The

Truth Is

Out

There

American History

To 1877

Western Design

Western Design◆Oliver Cromwell

(1599-1658)

–The English Civil War (1642-46)

–Thomas Gage

»Travels In The New World (1648)

–The Problem

Western Design◆The Dutch

–Specialize in trade not colonies

–Supply depots and trading

stations

–Ship design

–Paid higher prices, gave best

credit terms

–Smaller profit margins

Western Design◆The Dutch:

–Maritime insurance

–Dutch money was the common currency (Europe and Americas)

–20,000 ships in world trade, owned 16,000

–Norway, the Baltic, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Formosa

Western Design

◆Tolerance

–A nation of immigrants

–Sums

–An emerging

middle class

–Education

Western Design

◆The Dutch:

–Seen as a potential menace

by the European nobility

and rulers

–“A seedbed of theological,

intellectual and social

promiscuity”

Western Design

◆Protestants

◆1651 First Navigation Act

–Shift commerce

–Goods in English ships

◆1652-54 first war

Western Design◆1654 expedition to

Jamaica

◆A failure ?

◆A fundamental shift

–Was correct

–From now on, British efforts ...

Western Design◆ James II: 1685-1688

–Alliance with France

– Issue of children with first wife (Anne Hyde; Mary and Anne)

–Married Mary of Modena

–What could the Parliament do?

Western Design

–Had decided to build an anti-French, anti-Catholic alliance; and create a monarchy limited by a constitution.

–Negotiated with William (had married Mary)

–The coup began on Nov 2 and James flees to France on Dec 11.

Western Design

–Had been deserted by John Churchill (will become the Lord of Marlborough) and his wife (Sarah); took James’ second daughter

–1690: James had gone to Ireland; reinforced by 6,000 troops

Western Design

–1 July (Julian calendar) 11 July

(Gregorian calendar) 1690:

Battle of the River Boyne

(Ireland); Allies controlled the

English Channel and the

Western ports

–Had been rebuilding the fleet;

new dockyards; the French

could not continue

Western Design◆1688-89 Glorious

Revolution

–William III (1650-

1702) and Mary II

(1662-1694)

»Coronation April

1689

Western Design

◆“An act declaring the rights

and Liberties of the subject

and settling the succession

of the Crown”

–The “Bill of Rights”

–A consulting form

Western Design◆The Crown could not

suspend laws◆Or levy money or raise or keep a

standing army within the Kingdom during peace without Parliament’s consent

–Parliament should meet frequently

–Elections should be free

Western Design

◆Protestant succession (through Mary’s sister)

–Would always be Protestant

◆Need to get English finances settled

Western Design

–1694: established the

Bank of England

–Stock trading and

English money

–1696: The Board of

Trade

Western Design

◆Basic institutions in place

by 1702

–Long-term loans and trade

–No manipulation of money

–No forced loans or cancelled

debts

–Specific custom duties

Western Design

◆England’s dominance

–Sea power

–Constitutional settlement;

Parliament controlled the

finances

–Balance of Power

◆Queen Anne– (1665-1714)

–William died in 1702

–Ruled with Parliament and Marlborough and Sidney Godolphin

Western Design◆ Prosperity

– 1690, 210,000

– 1720, 460,000

– Western expansion

– Aristocracy

– Slavery

» 1617-1660 Indentured servants and “free” blacks

» 1660 The Navigation Acts (Parliament)

» 1662: Charles II declared slavery for Black Africans was permanent.

» Created the Royal African Company (1660-1821). Owned by the Stuart Kings. Began the formal institution of chattel slavery in the colonies. The primary issue for the colonists had been religion and not race.

Western Design◆ Slavery

– In historical perspective; origins in war?

