten.nd in another place he says, that they are more particularlygenerated in those places, where there lies some old rusty Iron,or some rotten cloth. &ut such as grow near to a 3erpent/shole, or any noisome plants, are very hurtful. &ut %arentinusspeaks of this matter more precisely. If, says he, you cut thestock of a -lack Poplar piecemeal into the earth, and pour upon

it some )eaventhat has been steeped in water, there will soongrow up some Poplar %oadstools. 'e adds further, if an uplandor hilly field that has in it much stubble and many stalks of Corn,be set on fire at such time as there is a rain brewing in theclouds, then the rain falling, will cause many %oadstools thereto spring up of their own accord. &ut if, after the field is thus seton fire, happily the rain which the clouds before threatened doesnot fall, then, if you rake a thin )inencloth, and let the waterdrop through by little and little like rain, upon some part of thefield, where the fire has been, there will grow %oadstools, butnot so good as otherwise they would be, if they had been

nourished with a shower of rain. #ext we will show,"How 3peragemay be generated."

ydimus, writes, that if any man would have good store of3perageto grow, he must take the Horns of wild 4am, andbeat them into very small powder, and sow them in earedground, and water it, and he shall have his intent. There is one
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that reports a more strange matter, that if you take whole 4amHorn not pounded into small pieces, but only cut a little, andmake a hole in them, and so set them, they will bring forth3perage. Plinyis of ydimusopinion, that if the Horns bepounded and dug into the earth, they will yield 3perage, thoughioscoridesthinks it to be impossible. nd though I have madeoften trial hereof, but could not find it so to be, yet my friendshave told me of their own experience, that the same tender seedthat is contained within the 4amHorn, has produced 3perage.The same my friends also have reported,

"%hat Ivygrows out of the Harts Horn,"and'ristotlewrites of an Husbandmanthat found such anexperiment, though for my own part I never tried it. &ut

%heophrastuswrites, that there was Ivyfound growing in theHart/sHorn, whereas it is impossible to think how any Ivyseedcould get in there. nd whereas some allege, that the Hartmight have rubbed his Hornagainst some Ivyroots, and sosome part of the Hornbeing soft and ready to Putrify, didreceive into it some part of the root, and by this means it mightthere grow, this proposition carries no show of probability orcredit with it. &ut if these things be true, as I can say or seenothing to the contrary, then surely no man will deny but thatdiverse kinds of plants may be generated of divers kinds of livingcreatures Horns. In like manner, may plants be generated of

the Putrefiedbarks and boughs of old trees. (or so is,

"Polypody, and the HerbHyphear generated5"for both these, and diverse other plants also do grow up in the$ir treesand Pine trees, and such other. (or in many trees,near to the bark, there is a certain Phlegmatic or moist Humor,that is found to Putrify, which, when it abounds too muchwithin, breaks forth into the outward show of the boughs and thestock of the tree, and there it meets with the PutrefiedHumorof the bark, and the heat of the 3unworking upon it there,

quickly turns it into such kinds of Herbs.
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Chapter II

"How Plants are changed, one of themegenerating into the form of theother.)

To work miracles, is nothing else *as I suppose+ but to turn onething into another, or to effect those things which are contrary tothe ordinary course of nature. It may be done by negligence, orby cunning handling and dressing them, that plants may forsaketheir own natural kind, and be quite turned into another kind,

wholly Degenerating, both in taste, and color, and sie andfashion. nd this I say may easily be done, either if you neglectto dress or handle them according to their kind, or else dressthem more carefully and artificially then their own kind requires.(urthermore, every plant has his proper manner, and peculiarkind of sowing or planting, for some must be sowed by seed,others planted by the whole stem, others set by some root,others Grafted bysome 3prigor branch. !o that if that whichshould be sowed by seed, that which comes up will be of adiverse kind from that which grows usually, if it be plantedaccording to its own nature, as %heophrastuswrites. -ikewise

if you shall change their place, their air, their ground, and suchlike, you pervert their kind, and you shall find that the younggrowing plant will resemble another kind, both in color andfashion, all which are clear cases by the books of Husbandry.!ome examples we will here rehearse. If you would change,

