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HWA CHONG CONFLICT RESOLUTION & INQUIRY 2017

T H E U N I T E D N AT I O N S O F F I C E O N D R U G S A N D C R I M E

Dais introductions

Tan Te Juan Head Chair Te Juan is a Year 6 student in Hwa Chong Institution that studies the subject combination of Geography, Economics, English Literature and Mathematics. He is a member of both HACAS and the school's English Literature, Drama, Debate and Film Society (ELDDFS). Beginning his MUN journey in HCCRI two years ago, Te Juan first made his mark in an intense crisis council. Since then, he has gone on to attend and perform admin duties in numerous MUNs. MUN aside, Te Juan loves to engage himself in a variety of activities, be it a sport like table tennis and badminton, or simply just spending time with his friends.Extremely honoured to be chairing UNODC, Te Juan sincerely hopes that all delegates will have a fruitful and enjoyable time here at HCCRI 2017!

Khor Jia Wei Vice-Chair Jia Wei is currently a Year 5 student in the Humanities Programme at Hwa Chong Institution. Since he stepped into the MUN Circuit at the end of 2014, Jia Wei has represented his school in many local and international conferences, such as THIMUN and NTUMUN, clinching a few awards along the way. Besides MUN, Jia Wei is also part of the school’s debating team, notably picking up the championship title in Year 4. Having been a delegate, a chair and even a member of the administrative team, he looks forward to creating an inclusive atmosphere for delegates of all levels. In his free time, Jia Wei can be found enjoying his playlist of English, Korean and Mandarin pop songs. He also supports Arsenal and believes that they will not place fourth this season.

Contact the chairs You may contact the Chairs of UNODC at hccri2017+UNODC@gmail.com.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !2 21

The United Nations Office on Drugs

and Crime

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in 1997 as a

result of the merger between the now defunct United Nations International Drug

Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention . 1

Presently, the UNODC has field offices in all regions around the world and is a member

of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG) . As an agency under the UN, its 2

primary source of budget comes from voluntary contributions made by member state

governments.

As stated in its name, the UNODC’s work is to target the illicit drug trade as well as

criminal activities that take place in the world. To do this, it is guided by a set of legal

frameworks, conventions and UN internal standards and norms in which it derives its

mandate from. These fundamental conventions include the United Nations Convention

Against Corruption (UNCAC) and the United Nations Convention Against Transnational

Organized Crime (UNTOC) while crucial frameworks comprise of the International Legal

Framework on Drug Control and the International Legal Framework Against Terrorism . 3

In the past, the UNODC has utilised a multi-pronged strategy involving campaigns

such as marking the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking as well 4

"About UNODC," UNODC, , accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/1

index.html?ref=menutop.

"Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Others," United Nations, , accessed April 14, 2017, 2

http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/funds-programmes-specialized-agencies-and-others/index.html.

"Drug Related Treaties," Treaties, accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/3

index.html?ref=menuside.

"International days and campaigns," UNODC, accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/4

about-unodc/campaigns.html?ref=menuside.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !3 21

as legislative measures like the Container Control Programme which aims to build 5

sustainable enforcement structures in selected seaports.

The agency is currently headed by Mr Yury Fedotov, a Russian diplomat who was

appointed by former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon in 2010. He holds the rank

equivalent to an Under-Secretary-General in the UN . 6

"UNODC-WCO Global Container Control Programme." UNODC. Accessed April 14, 2017. http://5

www.unodc.org/ropan/en/BorderControl/container-control/ccp.html.

"UNODC Executive Director," UNODC, accessed April 14, 2017, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/eds-6

corner/biography.html.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !4 21

Combatting the Cross-Border

Proliferation of Drugs

Overview of topic The illicit drug trade encompasses every domain from cultivation, to manufacturing and

distribution of the end products. According to the United Nations (UN) and the

European Police (Europol), the annual global drug trade is worth an estimated of $435

billion in 2013 . The immense amounts of drugs has affected many countries 7

internationally. As of 2013, the UN has concluded that there are close to 250 million

illicit drug users of varying levels of addiction globally . Needless to say, the number 8

would have increased by now. Of the drugs trafficked, the most common types of

drugs are cannabis and variants from the Opioid family. Other drugs trafficked include

the Opiate family and Cocaine . 9

The illicit drug trafficking is primarily facilitated by drug cartels and criminal syndicates

that have operations across countries and regions. These cartels cultivate drug crops

such as marijuana and opium before sending them for post processing, creating the

end form of the drugs that addicts are familiar with. In between these stages, various

methods such as border tunnels and semi-submersibles are used to successfully transit

between borders, delivering the drugs to addicts. Since 2006, the US Homeland

Security Tunnel Task Force has found 13 tunnels crossing the American-Mexican

border . 10

Holly Ellyat, "Global drugs trade 'as strong as ever' as fight fails," CNBC, August 13, 2013, , accessed 7

April 14, 2017, http://www.cnbc.com/id/100957882.

