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TheTimeYardsModel:TowardsReshufflingPuzzledFabulas
inTextsDanCristea
“AlexandruIoanCuza”UniversityofIași,FacultyofComputerScienceRomanianAcademyIașibranch,InsKtuteforComputerScience
Fabula?...
• Thebackboneofthestory.• EverystoryisamenKonofafabula,i.e.,asequenceofchronologicallyorderedandlogicallyconnectedeventsinvolvingoneormoreactors.
J.Bruner,“Actualminds,possibleworlds”.Cambridge,MASS.,HarvardUniversityPress,1986.M.Bal,“Narratology:introducKontothetheoryofnarraKve”.Trans.ChrisKnevanBoheemen.2nded.Toronto:UofToronto,1997.
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Arefabulaspuzzled?Example1
• Inthekitchen,wai-ngforthewatertoboil,MargaretwonderedhowwasitthatshejumpedsonaturallytoembraceAdam.Shecouldnotrealizewhathadmadeherfeelsohappytoseehimagain.
TashAw:Mapoftheinvisibleworld
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Example1:segmentaKon
• [Inthekitchen,wai-ngforthewatertoboil,Margaretwonderedhowwasitthat]
• [shejumpedsonaturallytoembraceAdam.]
• [Shecouldnotrealisewhathadmadeher]
• [feelsohappytoseehimagain.]
Margaret:inthekitchen,wonderingsmth
Margaret&Adam:somewhere,MargaretembracesAdam
Margaret:inthekitchen,notrealisingsmth
Margaret&Adam:somewhere,MargaretfeelshappyRAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Example1:ourpercepKonofKme
MargaretMargaret&Adam
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
PuzzledfabulaExample2
• BetweenthetworoundsofpreparingtomatosauceandaquickchatonFacebook,IrememberedthatIputTeodorBaconschi'sbook“Facebook.Factorynarcissism”,publishedthisyearbyHumanitas,amongthebookslabelled"tonecessarilyread”.Icouldnotstopmyselffromreadingittothelastline.
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Example2:segmentaKon• [BetweenthetworoundsofpreparingtomatosauceandaquickchatonFacebook,Irememberedthat]
• [IputTeodorBaconschi'sbook“Facebook.Factorynarcissism”…amongthebookslabelled"tonecessarilyread”.]
• [publishedthisyearbyHumanitas,]
• [Icouldnotstopmyselffromreadingittothelastline.]
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
myself:somewhere1,cooking&chaang,remembering
myself:somewhere2,cooking&chaKng
Humanitas:somewhere3,publishing
myself:somewhere2,reading
Example2:ourpercepKonofKme
Humanitas
myself
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Goals• AcomputaKonalrepresentaKonofnarraKvephenomenaoccurringintexts,withaspecialemphasison:– KmedevelopmentofnarraKves,involvementofcharacters,
– changesofKmeseangs:flashbacks(remembers)andflashforwards(supposiKons,dreams,hopes),
– transiKonsfromoneplot(theme)toanother,– perspecKvesofdifferentnarratorsonthesamestory
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Mainideasinthismodel• Storydevelopments(fabulas,happenings,plots)gluetogethercharactersoverKme
• Timeisnotlinearintexts:– significantKmepoints:commute,rupture,joinandsplit
• VisualisaKon:threadsthatinterlaceandseparate– muchlikerailwaysdoincomplexrailyards:-meyards
• ProposenotaKonsfortheserepresentaKons• ExploitaKon?
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Roots…• Temporalreasoning(andtemporallogic:Allen,etc.)• Muchinterest:– informaKonextracKon– quesKonanswering– textualentailment– decipheringsemanKccontentoftexts
See:ACLworkshoponSpa-alandTemporalReasoning(2001),LRECworkshoponAnnota-onStandardsforTemporalInforma-oninNaturalLanguage(2002)
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Relatedwork– AnnotaKonconvenKons/standardstocopewithKmeas
menKonedinlanguageandtext• TimeML
• TIMEX3–explicittemporalexpressions(Kmes,dates,duraKons,etc.)• SIGNAL–funcKonwordsthatindicatehowtemporalobjectsaretoberelatedtoeachother
(e.gon,during,when,if,etc.)• TLINK,SLINK,ALINK–temporalrelaKonshipholdingbetweenevents,aspectualevents,
eventsandKmeexpressionsoreventsandsignals• EVENT–eventnotaKon
– TARSQIToolkitcapabletorecognise:• temporalexpressions(TimeEx)• events• relaKonsbetweenthem
• JamesPustejovskyetal.(2003).TimeML:RobustSpecificaKonofEventandTemporalExpressionsinText,AAAITechnicalReportSS-03-07
• Verhagen&Pustejovsky:TemporalProcessingwiththeTARSQIToolkit,Coling2008RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Weareinterestedinconnectedsequencesofevents
• InNLP,onnews– TimeLine:arepresentaKonofeventswhicharechronologicallyordered,mainlyspecifictoanenKty(acharacterorparKcipantinanacKon,ageographicalplaceorregion)
– StoryLine:groupsofinteracKngTimeLines,ormergersoftwoormoreTimeLineswherethesamecharactersorenKKesaretakingpartintheacKon.ThetextstructureobtainedisnotrelatedtotheflowofKme.
