THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA - The World Bank · THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA ... Noise pollution A, ... posters at project sites against traffic accidents Construction of

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION & LOCAL GOVERNMENT (PMO – RALG), DODOMA, TANZANIA

LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT PROJECT

(IDA CREDIT No. 4003-1-TA)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

FOR

TANZANIA STRATEGIC CITIES PROJECT – MTWARA MUNICIPALITY

Developer: Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG), Dar es Salaam. Email: [email protected].

Consultant: SMEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD in association with in association with MAKCONSULT,

P.O. BOX 105866 DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Tel: (255-22) 260 1596/7; Fax: (255-22) 260 1590; Email: [email protected]

www.smec.com

Submitted to: National Environment Management Council (NEMC) P.O. Box 63154, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Telephone: +255 22 2127817/, Fax: +255 22 2134603

MARCH, 2010

SMEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LIMITED, AUSTRALIA

IN ASSOCIATION WITH

MAKCONSULT

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E2361 v10

Tanzania Strategic Cities Project - Mtwara Municipality ESIA Final Report -March 2010

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE PROJECT

The Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council (MMC) under the Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government is planning to implement a Strategic City Project (TSCP). The project is implemented through a government credit received from International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of Local Government Support Project (LGSP). TSCP is part of the proposed Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSP). The project has infrastructural and social services upgrading components. These include

upgrading of earth or gravel surface roads to bitumen surfacing level, street lighting, construction of recreational parks, construction of solid waste damp and facilities for collection of solid and liquid waste. The present situation is as follow;

That the current road infrastructures are in poor conditions;

Solid Waste Collection Services are inadequate and posing position sanitation risks to municipal population;

There is no manageable landfill for refuge collection and processing;

That security of people in at risk because of poor lighting of the streets; and

Solid Collection equipment like trucks is insufficient and not reliable.

Following these reasons, the Municipality through PMO-RALG is planning to implement the Strategic City Project to improve the situation. The process of acquiring land has been initiated, already sites have been identified, and people have ceases operating in the area. The proposed project for Mtwara-Mikindani will be implemented under the following clusters;

1. Arterial Roads (by pass or semi ring roads) 2. Collector Roads 3. Residential / Commercial Roads (local roads) 4. Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal 5. Public parks/gardens; 6. Solid Waste Project (landfill, collection centers); and 7. Solid waste equipment Acquisition.

The project clusters can further be detailed as follows;

Improvement of roads to bitumen level: The project will improve approximately 25kms roads to double surface dressing road standards divided on fourteen street roads. It will also include improvement of vertical and horizontal alignments, pavement designs, drainage structures etc.

Installation of streetlights: These will be established in various points. This component will comprise of streetlights of approximately 107 units along various roads in the municipal roads.

Recreational parks/gardens: It comprises of car parks and renting areas for small cars in the municipality and this will be developed at approximately 40,000 square meters. In general this subproject will involve Construction of refreshments stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence, and fountain together with ornamented gardens, children playgrounds, basketball/volleyball area, lawn tennis, tree planting, water and electricity.

Refuse transfer centers: This component will improve centers for solid waste collections where communities living around these areas will be able to assemble refuse for further transfer to the landfill. Approximately 25 collection centers will be constructed within the municipality.

Tanzania Strategic Cities Project - Mtwara Municipality ESIA Final Report/March 2010

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Landfill for solid wastes: The project will construct a landfill for solid waste disposal where all collection points will then be transfer the wastes for disposal. This subproject will include creation of cells, inner and access roads, protection works, systems for storm water drainage and leachate discharge facilities in order to meet environmental requirements.

Policy, Legal Framework A study has been conducted in respect of national and international policies and legal frameworks abiding ESIA and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) which include National Environmental Policy (1997), National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001), National Land Policy (1995), Environmental Management Act (2004), and Environmental Impact Assessment Audit Regulations (2005) and World Bank OP 4.12. With the above mentioned guidelines, ESIA team is aware that such project intervention should provide maximum benefit to the communities and that there should be mitigation strategies for every negative effects emanating from the intervention.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) In general, there are two types of land tenure, government allocation (surveyed areas) and few squatters (un-surveyed areas) at Mikindani street area. Mikindani street have been declared as a historical area that reflect typical cultural and socio-economic conditions of local people in Mtwara therefore in spite of the fact that there are numerous number of structures along the road Right of Way (RoW), they will be preserved to protect history of the people. On the other hand, street like Mdenga Namadi (along Zambia road) was in the township plan, surveyed as an industrial area but later on it was changed to residential area. The housing pattern in this municipality is characterized by formal and informal comprising of temporary and permanent buildings located on planned areas as well as unplanned and poor service environment. The economy of the people of Mtwara-Mikindani municipality depends on trade and agricultural products such as cassava Sorghum, maize, millet, legumes. About 33% of the total populations are engaged in agriculture and other related activities. Other activities include fishing, petty trade, small and medium enterprises, (small scale industries.) small scale animals keeping such as cows, goats, hens etc.

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONMEASURES An integrated evaluation of the impacts of the construction of the new project on physical, biological and socio-economic spheres indicated some significant impacts if no mitigation measures are implemented. The impacts vary between construction and operation phases. The construction activities of the proposed project would result in an impact on planted trees and a number of socio-economic impacts with significance in relation to a positive impact on employment (job creation) and negative impacts on human health. Some of the impacts on health such as HIV infections would be irreversible and long-term suggesting that implementation of recommended mitigation measures is of utmost importance. The long-term operation of some the project clusters would result in negative and significant positive environmental and socio-economic impacts. In particular, most clusters will create employment for instance the running recreational facilities at of Public Park. In contrast the operation of solid waste collection facilities and landfill is anticipated to create negative impacts which may affect human health is not mitigated. There potential risk for the landfill to pollute


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underground water and soils if the developer will not take precautionary measures during project design and mitigation measures in the operational phase.

The details of potential impacts and mitigation measures for the subproject clusters are summarized in the following table:


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Topic Predicted Impacts Cluster Impact phases

Mitigation Measures

PHYSICAL Environment

Modification of landscape

Demolition of old structures at proposed recreational parks

P Construction Limit construction works to the design.

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Tree cutting and Aesthetics

Trees and ornamental plants on street frontages will be reduced/ removed to pave way to the construction works.

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction Minimize tree cutting.

Replant after construction using suitable tree species. Include tree replacement in project design.

Conservation of Mangrove forest and protected species

Any use of mangrove wood for construction will degrade mangrove forests.

Damage of Dalbergia Melonoxylon (Mpingo) will impact on species conservation.

M, A, R Construction Restrict use of mangrove poles/wood in the project activities.

Avoid damage to Mpingo species during construction.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Loss of residence and business sheds and land plot

About 55 residential houses will be demolished in Zambia Road.

Business stalls may be demolished on road reserve.

A, R Construction

Replacement or compensation of houses and structural properties.

Loss of crops, Some crops will be destroyed along roads to give way for construction works. Example along Zambia Road.

A Construction

Compensate crop owners.

Damage to tourism and historical site

Potential risk lies along Mikindani road which is tourist attraction because of historical buildings and events.

R, M Construction Careful design to minimize damage to historical sites and buildings. use of kerbstones and light equipment.

Employment The project will create temporary and permanent employment.

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction & Operation

Encourage local employment.

Noise pollution Construction works will disturb neighbors/ public by creation of noise.

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction

Observe ambient sound levels and attenuate equipments.

Observe noise limits during procurement of equipments

Air pollution by dust and ordour

Transportation of sand and aggregates to working sites.

Road works (clearing, excavation).

Creation of nuisance odour from solid waste collection centers.

A, R, M, P, S

Construction

Operation

Watering and covering of earth materials

Create buffer zone to keep residence away from new landfill area.

Immediate treatment of waste at landfill by burning or covering by


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Topic Predicted Impacts Cluster Impact phases

Mitigation Measures

soil/sand.

Contamination of water supply and spread of communicable diseases

Transportation waste by trucks may contaminate water or human environment.

A, C, R, S

Operation Daily inspection of sewerage trucks. Consult MTUWASA about sewerage and water supply systems.

Severance of water pipes

Diseases or HIV/AIDS Risk for spreading of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS between workers and host community

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction

Awareness creation

Accidents and disruption of traffic and pedestrian movement

Interruption of traffic and pedestrian movement by project activities.

Children/elderly people crossing roads to access recreational parks.

Reckless driving on tarmac roads

A, R, M, S

S

Construction &

Operation

Use of sign/warning posters at project sites against traffic accidents

Construction of humps/road bumps to slow down speeding vehicles.

Safety to workers and road users.

General construction works.

Possible burning accidents by hot asphalt.

Accidents related to running of solid waste equipment

A, R, M, P, S

S, E

Construction

& Operation

Adhere to OSHA* and contractors regulations.

Practice safety and Health measures/ policy.

Regular maintenance of equipments and use of Instruction manuals. Hoarding of working sites.

Solid waste Haphazard disposal of solid waste such as plastics and metal objects may contaminate water supplies and affect human/animal life if ingested.

A, R, M, P, S

Construction

Operation

Proper handling of waste by installation of facilities for solid.

Fencing of landfill and solid waste collection centers

Surface runoff and flooding effect

Roads which are located in the poor drainage sites especially Chuno , Indian Quarters and Tandika are vulnerable to flooding and effects of run off

A, C, R Construction &

Operational phase

Careful road design.

Regular road maintenance to unblock culverts and drainage canals.

Key: Arterial Roads (A); Residential Commercial Roads (R), Mikindani Commuter terminal (M), Public Parks (P), Solid Waste Collection and landfill (S), Solid waste equipment Acquisition (E).

The summary of the effect of mitigation measures during the construction phase are presented in the table below.


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Impact Nature Clusters Significance rating

Without mitigation

With mitigation

Impact on landscape

Cutting of trees Negative A, C, R, M, S, P Medium Low

Loss of crops Negative A Medium Low

Employment opportunities Positive A, C, R, M, P, S Low High

Impacts of noise and dust Negative A, C, R, M, P, S Medium Low

Impacts on HIV/AIDS spread Negative A,C, R, M, P, S High Low

Impacts on road traffic/ accidents Negative A, C. R, M, P, S High Low

Land loss Negative A High Low

Impacts on human safety Negative A, R, M, P, S High Low

Impacts of water supply and use Negative A,C, R, M High None

Impacts of electric power supply Negative A,C, R, M High None

Impact on Gas and oil supply Negative A,R Medium None

Surface runoff and flooding effect Negative A,C, R High Low

Loss of habitats/housing Negative A High Low

Impact on tourism and historical sites Negative C, M High Low

The summary of the effects of mitigation measures during the operational phase are presented in the table below.

Impact Nature Impact cluster Significance rating

Without mitigation

With mitigation

Employment (local) opportunities Positive

P, M

Low High Positive

Ordour nuisance Negative S High Low

Attraction of economic investments Positive

A, C, R, M, S, P

Low High Positive

Physical Health (Sporting) Positive P

Low High Positive

Improvement of Tourism Positive M Low

Solid waste pollution because scavenging from landfill Negative

S

Medium Low

Reduced maintenance cost for vehicles

Negative

A, C, R

High Low

Impacts of noise Negative S Medium Low

Impacts on road traffic Negative P Medium Low

Impacts of waste management Positive S, E High Low

Impacts of surface runoff Negative A, C, R Medium Low

Traffic accidents: entrance for kids to recreational facility; will require speed bumps to check vehicles speed as they approach/pass park area. Creation of nuisance odour from solid waste collection centers. Storm water flows due to creation of embankments/ impermeable surface along roads. Clogging of culverts along roads will cause flooding of people‟s houses during rainfall.


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The anticipated positive Impacts as result of project development are:

The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project;

Creation of temporary employment during construction;

Increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food and other goods to construction workforce;

Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks;

Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management;

Reduced accidents and increased safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads;

The work force in construction phase will be comprised of the following team members for each subproject; Site Engineers, Foremen and skilled and non-skilled labour. In addition, there will be project manager and Quantity Surveyors. Skilled and semiskilled people will be employed permanently during the operational phase. For example, people who will operate or run waste facilities and equipment, and recreational centers. Management and Mitigation Recommendations The report contains plans for environmental and social mitigation, management and monitoring. Recommendations have been presented in order to improve the information basis for further planning of the project, mitigation of potential negative impacts and monitoring of developments and effect of mitigation measures: The summary of the most important mitigation and management measures and initiatives to minimize the potential impacts are:

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

The project will affect at least 55 people. Whereas Fourteen (14) people will be affected (possessing only crops without buildings) and forty one (41) of the affected people possess both buildings and permanent crops. Compensation will not be paid for land within the construction corridor along the existing alignment, but the land acquired for a new realignment will be compensated for. In addition to the direct compensation total costs are Tsh 101,022,155 which include Tsh 2,641,000 for crops and Tsh 98,381,155 for building. Those who were doing their livelihood activities in the open space (Tilla park, Maduka Makubwa and Jionee area) have been given notice to remove their properties and no compensation will be paid for them as they were conducting the activities in the municipal plots, i.e. they had been made aware by the municipal council of the municipal developmental plans.

STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT AND CONCERNS Stakeholders‟ involvement followed setting out of project spatial, temporal and institutional boundaries within which the affected stakeholders were identified. A number of individual stakeholders were identified within the immediate impact area including the; Municipal inhabitants, TANROADS, Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL), Gas and Oil companies such as ARTUMAS GROUP and sister companies, BP and Oil COM. In addition, Mtwara Port Authority, Mtwara Water supply and Sanitation Authority (MTUWASA), Local Governments (Ward and Streets), Naliendele Agricultural Institute and Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS). Others are Institutional/NGO for Mikindani Historical Town, Marine Area Conservation Ecosystem Project and Management Area (MACEMP) and Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), NGOS dealing with employment/poverty, HIV/AIDs, environmental conservation and solid waste collection.


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Expert judgment and consultations with identified stakeholders identified several issues that need considerations during project initialization, construction, operation and decommissioning. The major negative issues include loss of land and housing properties, tree and crop loss, possible damage to historical sites and tourism at Mikindani because of equipment vibrations during construction phase. Also and noise from vehicles, machinery and workers, dust from moving vehicles, accidents which may include those related to physical damages as well as due to work place accidents, poor disposal of solid and liquid wastes during construction. The major positive issues were urban development which is likely to attract economic investments and creation of local employment opportunities during different phases of the project.

ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES The client has made comprehensive consideration about land availability, design, choice of technology and compensation feasibility in preparing the project. For example, the construction of solid waste collection centers/structures and landfill is determined by land availability as against relocation of people and huge compensation. The plan for asphalt roads is environmentally friendly as it will create less soil erosion and sedimentation of waterway. In addition, gravel roads are vulnerable to fast deterioration hence tarmac roads are stronger and durable.