World Drug Report 2015, PDF, Vienna: United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime, May 2015.8

Ibid.9

"Huge US-Mexico drugs tunnel found in San Diego," BBC, April 21, 2016, , accessed April 14, 2017, 10

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36099336.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !5 21

A region with high drug activity is the Americas. Specifically, the United States of

America (USA), Mexico and Colombia are countries that feature recurrently in reports of

of drug trafficking. Mexico, for instance, has seen a longstanding drug war cause

tremendous damage across its regions. Drug cartels such as the infamous Sinaloa

cartel and Gulf cartels have been engaged for a battle to gain control of Mexican states

and increase their territory to facilitate the illegal drug trade which makes

approximately $19 to $29 billion annually . It is important to understand that illicit 11

drug trade of such nature is happening across the world despite the legal efforts

employed by the various national governments as well as strategies proposed by

international bodies such as the UN and the various policing organisations like Europol

and Interpol.

Current measures employed by national governments differ across a spectrum. On one

hand, conservative countries such as China, Saudi Arabia and Singapore have enforced

the death penalty in an effort to deter drug trade in their nations while other more

liberal nations such as the Netherlands and various states in the USA like Colorado

have legalised soft drugs such as marijuana while continuing to ban hard drugs. While

many countries might fall somewhere in the middle ground, the two different sets of

approaches are meant to exemplify the point that combatting cross-border approaches

are by no means straightforward, and differing societal view will influence the policies

that countries support.

Beside national efforts, much action has been taken on the global frontier in an attempt

to eradicate the proliferation of drugs. Key treaties that form the international

frameworking guiding the UN’s efforts are the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,

1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol; the Convention on Psychotropic Substances,

1971, and the Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic

Substances, 1988 . The UNODC has also partnered with INTERPOL in 2016 to forward 12

Project CRIMJUST, a 4 year initiative aimed at strengthening criminal investigation into

"Mexico Drug War Fast Facts," CNN, April 7, 2017, , accessed April 14, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/11

2013/09/02/world/americas/mexico-drug-war-fast-facts/.

"Drug Related Treaties," Treaties, accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/12

index.html?ref=menuside.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !6 21

cocaine routes along Latin America, the Caribbean and West Africa . Coupled with 13

awareness efforts such as the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit

Trafficking which is set on 26 June every year, UN actions have sought to cover ground

both legislatively and socially. It is critical that new solutions are brought up and past

actions are improved upon as the issue has detrimental impacts on the health of

abusers and addicts. Abusers and addicts to drugs expose themselves to a plethora of

potentially deadly side effects such as damage to nervous systems, heart diseases, and

liver failure.

Finally, it is also of paramount importance to note that drug trafficking and its

proliferation is not a crime committed in an isolated silo. Many drug syndicates behind

the drug operations have links to other forms of violent crimes. Crime syndicates often

use the revenue and money from the drug trade to finance their other activities. Gangs

and cartels in Mexico utilise this method frequently, causing much damage to locals

and civilians when they fight for territory. For instance, the Knights Templar drug cartel

in the western Mexican state of Michocán is alleged to have kidnapped large numbers

of girls for the sex trade . 14

Timeline of relevant events 1961: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs signed

1975: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs comes into effect

1976: Convention on Psychotropic Substances comes into effect

1988: Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

2003: UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme implemented

2017: US President Trump considers building a border wall between USA and Mexico

"CRIMJUST Project Details," UNODC, , accessed April 14, 2017, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-13

trafficking/crimjust/project_details.html.

Ioan Grillo, "The Mexican Drug Cartels’ Other Business: Sex Trafficking," TIME, July 31, 2013, , 14

accessed April 14, 2017, http://world.time.com/2013/07/31/the-mexican-drug-cartels-other-business-sex-trafficking/.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !7 21

Key Issues

Production of Drugs To tackle cross-border proliferation, one of the key areas is to deal with the origin of

the drug substances that end up being transported and smuggled all over the world.