"' White !ineinto a -lack, or a -lack into aWhite,"

!ow the seed of a White *arden !ine, and that which comes ofit, will be a -lack Wild !ine, and so the seed of a -lack*arden !inewill bring forth a White *arden !ine, as%heophrastusteaches. The reason is, because a !ineis notsowed by seed, but the natural planting of it is by 3prigsandroots. Wherefore if you deal with it otherwise then the kindrequires, that which comes of it must needs be unkindly. &y thelike means,
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9/94

"' White $igtree may egenerateinto a -lack,"for the 3toneof a $ig, if it be set, never brings forth any otherbut a wild or a wood $igtree, and such as most commonly is of aquite contrary color, so that of a white $igtree it egeneratesinto a black, and contrariwise a black $igtree egenerates intoa white. !ometimes also, of a right and noble !ineis generateda -astard!ine, and that so different in kind often, that is hasnothing of the right garden !ine, but all nearly wild. In likemanner also are changed,"%he 4ed 1yrtleand the 4ed -aytree into -lack,"

and cannot choose but loose their color. (or these likewiseegenerate, as the same %heophrastusreports to have seen

in'ntandrus, for the 1yrtleis not sown by seed, but plantedby a *rafting, and the -aytree is planted by a setting a little3prigthereof that has in some part of the root, as we haveshown in our discourse of Husbandry. !o also are,"3weet 'lmondsand 3weet Pomegranateschanged

into sour ones."for the 3tonesor 6ernelsof the Pomegranatesare changedfrom their right blue, into a baser color, and the Pomegranateitself, though it be never so good, egenerates into a hard, and

commonly a sharp fruit. The'lmondegenerates likewiseboth in taste, and also in feeling, for of a soft one comes aharder. Therefore we are counseled to *raftinghim when he isprettily well grown, or else to change him and shift him off. naklikewise will become worse. nd therefore whereas the bestgrows in Cyprus, and many have planted the same elsewhere,yet they could never produce the like of that. In like manner, ofthe 6ernelof the natural live comes a wild live, *and thatthey say that the male Cypresstree for the most partegenerates into a female,+ and in the process of time there issuch a change, that it agrees in nothing with the natural live,

but is so stark wild, that sometimes it cannot bring forth fruit toany perfection. !arrosays that,

"Coleworts are changed into 4ape, and 4apeintoColeworts ."
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10/94

ld seed is of so great force in some things, that it quite changesthe nature, for the old seed of Colewortsbeing sown, bringsforth 4ape, and contrariwise, old 4ape/seed egenerates intoColeworts, by labor also and dressing,

"%he Corn %ypha, and 3pelt, are changed intoWheat, and Wheatinto them,"

for this may be done, if you take them being of a thoroughripeness, and 6neadthem, and then plant them, but this will notso prove the first nor the second year, but you must expect theproof of it in the third year, as %heophrastusshows. Plinywrites, that the Corn 3iligois changed into Wheatthe secondyear. !o all seeds, either by reason that they are neglected, orbecause there is some indisposition either in the earth, or the air

where they are, do often egeneratefrom the excellency andgoodness of their kind, and become worse. !irgil has observedit. I have seen, says he, the best and choicest things that weremost made of, at length yet to egenerate, unless mansindustry did yearly supply them with his help. !o fatal it is for allthings to wax worse and worse, and still to have need to berenewed. *alen/sfather, a man very studious of Husbandry,especially in his old age, bestowed great pains and diligence tofind out, whether the annoyances of fruits, that which mars theirpure goodness, did spring up of itself, or arise out of any seeds ofthe fruits themselves, which did egenerateinto other kinds.