COSTS-BENEFIT ANALYSIS The largest part of the total project cost of TSH 16.5 billion used to upgrade road infrastructure, recreational parks and urban sanitation services in Mtwara-Mikindani town. A substantial amount will be injected into the local economy for sustainability of livelihood and economic activities. Therefore the Mtwara-Mikindani population of about 94,000 and Tanzania population at large will benefit economically from the project. The main benefits will be to improved road infrastructure, sanitation services and public recreational activities. The summaries of benefits are as follow: In addition, the following non-tangible benefits are likely to be realized as a part of this project.

Positive contribution to Mtwara-Mikindani city development by improved/upgraded roads;

Improvement of solid waste;

Employment opportunities, both short-term construction jobs and long-term operation of the offices of landfill and Public Park;

Medium and small business opportunities will become available for accommodation and medium scale services materials supplies and petty scale food and service supplies to construction workers;


Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks; and

Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management.

DECOMMISSIONING The road infrastructures are likely to remain in place for over 20 years unless other factors may lead to its premature destruction. In the case when decommissioning is considered, this will take place as a series of structural demolition activities that will dismantle road and other structural members of the predominantly concrete building. However, before the option of structural demolition is considered, an alternative use after, say structural strengthening by component member‟s rehabilitation should be considered.


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RECOMMENDATIONS The report contains plans for environmental and social management, monitoring and impact mitigation measures. Recommendations have been presented in order to improve the information basis for further planning of the project, mitigation of potential negative impacts and monitoring of developments and effect of mitigation measures:

Recommendations by various parties including stakeholders and the ESIA project team have been summarized below and the majority incorporated into specific mitigation measures within the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The project developer is obliged to allocate the proposed resources for implementation of ESMP. This includes appointment of managers or responsible person for ESMP. Project construction should adhere to best construction practices that adhere to workplace safety, minimize damage to utilities and protect the environment like restricting use of mangrove and other natural wood in the construction activities. These also include measures to reduce accidents at work, traffic accidents, haphazard disposal of solid waste, safeguard of local employment etc. Construction activities should be scheduled appropriately to minimize noise and dust pollution. More importantly, there is need for careful design to minimize land and property loss and compensation should be paid to people affected by project according to existing regulation.


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The main recommendations are summarized below:

Cluster

Recommendation

Arterial Roads Measures to reduce high noise levels and dust during construction Reduce traffic accidents and obstructions. Restrict construction to daytime to avoid nighttime discomfort noise levels. Compensate land and property loss

Collector Roads Measures to reduce high noise levels. Reduce traffic accidents and obstructions Restrict construction to daytime to avoid nighttime discomfort noise levels. Compensate property loss

Residential / Commercial Roads

Avoid dust production.

Regular maintenance of roads by unblocking culverts and cleaning drainage canals to avert flooding.

Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal

Careful design to minimize damage to historical sites and buildings. use of kerbstones and light equipment.

Public parks Avert accidents for children during operational phase

Solid Waste Land Fill Employment of Landfill Manager Measures to avert odour for example early sorting of refuse and timely disposal Maintenance of landfill fence and gate control to keep away scavengers. Fencing to keep scavengers away Control of leachate against pollution of ground water and soils

Solid waste equipment Acquisition

Measures to reduce high noise levels and dust. Avoid solid and liquid waste pollution Attenuation of equipment to reduce noise impact


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

CBO Community-Based Organization

DOE Director of Environment

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EMA Environmental Management Act

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ILO International Labour Organization

MTUWASA Mtwara Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority

NEMC National Environment Management Council

NEP National Environment Policy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Act

PAP People Affected by the project

PMO-RALG Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

RoW Right of Way

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

TAC Technical Advisory Committee

TANESCO Tanzania Energy Supply Company

TOR Terms of Reference

TSCP Tanzania Strategic Cities Project

Tosh Tanzania Shilling

WB World Bank


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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements .............................................. 1

1.3 Objective and Scope of ESIA Study .................................................................... 1

1.4 Scope of Work .................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................ 2

1.6 ESIA TEAM ........................................................................................................ 3

1.7 ESIA PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 3

1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE ...................................................................................... 4

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................... 5

2.1 Overview............................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Project Purpose and Objectives .......................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Location Map and Project Layout 5

2.3 Project Activities ................................................................................................. 7

2.3.1 Construction phases 9 2.3.2 Operational phase 10 2.3.3 Workforce and Equipment 10

2.4 Project Design .................................................................................................. 10

2.5 Project requirements and products ................................................................... 10

3 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................... 13

3.1 National Policies ............................................................................................... 13

3.1.1 National Environment Policy (1997) 13 3.1.2 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) 13 3.1.3 National Transport Policy (2003) 14 3.1.4 National Land Policy (1995) 15 3.1.5 National Water Policy(2002) 15 3.1.6 Energy Policy of Tanzania(1992) 15 3.1.7 National Gender Policy (1999) 16

3.2 Tanzania Legal Framework............................................................................... 16

3.3 International Agreements and policies .............................................................. 18

3.3.1 Environment agreements and conventions 18 3.3.2 World Bank (WB) / International Bank Policies 18 3.3.3 International Labour Conventions 20

3.4 Institutional Framework ..................................................................................... 20

3.4.1 Introduction 20 3.4.2 National Environment Advisory Committee 20 3.4.3 Minister Responsible for Environment 21 3.4.4 Director of Environment (DOE) 21


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3.4.5 National Environment Management Council 21 3.4.6 Ministries Responsible for the project 21 3.4.7 Local Government Authorities 21 3.4.8 Ward / Street Level 22 3.4.9 Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council 22 3.4.10 OSHA 22

4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ................................................................... 23

4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 23

4.2 Identification of project boundaries ................................................................... 23

4.3 Stakeholders identification ................................................................................ 23

4.4 Response of developer on stakeholders concern .............................................. 25

4.5 WAY FORWARD .............................................................................................. 25

5 BASELINE CONDITIONS .................................................................................. 26

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 26

5.1.1 Location and Land Area 26 5.1.2 Project components 27 5.1.3 Physical Environment 29 5.1.4 Administrative Units 29 5.1.5 Climate 30 5.1.6 Water Resources 30 5.1.7 Geology and Soils 31 5.1.8 Landscape 32 5.1.9 Coastal Marine environment 32 5.1.10 Physical environment 33 5.1.11 Gas and mineral deposits 33

5.2 Biological Environment ..................................................................................... 33

5.2.1 Introduction 33 5.2.2 Natural Resource and Protected Areas 33 5.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians 34 5.2.4 Vegetation and land use 34 5.2.5 Agriculture and livestock keeping 34 5.2.6 Urban settlement 34

5.3 Socio-economic conditions ............................................................................... 35

5.3.1 Limitations 35 5.3.2 Introduction 35 5.3.3 Population 35 5.3.4 Ethnicity 36 5.3.5 Affected Persons / Communities 36 5.3.6 Socio-economic Baseline 36 5.3.7 Power supply 36 5.3.8 Communication/Transport 36 5.3.9 Housing 36 5.3.10 Noise, Air Pollution and Dust 36 5.3.11 Education 37 5.3.12 Health Services 37 5.3.13 Burial Places 38 5.3.14 Utilities and Transport 38


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5.3.15 Income Municipality 38 5.3.16 Industry, Trade and Commerce 38 5.3.17 Communication and Telecommunication 39 5.3.18 Fishing 39 5.3.19 Agriculture And Livestock 39 5.3.20 Water Supply 39 5.3.21 Tree Planting 40 5.3.22 Tourism 40 5.3.23 Institutional Setup and Capacity of Mtwara municipal Council (2009/2010) 40 5.3.24 Capacity requirement for Environmental, Health and Social Management 42 5.3.25 Description of the Social Setting of the impacted Areas 43 5.3.26 Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management 50 5.3.27 Road communication 50 5.3.28 Tourism and archaeology 51 5.3.29 Contractors for Road works and material availability 52 5.3.30 Housing Conditions 52 5.3.31 Safety (Fire) 52 5.3.32 Municipal Staffing 52

5.4 Summary of baseline features in the sub-project areas ..................................... 53

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT (ESIA) ................ 55

6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 55

6.2 Impacts analysis method .................................................................................. 55

6.3 Physical environment ........................................................................................ 56


6.5 Human Environment ......................................................................................... 57

6.5.1 Loss of crops 57 6.5.2 Loss of habitats/housing and land 57 6.5.3 Storm water and flooding 58 6.5.4 Wastewater and refuse 58 6.5.5 Cultural Heritage and archaeological values 58 6.5.6 Loss of income/ Businesses 59 6.5.7 Borrow and quarry sites 59 6.5.8 Dust, Odour and Noise pollution 59 6.5.9 Social disruption and conflicts 59 6.5.10 Traffic Accidents and disruption of vehicular movement 60 6.5.11 Children Accidents at Recreational Parks 60 6.5.12 Income and Employment Opportunities 60 6.5.13 Interruption of utility services for water, gas/oil and power supply 60 6.5.14 Human Health and safety 61 6.5.15 Impacts Expected by Beneficiaries 61

6.6 Public Consultations ......................................................................................... 62

6.7 Summary of Potential Project Impacts .............................................................. 68

6.7.1 Summary of impacts during construction phase 68 6.7.2 Summary of impacts during Operational phase 72

6.8 Social Impact Assessment (SIA) ....................................................................... 73

6.8.1 Project Components and Descriptions of Social Settings 73 6.8.2 Social Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts 78


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7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES........................................................................ 81

8 IENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ......................... 82

8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 82

8.2 Mitigation identification methods ....................................................................... 82

8.3 General Commitments ...................................................................................... 82

8.4 Physical Environment ....................................................................................... 84


8.6 Human Environment ......................................................................................... 85

8.7 Summary from Public consultation .................................................................... 88

8.7.1 Stakeholders concern and response from the project developer 88 8.7.2 Stakeholders‟ Project Appreciation 90

8.8 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts ........................................................ 90

9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .......................................................................................................... 97

9.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 97

9.2 EMP activities ................................................................................................... 97

9.2.1 General Mitigation activities 97 9.2.2 Air pollution by Dust 98 9.2.3 Leachate and hydrocarbons control and management 98 9.2.4 Health and Safety Measures 98 9.2.5 Traffic Disruption (Construction phase) 99 9.2.6 Land acquisition and Compensation Plan 99 9.2.7 Compensation Follow-up and Resettlement 99 9.2.8 Responsibilities and Costs 99

9.3 Summary of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...................................... 99

9.3.1 Arterial Roads 100 9.3.2 Collector Roads 102 9.3.3 Residential/Commercial Roads 104 9.3.4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal 106 9.3.5 Public Parks 108 9.3.6 Solid Waste Sub Projects (landfill and collection centres) 109 9.3.7 Solid waste equipment Acquisition 111 9.3.8 Environmental Priorities of the City Council and Residents 112 9.3.9 Environmental Conditions and Problems Posed by subprojects 112 9.3.10 Review of Institution Capability and Recommendations 112 9.3.11 Environmental Monitoring Program at Council/Community Levels 112 9.3.12 Assessment of the Proposed Resettlement Sites 112 9.3.13 Process Used to Prepare EMPs 112 9.3.14 Institutional Arrangement Responsibilities for Monitoring EMPs 113 9.3.15 Institutional set up for EMP 113

9.4 Reporting structure ......................................................................................... 114

9.4.1 Formats for EMPs 114 9.4.2 EIA Capacity Building Program 114

10 DECOMMISSIONING ...................................................................................... 115


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11 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP) ......................................................... 116

12 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 117

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 119

APPENDIX 1: LIST OF CONSULTED PEOPLE .................................................... 123

APPENDIX 2: „PAP‟- LOCATION LAYOUT ............................................................ 125

APPENDIX 3: SIGNATURES FROM PUBLIC CONSULTATIONSERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Tanzania Strategic Cities Project - Mtwara Municipality ESIA Final Report - March 2010

xvi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This EIA study was commissioned by the Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) or “Developer”. SMEC International PTY Limited, Australia in association with MAKCONSULT would like to thank the Principle Secretary of PMO-RALG in Dar es Salaam. We additionally thank the key staff of PMO-RALG and Director of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality and heads of departments. More especially, Dr. M. Hante -TSCP Coordinator and Mr. Sabin Sirima – Municipal director respectively. Also, the Regional Secretary Office in Mtwara and World Bank in Dar es Salaam. This extends to their support during the assignment that provided valuable information that was useful in timely and successful completion of the assignment. We are also indebted to the Vice Presidents Office and National Environment Management Council (NEMC) particularly the Directorate of EIA for their guidance and constructive comments during the EIA process. Additionally, SMEC wishes to thank the study team members who carried out the field studies and contributed to the EIA report. We are also particularly grateful to expert advice and inputs of Mr. Richard Minja, the EIA expert, and Ms Regina Rugumira, Socio-economist and RAP Specialist. In addition, Eng. Simba Kipaya and Eng. Martin Filemon for their engineering and technical inputs. Last but not least, we acknowledge the active participation of stakeholders who openly expressed their viewpoints during the consultation meetings. More especially, the representatives of the TANESCO, MTUWASA and AG & P Power Limited (Artumas Power Group). Not forgetting the NGOS of MSOAPO, FACONA and Miserere Group hey think was important and would affect the course of project implementation. Finally, we would like to thank TANROADS in Mtwara for cooperation and provision of useful data.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (GoT) has received a credit from the International Development Association (IDA). It is intended that part of the proceeds of the credit will be used to cover eligible payments under the contract for the Provision of Consultancy Services for Preparation of Preliminary and Detailed Engineering Designs, Cost Estimates and Bidding Documents, and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for the Investment Sub-Projects in Mbeya City and in Mtwara Municipality under the proposed Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP). Therefore SMEC has been engaged by the Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) to prepare design and documentation for Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) Mbeya City and Mtwara municipal roads. Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) - The GoT and the World Bank are preparing a new credit for the TSCP. The overall objective of the TSCP is to: (i) improve basic urban infrastructure and services in selected urban LGAs; and (ii) strengthen the management and fiscal capacity of those urban LGAs for improved operations, maintenance and infrastructure development. The Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) is the Implementing Agency (IA) for the Project which will be done over a period of five years. The selected urban LGAs to be supported under the proposed credit are: Mwanza, Kigoma, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya, Mtwara, and Dodoma. This is an Environmental and Social Impact (ESIA) report for Mtwara Municipality.

1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements

The project is essentially about infrastructure development for with sub-project of roads improvement, construction of SWC structures, recreational park and urban landfill. The EIA regulation of 2005 GN No. 349 of 2005 puts the project under type a mandatory list of projects which requires EIA. These fall under petroleum industry and specifically for construction of oil and gas handling and storage facilities .