– Thousands of years old: Slavs from the Black Sea (Polish, Hungarians, Russians, the Balkans); Africans from the East Coast to the Middle East; 14 centuries under Islam; the largest slave plantations were around Basra; the greatest slave revolt came in the ninth century (Revolt of Zanji-lasted for 15 years)

– The norm and the modern sensibility

Western Design◆Colonial Government

»Fixed by 1713

–Governor and council

–Assembly (Speaker; standing

committees; whole house)

»English did not understand

»Hidden issue; unresolved problem

–Judiciary

Western Design◆The French Wars

–1689-97 King William’s War

–1702-13 Queen Anne’s War

–1754-63 (Seven Years’ War)

»French and Indian War

»England and Prussia against

France, Austria, Russia,

Sweden and Saxony

Western Design

◆1754 Fort

Necessity

(Great

Meadows)

Washington

Western Design◆1755 (July 9)

Battle of the Monongahela–Ten miles east

of Pittsburgh–Braddock’s

campaign to capture Fort Duquesne

–Wilderness combat

◆1755-56 the Royal Americans

Western Design

◆The nature of the war –

unlike combat in Europe

◆The Last of the

Mohicans (1826)

–James Fenimore Cooper

(1789-1851)

Western Design

◆1757 William Pitt

–America first policy

–More troops and money

–Reimbursed the

colonials for their

expenses

Western Design◆By 1758–45,000 troops;

half British regulars and half colonial volunteers

–The French had 6,800 regulars and 2,700 provincials

Western Design

–The French emphasis

was in Europe

–Their Indian allies

slowly deserted; a

disaster for the Indians

–By 1760 it was over

Western Design◆ Superior ability to

project power across the Atlantic

◆ Superior shipping, finance and military organization

◆ But, had cost 4 million pounds (ten times what the French had spent)

Western Design

◆1763 Peace of Paris–British acquire Canada, all

claims east of the Mississippi

(including the Ohio Valley) and

conquests in the French West

Indies

»Dominica, Grenada, St. Vincent

and Tobago

Western Design◆1763 Peace of Paris–Spain had entered the war

in late 1761

–British forces captured Manila and Havana

–The French gave New Orleans and Louisiana to the Spanish

Western Design

◆1763 Peace of Paris–Havana was returned and

the British got Florida; the

Mississippi became the

boundary between the

British and the Spanish

–Collapse of the French

empire in North America

Western Design

◆The English

Colonists–Western expansion

–The Garden of the

World

–New Confidence

Western Design◆The English–A new situation

–War and economics

–End of War boom

–Debt: from 73 to 137 million pounds; interest payments consumed more than 60% of the annual budget

–George III and Grenville

Western Design◆ Re-examine policy of benign

neglect

◆ Paid closer attention; impressed

with the prosperity and concluded

they could pay higher taxes

◆ The British investment

◆ By 1763: maintain an army of 10,000

in the colonies; had to pay for it

Western Design◆Proclamation Line of 1763

– Issue of the Indians

–Spring 1763: General Amherst

–“Pontiac’s Rebellion”

»Great Lakes; Ohio Valley; western

Penn; Virginia and Maryland

»2,000 killed; Thomas Gage

–Legacy

Western Design

◆Revenue

Act 1764

–reform customs

–post bond

before loading

cargo

Western Design

◆Stamp Act 1765–tax on newspapers, wills,

contracts, almanacs, leases,

playing cards, all court

documents

◆Reaction was swift and

unexpected

Western Design◆Oct, Stamp Act Congress (NY)

–12 Resolutions

–Parliament could make laws but could not tax them

–Represented in Parliament ?

– Internal and External

◆1766 (Mid Feb) Franklin’s testimony

–Dangerous deception

Western Design

◆Grenville removed

◆Stamp Act repealed 18 March

1766

◆Declaratory Act (same day)

»Parliament had the right to make

laws for the American colonies “in

all cases whatsoever.”

Western Design

◆Consequences–hardening of attitute in Parliament

– the relationship

–suspicion

–merging of civil and religious protest;

sense of unity for first time

–correspondence

–conspiracy

The

Truth Is

Out

There