Wherefore he took the purest and the cleanest Wheatand-arleythat he could get, and having picked out all other seedwhatsoever, sowed them in the ground. nd when he foundmuch %aresgrowing in the Wheat, but very little in the -arley,he put the same experiment in other grain practice, and at lastfound in Pulse a hard and round $etch, and moreover, that theHerb'+esceeddid grow among Pulse , by a kind ofegenerationof the Pulse into'+esceed. !o, unless it beprevented by skill and pains,

"%he Herb-allamintwill turn into a 1int,"Wherefore it must be often shifted and translated from place toplace, left it so egenerate, as %heophrastuscounsels, forwhen a man does not look to it and dress it, the roots thereof willgrow very large, and thereby the upper part being weakened,losses the rankness of his favor, and that being lost, thereremains in it but a weak smell, the very same in manner that isin a common 1int. I myself have sowed 1intseed, and it has
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11/94

been changed into wild Pennyroyal, I mean, in favor only. (orthe fashion of the 1intremained still in it. 1artial writes, that,

"-asilroyal egenerates into wild -etony,"if it be laid open to the 3un/shottest and greatest force. (orthen it will bring forth sometimes purple flowers, sometimeswhite, and sometimes of a rosy color. nd it will not onlyegenerateinto-etony, but into-allamint also. -ikewisethe boughs of the shrub Casia, as*alenreports, willegenerateinto Cinnamon. -ikewise,"Cloves, 4oses, !iolets,and *illiflowers, of purple,

will become white,"

either by reason that they are old, or else if they be not welllooked unto. (or %heophrastusrecords, that !iolets, 4oses,and *illiflowers, if they be not well heeded, in three years willwax white, and the experience thereof I myself have plainlyseen. #either yet will plants egenerateone into another, onlyin such case as where there is kind of vicinity and likeness ofnature, but also where there is not such vicinity, one plant maybe changed into another of a quite different kind. (or,

"'n akmay be changed into a !ine."'lbertusreports, *if the thing be as true as it is strange, but letthe truth thereof lie upon his credit+ he reports, I say, that akor -eech boughs being *rafted into the %ree 1yrica, is quitechanged into it, and so into the tree called %remisca, which is abaser kind of wood. nd likewise if akboughs be set in theground of llummun, a place so called, they will be quite alteredinto right !ines, such as their *rapesyield good Wine, andsometimes the old aks, if they be pared, egenerateinto!ines. &ut we must not think that this change is made whilethose trees or boughs last, but when once they are Putrefied,and the nature of the ground works into them, and changes theminto !ines.
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12/94

Chapter III

"How to make one $ruit Compoundedof many."As we heard before of diverse living creatures, that they mightbe mingled into one, by Copulation, so now we will show alsohow to contrive diverse kinds of fruits, by *raftinginto one fruit.(or *raftingis in plants the same that Copulationis in livingcreatures. %et I deny it not, but there are other means wherebythis may be effected, as well as by *rafting. &ut above allother, *raftingis most praiseworthy, as being the best and

fittest means to incorporate one fruit into another, and so ofmany to make one, after a wonderful manner. nd whereas itmay be thought a very toilsome, and indeed impossible matter,here the excellent effect of the work must sweeten all thy labor,and thy painful diligence will take away the supposedimpossibility of the thing, and perform that which a man wouldthink were not possible to be done. #either must thou sufferthyself to be discouraged herein by the sayings of rudeHusbandman which have attempted this thing, but for want ofskill could not perform it, seeing experience teaches you that ithas been done. Wherefore against such discouragement0s, you

must arm yourself with a due consideration of such experimentsas the'ncientshave recorded. s for example, that the $igtree may be incorporated into thePlane tree, and the1ulberry tree, and likewise the 1ulberry treeinto theChestnuttree, the %urpentine tree, and the White Poplar,whereby you my procure White 1ulberries, and likewise theChestnuttree into a Ha7el, and an ak, and likewise thePomegranatetree into all trees, for that it is like to a commonWhore, ready and willing for all comers, and likewise theCherry tree into a %urpentine tree. nd to conclude, thatevery tree may be mutually incorporated into each other, as