1.3 Objective and Scope of ESIA Study

The objective of the ESIA (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment) study is to identify potential environmental and social impacts and key issues associated with project implementation and propose appropriate mitigation measures to minimize negative impacts and enhance positive ones. Specifically Section 2 of the Terms of Reference (TOR) includes ESIA objectives as follows:

Undertaking of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of individual sub-projects proposed for investment in the urban LGAs and prepare an overall ESIA report for the LGA investments; and

Prepare Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) in and where necessary, Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs). EMP and RAP are to be prepared according to Attachment 1 (TOR for EMP) and Attachment 2 (TOR for RAP) of the Terms of Reference respectively.


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1.4 Scope of Work

The agreed scope of works for the Mtwara Municipal Council is as follows:

Upgrading/rehabilitation of approximately 25 km of existing earth/gravel or bitumen roads to asphalt concrete or double surface dressing (bitumen surfacing); including vertical and horizontal alignments, pavement design, drainage structures, etc;

Provision of street lights at various points (approximately 107 units) along existing municipal roads;

Development of recreational parks/gardens (approximately 40,000 m²);

Construction of approximately 25 solid waste collection centers (refuse transfer stations) for communities in the municipality;

Construction of a landfill site for solid waste disposal; including creation of cells, construction of inner and access roads, protection works, storm water drains and leachate discharge facilities; all to meet environmental requirements with necessary mitigation measures or provide alternative; and

Acquisition of a package of solid and liquid waste management equipment (refuse collection trucks, cesspit emptier, wheel loader, and bulldozer.

The project sub-projects will be clustered as follow: 1. Arterial Roads (by pass or semi ring roads); 2. Collector Roads; 3. Residential / Commercial Roads (local roads); 4. Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal; 5. Public parks; 6. Solid Waste Landfill and collection centers; and 7. Solid waste equipment Acquisition. Details scope of the project clusters are presented in Table 1.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

Specific Social Methodology

ESIA team conducted environmental and social survey and consultative meetings in selected streets of Mbeya city to gather relevant information related to social impacts of proposed road projects and other subcomponents as explained in ToR of this study. The study was carried out under the two phases of scoping and full EIA as required by EIA regulation.

ESIA study was conducted in a participatory and consultative manner in order to gather information appropriate to the given ToR. The team sampled out specific number of households in streets where the projects based. Likewise, participatory meetings were held in all sites or streets to identify key issues pertaining to the projects including perceptions, knowledge and attitudes of the beneficiaries. Also, consultations were made with Street and Ward leaders, politicians and representatives of communities at local levels of the government administration. The aim was to gather relevant information related to the impact of the proposed projects as explained in the Terms of Reference (ToR) of this study

The developer in conjunction with consultant recognizes the requirements for social impact assessment studies to address site specific characteristics required for identification of positive and negative socio economic impacts and make recommendations on effective solutions to be considered during implementation of SMP. A Triangulation of various data collection methods was necessary to elicit various quantitative and qualitative data. These methods include review of secondary data/ information, focus group discussions, household interviews, and meetings with key informers‟ e.g. relevant staff in respective institutions, relevant government officials and district authorities and household interviews with affected people.


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Various data analysis methods were used, for instance Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel to come up with descriptive Statistics and establish baseline information. Qualitative information was collected from focus groups discussions, village meetings and in-depth interviews with key informers. During the focus group discussions, the consultant identified perceived positive and negative impacts of the project and established community‟s opinion on a sound SMP, mitigation measures and their associated costs.

The specific objectives for the social impact assessment include:

Obtain information on community concerns;

Identify what the impacts on the community will be;

Raise awareness of what effects will be expected; and

Obtain suggestions and recommendations from the communities regarding the project.

Further Work As part of the ESIA, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared and integrated within this ESIA report. The purpose of the EMP is to provide a framework for the management of mitigation measures and the monitoring of performance and compliance, during the construction and operation of the project. The document does not form the final management plan but rather sets a framework and structure for the detailed development of plans by the contractor(s) and Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council.

1.6 ESIA TEAM

This ESIA for the proposed project was undertaken by SMEC. The study report benefited from the inputs provided by a registered Environmental Impact Assessment Expert, and a sociologist. It also received engineering and technical inputs from project engineers and designers.

1.7 ESIA PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY

The project proponent carried out the ESIA study between August and November 2009 by complying with the process outlined in the EIA regulation. The common steps to execution of any ESIA study follow the following three main steps:

Deskwork studies and analyses,

Fieldworks and

Stakeholders‟ consultations

This ESIA phase involved mainly the following activities:

Visits to the project sites for further identification and verification of issues.

Further consultations with different stakeholders for verification of identified issues and discussion of important issues.

Collection of important relevant information.

Analysis of collected information.

Preparation of Environmental Statement and Environmental Management Plan.

Submissions of final report to NEMC for review.


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1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE

The outline of this report is given in the following table of contents that highlights the required contents of the final ESIA addressing NEMC Regulations and Guidelines contents. This ESIA report is therefore organized as follows:

Executive Summary

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Project Description

3.0 Policy and Legislative Framework

4.0 Stakeholders Consultations

5.0 Baseline Conditions

6.0 Assessment of Impacts

7.0 Assessment of Project Alternatives

8.0 Environmental Mitigation Measures

9.0 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

10.0 Decommissioning

11.0 Resettlement Action Plan

12.0 Summary and Conclusion

13.0 Bibliography

Appendices


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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Overview

The project has infrastructural and social services upgrading components. These include upgrading of earth or gravel surface roads to bitumen surfacing level, street lighting, construction of recreational parks, construction of solid waste damp and facilities for collection of solid and liquid waste.

2.2 Project Purpose and Objectives

Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) - The GoT and the World Bank are preparing a new credit for the TSCP. The overall objective/purpose of the TSCP is to: (i) improve basic urban infrastructure and services in selected urban LGAs; and (ii) strengthen the management and fiscal capacity of those urban LGAs for improved operations, maintenance and infrastructure development. The Prime Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) is the Implementing Agency (IA) for the Project which will be done over a period of five years. The selected urban LGAs to be supported under the proposed credit are: Mwanza, Kigoma, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya, Mtwara, and Dodoma.

The basic objectives of this consultancy assignment are to:

Prepare preliminary designs and cost estimates for the LGA sub-projects and group them into two phases for implementation purposes;

Prepare detailed designs, drawings and cost estimates for the LGA sub-projects, package them into suitable contracts, prepare final bidding documents and overall time-bound implementation schedule;

Conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of individual sub-projects proposed for investment in the urban LGAs and prepare an overall ESIA report for the LGA investments; and

Prepare Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and where necessary, Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) and, in the case of Arusha, Indigenous Peoples Development Plans (IPDPs) for individual sub-projects and prepare overall EMP and RAP for the LGA investments.

Project Location

2.2.1 Location Map and Project Layout

Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal is located in the South-eastern part of Tanzania on the coastal line of Indian Ocean. It lies between Longitude 400 and 410 East and Latitude 100 and 110 South. The Council is bordered by Indian Ocean in the East and Mtwara District council in all other directions.


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Figure 1: Location Map

The layout for road sub projects especially Arterial, Collector and Residential Roads is presented in Figure 4


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2.3 Project Activities

The elements of the sub projects are presented in Table 1 Table 1 Project Subcomponents/clusters and scope of planned works

S/No Cluster Sub projects

Description of Sub-project Length (km) / Size

(m2, ton) /Capacity

(ton)

Elements/ Scope of construction works

1 Arterial Road- by pass- semi-

ring roads Port Road

Upgrading from tarmac to

improved Tarmac level 2.8

Bituminous surface,

pedestrian facilities,

storm water drains and

road furniture

Zambia Road -do- 3.7 -do-

Tandika Road -do- 1.1 -do-

2 Collection roads Kunambi Road -do- 1.8 -do-

Chikongola Road

Upgrading from gravel /

Earth Surface to tarmac

level

0.9

-do-

Tandika Road -do- 1.1 -do-

3 Residential/Commercial Road Morocco Road -do- 1.7

-do-

Boma Road; -do- 1.8 -do-

Indian Quarters Road -do- 1.2 -do-

COTC Road; -do- 0.9 -do-


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Description of Sub-project Length (km) / Size

(m2, ton) /Capacity

(ton)

Elements/ Scope of construction works

Mikindani Road; -do- 1.7 -do-

Luanda Road -do- 0.8 -do-

Senegal Road. -do- 0.8 -do-

4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter

terminal

5 Public parks Mashujaa Park;

Recreational parks:

construction of recreational

stalls

33,188 Refreshment stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence,

fountain, gardens, children play grounds, sport courts, tree planting,

water and electric supply.

Tilla Park; and

Maduka Makubwa

Park.

Recreational parks:

construction of recreational

stalls

4,687 Refreshment stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence,

fountain, gardens, children play grounds, sport courts, tree planting,

water and electric supply.

6 Solid Waste Project (landfill,

collection centres)

Solid Waste Project-

New Landfill

New l at Mangamba.

Solid Waste Project:

collection centres

25 New canters Collection centers, sand-block structures, cover with corrugated iron

sheets.

7 Solid waste equipment

Acquisition

Solid waste

equipment Acquisition

2 trucks Purchase of 2 refuse collection trucks, one cesspit emptier & one

bulldozer and Wheel Loader


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The project requires an installation of 107 street lights in some selected sub projects. That is in TANU Road, Zambia Road, Port Road, main market, central bus stand and Shangani Roads. The main project activities fall under the construction and operational phases as discussed below;

2.3.1 Construction phases

The important stages of the construction can be summarized as follows;

Clearing and grubbing within the road reserve;

Earthworks for roads, solid waste structures and landfill;

Underground works for roads and superstructure construction for waste landfill and street lights;

Surfacing of roads with gravel and asphalt ;

Clearing of overhead trees for equipment movement and installation of streetlights;

Transporting of borrow materials/ gravel and aggregate materials from as far as 10Km and 150Km respectively from borrow pits and stone crusher/ quarry;

Fencing of proposed landfill to curb scavengers and control blowing of light materials;

External earth works and demobilization such as landscaping;

Erection of poles and installation of streetlights; and

Use of concrete paving blocks as an alternative for asphalt concrete pavement for Mikindani Road to avoid heavy duty construction machine.

a) Site clearance and sub-structure

The contractor will clear works site by use of equipment or manual labour. The process may involve clearing of trees and crops. Also, demolition of concrete structures around Tilla and Mashujaa Parks will be undertaken. The old furniture in particular benches will be demolished to pave way for construction activities. The rubble will be disposed off or used at the site. About 150mm depth of top soils will be removed as spoil or overburden materials where structural buildings will be constructed.

b) Underground works and superstructure

Road activities involve excavation, ditching and leveling activities, which will be confined within the respective rights of Ways. Road works will equally require excavation, cuts and fills. About 1.5m depth of soils will be excavated for concrete foundation. Top soils and spoils from the site may be stored close to the site for other uses. Excavation of foundation for solid waste collection facilities will take place at 25 spots. Subsequently, the contractor will use a vibrator to compact the reinforced foundation and concrete columns.

c) Finishing works

The finishing works will include the following;

Plastering of walls at recreational Parks;

Painting of recreational facilities/buildings;

Fixing ceiling board and fencing;

Plumbing and electrical installations for the Recreational Parks; and

Cleaning of road surface to remove loose particles and debris.

d) Land restoration works and demobilization

Following the completing of roads and surface structures, restoration of land will follow to give the sites its original condition to improve scenery and environmental functions. Measures to control storm water along roads and consequently soil erosion will be


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implemented. Restoration tasks will entail the use of kerbstones, top soils/spoils, and paving bricks, paving slabs and planting of ornamental and shed trees. Subsequently, the contractor will engage in the demobilization process. The process will involve the removal of the camps/site offices, clearing of the working site of solid wastes such as plastics and metals. Backfilling of trenches will assume by use of imported and desirable quality soil materials.

2.3.2 Operational phase

The activities for operation phase can be summarized as follow;

Roads: Improved access and movement of vehicles on improved roads. Speed check by road signs and humps/bumps;

Emptying of solid waste into 25 collection centers by organized youth groups by use of wheelbarrows and carts followed by sorting and removal of waste by vetted trucks. Garbage trucks will subsequently offload the waste at the new landfill site at Mangamba area;

Lighting of streets with 107 lights to increase visibility and enhance road safety; and

Running of three recreational parks by Municipal councils. Access to play grounds and sports facilities by children and other people.

Water supply at recreational parks will be undertaken by Mtwara Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (MTUWASA) while Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) or Umoja Lighting which is expected to takeover supply of power will supply the required power

2.3.3 Workforce and Equipment

The construction will employ Project Managers, engineers, supervisors, skilled and unskilled labour. A number of people will be employed permanently to man the new landfill and recreational centers. Additional people will be engaged to maintain road infrastructures and solid waste facilities including operation of equipment. The information about the exactly the number of people to be employed at various phases of the project is yet to be worked out, it will be worked out at later stage of project preparation.

2.4 Project Design

The detail design for the project components has not been completed. However it is expected to observe the following features/dimensions;

Road works will be generally be confined within the existing road reserves;

The project will be implemented close to road utility areas; Power transmission lines (TANESCO), water pipes (MTUWASA), and gas pipes for ARTUMAS. Also, fuel pipelines owned by BP and Oil Com. The gas pipes are buried 1.0-1.8M below the ground surface;

The project will install side road structures to control storm water. Also drainage canals at proposed landfill to control run off downstream; and

During construction phase, the development may include workshops and temporary shelters with sanitary facilities for construction team. Other accessory structures are traps and drainage system for waste oils.

2.5 Project requirements and products

The materials and equipment which will be required under the construction and operational phases of the project are presented below;


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Construction phase In developing the project, the proponent is committed to use materials, which are environmentally acceptable. The construction of infrastructures and associated buildings (roads, walls, beams, columns) will require the use of soil /earth materials, blocks, sand, concrete aggregates, asphalt, and timber. The equipment, which will be used at the construction sites, will include;

Heavy construction plants like bulldozers, graders, wheel loader, vibrators etc;

Hauling trucks;

Trans mixer trucks;

Water tanks;

Concrete vibrators;

Trucks for material haulage; and

Cable stringing tensioners for streetlights.

Ready mixed concrete will be brought to the site by trans-mixer trucks. At the end of construction phase, the contractor will use kerbstones, top soils/spoils, and paving bricks, paving slabs and live plants for landscape restoration.

Operational phase During the operation phase, little materials will be used as input to run or service the project. For instance maintenance works such as, replacement of lights by use of incandescent bulbs. Asphalts and concrete mix will be used to repair roads and storm water drains respectively.