Many drugs are derived from plants such as cannabis and heroin. These are usually

grown in places like the Golden Triangle countries of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.

Much effort has gone to eradicate these crops in order to stymie the flow of illegal

drugs. This involved providing rural farmers with alternative sources of income to

incentivise them to grow other varieties of plants. Success was seen in places like Peru

where coca leaf cultivation has seen a 95% decrease.

However, the continued demand for drugs has meant that many rural areas in

Afghanistan and Myanmar continue to grow these drug crops despite the efforts of the

local government and the UNODC. It is clear that the success of crop eradication is

intrinsically tied to the demand for such drugs and any method to eradicate these

crops not only has to account for the financial incomes of farmers, but also the

seemingly insatiable demand of the addicts.

Land Trafficking Land trafficking refers to the smuggling of drugs across borders via land routes. Land

trafficking usually originates from countries that cultivate and/or produce drugs. These

include countries such as Afghanistan who produces upwards of 90% of the global

supply of heroin . Such drugs then cross many countries into their end destinations in 15

Western Europe or North America. One of the most common routes used is the

“Balkan Route” where drugs are transported west of Afghanistan towards Iran and

John Calabrese, Asst Prof, "Iran's War on Drugs: Holding the Line?," Middle East Institute, December 15

1, 2017, accessed April 14, 2017, http://www.mei.edu/content/irans-war-drugs-holding-line.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !8 21

Turkey, before making their way into Europe . The transportation of these drugs across 16

large distances without being discovered highlights the two sub topics that delegates

have to grapple with.

!

Global flow of Heroin Trade

Firstly, it reveals the underlying problem of porous borders that allow for cartels to be

able to successfully pass through numerous countries undetected. Long and expansive

borders between countries make it hard for border officials to patrol constantly and

ensure that there are no incursions. This provides cartels opportunities to smuggle

drugs past the land borders. A pertinent example would be Iran, a country that is a

gateway to the drug market in Central Asia as well as Western and Eastern Europe. Iran

shares a 36-kilometer border with Afghanistan and a 909-kilometer segment with

Sangwon Yoon, "These Three Maps Show How Drugs Move Around the World," Bloomberg News, July 16

26, 2015, , accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-26/these-three-maps-show-how-drugs-move-around-the-world.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !9 21

Pakistan- two of the world’s largest suppliers of drugs in the world . In this case, 17

cartels often make use of the numerous entry points within the borders to gain entry to

Iran, allowing them to then continue their illegal transportation of drugs onto the

Central Asian and European states.

The second is the ever-changing methods of deception that cartels employ on their

part. For instance, in order to smuggle drugs across the US-Mexico border, cartels are

known to build underground tunnels that start and end in inconspicuous places. These

tunnels enable cartels to quickly and efficiently sneak large quantities of drugs without

law enforcement finding out. Other methods that have been tried to varying degrees

of success include launchers that fire packets of drugs across fences and hidden

compartments on vehicles that evade the attention of customs officials.

It is critical to note that many of these methods are known to the relevant law

enforcement apparatuses across the world. Therefore, the true challenge lies in an

efficient response to tackle the constantly evolving modus operandi of drug syndicates

looking to outwit and outsmart border security.

Sea Trafficking

Besides land trafficking, in order to access markets and countries all over the world,

drug syndicates have resorted to smuggling and transporting drugs across oceans and

seas. This brings about a whole different set of challenges compared to land trafficking

as the vast maritime landscape means that cartels can take many different routes to try

to get around the maritime patrols and coasts guards. Drug cartels often try two

approaches when it comes to sea trafficking.

Firstly, some cartels choose to hide their contraband drugs within containers that can

be sent on normal container ships on standard shipping lines to other countries. This

method works only because the large volume of shipping means that it is impossible

for customs officials to inspect every container on every ship. This is one of the primary

John Calabrese.17

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !10 21

means in which cartels transport cocaine grown in the Andean regions in South

America to Europe across the Atlantic Ocean.