Columella supposes. nd this is the cause of every compositionof many fruits into one, of every adopted fruit which is not thenatural child, as it were, of the tree that bore it. nd this is thecause of all strange and new kinds of fruits that grow. !irgilmakes mention of such a matter, when he says, that idoadmired certain trees which she saw, that bare new kinds ofleaves, and'pplesthat naturally were not their own. nd
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Palladiussays, that trees are "oined together as it were, bycarnal Copulation, to the end that the fruit thereof mightcontain in it, all the excellencies of both the parents. nd thesame trees were garnished with two sorts of leaves, andnourished with two sorts of "uices, and the fruit had a double4elish, according to both the kinds whence it wasCompounded. &ut now, as we did in our tract of theCommi+tionof diverse kinds of living creatures, so here also itis met to prescribe certain rules, whereby we may cause thosediverse plants which we would intermingle, to "oin more easily,and to agree better together, for the producing of new andCompoundedfruits. (irst therefore, we must see that either ofthe trees have their bark of one and the same nature. nd bothof them must have the same time of growing and shooting out oftheir 3prigs, as was required in living creatures, that both ofthem should have the same time of breeding their young ones.(or if the *raft has a dry or hard bark, and the stock has amoist or soft bark, or that they be in anyway contrary to eachother, we shall labor in vain. Then we must see that the*raftingbe made in the purest and soundest place of the stock,so that it neither has any %umors or knobs, or any scars,neither yet has been *rafted. gain, it is very material, that theyoung *raftsor shoots be brought from the most convenientplace or part of the trees, namely, from those boughs that growtoward the east, where the 3unis want to rise in the summertime. gain, they must be of a fruitful kind, and be taken off

from young plants, such as never bore fruit before. They mustalso be taken in their prime, when they are beginning first tobud, and such as are of two years growth, and likely to bear fruitin their second year. nd the stocks into which they are to be*rafted, must likewise be as young as may be *raftedinto, forif they be old, their hardness will scarce give any entertainmentto strange shoots to be planted upon them. nd many suchobservations must be diligently looked into, as we have shown inour books of Husbandry. &ut we must not here omit to speak ofthe )oam, or that clammy 1ortar, which makes

"%he *raftand the 3tock to close more easilytogether."for it is very helpful to glue or fasten the skins of both the barksone into the other. nd if the barks be of a diverse nature, yetby this )oamthey may be so bound into one, that they willeasily grow together. nd surely it is commodious in manyrespects. (irst, because, as in mans body, the flesh being
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wounded or pierced into, is soon closed up again with stiff andclammy plasters, applied on them1 so the bark or the boughs oftrees being cut or rent, will close together again very speedily,by the applying of this 1ortar. (or if you pull the bark off from atree, or slip off a little 3prigfrom a bough, unless you close it upso cunningly, that it may stick as fitly every way in the *raftingas while it grew, it will soon wither, and fade, and lose thenatural "uice and moisture, which inconvenience this )oamwillprevent, and fit them one into another. 2oreover, if there be anyopen chink between the bark and the tree, presently the air willget in, and will not suffer them to close, therefore to make it surethat they may close without fail, this )oamis needed. ndwhereas there are some trees which cannot away to be harboredin any of another kind, this )oamwill knit them so strongly intothe stock, that they cannot but bud and blossom. &ut here wemust observe, that this *lueor 1ortarmust be as near of thenature of the thing *raftedas may be, for then it will performthis duty more kindly. If you be diligent herein, you may domany matters. We will give you a taste of some, that by theseyou may learn to do the like. 3ull off the bark of Holly, andmake a pit in some moist ground, and there bury your Holly!ines, and let them there Putrify, which will be done in twelvedays. then take them forth, and stamp them till you see they arebecome a clammy slime. This is also made of the fruit3ebestenin !yria, and likewise it may be made of ordinary-irdlime. &ut the best of all is made of the 4indsof (lmroots

stamped together, for this has a special quality, both to fastenand also to cherish. &ut let us return to *rafting, which is ofsuch great force, that it has caused a new kind of a -astardfruitthat was never heard of before, namely