Project materials and products/ by-products The project is not expected to generate hazardous materials, which are toxic to human beings. Wastewater and liquid waste may be generated from washing rooms or toilets at recreational parks. Likewise, solid waste may be generated by users of roads and at recreational facilities. Potential risks lie with proposed landfill and solid waste collection centers if solid waste management is not undertaken properly e.g. burning of refuse, a practice which should be avoided. The quantity of waste which may be generated during construction and operational phases say for recreational park and landfill is not yet determined. However, is expected to correspond to number of users and population growth for the municipal council. However, today the quantity of waste generated by Mtwara Mikindani council is 170 tons/day. The information about the exactly amount of water to be used by different phases of the project is not available but will be worked out at later stage of project preparation. However, MTWASA is committed to supply sufficient amount of water for sub-projects construction and operation. The water sources are Mchuchu and Manga within Mtwara Municipality. Stockpiles (earth material) for construction purpose will be sourced from approved borrow pits at Chikayoa (Mikindani) and Mangowela, Misri (Mtwara Municipality). Sand will be sourced from Moma along Newala road and within Mtwara-Mikindani town. Rock material or aggregates will be sourced from Chipite in Masasi district and Kikwetu in Lindi region. The amount required for each material is not available yet but will appear under the Bill of Quantities (BOG) which is a separate report


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Construction timber if required will be purchased by contractor from licensed timber dealer. The project restricts the use of protected species including mangrove poles at all construction sites and will promote the use of steel and concrete members such as concrete culverts and supporting structures.

Testing and Commissioning The subproject and associated facilities will undergo safety tests before commissioning for use. The purpose is to make sure the facilities and equipment meets the design tests. The subprojects/facilities include the following;

Bull dozers for the landfill;

Street lights; and

Electrical and water equipment or facilities at recreational parks if applicable. Following the installation and connection of power system or circuits, testing for streetlights and overall electrical functions at the recreational parks and landfill, will be done by inspection engineers. This will involve emergency shut-off switch and emergency alarms before commissioning of the recreational park.

Operation and Maintenance Regular maintenance; oiling and replacement of worn out parts will be conducted on regular basis for liquid and solid waste equipment. The land fill will need protection regular inspection of fence to prevent scavenging.


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3 POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1 National Policies

3.1.1 National Environment Policy (1997)

National Environmental Policy (NEP, 1997) is the main policy document governing environmental management in the country. The policy addresses environmental issues as both natural and social concerns, and adopts key principles of sustainable development. The policy has also proposed framework environmental legislation to take account of the numerous agencies of Government involved in regulating various sectors. Thus, the policy provides strategic plans on environmental management at all levels. It provides approach for mainstreaming environmental issues for decision-making and defining sector policy action plans. In regards to environmental management and protection the policy identifies six key problem areas as:

Land degradation;

Lack of access to good quality water;

Environmental pollution;

Loss of wildlife habitat and biodiversity;

Deterioration of aquatic ecosystems; and

Deforestation.

The policy requires EIA to be mandatory for all development projects likely to have significant

environmental impacts. The intention is to ensure that development projects are

implemented in an economically sustainable manner while safeguarding environmental and

social issues for the benefit of the present and future generations.

Relevance to the project:

The project will be required to address policy objectives by ensuring that environmental

degradation / pollution is minimized during implementation of sub projects, which have are

expected to have impacts.

3.1.2 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997)

The number and nature of guidelines that constitute Tanzania Agricultural and Livestock policy is complex. However, the overall aim is to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and facilitate broad-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. The major theme is the conversion of land into an economic asset to which all citizens should have equal access, especially in response to the vulnerability of smallholders and livestock keepers who do not produce a surplus. The focus is therefore on the commercialization of agriculture to increase income levels and alleviate poverty.


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On the other hand, land occupiers are required to develop land use plans where by a certain amount of land is set aside for livestock grazing while the area for agriculture is also categorized. This is done to minimise conflict between farmers and livestock keepers. It has also an advantage in relation to proper land management and conservation. However, during the study it was observed that the land use plan has been interfered and in some places it does not exist at all. Generally absence of land use plans lead to problems and conflicts between different land users and during project intervention. Relevance to the project:

Most of the subprojects (roads, a landfill and a parking area) and are on existing sites in urban areas. Therefore no major specific issues regarding agriculture land are expected to for the proposed works.

3.1.3 National Transport Policy (2003)

The policy vision is to have efficient and cost effective domestic and international transport services, while at the same time maintaining maximum safety and minimum environmental degradation. The policy emphasizes on having bitumen roads for all trunk roads but at the same time ensure regional and district roads are sufficiently rehabilitated and maintained to ensure smooth traffic flow. The policy recognizes the importance of involving the private sector and local communities in the planning and rehabilitation of the road that pass within their areas. The policy wants urban residents to contribute towards maintenance of the road in their areas through direct involvement or through user charges. It wants the design of residential area to be done in tandem with provision of adequate transport infrastructure to ensure security, safety and comfortably to pedestrians and cyclists by providing them with dedicated lanes, especially in urban areas. The policy promotes / supports ongoing programs by encouraging improvement of transport infrastructure and services to inaccessible parts of the country. It requires people to influence land use planning and settlement patterns to achieve easy access to amenities. It discourages the use of road reserve to prevent smooth flow of traffic and future road expansion. The policy recognizes the need to provide urban transport that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. It recognizes the importance of providing sewerage and drainage systems when developing road infrastructure. The policy calls for timely and adequate road maintenance to avoid flooding and damage to infrastructure and road pavement. Thus, the policy calls for:

Reduction of traffic generated pollution;

Enhancement of traffic safety and management;

Promoting environmental awareness;

Strengthening human resource development; and

Provision of adequate and comprehensive drainage system during design, and Maintenance of urban road infrastructure.

Relevance to the project

The policy is relevant to this project because the road infrastructure project which is addressed in the policy as one of the important transport infrastructures and reduction of unnecessary traffic jam in the city. Thus, to address the policy objectives the project management would be required to adhere to the relevant issues outlined in the policy regarding the road infrastructure development.


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3.1.4 National Land Policy (1995)

The National Land Policy of 1995 (Revised in 1997) recognizes the need for protecting environmentally sensitive areas. The policy emphasizes on the protection of environment and natural ecosystems from pollution, degradation and physical destruction. In addition, the policy recognizes the importance of social services such as water, roads, energy and solid waste management for environmental protection. It also identifies the need for conservation and preservation of prehistoric/historic sites and buildings.


This policy is relevant to the subprojects and the design and project management will need to ensure protection of existing social services, proper disposal of solid wastes (landfill design) and suitable landscape works (design of bus/lorry parking area).

3.1.5 National Water Policy(2002)

National water policy objective is to develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable management of the national water resources. In this case the policy recognizes the need to protect water sources against pollution and environmental degradation. The policy recognizes the role of road transport system as one of the effective tool in the implementation of water resource management activities.


The road project could result into degradation of water source for instance if proper drainage and disposal of storm water is not designed and executed properly. In this case the designs and project management need to ensure water sources (including streams, which ultimately flow into the water sources) are suitably protected to minimize impacts during construction and operation of the sub projects.

3.1.6 Energy Policy of Tanzania(1992)

Objective of this policy is to provide input into development process through the establishment of an efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution with its end resulting in an environmentally sound exploitation of available resources. Energy policy recognizes the critical role of energy in all sub-sectors of economy, including road sector and electricity infrastructures. It underscores importance of having sufficient supply and efficient use of energy in order to realize sustainable development and satisfy basic needs of the society. This policy also recognizes the relationship between road condition and fossil fuel consumption energy by vehicles, which is one of the important sources of energy in the country. Therefore, the policy recognizes the need to rehabilitate roads to minimize fuel consumption.


The policy is relevant to this project because the road transportation relies on fossil fuel,

which is the major source energy supply in the transport sector. However, poor road

condition may lead into increased consumption of fuel, with low efficiency. Poor road

condition also leads into increased emission of exhaust fumes due to overworking of vehicle


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engines. It is expected that city roads improvement will ensure efficient use of energy

resource is being used efficiently in an environmentally sound manner. Within the proposed

road reserved areas there are electricity poles of which will need to be relocated to maintain

lighting energy for the people.

3.1.7 National Gender Policy (1999)

Main objective of this policy is to provide guidelines to ensure gender sensitive plans,

programs and strategies in all sectors and institutions. The policy gives emphasis on gender

equality with its aims at establishing strategies on poverty eradication through ensuring that

both women and men get access to existing resources for their development. It values the

role played by women in bringing about development in the society.

Road sector is also highly committed to gender mainstreaming at all levels, through provision

of equal opportunities to both men and women in road works and related activities.


The policy requires the project management to ensure that gender issues are given

emphasis. It also requires that women and men be given equal employment opportunities in

the project, whenever possible.

3.2 Tanzania Legal Framework

The following legal documents and acts have been reviewed within this section.

The EIA and Audit Regulations (2005);

Public Health Ordinance Cap. 336 (1956);

By-laws for Mtwara-Mikindani Town;

The Contractors Registration Act Cap 235;

The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 6 (2004);

The Workman Compensation Act ;

Explosives Act, 538;

The Engineers Registration Act Cap 63;

The Occupational Health and Safety Act No 5 (2003); and


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Presented below are regulations, which are relevant to the proposed project.

Act Responsible Ministry

or Sector/Authority

Specific Measures applicable to the proposed project

The EIA and

Audit

Regulations

(2005)

Vice presidents‟ Office/

NEMC

The regulations provide the basis for undertaking EIAs and

Environmental Audits for various types of development projects with

significant environmental impacts.

It also outline step[s to be followed in carrying out EIA such as; Project

registration, scoping and full EIA.

This regulation is relevant to the proposed project as the sub-project are

put under category of project, which are mandatory for EIA. Therefore,

the stipulated steps have been observed.

Environmental

Management

(EMA) of 2004

Vice presidents‟ Office Overall, it speaks for sustainable management of environment protection

of environmental pollution. It is against discharge of effluent from any

commercial, industrial, or other trade wastes systems into receiving

waters without a consent duly granted by an authorized Water Officer.

This regulation is relevant to the proposed project as far as safeguard to

environment such as waste water pollution is concern.

Public Health

(Sewerage and

Drainage)

Ordinance Cap.

336 (1956)

Ministry of Health, local

governments and Water

and Sewerage

Authorities

The ordinance deals with various conditions regarding the regulations of

sewerage and drainage systems.

For example against poor disposal of sewerage, chemical effluent and

hot materials into natural water courses and environment and

subsequently risking human health.

The proposed project is therefore obliged to comply with the requirement

of this regulation in particular measures against pollution of natural

surface and underground water resource.

The Contractors

Registration Act

Cap 235

Contractors Registration

Board

The law requires the contractors to ensure that all construction sites

abide to the laws of occupational health and safety in the construction

sites. The contractors should also comply to; To maintain and provide

site workers with proper PPE.

To register all accidents and its causes at construction site.

Ensure access to fire-fighting equipment and hygienic facilities on site

This Act requires all construction contracts to be executed by registered

companies and entitled class in respect to the project size

By-laws for

Mtwara-

Mikindani

Municipal City

Mtwara-Mikindani District The by-laws specifications in relations to management of proper

management of landscape, natural environment of forests and marine

ecology. In addition it emphasis the need for conservation of local

heritage values and historical sites. General it is about environmental

sustainability.

The proposed project is obliged to observe the by-laws of Mtwara-

Mikindani town especially protection of trees and landscape.

Explosives Act,

No. 538

Ministry of Infrastructure

Development. Ministry of

Energy and Minerals

The law requires all persons using explosives in their activities to

possess an explosive licence.

The act is applicable for the proposed project especially if explosives are

used during excavation works. There may be a possibility to use of

explosives for their extraction.

The Antiquities

Act, 1964

Director of Antiquities in

the Ministry of

Information, Culture and

Sports

The act seeks to protect areas with archaeological significance. It restricts collection and export of ethnographic objects without the permit from relevant authority. Mikindani historical buildings fall under this Act as advised by the council. Therefore, the historical values should be protected during implementation of road, solid waste and bus terminal projects.

The OSHA, Ministry of The Act deals with the regulation of health, safety and welfare of workers


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Occupational

Health and

Safety Act No. 5

, 2003.

Labour, Employment and

Youth Development

in factories and workplaces. It requires the project contractors to provide

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to workers at the site to protect

them from accidents and health hazard.

The project developer is duty bound to register the work place and

submit the building plan of the proposed project to the Chief Inspector of

OSHA for the approval. This regulation is relevant to the proposed

project.

The

Employment

and Labour

Relations Act

(2004)

Ministry of Labour,

Employment and Youth

Development

The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 repealed the

Employment Ordinance Cap 366. It speaks about restriction of child

labour and stipulates the employment age limits. The Act sets the basic

minimum age for employment at 12 years of age and requires that 12 to

14 year old child workers receive a daily wage, work on a day-to-day

basis, are provided transportation home each evening, and obtain

permission to work from their parents. It restricts children from working in

dangerous or injurious places as well as in many industrial occupations.

This Act is relevant to the proposed project to safeguard children

employment.

The Workmen‟s

Compensation

Act (2002)

Ministry of Labour,

Employment and Youth

Development

The Workmen‟s Compensation Act Cap 263 the amendment of 2002

makes provisions of compensation or benefits as result of injuries or

diseases or death at work place. However, the legislation is undergoing

reform to make it encourage the prevention of accidents instead of

compensation. The contractors of the project should observe this

regulation as it speaks about compensation of workers who may be

injured at work place.

The Contractors

Registration Act

Cap 235, 1997.


Board, Ministry of

Infrastructure

Development Ministry of

Labour, Employment and

Youth Development


t

It requires the contractors to ensure that all construction sites abide to

the laws of occupational health and safety in the construction. These

include the Contractors Registration By-laws 1999. The By-laws

administered by Contractors Registration Board govern contractors to

legally do as follows:

to maintain and provide site workers with proper PPE.

to register all accidents and its causes at construction site.

to provide site workers with PPE.

Ensure access to fire-fighting equipment and hygienic facilities

on site.

This Act requires all construction contracts to be executed by registered

companies and entitled class in respect to the project size. This

regulation is applicable to the proposed project

3.3 International Agreements and policies

3.3.1 Environment agreements and conventions

Tanzania is a party to several international agreements and conventions relating to the environment. Agreements of potential relevance for the proposed project and its sub-projects are briefly mentioned below.

