TheTRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST

The LAST WESTPost Civil War

THE “Last” WEST or Trans-Mississippi West.

Federal Government Legislation during the Civil WarEnd of Reconstruction - 1877All Federal troops withdrawn from the SouthArmy sent WEST to protect miners, farmers, ranchersClash with American Indians in the WestLegendary Wild West

The West

Push FactorsCrowding back EastDisplaced farmersFormer slavesEastern farmland expensiveEthnic and religious repression in EuropeHaven for outlaws

Pull FactorsGovernment incentives

Pacific Railway ActMorrill Land-Grant ActHomestead Act

Private PropertyMinersRanchersFarmers

GO WEST, YOUNG MAN!

The Myth of the Frontier“Manifest Destiny”Civil War overAdventureResourcesWealth (Gold, Cattle, Land)

The Natural Environment of the West, 1860s (p. 458 - Henretta 5th ed.)

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Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1890

Settlement of the West: 1870-1890 (with boundaries of states added in that time period)

Railroads

Pacific Railway Acts

1862, 1864Large land grants to Union Pacific RR and Central Pacific RR175 million acres

Federal Land Grants to Railroads: 1850-1900

Union Pacific RR (Omaha, NE)

Union Pacific Railroads today

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Central Pacific RR - Sacramento, CA

Leland Stanford - one of the founders of Central Pacific RR

Transcontinental RRUnion Pacific (Omaha, NE)Central Pacific (Sacramento, CA)Started building in 1863Connected East and West coasts via RRConnected at Promontory Point, UT May 1869Golden Spike

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Transcontinental RR - 1869

Railroad Companies Advertisements

RR companies advertised to draw settlers to their “extra” lands given in the government grantsRR companies = very wealthy in late 19th century

Western Trunk Lines, 1887 (p. 461 Henretta 5th ed.)

American Indians

Conflict on the Great Plains: 1860-1900

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show (p. 463)

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Major Indian-White Clashes in the West

Map 16.4 The Indian Frontier, to 1890 (p. 470)

Indian Wars, 1860–1890

Indian Wars and Government Policy

N.A. lived on traditional lands W. of MississippiN. A. viewed settlers as invaders, Settlers took land from N. A.

(Settlers vs. N.A. = invaders vs. owners)

Gov’t treaties forced N. A. onto reservationsSettlers ignored treatiesActs of violence led to cycles of revenge. Both sides guilty.

Brutality, Unfulfilled Promises, and Butchery

Treaties:Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)

Most Indians angered by the treatiesBy 1868, war parties were raiding cities in Kansas and ColoradoIn response, army troops killed any Indians who refused to stay on reservations

Map 17.2: Western Indian Reservations, 1890

Chief Joseph - Nez Perce

Geronimo - Apache

The Dead at Wounded Knee (p. 472)

Sand Creek (1864)

•US army massacredCheyenne, ArapahoeOlder men, women, And children.•Eastern Colorado

Little Bighorn (1876)Army moved to assault roaming Sioux in 1876600 troops marched on Little Bighorn River

Custer separated his men and sent half of his forces straight into battleThis group and the rest were wiped out by Cheyenne and Sioux

Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless

Tepee Liner (p. 459)

An Indian warriors view of the Little Bighorn

General George Armstrong Custer

General in the Civil WarInfamous Indian fighter during the Sioux WarsSent to find gold in Black HillsDefeated in the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)Defeat angered the army who became even more ruthless

Sitting BullLeader of Sioux band around Little Bighorn RiverAllied with other Sioux bands and leaders (Crazy Horse, etc.)Refused to go onto government designated reservationsHelped defeat Custer and US Army at Little Bighorn in 1876Surrendered in 1880sTraveled with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand)

The Little Bighorn today

Wounded Knee Creek (1890)

Ghost Dance - Movement among Plains tribes (led by prophet Wovoka) -- hoped to restore Native tribes to traditional ways and powerDecember 29, 1890

Seventh cavalry was sent to round up Indians at Wounded Knee in Dakota territory Indian fired a shot (accidental or excited?)Army massacred over 300 Indians

Effectively ended Indian resistance on the Great Plains

Wounded Knee, SD (1890)

“Saving” the Indians: Assimilation

Americans increasingly disagreed with Government Indian reservation policies

The Women’s National Indian Rights AssociationCentury of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson

Breaking up reservations and assimilating the Indians into society was best

Created Indian Boarding Schools for youth“Kill the Indian, Save the Man”Vocational Training (jobs)Religious Training (Christianity)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)Gave individuals acreages

of land and made them citizens of the U.S.

East meets West

Genoa, NE Indian School

Indian SchoolsGenoa, NECarlisle, PAHaskell, KSMany in Oklahoma and the Dakotas

Before and After

Jim Thorpe - Carlisle Indian School

American IndianBorn in OklahomaPottawattamie/Sauk - Fox TribesCarlisle, PA Indian SchoolGreatest Athlete of the 20th CenturyFootball, Baseball, Track and Field, Basketball. Et.

Dawes ActIndian Homestead Act - 1887Another attempt to assimilate Indians

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Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)

Oklahoma was “Indian Territory” given to the five civilized tribesSided with the Confederacy -- Federal government took land as punishment2 million acres free for settlementFree land was considered instant prosperityBoomers - Those seeking free landSooners - Those “squatting” on the land before it was legal.

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The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889–1906

Map 16.5 The Sioux Reservations in South Dakota, 1868-1889 (p. 471)

By 1900…Most Indians driven onto reservationsReduced from 1/4 million to 1 hundred thousandNative American culture still survives and has made a comeback in 21st century

American Agriculture in 1900

Cattle Trails

Average Annual Precipitation

Homesteads from the Public Lands (acreage legally transferred to private ownership)

The Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860–1890

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Map 16.6 The Mining Frontier, 1848-1890 (p. 474)

Map 16.7 The Settlement of the Pacific Slope, 1860-1890 (p. 477)

Figure 16.1 Freight Rates for Transporting Nebraska Crops (p. 469)

The Yo-Hamite Falls (1855) (p. 456)

Cowboys on the Open Range (p. 464)

Mexican Miners (p. 479)

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