! Global Flow of Cocaine Trade

The second is through usage of smaller vessels designed for shorter ranges. Beside the

conventional usage of yachts and speed boats, cartels have been engaged in the

building of semi-submersibles that are painted in shades of blue to camouflage with

the waters. This method forces as much drug load as possible while leaving minimal

space for the drug smugglers. Often a times, these semi-submersibles are launched

from Mexican port cities like Mazatlan and then sent up the Pacific Ocean into

California, USA . 18

"Drug smugglers take to the high seas to avoid border patrol," New York Post, February 24, 2014, , 18

accessed April 14, 2017, http://nypost.com/2014/02/24/drug-smugglers-take-to-the-high-seas-to-avoid-border-patrol/.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !11 21

Corruption

Although many member nations have implemented measures to curtail the detrimental

consequences of the cross-border proliferation of drugs, most of these schemes have

been rather limited in their impact.

A key reason for this is the corruption that is taking place within countries. What this

entails is that regulatory and enforcement measures are much weaker in nature -

members of the law enforcement shy away from these problems and drug syndicates

are still free to carry out any operations that they so desire.

International Cooperation Recognising the cross-border nature of the issue today, it is imperative that delegates

consider bilateral or multilateral approaches to deal with drugs travelling across land

and sea borders. These forms of cooperation provide border security officials on both

sides more room and space to work together, increasing their ability to shut down the

illegal narcotics trade that is ongoing.

Certain countries might prefer a multilateral approach while others might prefer a

bilateral one depending on the specific nature of the country’s needs and border

situation. Whatever the case is, international cooperation would definitely benefit

countries like the USA where they are prohibited from chasing vessels whenever they

enter Mexican waters even if these vessels are suspected carriers of drugs . A bilateral 19

agreement between both parties would greatly increase efficiency in combating drugs

and ensure that smugglers no longer get away scot free.

Touching on the multilateral aspect, action has already taken place in regions like West

Africa. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has cooperated

Ibid.19

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !12 21

together in attempts to tackle the trend where Africa is increasingly used as a

warehousing site and transit route for illicit drugs and precursor chemicals . 20

Bearing all these key issues in mind, delegates are expected to derive coherent stances

that will direct the solutions they bring forth during council.

Key Stakeholders

China

Strict laws have always been enforced in China for drug-related offences. Some of the

punitive measures implemented include life imprisonment and the death penalty. In

2014, China had mobilised helicopters and speedboats to conduct a raid on Boshe, a

village that was notorious for the production of illegal drugs. It was a huge success,

with the police seizing three tons of methamphetamine and arresting at least 182

individuals that were suspected to be involved in drug production or trafficking.

Despite continual efforts, such as that of the recent crackdown in 2014, problems of

drug trafficking are still very much persistent in China. This could largely be attributed

to the rampant corruption that spreads all across China, severely hampering all

measures that are currently being proposed and implemented within the country.

Colombia

In Colombia, the country faces a dire issue of a lack of state control, resulting in the

availability of any necessary amount of land needed for drug farming. This might

explain why in 2014, Colombia had produced more coca than both Peru and Bolivia

combined, which had placed second and third respectively in the production of coca.

"Successful Fight against Drug Trafficking, Transnational Organized Crime Requires Interlocking 20

National, Regional, International Strategies, Third Committee Told," United Nations, October 8, 2009, , accessed April 14, 2017, https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/gashc3948.doc.htm.

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !13 21

There are also many drug trafficking organisations present in Colombia, which carry out

numerous illicit drug trading operations. In order to protect their trade routes and

secure their businesses, these organisations have made attempts to bribe security

forces, politicians and judicial authorities, which have proven to work effectively.

European Union

Over the past two decades, the EU has developed a holistic approach that addresses

drug-related issues, namely. the EU Drugs Strategy 2013-2020. It will also encompass

two EU Drugs Action Plan on Drugs, one for the period between 2013 and 2016, and

the other for the years 2017 to 2020.

The strategy focuses largely on reducing the demand and supply of drugs, which will

be done through the fostering of greater coordination and increased international

cooperation. While the approach adopted by the EU has been rather comprehensive,

rates of drug use and dependence still remain high in many parts of the region. 21

The Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan) Before the Soviet-Afghan war which took place over the course of 1979 and 1989, the

production of opium in these countries were mostly limited to small regional markets.