Tanzania has ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention); and

Tanzania has additionally signed the Climatic change Conventions, The United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997)

3.3.2 World Bank (WB) / International Bank Policies

The World Bank‟s set of safeguard policies consists of a number of Operational Policies (OP), Operational Directives (OD), and Bank Procedures, which are considered particularly


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important in ensuring that Bank supported projects, are environmentally acceptable and that negative environmental and social impacts are minimized or mitigated.

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) in October 1998

The policy requires Environmental Assessment to be undertaken of all supported projects to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and to improve the basis for decision making.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) in June 1990

The Bank‟s policy on involuntary resettlement advocates the following:

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimised, exploring all viable alternative project designs;

Measures to avoid resettlement and provision of sufficient investment resources to enable displaced people to share project benefits.

Meaningful consultation of affected persons and participation in planning and implementation in resettlement programs; and

Provision of assistance to people affected by the project (PAPs) to improve and restore livelihoods /standards of living.

Cultural Property (OP 4.11), September 1996

The policy aims to ensure that projects contribute to the preservation of cultural property and seeks to avoid their elimination. If projects cannot avoid negative effects on cultural property, the policy requires mitigation activities to be undertaken to limit adverse impacts as far as possible.

Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.20), September 19991

This operational directive is intended to ensure that indigenous peoples and ethnic minority groups are consulted and benefit from World Bank funded operations in a culturally appropriate way, and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimised or mitigated.

OP 7.50 Projects in International Water

The objective is to ensure that Bank-financed project affecting international waterways would not affect relations between the bank and its borrowers and between states and the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways. Contravention occurs if any river, canal or body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states; any tributary; or any bay, gulf straight or channel bounded by two or more states is affected.

OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

This policy ensures that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to effect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to be affect relations between the Borrower and neighbouring countries or other claimants; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the bank or the countries concerned

This policy will be triggered if the proposed project will be in a “disputed area”; if the Borrower(s) is/are involved in any disputes over an area with any of its neighbors; and if there is a chance that any component or sub component finance or likely to be finance as part of the project is situated in a disputed area.

Forests (OP 4.36), November 1998

The Forestry Policy aims to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable development and protect the vital local and global environmental values of forests.

Public Disclosure

World Bank policy provides that key stakeholders be systematically identified and involved in project planning and implementation.

The WB policy seeks to ensure that all interested parties can access information on specific projects.


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3.3.3 International Labour Conventions

The Government of Tanzania has ratified the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Consequently, it has ratified the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 59 (Fundamental Conventions, 2002) regarding the minimum age for the admission to employment. These are;

ILO fundamental rights of workers (1999)

Employers are prohibited to employ children below the age of 14 years. Children aged between 14 and 18 years may be employed to do light work, which is not harmful to their health and development. The work should not prejudice them from attending school or expose them to hazardous conditions. The Convention prohibits all forms of slavery or practices such as forced labour.

ILO Conventions on Occupational Safety and Health (1997/1996)

The conventions speak about protection of workers in the field of occupational, safety and health. It asks for measures to protect workers from the risks related to chemical, physical and biological agents at work. It speaks about the need to protect the working environment for example air pollution, noise and vibration.

3.4 Institutional Framework

3.4.1 Introduction

According to the EMA of 2004, the institutional set-up for environmental management from national level to village level includes:

National Environment Advisory Committee;

Minister Responsible for Environment;

Director of Environment (DOE);

National Environmental Management Council (NEMC);

Sector Ministries;

Local Government Authorities; and

Others are OSHA and GCLA. The Office of the DOE and the NEMC are the main regulatory bodies for environmental management in Tanzania. However, other sector ministries and agencies, play an important role in implementing environmental policy objectives. The environmental management functions of each institution are outlined under EMA.

3.4.2 National Environment Advisory Committee

The National Environment Advisory Committee is the top advisory body to the Responsible Minister and sector ministries on matters concerning the environment. It is comprised of members from various fields of environmental management from the public and private sector and from civil society. The members are specified in the first schedule of the EMA (2004). The Permanent Secretary chairs the body. Other members include:

Director of Environment – Secretary;

Director General of NEMC;

Commissioners for Minerals and Energy;

Representatives from the Office of the Attorney General and the Ministry of Community Development;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour


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Directors of sector ministries such as Local Government, Roads, Human Settlement and Health.

Chief Government Chemist; and

Representatives from higher learning institutions, civil society and the private sector.

3.4.3 Minister Responsible for Environment

This Minister has the overall responsibility for environmental matters, including policy articulation for promotion, protection and sustainable management of the environment in the country. Other duties include issuing policy guidelines to: sector ministries, government departments, NEMC, National Environment Advisory Committee, Environment Management Committees at lower government levels, and any other public or private institution.

3.4.4 Director of Environment (DOE)

The DOE heads the Office of the Division (Directorate) of Environment under the Office of the Vice President and is responsible for coordination, monitoring and assessment of various environmental activities. He gives early warning on impending environmental emergencies. The Director is responsible for advising the Government on policy and legislative matters and international agreements and conventions.

3.4.5 National Environment Management Council

The Council is responsible for enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of EIA. It prepares and submits bi-annual reports on the implementation of the provisions set out in the Environment Management Act. The Director General of NEMC is appointed by the President. The Council and the Board of Directors consist of:

A Chairperson appointed by the President;

The Director General – as the Secretary to the Council;

The Director of Environment; and

Seven members appointed by the Minister.

3.4.6 Ministries Responsible for the project

The Environment Section in each the sector ministries are responsible for ensuring compliance with the requirements of the EMA (2004). The sections are also responsible for liaising with the Director of Environment and the NEMC. The Sector Environment Coordinator, who is appointed from within the Sector Ministry, heads the Sector Environment Section. The Coordinator is responsible for the following:

Coordination of all activities and performance of the functions relating to environment;

Prevention and control of any activity likely to cause or bring out environmental degradation; and

Reporting on the implementation and enforcement of environmental provisions of laws falling under the jurisdiction of the sector.

3.4.7 Local Government Authorities

Local Government Environmental Management Officers are appointed by each City, Municipal, District and Town Council. Their responsibilities, among others, include:

Ensuring enforcement of the Environment Act;


22

Advising the Environment Management Committee;

Promoting environmental awareness;

Reviewing by-laws on environmental management and on sector specific activities related to environment; and

Reporting to the Director of Environment and the Director General on the implementation of the EMA.

The City, Municipal and District Environment Management Committees are responsible for functions set out under the Local Government Act. In addition, they perform functions as prescribed by the EMA and they may be assigned by the Minister to carry out directives related to the promotion and enhancement of sustainable management of the environment. The Township Environment Management Committees are responsible for the following:

Management of the environment within their jurisdictions;

Performing duties assigned by the Minister of Councils; and

Promote and enhance environmental sustainability.

3.4.8 Ward / Street Level

At the Ward and Street levels, there are respective Development Committees, responsible for proper management of the environment and other functions as provided in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of sub-section (1) of Section 38 of the Environment Management Act, 2004. In addition, there are the Environmental Management Officers for Wards and Street as follows:

Ward Environment Management Officer;

Village Environmental Management Officer; The Environmental Management Officers are responsible for coordination of all functions and activities for protection of environment within their areas of jurisdiction.

3.4.9 Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council

At the project level, the implementation of environmental management including EIA recommendations shall be handled by Mtwara Municipality. Within the Mtwara –Mikindani council there is a section dealing with Environmental Inspection. The section is also responsible for handling environmental management issues. The Municipal capacity for environmental and social management is indicated in section 4.3.32. Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council observes the national and international practices at large which have been developed and processes to ensure that the environmental and social impacts of new project are thoroughly assessed to ensure that potential risks are minimized. In particular, interfering with historical and natural heritage sites is a serious concern for the municipality and our stakeholders.

3.4.10 OSHA

The Occupational Health and Safety Authority or OSHA is a legally established Authority in the country which performs the role of inspection and advising the government on matters related to occupational, health and safety at work places (construction sites for bridges, roads, dams and steel structures).


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4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Stakeholder consultations are an important element of an ESIA since it ensures that all the interested and affected stakeholders are involved in the project. It also enhances collaboration between the developers and stakeholders throughout all the phases of a project. This section provides a description of the stakeholder involvement process conducted for the ESIA for the proposed new chancery building project. The process was conducted in accordance with the environmental impact assessment regulations of 2005.

4.2 Identification of project boundaries

Identification of boundaries within which the EIA process should be undertaken was an important component of the exercise. The identification process focuses and delineates the project within an area where impacts both positive and negative will be felt on the environment, economy and local community. Three types of boundaries were considered in the EIA process, which are institutional, temporal and spatial boundaries. An institutional boundary refers to defining those institutions and sectors with which the project interacts. The sectors can be determined from political boundaries, Acts, Regulations and institutional mandates and structures. Temporal boundaries refer to the lifespan and reversibility of impacts. Spatial boundary refers to the areal extent that the project influences might be felt. In some cases, the impacts of the project extend in areas outside its actual implementation site. This therefore requires defining both the core, immediate and influential impact areas. The core impact area for this chancery construction project is the project site where most activities will be concentrated). The immediate impact area is the neighborhood to the site that some of the impacts such as those related to moving vehicles and workers, dusts, noise etc will be directly felt. The area comprises the surrounding buildings housing several offices including a bank, hotels and embassies).

The influential impact area is defined as the one comprising areas where decisions are made. For this project, decisions are made mainly in Dare s Salaam regarding issues such as land ownership, construction permit and solid and liquid wastes disposals. Therefore, the main influential area lies within Dar es Salaam.

4.3 Stakeholders identification

Important stakeholders surrounding the project site were identified during site visits. The preliminary site visits were carried out in August and September 2009. The visits aimed at gathering adequate information on the site, its surroundings, preliminary issues related to conduction of ESIA, identification of spatial boundaries and preliminary identification of all stakeholders who will be affected by the chancery construction project. Whilst taking into consideration the project spatial, institutional and temporal boundaries, the following stakeholders were identified:


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Institutional stakeholders were defined as those with which their offices are involved in decisions that might affect the proposed new building construction project. They include the following;

The Office of Municipal Director

Local area administration / Streets (Mtaa) in Mtwara Municipality

Office of the PM-ORALG

NEMC

TANESCO

MTUWASA

TANROADS

Individual and group stakeholders referred to those owning, living or working within the immediate impact area that will experience the highest level of impacts resulting from project implementation. They include

ARTUMAS GROUP

Oil companies

Mtwara Port Authority

NGOS: Nyerere Group, MSOAPO and FOCONA Review of documents The review process aimed at collecting relevant information from stakeholders that will be affected by the project implementation. This was carried by experts in various fields including civil works, water supply and wastewater and environmental issues. Relevant information for the building construction project was collected from stakeholders‟ archives and other sources including the internet and libraries. The collected information from secondary sources included Stakeholder consultations Consultations with stakeholders during the Impact Assessment aimed, apart from acquiring information from their literature bank, also at collecting information on several issues related to the proposed project and its anticipated impacts as raised during scoping. The main method used during the consultations in August and September 2009 were interviews and discussions with relevant stakeholders A significant number of useful information was obtained from these consultations. Although no new issues to those identified during scoping were raised, the project was considered beneficial with minimum negative impacts to the existing surroundings.

Impact assessment The EIA process requires the use of registered EIA expert to undertake detailed investigations into the various impacts associated with the proposed project. The aims of the impacts assessment phase were to:

Assess the potential significant impacts imposed by the proposed project and raised in the scoping phase,

Suggest mitigation measures to minimize potential impacts and

Document findings into an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in order to inform NEMC with regard to issuing a final decision.


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The collection of information for impacts assessment was carried out mainly using the following methods:

Review of information documents such as the proposed roads routes, design standards, standard construction methods, policies, legislations, environmental standards to obtain published information from secondary sources

Consultations with institutional stakeholders involved in building development and service provision to collect useful information that could not be obtained from the available literature

4.4 Response of developer on stakeholders concern

In respect of the intended project activities, the stakeholders that were consulted raised concerns on a number of issues that need attention. The issues and response from the developer are discussed in Table 18.

4.5 WAY FORWARD

The information obtained during the stakeholder consultations especially the major concerns was included in the ESIA report which was submitted to NEMC for review. The comments of the revision of the ESIA report are incorporated to address issues raised to finalise the report for certification by NEMC.


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5 BASELINE CONDITIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter considers the baseline environment, for all physical, biological and human. Associated with each topic, a consideration is made as to the value of the resource which allows for the assessment of potential impacts by the sub projects.

5.1.1 Location and Land Area

The project components will cover part of the municipal area of 163Km2 of which 64Km2 is urban proper and 98.75Km2 is sub-urban.

The project site is located in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal which is located on the South-eastern part of Tanzania. It lies between Longitude 400 and 410 East and Latitude 100 and 110 South. The Council is bordered by Indian Ocean in the East and Mtwara District council in all other directions. The town is renowned for its historical buildings especially the old slave market at Mikindani. See Figure 2.

Figure 2 Historical Building at old slave market

The project components will cover part of the municipal area of 163Km2 of which 64Km2 is urban proper and 98.75Km2 is sub-urban.

The project components and activities are discussed under this section.


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5.1.2 Project components

The proposed Strategic City Project for Mtwara-Mikindani has 5 major projects that may be associated in the negative impact. These are;

Building and Civil Engineering Industries for construction and expansion or upgrading of roads

Development of beach fronts (Mikindani area)

Waste treatment and disposal (solid waste structures)

Municipal Solid Waste in particular the construction of Municipal landfill facility

Recreational Development like major construction for sporting activities

According to the EIA regulation of 2005 GN No. 349 of 2005, the proposed projects fall under type A list of projects that require mandatory EIA.

Figure 3: A solid waste collection center at Tilla Park

The main objective of the project is to improve socio-economic services in Mtwara-Mikindani town in particular improvement of road infrastructure, sanitation through collection of waste, welfare improvement by provision of recreational facilities for sporting and refreshment and security or safety enhancement through provision of streetlights.


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Figure 4 Road Sub-projects


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5.1.3 Physical Environment

Introduction The physical environment within the project area is shaped by its geographical location within central East Africa. This location and altitude has helped shape the physical environment influencing not only the land through the geology and soils but also the climate and hydrology of the region. All these processes and factors have defined the landscape of the project area.

The region can be characterised by its climate, the distinct wet and dry seasons playing a significant role in the regions hydrology and soil development.

Sources of Information The following sources of information have been used specifically in the collation of the physical baseline for the project area.

Soils of Tanzania and their Potential for Agriculture Development – Draft Report, Mlingano Agricultural Research Institute, November 2006;

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives‟ website: http://www.kilimo.go.tz.;

Tanzania Standard Topographic sheet 1:50,000 scale maps;

Socio-economic profile report for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality;

Physical field assessment/ Site visit and survey;

Marine data from Marine Conservation projects for example MACEMP;

Consultation meetings with Municipal staff and executives;

NGOs;

Private developers;

Contractors; and

Elders.