"'n 'pple Compoundedof a Peachapple, and a&utpeach,"

which kind of Compound generation, was never seen, nor heardof, nor yet thought upon by the ancient. This is to be done by akind of *raftingwhich they call (mplastering. Take off two

young fruitful 3prigs, one form a Peachapple %ree, and theother from the &utpeach %ree, but they must be well grown,and such as are ready to bud forth. Then pare off the bark ofthem about two fingers breadth in compass, so that the bud tobe *raftedmay stand fitly in the midst between them both, butyou must do it quickly, lest you perish the wood. Then cleavethem through the middle a little way, that they may be let oneinto another, and yet the cleft not seen, but covered with the
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bud. Then take off a bud, and set it into the midst of the boughswhich we spoke of before, and so *raftthem together into theother tree, having first cut out a round fit place for them therein.They must be *raftedin that part of the tree, which is mostneat and fresh/colored, the 3prigsthat grow about that placemust be cut off, lest they draw the nourishment from the *raft,which requires it all for itself. nd when you have so done, bindit about gently, that you hurt it not, and cover it with something,so the rain does not fall down upon it, but especially take heed tothe cleft, and place where you pulled off the bark, that youplaster it up well with 1ortar. Thus if you do, the *raftwill verykindly prosper, and the bud grow forth into a fruit that isCompoundedof both kinds, and it shall carry the hue both ofthe Peachapple and the &utpeach by equal proportion, suchas was never seen before. &y this means also we may procurethe bring forth

"of a $ighalf white and half black,"for if we take the buds of each of them, paring them off togetherwith the bark round about them, and then cut them in themiddle, and put the half of one, and the half of the othertogether, and so (mplaisterthem into the tree, as we spoke ofbefore, the fruit thereof will be a $ighalf white and half black.!o also,"Pomegranatesmay be brought forth, which willbe sweet on the one side, and sour on the other,"

If you take either the shoots or the buds of each of them, andafter you have divided them in the middle, put the half of eachtogether, as before was spoken. &ut this may be done best uponthe shoots or 3prigs, for the bud can hardly be pared off, norwell divided, because the bark is so weak, and so thin, andslender, that it will not endure to be much or long handled.-ikewise,"rangesCompoundedof divers kinds, and such

as are half )emons, as also lemons half sweet, andhalf sour, may be produced,"

if we mix them after the same manner as we spoke before, forthese are very fit to be *raftedby (mplastering, and thesekinds of Compound rangesand )emonsare very commonly
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to be seen in many orchards in #aples. In like manner we maymingle and Compound,

"' Peachof the white and the 4ed Peach,"if we put those two kinds together, by such (mplastering. (orthere are of this Compound fruit to be found in #aples at thisday. -ikewise we may procure,"' *rapethat has a 6ernelor 3tonehalf black, and

diversely colored,"We must deal by the shoots of !ines, as we showed before wasto be done by the buds of other trees, cleave them in the middle,and bind two shoots or more of diverse sorts of !ines

handsomely together, that they may grow up in one, and *raftthem into a fruitful !ineof some other kind. nd the samewhich we have shown concerning fruits, may be as well practicedalso upon flowers. s for example, If we would produce,

"4osesthat are half white and half red,"we must take the 3prigsof a white 4ose, and of a red, and pareoff the buds of each of them, and having cut them asunder in themiddle, put the halves of each together, as we spoke of before,and *raftthem artificially into the bark, and then have a diligent

care still to cherish them, the Compoundbud will in due seasonbring forth 4oseswhich will be white of the one side and red ofthe other. &ut if you would make trial hereof of Clovegilliflowers, and desire,

"%o produce some that are half red,"seeing they have no buds at all, you must practice thisexperiment upon their root. %ou must take two roots of them,and cleave them in the middle, and match them fitly together,that they may grow each to other, and bind them up well, and

then will they yield CompoundClovegilliflowers. f whichkind we have great store, and they are common among useverywhere, and they do not only bring forth party/coloredflowers, but the same bough, and one and the same 3prig, willbear white ones and red ones, and such as are wrought and as itwere embroidered with diverse goodly colors, most pleasant tobe seen.
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Chapter IV"f a second means whereby fruits

may be mingled and Compoundedtogether"