ChambersandJurafsky(2008).UnsupervisedLearningofNarraKveEventChains.InACL.
Laparra,AldabeandRigau(2015).FromTimeLinestoStoryLines:ApreliminaryproposalforevaluaKngnarraKves.InACL-IJCNLP.
MoKvaKonandgoal
• Largetextsaredifferentthennews– news:sequencesofevents,opinions,commentaries– novels:eventsareseldompresentedinnon-sequenKalorder,sameeventsareinterpretedfromdifferentperspecKves
• CharactersparKcipateinevents• Eachhasher/hisowntrajectory/desKny/evoluKon• Althoughcharacters’trajectoriesintersectinKme,onewouldliketodisKnguish/separatethem
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TimeSegments
• AconKguouspieceoftextcharacterisedbyunityof:– actors(whoisinvolved)– space(physicalorvirtual),alsoasasequenceoflocaKons(likeinjourneys)
– Kme(interval)– type• NAR–typicalnarraKons;storyKmeflowsconstantlyahead• SUP–supposiKons,speculaKons,dreams,hopes• GEN–generalknowledge;noKmeinvolved
– perspecKve(whoistheteller)RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TimeSegments
• ATSgroupsasequenceofeventsofonecharacterorastablegroupofcharactersoveraperiodofstoryKme,whichisuninterruptedlytoldinaspanoftext.– inaTS,thestoryKmeevolveslinearlyornotatall– oneTScanbenarratedbyonlyonerelator
• AbookismadeupofasequenceofTimeSegments
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TimeTracks• OutofTSs,TimeTracks(TTs)canbeassembled.• ATTisasequenceofTSsfilteredandorderedbytwocondiKons:oneormoreactorsthatconnectandascendantKme.
• TTsputinevidencetrajectoriesofcharactersorgroupsinstorydevelopments(desKnies)
• Space,mostowen,changeoverKmeinTTs• ATTcanbenarratedbyoneormorerelators.
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
UnityofspaceversusconnecKvity
• TobeinthesameTT,agroupofcharactersshouldbeconsciouslyconnectedwithinthesamespace:– twofriendsthatmeetandtalkonthestreet– afamilysharingthesamehouse– colleaguesinschool,etc.– twopeoplehavingaconversaKon• facetoface=>samephysicalspace• throughatelephoneline,etc.=>samevirtualspace
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Margaretinthekitchen…
• TS1:[Inthekitchen,wai-ngforthewatertoboil,Margaretwonderedhowwasitthat]
• TS2:[shejumpedsonaturallytoembraceAdam.]
• TS3:[Shecouldnotrealizewhathadmade]• TS4:[herfeelsohappytoseehimagain...]”
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TTsandTSsinMargaret&Adam’sepisode
commutepoints
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TheTimeYard
• ATimeYard(TY)isarepresentaKon(resemblingadiagram)ofthecharacters’desKniesinatext,unfoldedonthestoryKmeaxis
• ATYismadeoutofallTTsofthecharactersinthebook
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
BorderpointsofTTs
• Timetrackscanbeborderedby:– startpoints–wheretheystart,– endpoints–wheretheyfinish,– splitpoints–whereoneKmetracksplitsintotwoseparateKmetracks,
– joinpoints–inwhichtwodifferentKmetracksmeat
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Splitpoint
• TS1:[UptoclimbintothetruckanddisappearaPerthetarpaulinfalldown,]
• TS2:[hefollowedthemslowly,withhisclumsygait.]
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Joinpoint
• TS1:[Itwasonlywhenshecametothedoorwaythatsherealized]
• TS2:[someonewasthere,lyingonthefrontsteps.Hewasaboy,ateenager,almostcrouchedinthewomb.]