5.1.4 Administrative Units

The administrative situation within the project area it is important to understand the administrative system within Tanzania. The hierarchical system of local government is presented as follow:

Regional The regional administration is the highest level of local government within Tanzania. The regional authorities are responsible for the coordination of all the district development activities.

Municipal or District

The Municipal or district authorities are responsible for all development activities and permission to undertake any development activity must be obtained from the district or municipal director. A permit is required in order to obtain information or assistance from the director‟s office. This process helps to minimise potential misunderstandings through open consultation and informative dialogue.

Division Division comprise a number of wards. The responsibility of the division is to coordinate wards and ward development activities.

Wards Wards comprise a number of villages. The responsibility of the wards is the coordinate villages as well as village development activities. The wards also monitor all such activities which take place within the villages.

Streets or Village

This is the lowest level of local government and is where the development activities are conducted and coordinated

http://www.kilimo.go.tz/


30

The Mtwara-Mikindani municipal council has been divided into divisions, wards, villages and sub villages as follows:

Division Wards Street (Mitaa) Villages Sub villages/Vitongoji Mtwara urban 8 71 5 24

Mikindani 5 14 1 3

Total 13 85 6 27

As for gender, the Village councils for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality have between 15 and 25 members. As for gender composition Women must account for 25 % of the members.

5.1.5 Climate

The project area is located in eastern Africa and is predominately affected by air masses and weather systems from the east and the Indian Ocean. It has typical tropical climate influenced by Monson winds of Indian Ocean influence the rainfall in the area.

The town has bi-season climate, a hot humid rainy Season from November to May influenced by dominant North – East winds humid dry Season from June to October influenced by South-East Winds. Average annual precipitation is about 800mm -1000mm.

The highest and lowest monthly mean air temperatures are 27ºC and 23.8ºC in December and July respectively. Relative humidity varies between 87% in March and 79% in October.

Figure 5 Mean Total Precipitation (mm) for Mtwara Region 1961-90

Source: Tanzania Meteorological Agency Website Data, based on World Meteorological Organisation (Ministry of Water Development, 2004)

5.1.6 Water Resources

Hydrology Water catchment areas for Mtwara-Mikindani are located in the following upland areas; Mchuchu, Mtawanya, Rwelu, Mbawala chini/ Mkangala and Mbae. Others are Mkundi and Kisungule.

Geophysical. Part of the town is below sea level a phenomenon which causes seasonal flooding especially in Mdenga area/ Zambia Road and Kwa Limo area. As result the management of road is becoming difficult because of raising waters.


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The majority of watercourses within this area are seasonal and therefore are dry during the dry season. The main source of water is from bore holes. Because of the predominantly sand soils the area is well drained with little or non water logged, wetland areas. The hills on the west side of Mikindani/Jangwani uplands as catchment areas for the small springs at Mikindani

Groundwater forms an important source of water supply in the project area. Therefore, the municipality depends on water pumped from Mtawanya bore holes. The water is treated at MTUWASA water station before it is supplied to the population. MTUWASA is the water supply agent for the municipality.

The geo-hydrological findings indicate no groundwater (water table) for the depth up to 10m (end of exploration depth).

Water Quality As for quality, water from Bore Hole (BH) No 20/69 has high fluoride while that from GH No. 113/71 is rated as good.

There are number of potential threat to water quality in the project area is human population. Lack of sanitary facilities. Largely linked to lack of sewerage system and safe disposal of sewerage. The facilities are poor and infrastructure is not available. There are no treatment mechanisms for waste in the urban area.

Flooding and storm water management Flooding: In addition, there is risk in terms of storm water management or disposal because of flat terrain and flooding spots along the roads which will be covered by the project. The hot spot roads are Chuno and Indian Quarters Road because of flooding vulnerability. These are areas which will be considered as vulnerable to seasonal flooding during project development.

Management of storm water: The physiography of Mtwara-Mikindani makes management of storm water a critical issue. Some parts of the land lies below sea level a situation which is attributed to seasonal flooding. The problem is more pronounced at Kwa Limo Bwawani and Shangani area and it is affecting nearby roads. Mikindani area along the coast is affected by high tide which causes water to enter peoples‟ houses and the rise can reach 0.5m inside houses.

Contamination There are not records of existing contaminated land along the project area. Industrial activities are limited in the Mtwara –Mikindani because of inherent poor communication with other towns and cities and even neighbouring country of Mozambique. The petroleum deports outside the port harbour such as BP and Oilcom are well connected by strong pipes safeguarding it against possible leakage.

In general the proposed project does not comprise any large scale industry or potential sources of significant contamination.

5.1.7 Geology and Soils

Geology determines soils. The region has two geological zones and hence two geologically determined soils types. The first zone is geologically the coastal sedimentary formation extending some 125 Km from the Indian Ocean to the edge of the Makonde Plateau of Newala. This zone produces deep, well drained, sandy soils of low fertility and low moisture holding capacity. They


32

are produced from sandstones. Some areas give rise to marine heavy clay soils or verticals. Further, coastal limestone produces red, well drained, heavy textured soils.

The second zone geologically extends west of the coastal sediments. It is a zone of pre-cambrian basement rocks consisting of gneisses and granulites. Soils from this basement are variable. They are deep, well drained, red clays to the north of Masasi town. These are the best soils in the region since they suit best the upland crops of the region. South of Masasi course grained sandy soils occur frequently.

The project area lies on sedimentary deposits from Jurassic and lower Crestaceous. There is a marled extension of rocky limestone along the coastal line.

The coastal soils are sedimentary, well drained sandy soils with low fertility and low moisture holding capacity.

The cause of soil degradation can be considered under two broad categories; agriculture, fertiliser use. Evidence of some localised erosion was visible during the site visits to the project particularly around Mikindani Hills, notably associated with erosion along routes of communications (tracks and paths) and on bare sloping ground. Heavy rains during the wet season often result in the breakup of soils from the impact of the rain. This then makes them susceptible to being washed away over the surface of the ground.

Parts of the project (roads, recreational parks, street lighting and proposed landfill passes through areas with flat or gradual falling ground and depressions which are seasonally flooded.

There is considerable potential risk to slope stability at present associated primarily with nature of the soils (sand) and seasonal rains which may result in destabilisation of road embankments/shoulders.

The project area lies on sedimentary deposits from Jurassic and lower Crestaceous. There is a marled extension of rocky limestone along the coastal line. The soils are predominantly sand.

5.1.8 Landscape

In general the landscape of the project area can be characterised as urban or settlement with some gentle undulation and flats. The town is lines by stretch of sand beaches along the Indian Ocean.

Geophysically, part of the town is below the sea level a phenomenon which causes seasonal flooding especially in Mdenga area/ Zambia Road and Kwa Limo area. As result the management of road is becoming difficult because of raising waters.

Generally, the elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from the Sea level up to 50 metres. The topography is slightly undulating.

5.1.9 Coastal Marine environment

Patches of Mangrove forests near Mikindani Forest: Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora mucronata. These have ecological (erosion protection, breeding sites for prawns) and socio-economic (poles, charcoal) benefits to the area. Illegal felling of mangrove trees for poles and boat making.

Marine communities include; Sea grass beds found in the marine ecology. reef species;

Marine turtles of fresh and salt water

Birds: Shorebirds especially herons and egrets,

Whales such as Humpback are found in the nearby Indian Ocean waters.

Overfishing and destructive fishing through the use of dynamite fishing is reported to take place in the area. Turtles have been hunted for meat and shells.


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Other marine organisms include algae, sea weed species, crabs, fish and mulluscs.

5.1.10 Physical environment

The town is located on the coastal line of Indian Ocean with predominantly flat and undulating terrain. Elevated areas can be found on the gentle hills on westerns side of Mkindani. The elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from 0 to 50m a.s.l. Generally, the elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from the Sea level up to 50 metres. The topography is slightly undulating.

5.1.11 Gas and mineral deposits

Coral mining is taking place around Mikindani upland areas. The limestone is used for construction activities including roads in the town centres. A cement plant is being developed outside Mikindani which will be fed by limestone rock for cement processing.

Gas deposits and gas well at Manazi Bay, the extraction of natural gas is today taking place under ARTUMAS Company. The gas is used for power production which is sold to TANESCO for supply to Mtwara and nearby towns.

5.2 Biological Environment

5.2.1 Introduction

The project area is a designated urban development area and therefore no significant existence of forestry and wildlife resources that could be impacted by the proposed sub projects. The marine resources can be considered as the most sensitive part of the Municipality in terms of conservation. The marine resources provide food in terms of fish, molluscs etc. Any pollution in terms of hydrocarbons pollution will put the marine resources at risk. This mean that adequate measures must be put in the project activities /area to ensure oil and chemical if applicable do not find its way to the water ways and consequently to the nearby ocean.

5.2.2 Natural Resource and Protected Areas

The natural vegetation in the project area is secondary and most areas are today under construction or subsistence farming. The woody vegetation is dominated by cashew nut trees with little remnant of coastal forest which originally inhabited the area. As with the physical environment, the biological environment is affected by anthropogenic and infrastructural development. Natural habitat has long undergone modification. The present baseline does not include significant biological value, this being primarily related to the nature of the land use and habitat present. As such significant further degradation of the biological environment is unlikely.

A review of available information has not identified any protected or designated areas within the project area. Species of special conservation area such as Mpingo and Mangrove forests. The mpingo wood is popular for carvings and it a protected species in Tanzania. Carving by use of the Mpingo wood is traditionally a common practice among the Makonde people. The Makonde carvings which are world renown derived its name from the ethnic people of Mtwara namely Makonde. .

Mangrove forests (Mikoko) are found on the ocean shore near Mikindani but its habitats will not be affected by the project. The risk will befall if the contractor use wood from Mikoko or Mangrove forests for construction works. Illegal felling of mangrove trees for poles and boat making is common in the area. The marine ecology is inhabited by creatures such as fresh and salt water turtles, crabs as well as whales. The areas within and outside the town have low wildlife values because of long time inhabitation by human beings. Overfishing and destructive fishing through


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the use of dynamite fishing is reported to take place in the area. Turtles have been hunted for meat and shells.

Birds: The common birds found in the area are shorebirds especially herons and egrets.

5.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians

One purpose associated with the clearance of natural vegetation within the peril-urban area is with regard to the removal of habitat suitable for snakes. This is particularly applicable to areas in and around settlements. Typical snake species present within the project area include python (Python sebae), black mamba (Dendroaspis polyleps),Vine snake Imantodes spp, Cobra (Hemachatus spp). In addition other reptile species include sand lizard (Lacerta anglis), eyed lizard (lacerta lepida),common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), turtles and toads (Pleurodema spp). No reference to existence of rare and endangered animal species in the area.

5.2.4 Vegetation and land use

The large area of Mtwara region is now cultivated predominantly with Cashew nuts, but the vast majority of the land is still covered by natural miombo and coastal forests. In the valleys or depression you have tropical or valley grasslands. The current land use along the urban and per urban area of Mtwara Municipality can be considered within the following categories: Urban Settlement, Urban infrastructure, Open areas, Cultivated Land, Salt pans, Beach sands and Water bodies. Terrestrial ecology is coastal forests and shrubs. Most degraded because of extraction of charcoal and timber. Fleets of bicycles can see in the morning hours transporting sawn timber and charcoal from urban per urban areas to the town centers. Forest lands and resources have been remarkably reduced after extensive cutting and encroachment by urbanization. Mtwara area is famous for Makonde carvings which name is derived from the name of the name of the predominant ethnic group. The carvings are curved from black tree species use of Dalberguia melonoxylon or Mpingo is on placed on the list of protected and endangered species in Tanzania. Patches of Mangrove forests near Mikindani Forest: Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora mucronata. These have ecological ( erosion protection, breeding sites for prawns) and socio-economic (poles, charcoal) benefits to the area. The urban setting is characterized by planted exotic trees for shed and ornamental purposes. Some plots are planted with hedges and other plants.

5.2.5 Agriculture and livestock keeping

Most agricultural output, which occurs in the peril urban areas, is by small holder farmers hence subsistence. The main food crops include cassava, sorghum, millet and, maize and rice. Cashew nut is the most important cash crop. Sesame and groundnuts also contribute to the cash income of the peasant farmer. Coconut is important along the Coast. Mtwara region has chronic shortage of food and most food stuff is supplied from other regions. Horticultural farming is taking place in the depressions where moisture favors the farming even in the dry seasons. Subsistence agriculture outside the core urban area includes farming of cash crops such as coconut, cashew nuts, simsim and groundnuts, and food such as cassava, banana, maize, sorghum, rice and pigeon peas. The standard of livestock keeping in Mtwara region is very low.

5.2.6 Urban settlement

A large proportion of the project area comprises urban settlement consisting of business and residential properties. Existing roads includes sealed and unsealed roads.


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5.3 Socio-economic conditions

5.3.1 Limitations

Much of the information for the social impact assessment is based on secondary data. Many of the Municipality profiles are incomplete and/or lacking important information while some data for example demography or gender is aggregated. Much of the data, particularly that for population numbers, is old as it is from the 2002 population census.

5.3.2 Introduction

The human environment within the project area can be characterized as a sparsely populated settlements linked with a few roads, both tarmac and more traditional gravel tracks and paths. The economy of the majority of the area is subsistence based although sufficient is grown and harvested for some trade to be undertaken.

5.3.3 Population

According to national census 2002, Mtwara-Mikindani population was as follows: Table 2: Population Distribution by Ward

Population

Division Ward Male Female Total

Mtwara-Mikindani

Majengo Chikongola Likombe Railway Shangani Vigaeni Chuno Ufukoni

1,405 7,227 7,080 1,594 7,637 2,091 3,531 9,244

1,481 7,814 6,904 1,713 7,963 2,385 3,874 9,627

2,886 15,041 13,984 3,307 15,600 4,476 7,405 18,871

Total 39,809 41,761 81,570

Mikindani Jangwani Kisungule Mitengo Mtonya Magengeni

2,256 647 559 980 871

2,419 689 580 1,045 986

4,675 1,336 1,139 2,025 1,857

Total 5,313 5,719 11,032

Grand Total 45,122 47,480 92,602

Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality has tried its level best to make sure that people are getting better services in various aspects such as water, education, roads, health, and so on. But these efforts have been hampered by lack of enough funds to support those activities. Source: National Population Census, 2002 The projected population for 2009 for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal is 118,285 with 58,145 Males and 60,138 Females. Growth rate is 1.3%. The Council has an area of 163Km2 or 1.0% of the regional area of which 64Km2 is Urban proper and 98.75Km2 has characteristics of sub – urban. The present population figures provide a population density of 726/km2.