There is also a second way of compounding diverse kinds offruits together, namely, by another manner of *rafting. s forexample, if we would produce,

"PomegranatesCompoundedof diverse kinds,"%heophrastusshows us how to do it. We must take the youngslips or branches of divers kinds, and bruise them with a -eetle,so that they may stick and hang together, and then bind them upvery hard each to other, and set them in the ground. nd if theybe well laid together, all those slips will grow up "ointly into onetree, but so, that every one of them retains his own kind, and

receives his several nourishment from itself, and severallydigests it. nd the chief community which they have alltogether, is their mutual embracing each of other. The same%heophrastusteaches us in the same place,

"How one and the same !inebranch may bringforth a black and a white *rapeboth together, andhow in the same *rapemay be found a white and

black 3tonehanging together."Take the branch of a white !ine, and another of the black, andthe uppermost half of either of them must be bruised together,then you must match them equally and bind them up together,and plant them. (or by this means they will grow up both intoone "oint, for every living thing may be matched with another,especially where one is of the same or the like kind with theother. (or then if they be dissolved, as these are in some sortwhen they are bruised, their natures will easily close together,
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18/94

and be compact into one nature. &ut yet either of thesebranches has his several nourishment by itself, without confusionof both together, whereby it comes to pass, that the fruit arisingfrom them is of a diverse nature, according as either of the3prigsrequires. #either ought this to seem strange, that bothof them concurring into one, should yet retain each of them theirseveral kind, seeing the like hereof may be found in certainrivers which meet together by confluence into one and the samechannel, and yet either of them keeps his own several courseand passage, as do the rivers Cephisus and 2elas in &oeotia.Columellateaches us to do this thing on this manner. There is,says he, a kind of *rafting, whereby such kind of *rapesareproduced, as have 3tonesof diverse kinds, and sundry colors,which is to be done by this means. Take four or five, or more *ifyou will+ !inebranches of diverse kinds, and mingle themtogether by equal proportion, and so bind them up. fterwardput them into an earthen pipe or a horn fast together, but so,that there may be some parts of them seen standing out a bothends, and those parts so standing forth, must be dissolved orbruised. nd when you have so done, put them into a trench inthe ground, covering them with 1uck, and watering them tillthey begin to bud. nd when the buds are grown fast together,after two or three years, when they are all knit and closed intoone, then break the pipe, and near about the middle of the stalkbeneath the sprouts, there where they seem to have most growntogether, cut off the !ine, and heal that part where it is so cut,

and then lay it under the ground again about three fingers deep.nd when that stalk shall shoot up into 3prigs, take two of thebest of them, and cherish them and plant them into the ground,casting away all the other branches, and by this means you shallhave such kinds of *rapesas you desire. This very sameexperiment does Plinyset down, borrowing it from Columella.&ut idymusprescribes it in this manner. Take two !inebranches of diverse kinds, and cleave them in the middle, butwith such heedful regard, that the cleft go as far as the bud is,and none of the Pithor "uice be lost, then put them each toother, and close them together, so that the bud of either of them

meet right one with the other. nd as much as possibly may be,let them touch together, whereby both those buds may becomeas one. Then bind up the branches with paper as hard togetheras you can, and cover them over with the 3eaonion, or elsewith some very stiff clammy earth, and so plant them, and waterthem after four or five days, so long till they shoot forth into aperfect bud. If you would produce,
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19/94

"' $ig, that is half white and half red,")eontinusteaches you to do it after this manner. Take twoshoots of diverse kinds of $igtrees, but you must see that both

the shoots be of the same age, and the same growth as near asyou can. Then lay them in a trench, and put ungon them, andwater them. nd after they begin to bud, you must rake thebuds of each, and bind them up together, so that they may growup into one stalk. nd about two years after,

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