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
TashAw’s“Mapoftheinvisibleworld”Abird’seyeKmeyard
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
AnXMLnotaKon–inaddiKontothoseofTimeML
• AutomaKcsegmentaKonofthetext=>Actors,KmesegmentsandtemporalrelaKons: <ACTOR ID ALIAS-LIST>…</ACTOR>
<TS ID NAME ACTORS TYPE LOC PER>…</TS> <TREL ID FROM REL TO/>
• AselecKonprocess=>Timetracks:<TT ID NAME ACTORS TS-LIST LEFT-EP RIGHT-EP/> – LEFT-EP:“START”|IDofaSPLITend-point– RIGHT-EP:“STOP”|IDaJOINend-point
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
ReadingtheTYdiagrams
• Trackingcharacters’desKnies(developments)=>inboldinthefigure:Adam’strajectory=>amereselecKonoperaKoninthesetofTSelements=>producefocusedsummaries=>comparedifferentopinionsonthesamedevelopments…
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
ReadingtheTYdiagrams• Whenabooknarratesaboutthefirst16yearsofMarys’life,beforemovingfromthehouseofherparentsinanothertowntofollowthelasttwoyearsofcollege,wefindouton100pagesmanydetails:• eachdayMarywenttoschool,intheholidaysshewenttoher
grandparentshouseinthecountryside,andsheenjoyedgoingsomany-mestothecinema,mee-ngfriendsetc…
• However,asummaryshouldsay:– Marylivedwithherfamilyun-ltheageof16…
=>puKngthetextfurtherawayfromtheeyes,aKmetrackcouldbesummarisedinmulKpleways
TowardsalogicofTimeTracks
If:TT(p)↓Kme=[t1,t2]=selectfromTT(p)onlythosedevelopmentshappeningintheinterval[t1,t2](anorderedsetofsub-TTs)TT(p)↓Kme=theKmeintervalelapsedbetweenthefirsteventandthelasteventmenKonedinTT(p)TT(p)↓loc=setoflocaKonsofTT(p)
Then:wesaythatasetofcharactersP={p1,…,pk}sharethesamespacesduringaKmeinterval[t1,t2]iftheset{TT(pj)},withjɛ{1,...,k}issuchthatsɛTT(pj)↓Kme=[t1,t2]↓locforeachjɛ{1,...,k}and∩TT(pj)↓loc=s↓Kme⊃[t1,t2]
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
ReasoningabouttextswithTYMIf:TT(p)↓dur=theduraKonofTT(p)cood(s)=coordinatesofthelocaKonsS(C)=areaofacountryC
Then:WesaythatthesetofcharactersP={p1,…,pk}arecompatriotsinthecountryCifitistruethat∀pjinP,∀sɛTT(pj)↓locandcoord(s)ɛS(C):∑(TT(pj)↓loc=s↓dur)»∑(TT(pj)↓loc=l↓dur),∀lɛTT(pj)↓locbutcoord(l)∉S(C).ThisisbasedonthefollowingdefiniKonofsomeonelivinginacountry:theduraKonoflivinginthatcountryismuchhigherthanthatoflivingoutsideit.
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Justimagine…
• …thatthereisatechnologythatrecordstheTTofpersonswithhighimpactinacountry
• then...⇒ pagesofhistorycanbeautomaKcallywri�en,withaproperintelligentsummarisaKonagent
RAAI-2017,18thJune,Univ.Bucharest
Acknowledgements• ToHumanitasPublishingHouse,fortheRomanianversionofTash
Aw’snovelMapoftheinvisibleworldinthetranslaKonofFloricaSincu
• TotheWylieAgency,UK,foragreeingtouseforreseachtheoriginalEnglishversionofTashAw’snovel
• TomyclassesoffirstyearmasterstudentsinComputaKonalLinguisKcs,inbothseries2015-2016and2016-2017,forlivelyeveningdebatesduringseminarhoursthathelpedmerefinedetailsofthemodelandestablishannotaKonconvenKonsandfortheirparKcipaKoningroupannotaKonexperiments
• TomyPhDstudentAndreeaMacovei,forannotaKngtheRomanianversionofthenovelandco-authoringpartsofthisresearch
• ToIuliana-AlexandraFleșcan-Lovin-ArseniforannotaKngtheEnglishversionofthebook
• ToEmiPeiaforimplemenKngtheannotatorandtheTYvisualiser