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5.3.4 Ethnicity

The ethnicity of the project area is composed of Makonde, Yao and Makua and other smaller tribes from all over Tanzania.

5.3.5 Affected Persons / Communities

People living along Zambia Road in Mtawanya village will be affected to some degree by the construction works. These people will be directly affected including requirements for relocating their properties.

5.3.6 Socio-economic Baseline

This section provides an overview of the socio-economic baseline and setting along the sub-project locations/routes. Details are provided both at the district level and within each of the wards / villages affected.

Infrastructure: A network of roads within the Municipality, both gravel and tarmac. One key main road out from the south-North to Dar es Salaam(tarmac/earth). The boat or ships for transport to Lindi and to Dar es Salaam ceased to function some years ago. Daily flights are available between Mtwara airport and Dar es Salam.

5.3.7 Power supply

There is a network of power supply within the town. Power is supplied by generators which uses natural gas/ ARTUMAS PROJET. The town is connected to 132 kV transmission line.

5.3.8 Communication/Transport

The use of commuter buses is common within the municipality. Other Types of transport are ships, rickshaw (Bajajs), motorcycles and boats. Buses connect the town to towns. Telephone communication is available both through TTCL and the mobile phone network. Traffic accidents; Threats likely in all roads. Motorcycles and Rickshaws are fast emerging type of public transport in Mtwara and notorious for accidents.

5.3.9 Housing

The majority of houses is built of cement and burnt bricks with iron sheet roofing. The remaining is mud brick construction with iron sheet roofing.

5.3.10 Noise, Air Pollution and Dust

The project area, in general, currently has a low level of noise and air pollution although during the dry season and in certain areas higher levels of dust are caused especially along the earth roads. Locally some areas are subjected to higher levels of noise, notably along the main road network. The level of vehicle use of these is however low and the extent of noise pollution limited. The level of noise is low because of low traffic and limited industrial activities. Noise from the power generators of ARTUMAS is also low. According to the Tanzania Bureau of Statistics (TBS, the allowable noise levels are as shown in Table 3.


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Table 3 National standards of maximum permissible noise levels (dB) at work places

Noise level (Leq dBA)

Duration in minutes/ hours per day

Duration in minutes/ hours per week

85 8 hrs 40 hrs

88 4 hrs 20 hrs

91 2 hrs 10 hrs

94 1 hr 5 hrs

97 30 min 2.5 hrs

100 15 min 1.25 hrs

103 7.5 min 37.5 min

106 3.75 min 18.75 min

109 1.87 min 9.37 min

5.3.11 Education

Mtwara-Mikindani has 23 primary schools with 16475 pupils of whom 8195 are boys and 8280 girls. There are 249 classrooms, 46 teacher‟s houses, and 424 primary School teachers. By using Primary Education Development Program (PEDP), the Council in collaboration with available communities and other development partners has constructed 48 classrooms in past three years. Increased numbers of classrooms result into an increase in enrolment of standard one pupil in primary schools. An increase in number of pupils enrolled in primary schools directly increase number of standard VII pupils who complete primary education. Inadequate number Secondary Schools available in the Municipality limit chances for standard VII pupils who pass national examination to join Secondary Education. Although there are several efforts made by local people and government resources, need for better environment especially more classrooms, better and enough teaching materials as well as staff training are still not sufficient. Concerning to secondary education, Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality has 15 Secondary Schools whereby 10 of them are owned by government. Seven Secondary Schools are owned by Community and three (3) are central government owned schools. Five (5) Secondary Schools are owned by private Sector (Religious and non-religious). Among 12 secondary schools only six of them offer chances to local standard seven leavers who pass STD seven examinations.

5.3.12 Health Services

Mtwara regional hospital is in Mtwara-Mikindani municipality where by various services are provided, but there are other health institutions, which are run by the community, council and other stakeholders. Generally there is well distribution of health services within the municipality. Most of the people are living within five kilometers to reach the health centre. However services provided by health services available in the council are limited to the following drawbacks:

Inadequate number of expert doctors,

Insufficient number of ambulances,

high needs of referral hospital

Shortage of medicines and other medical equipments,

Deterioration of some of the buildings

Insufficient number of staff quarters.


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Health institutions are facing a big challenge whereby health facilities have been allocated in remote areas where infrastructure is a big problem. Installation of radio calls in these health centers is important for better referral system.

5.3.13 Burial Places

Mtwara Council has high need of burial places because the existing cemetery areas are full. Also these places are not well attended and there do not have fence to protect them.

5.3.14 Utilities and Transport

In this area there are urban roads and Water supply. Most of the houses within the municipality are not well accessed by good road. This situation needs to be rectified so as to improve the road systems within the municipality. Most of the roads need water drainage system so as to preserve these roads especially during the rain seasons. Also there is a need for street lights so as to improve the security of the users.

5.3.15 Income Municipality

Most of the Mtwara-Mikindani municipal council‟s income comes from government allocations as Government disbursements for subsidizing development activities in the area. The municipality gets its income from few sources such as:-

Hotel levy (Hotel Levy Act No.25 of 1997 R.E.2002);

Service levy;

Business licence (The law No. 25 of 1972);

Liquors licence(Intoxicating liquors act no.28 of 1968 and its amendments);

Markets levy;

Property tax;

Bus Stand fees;

Slaughters fees;

Taxi registration fees;

Crops fee;

Charges on refuse collection;

Fines;

Public toilets fees;

Tender application fees;

Rent obtained from Council Properties;

Fishing licence and marine products;

Advertisement fees; and

Containers fees.

Moreover, employees who are responsible for revenue collection are facing various problems such as lack of enough training on better ways of revenue collection, shortage of equipment such as motorcycles and motor vehicles to be used in revenue collection in various places, better and enough office equipments and so on.

5.3.16 Industry, Trade and Commerce

Having enough area for locating industries, enough labor power, and good source of power (electricity) etc all these have made Mtwara-Mikindani to be among the best area to invest both for foreign and indigenous investors. There are some industries such as OLAM cashew nuts industry, and other small scale producers, Some of the industries had been closed example soda, cashew nuts, and mattress because of problems like high production costs, lack of reliable markets for


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cashew nuts etc but we hope due to increased level of development on infrastructure sector, most of these industries will be re established.

Majority of the commercial enterprises are located at BIMA area, Maduka Makubwa, Bus stand and Mtwara Market area. Also there are trading activities in various streets. decision of GoT to make various reforms so as to simplify procedures of starting business by entrepreneurs has brought many positive changes. Many people have managed to start their business and they are developing successfully.

5.3.17 Communication and Telecommunication

In Mtwara there are about five telephone service providers which are: Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL) which provides both Mobile as well as land line services, Zain, Vodacom, Zantel and TIGO. There is Poster services,3 Radio stations, and Television service.

5.3.18 Fishing

Mtwara – Mikindani Municipal Council has coastal strep of 25 Kilometers, The average annual fish production is 320 metric tons. Fishing activities are done mainly at Shangani. Low fish earning is attributed by inadequate and insufficient years and vessels. These are total of 600 fishers and 320 vessels mostly bearing dugout canoes which carry 1-2 fishers, There are 200 basket traps, 5 ring nets, 120 gillnets, 2 long lines, 130 hand lines, 20 shank nets

5.3.19 Agriculture And Livestock

Council has a total of 9,000 hectors of arable land favorable for agriculture which is equal to 55.2% of the whole area of council. Among the 9,000 hectors only 6,757 hectors is used for agriculture.

Normally agricultural and forestry activities are practiced at subsistence (hand to mouth) level. There are no enough surpluses from those activities. Among the challenges faced by the municipality is the handling of livestock within the municipality. Some measures have been put forward such as encouraging zero grazing, keeping cattle far away from the municipality area and so on.

5.3.20 Water Supply

Mtwara Urban Water Supply Authority (MUWSA) is the sole distributer of water in the municipality. Almost 83% of the population in this municipality gets water within the distance of 400m from their homes. The distribution of water in municipality is of three kinds:-

Domestic water collection points

Clean water distributed by pipes,

Bore and shallow holes The municipality faces some challenges such as:

Higher need of water compared with the actual amount of water available. It is estimated that the actual amount needed is 12,500m³ per day while the production capacity is 8,769m³ per; day. There is the shortage of 3,231m³ per day;

Shortage of areas for treating water;

Difficulties in collection of water bills;

Destruction of water catchments areas;

Deterioration of water supply infrastructures;

Existence of many pit latrines in most places where water treatments can be done; and


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Need of developing Central Sewerage System.

5.3.21 Tree Planting

Tree planting Program was established in 2000‟s by the Government of Republic of Tanzania, The largest of the Municipal Council Mtwara was to raise and plant more than 2250,000/= trees ( 2000-2005) until 2005 the Mtwara Municipal Council had raised and planted 1,600,000 (ct a ratio of 320,000/= trees per year) . This was done by different stakeholders that included Mtwara Municipal Council Schools, Colleges , different Institutions, societies (Individual persons) and the like .

5.3.22 Tourism

A sole tourist attraction in the council is an Indian Ocean beach. There are good resting beaches but most of available local people do not have habit of visiting their beaches.

5.3.23 Institutional Setup and Capacity of Mtwara municipal Council (2009/2010)

The institutional set up and capacity is shown in Table 4

Table 4 Establishment and Strength 2009/ June 2010

S/No Department Required Staff (No)

Available Staff (No)

Staff Shortage (No)

Designation

1 Administration 102 92 10 Legal Officer II

Information Officer II

Sports Officer II

Municipal Inspector

Human Resources Officer (2)

Prin. Records Mgt. Asst I

Senior Record Asst. I (+ 1)

Record Management Asst II

Ward Executive Officer II

2 Community

Development

37 23 12 Community Development Officer II (12)

3 Urban planning

& Environment

45 42 3 Economist II

Land technician II

Senior Land Surveyor

Land Surveyor I (+ 1)

4 Road &

Services

42 22 20 Police Auxiliary ( 4)

Technical roads II (2)

Quantity surveyor II

Fire constable (5)

Surgent of fire (2)

Asst. inspector of fire (2)

Personal secretary driver II

Engineer II (water)

Supplies Officers II (2)

Education -

Administration

9 9 -


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S/No Department Required Staff (No)

Available Staff (No)

Staff Shortage (No)

Designation

Primary

Education

414 4i4 -

Adult Education 16 16 -

Secondary

Education

204 204 -

Health -

Curative

134 85 49

Preventive

services

33 27 10 Prin. Health Off. I (2)

Sen. Health Off. (+2)

Sen. Document typist

Sen . Security guard

Security guard (+1)

Mun. Med. Officer (HoD)

Health Officer II (4)

Personal secretary III

Dispensary 46 33 13 Senior Nurse

Nurse I

Nurse II ( 3)

Med. Att. I (+1)

Med . Att. II (2)

Sen. Med. Att. (4)

sen. security guard

security guard ( 3)

med.

Health services 56 38 17 Clinical Officer II (7)

Sen. Nursing Officer

Nursing officer III (4)

Med. Att. I (5)

Livestock 30 23 7 Beekeeping officer II

Livestock Field Officer II (5)

Agriculture 11 6 5 Agro technician

Personal secretary II

Cooperative Officer II (3)

Mtaa Executive

Officer

85 77 8 MEO (8)

Village

Executive

Officers

6 6 -

Ward Executive

officer

36 36 -

1306 1153 153


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5.3.24 Capacity requirement for Environmental, Health and Social Management

The present capacity for environmental, health and social management in the Municipal council in view of implementing the proposed project is assessed as shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Capacity for Environmental and Social Management

S/No Department Available Staff (No) Staff

Shortage (No)

Designation

1 Town Planning and

Environment

1 Environmental Officer (BSc.

Forestry &, MSc. Environmental

Science).

1 Fisheries Officer (Diploma)

1 Town Planner & Environment

(Diploma)

1 Environmental Officers

2 Health 3 Health Officers (Diplomas,)

1 Sanitation Officer (Diploma)

1 Environmental &

Sanitation Engineer

3 Community

Development

7 Sociologists ( Degrees)

3 Social workers (2 Diplomas,1

Certificate )

4

2

Assistant Sociologist –

Diploma holders

Assistant Sociologist-

certificate Holders

Access to the internet in municipal main office

In terms of internet use, the Mtwara-Mikindani municipal council already has a internet service at our main office. These efforts have been done because we believe that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays an important role in the public sector reform, including the reform of the local government.

The municipal Council is responsible for:-

Ensuring effective and equitable delivery of qualitative and quantitative services to the people in our municipality.

Promotion of economic and social welfare of the people.

Maintenance of law, order and good governance.

Ensuring, regulating and coordinating development plans, projects and various programs in our area of jurisdiction.

Ensuring the collection and proper utilization of the revenues of the council.

Making by-laws applicable in our municipality.

Institutional strengthening component

The municipal has conducted needs assessment under this component intends to strengthen the management and fiscal performance of the Municipal Council; this is one of TSCP component. The focus of the component is spearheading activities in the area of:

The technical design, procurement and contract management for council infrastructure development;

Improved assets management and O & M;

Enhanced cost recovery, private sector and community involvement in waste management and other council services; and

Improved own source revenue generation.


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Identified key issues/problems

Lack of enough competent, qualified and experienced staff;

Understaffing in the departments;

Lack of transport facilities, technical equipments and working tools;

Insufficient budgets;

Lack of routine/regular maintenance to the assets ;

Lack of regular training and short courses to improve staff performance capacities

Lack of an accurate Data base;

Lack of updated Council by- laws;

Few people/ community contributing towards the collection and transportation of solid wastes from households to the communal collection centers; and

Lack of information and education leading to low compliance.

Strengthening the municipal council management requires the following activities.

Recruiting enough staffs- there are departments that have shortage of staff as shown in table 3 above, for the year 2009/2010 the city has shortage of 153 staff;

Retooling- provision of the different tools, furniture and technical equipments will solve the problem of lack of technical equipments and tools facing various departments;

Professional training available on the education market;

Transport facilities- four (4) vehicles and twelve (12) motor cycles are needed for use in different departments in improving service delivery to the community;

Upgrading valuation rolls; and

Establishment of database.

The availability of qualified staff in the revenue section is vital. The council requested for financial advisor from German Development Service who is working, assisted by recruited local financial advisor as well as by continuous on – job training of motivated staff.

Expecting impact from the activities for the performance of the municipal council is:

Short-term impacts:

improved staff performance capacities;

improved working conditions and environment; and

reliable database.

Long-term impacts:

Improved service delivery to the community;

Improved economic and social services;

Increased surveyed , upgraded and planned settlements;

Increased own source collection; and

Tax payers complying positively.