However, the amount of illicit drugs trade of these have increased exponentially over

the course of the past few years. Afghanistan, for instance, had supplied around 90% of

the heroin consumed worldwide in the year 2014. This is despite crop eradication

policies implemented by the Afghan government, which have not been sufficiently

followed even in government-controlled regions. 22

Transnational Institute | Ideas into Movement. Accessed April 14, 2017. https://www.tni.org/files/IDPC-21

advocacy-note-EU-drug-policy-July-2013.pdf

"Afghanistan opium production up 43% - UN drugs watchdog" BBC News. Accessed 14 April 2017. 22

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37743433

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !14 21

As for Iran, while the government does recognise that there are pressing issues, it has

not taken much action, resulting in a lack of proper infrastructure. Iran also lies on the

main trafficking route for poppy, which serves as a source for opium and heroin. These

two reasons contribute to the widespread availability of drugs in the country. With

regards to drug addiction, the problem stems from economic stagnation as a result of

international sanctions on the country, leading to much frustration and substance

abuse.

Pakistan also faces the problem of drug addiction. Estimates show that over 4 million

people in Pakistan are addicts, which is amongst the highest number for any country in

the world. Two main reasons account for this phenomenon, one of which is the fact 23

that drugs are extremely cheap and easy to obtain. The other reason has to do with

Pakistan’s weak government and law enforcement. Despite aims to be drug-free by

2020 under its 2010-2014 Drug Abuse Control Master Plan, the body that was set up to

coordinate this goal did not meet a single time in 2011 or 2012.

The Golden Triangle (Laos, Myanmar, Thailand) Situated in Southeast Asia, The Golden Triangle used to be the largest cultivator of

opium poppies in the world. Currently still one of the busiest drug trafficking regions,

the illicit drug trafficking in the area is worth $16.3 billion, and has produced 762

tonnes of opium and 76 tonnes of heroin in 2014 alone.

In recent years however, there have been efforts to curb the illegal drugs trade in the

region. The Safe Mekong Co-ordination Centre (SMCC), situated in Chiang Mai of

Thailand, helps to coordinate investigations with regards to the trafficking of drugs.

Since the beginning of operations in 2015, there have been nearly 600 arrests and 590

drug-related cases being solved. The SMCC is proving to be an effective measure in

reducing the amount of illicit drug trafficking that takes place in the region.

"Drugged Up Pakistan - Al Jazeera English." Al Jazeera: Live News | Bold Perspectives | Exclusive 23

Films. Accessed April 14, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/10/drugged-up-pakistan-201410810920503625.html

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !15 21

Even more recently at the ASEAN Joint Consultative Meeting, Foreign Affairs Assistant

Secretary for ASEAN Affairs, Ma. Hellen De La Vega, emphasised greater efforts being

taken by countries in the region, made evident from the successful development of a

comprehensive regional work plan in combatting illegal drugs. 24

United States of America (USA) Drug trafficking in the USA has been one that garners huge amounts of revenue,

bringing in millions and billions of dollars each year. While many types of drugs from all

over the world, such as Europe, Asia and Africa, all make it into US, they are expected

to incur higher amount of costs as they would require more people and transportation

costs. Therefore, it is not surprising that a high amount of drugs come in from the

Mexico border, which seems to be the most convenient and profitable way to bring

drugs into the US.

That is not to say that the US government has not being doing anything. Recently in

2015, the US released a White House Drug Control Strategy , which aims to focus on 25

public health, especially the aspects of prevention and treatment of drug abuse, as well

as to reform the current law enforcement systems in place to better tackle the

challenges faced today.

"Proliferation of illegal drugs is among primary concerns of ASEAN" ASEAN 2017. Accessed April 14, 24

2017. https://www.asean2017.ph/proliferation-illegal-drugs-among-primary-concerns-asean/

“Addressing Illicit Drug Challenges” U.S. Department of State | Diplomacy in Action. Accessed April 14 25

2017. https://www.state.gov/j/inl/focus/counternarcotics/

HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !16 21

Questions to Ponder The questions in this section are meant to be guiding parameters for the issues at

hand. They are not representative of the debate in council and do not reflect the chair’s

positions or stances.

● How does the mandate of the UNODC influence or affect the policies it is able

to forward and enforce to solve drug trafficking worldwide?

● Why have past policies not been successful despite continued efforts?

● Is a system where drugs are legalised more effective compared to one where

drugs are criminalized in terms of regulation and reducing abuse rates?

● What are some of the possible avenues for cooperation between neighbouring

countries witnessing huge volumes of drugs being trafficked through their

borders?

● What are other ways to help drug addicts other than the traditional methods of

therapy and counselling?

● What is the role of NGOs within the entire picture of tackling drug proliferation?

● How can cooperation between the UN, INTERPOL and NGOs be intensified?

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HCCRI 2017 | Page ! of !18 21

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