Concluding the Municipal capacity:

If the explained gaps will be worked on as the council showed the intention of doing so, then the council will have capacity to manage the project.

5.3.25 Description of the Social Setting of the impacted Areas

Ethnic groups

Demographic data from the survey revealed that mixed ethnic groups are found in all streets of Mtwara municipality including the adjacent parts of town centers.


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Ownership of housing structures

Majority of house structures in the surveyed households are mainly owned by male. Data obtained shows that 71% of the owners are male whereas 21.4% are female owned property. Moreover, 6.5% of properties are under elderly children in the families especially after parents pass away whereas the rest 1.1% were managed by other relatives next to kin after parents of the affected families pass on. This can either be a husband or a close kin, a son, a brother or an uncle.

Household Composition size and education level

Dominant family structure is of extended family. Figure 6.below shows that about half of surveyed households (45.8%) comprise of 4-6 members followed by 21.3% who have 7-9 family members and 18.6% containing fewer 1-3 family members. Meanwhile 14.4% comprise of very large family size of 10 and above members in one family unit.

Table 6: Sizes of Families in the Study area

Moreover, the survey revealed that very few families have another household structure where they can shift in case any thing happen to one structure. Data shows 84.3% do not have alternative relocation area and only 15.7% are capable of moving into another family owned household structure. When respondents were asked if household heads live at the same house structure, the information obtained revealed that 53.4% of household heads live with their families under same roof whereas 46.6% live elsewhere in different structures. Further exploration on where the household heads live revealed that majority live in the same street or at neighboring street in the municipality, and few of them live outside the municipality.

Implication of the above information is that some male in the study area might be polygamous with more than one separate family unit to support. Experience drawn from other similar programs implemented in our country shows that some men especially those who are either polygamous or have concubine ties dare utilize income earned under compensations from projects like this one in unintended issues to fulfill their own desires without consent from respective wives and children. RAP need to address this issue before project implementation.

Maximum Education Achieved

Concerning to the level of education reached by respondents the data from household survey shows that 71.8% respondents have attained primary education whereas 19.9% did not attend any formal education therefore they do not even have basic knowledge appropriate to assist them in reading and writing. On the other hand 7.1% have gone beyond primary education to secondary level but very few i.e. 1.3% have attended higher learning trainings appropriate for specific skills


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specialization, 0.5% have been in one of technical/vocational trainings institutions and 0.9% have been in one of training colleges in the country. Low level of education of these communities connotes the need of building their capacities before implementing this program.

Working age and dependency ratio

Dependants mainly found in this area pre-school youngsters, youths at school ages and elderly people who are no longer productive. Analysis on working and dependency ratio in shows that one person support more than three 3.4 dependants in the community. As shown by Figure 6 below majority of dependants are children either at school age or preschool who counts 66% of population size of surveyed families whereas 2.6% are elderly people who are unable to produce. The population at working age comprise of 31.4%.

Figure 6 State of working and dependency groups among the respondents

Furthermore, more than quarter of surveyed households i.e. 27.4% have infants below five years. Data shows that there are more female in most of households than male. One of the reasons could be that many families are polygamous whereby men have more than one wife.

Vulnerable members among the affected households

Social study explored and scrutinized extent and availability of vulnerable groups in the communities and responses are as summarized in Figure 7 shows below, showing that 14% of entire affected families have at least one family member with physical disability whereas widows were 6.6%, those who had been divorced from their spouse were 3.8% and orphan vulnerable children were 2.5%.The findings show 73.1% had no vulnerable person in their families.


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Figure 7 Types of vulnerable members available in the communities

During public meetings the affected people raised issues regarding project‟s performance on economic empowerment of project affected persons. They also expressed their concern need of special care to the vulnerable groups to assist them to alleviate poverty and come out of being dependants in the communities. Such program can include provision of loans, grants, training on possible income generating activities and even scholastic support.

Main Occupation of Affected people

Socio-economic study results revealed that majority of affected people are basically small scale farmers with some involved in both farming and simple animal husbandry. Household survey data shows that the main source of income for majority as in most rural communities is small scale farming (86.8%) with most of them divided into permanent and seasonal crops. Also, there are 7.7% who depend on small business followed by 3.1% who are formally employed and 2.5% engage in other economic activities like hunting, handcraft artisan activities, and timber activities.

Economy of these areas is characterized by subsistence sector, with low productivity and dependency on rain and soil fertility. The economy/livelihoods of people along the road line include:

Household or subsistence crop production (agriculture)

Livestock mainly to meet household requirements but also for selling mainly chicken.

Harvesting and selling of wood for construction, block making are also another sources of income for the communities.

Small commercial businesses comprising of small retails and medium wholesaler shops.

There are also some hawkers who set movable assets along some areas of the street for business practice.

Land tenure

All Tanzanians land is a public owned property but it is given to people for occupation and development. There are diversified land tenure systems in the area. As shown in Figure 8 below, 54.5% of the affected households bought the lands from previous occupiers in either surveyed or un surveyed areas, followed by 22.2% who obtained land through government allocation. The rest 21.7% inherited the portions of land from their ancestors and an insignificant part of population (1.6%) were renting premises where they live.


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Figure 8 Existing Land tenure systems in the area

Regarding purchase of land right of occupancy, owners makes decision on size of land to sell and fix prices. Street governments witness the transaction and keep records for future reference. Implication of the above information is that the land in these streets has more value than it was in the past. Since there is no more land left for allocation to the increasing population, immigrants buy from indigenous landlords who have extra unused land/plots. Consideration on value of land is necessary during RAP especially for those who will not be able to relocate affected structures within their plots.

Livelihood

Main source of livelihood as described by the respondents is farming. Main crop produced by the majority is cashew nut followed by coconut and vegetables. Food crops grown include cassava, beans, potatoes and maize. Generally 98.4% of interviewed people own farms and only 1.6% do not have farm/plots at all. For those who have farmland, 87.1% of the farms are within their own villages at distance of 0-4 km and 11.5% depend of farmlands are on adjacent parts of municipal areas in one of the neighboring villages at distance of up to six kilometers and very few walk above six kilometers.

Sizes of farms owned range from up to ten acres. Majority (40.4%) poses 1-2 acres followed by those who own 3-4 acres (29.2%), 7-10 acres (16.1%) and 5-6 acres (9.2%). The survey revealed that about all farms (93.9%) are usually cultivated every year and 6.1% are for some years left without development for reasons like inadequate capital, limited/insufficient labour force at family level, deterioration of soil fertility, inadequate climate and limited technology.

Business engagement

Social survey results revealed that 38.4% of households had at least one family member engaged in business whereas 61.6% had no any member employed or conducting business activities. Concerning to the nature of businesses conducted by the people majority of them own shops (10.8%) and selling of vegetables and fruits (10.5%). The rest 7.7% are engaged in artisan handicraft activities, local brew 3.6%, selling charcoal 3.2%, and food vending 2.6%. All business activities are conducted on daily basis and they rely on village as their main source of market. However, most of these business activities are of small scale type in nature and they have little capital some depending on movable assets. For some families, business is not basis but rather a supplement to agriculture. This is done because cash from agriculture is normally not enough to meet household requirements.

Regarding categories of business owned by people in the area, Figure 9 below depicts a summary of affected business as expressed household respondents. It shows that 30.4% are shops followed by”genge” (25.3%) where fresh food relishes and fruits are usually sold. Also small restaurants (advanced teashops) consist of 15.7%, bars/groceries (10.1%) guest houses and houses for lease (8.4%) and even working offices.


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Figure 9 Nature of business conducted by community members

Considering economic activities of the people it can be said that the project will have direct negative impact on their sources of livelihood whereas the rest population who depend on services provided by these people will also be impacted in terms of distance and accessibility of such services. This project needs to conduct RAP study to minimize impacts experienced by the people.

Income Level of the people in the communities

Regarding household average incomes per month answers regarding livestock sales and animal products shows that majority (89.7%) do not earn anything from this source whereas 4.7%% obtain an average income of less than Tsh 100,000 per annum per household as an income earned from selling chicken eggs, milk or animal meat. Also two respondents sold their livestock and obtained between 700,000 and 1, 000,000.

Income earned by business operators (profit) is another source of earnings for the affected people. However, information collected indicates that income generated from business is not much implying that they were not ready to provide the information. Data shows that 69.7% earn nothing from business whereas 12.8% collected less than Tosh. 100,000 per month, 12.1% obtained between 100,000 and 300,000, 4% earn a range of Tosh. 300,001 to Tosh. 500,000 and very few (0.3%) earn more than one million.

As it has been stated earlier, crops are major sources of income compared to other sources. However, 42.5% households did not get anything from sales of crops last year probably all harvests were consumed at their families. The rest (23.2%) obtained an average of Tosh 100,000-300,000 followed by 13.8% obtain 300,000-500,000.

Concerning to expenditure per month the information obtained from the respondents is summarized in Figure 10 below. The figure shows that majority (46.4%) spend between 100,000- 500,000 per month, followed by 27.5% of households spending less than 100,000, 21.6% use between Tosh. 300,000-500,000 and 3.7% spend above 500,000 Tosh per month. Few respondents i.e. 1.9% stated that they don‟t spend any cash because they obtain everything needed in their families from farms/own sources and they cannot remember amount of cash spent on other sources.


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Figure 10 Household average expenditures per month in ‘000 Tosh

Household tenants whose livelihoods depend on the affected structures will also be negatively impacted by the road project. Renters must move from the affected structure and look for other alternative premises to carry out businesses. The RAP study must address issues related to tenants and if they will expect anything from the project.

Income gender base

Distribution of income among men and women in the area is uneven. Men own all major means of production like land, livestock and controls household income though main producers are women. On the other hand women are considered as a group meant to provide labour, just to be paid nothing but marriage responsibilities. Proper intervention is needed to assist women in the area to be conscious and eager to engage on income generating activities.

Community Social Services

Social services accessed by the communities were also explored. The results show that 20.1% of affected structures were not connected to electricity services at the time this study was undertaken and 79.9% were connected. Also, 2.5% of the structures were connected to telecommunication services and the rest 97.5% were not. Concerning to private water connections 11.6% were connected to this service but the majority 88.4% depended on communal water sources.

On the other hand almost all affected families (98.4%) dispose their solid wastes outside the compounds on informal facilities whereas only few families‟ (1.6%) disposes municipal collection points. For liquid wastes about all families (98.9%) lack improved drainage systems and very few i.e. (1.1%) families disposes on drained facilities like cesspit emptier areas or dug holes within farms/plots.

Health

Regarding health services very few (12.8%) access them at neighboring streets whereas majority (86.1%) access these services at their own streets within distances of 1-2kms (76.5%), less than 1km (21.3%). In the course of the survey, the Consultant learned that access to appropriate modern treatment was inaccessible to many community members due to factors including high costs of treatment since health services are subjected to cost sharing system. This incident is so much prominent in low income communities because cash flow is very little and unreliable, therefore they opt to go to laboratories for advice and then but treatments from pharmacies.

Water Sources

Water services for the majority (97.7%) are accessed within the streets as depicted in the Figure 11 below with very few 2.3% going to a neighboring street probably these are those living on adjacent parts of streets. These travel a short distance of 0-2kms (94.3%) followed by 5.6% who walk 3-4kms.


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Figure 11 Location of water services in project affected areas (n=1077)

In a nut shell it can be said that 99.8% of the affected villages access water services within 0-4kms which is nationally and internationally preferred level.

Location and accessibility to worship houses

Moreover, majority of the impacted people access worship services at their own streets Christian being as much as 95.3% and Moslem being 95.5% the remaining part walk to one of neighboring streets. Distance to worship places for majority Christians is 1-2kms (75.4%) followed by less than 1km (18.6%) whereas for the Moslem majority also walk 1-2kms (74.9%) followed by less than 1km (19.8%).

5.3.26 Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management

Water supply is provided by MTUWASCO. However, only Almost 83%of the population gets water within 400 meters distance from homes. The distribution is; Domestic water collection points; Clean water distributed by pipes and from bore and shallow holes The demand for water is higher than supply. In estimate the demand is 12,500m³ per day against the production capacity of 8,769m³ per day making a deficit of 3,231m³ per day. Piped water is benefitting enjoyed by about 87% of the population. The municipal lack central sewerage system supposed to take care of sewerage. This was supposed to be the responsibility of MTUWASCO. Instead, the population uses septic / soak pit and pit latrines according to URT (2004). The permissible waste water levels for Tanzania are shown in Table 8. The municipal lacks treatment facility for sewerage. In most houses septic tanks and soak pits area used. Emptying is done by Municipal sewerage truck, which has capacity fluid materials only. Pit latrines are also used in the urban and peri-urban areas. Today solid waste is collected by organized groups in particular those formed by youth. Nyerere Youth Group is the most popular one. They use wheelbarrows and carts to collect the waste from households and empties at specified centers for example Tilla open area for burning. Substantial loads are collected by Municipal trucks and disposed off at designated areas outside the town. The daily production of solid waste in the municipal council is estimated to 3,699 tones. Major sources are Households refuse, industries, market areas and retail shops. The collection is done by use of dustbins, pit holes and collection centers. Wheelbarrows and vehicles are used to transport solid waste to collection centers and Disposal grounds. Of late the town has switched from the old landfill site at Mbezi and moved to the new site at Mangamba. Burning is the method used to destruct the waste at landfill site.

5.3.27 Road communication

Traffic accidents are common in Mtwara-Mikinda town in Table 7 below.


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Table 7: Statistics for Traffic accidents in Mtwara-Mikindani.

Year Number of accidents Number of Deaths Number of

Causalities

2005 160 11 125

2006 258 17 144

2007 100 13 125

2008 91 10 162

Source: Traffic Police, Mtwara-Mikindani 2009.

Zebra crossings for pedestrians are missing. Also, the introduction of motorcycles and rickshaws as public means of transport is blamed for traffic accidents. According to road agency, the Right of Way for the road is today 30m. However, most of Mtwara-Mikindani has 22.5M. Encroachment of right of way is low. Table 8 Permissible limits for municipal and industrial wastewaters.

Parameter Units

pH 6.6 – 8.5

Electrical conductivity

Total suspended solids 100 mg/l

Sulphates (SO4) 500 mg/l

Dissolved Oxygen

BOD5 30 mg/l

Total Phosphates as P 6 mg/l

Turbidity 300 NTU

COD 60 mg/l

Nitrates (NO3) 20 mg/l

Ammonia-Nitrogen

Colour 300 TCU

Fluorides (F) 8 mg/l

Chlorides (Cl) 200 mg/l

Mercury (Hg) 0.005 mg/l

Total Chromium 1.0 mg/l

Chromium VI 0.1 mg/l

Oil and grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons)

10 mg/l

Temperature 20 – 35 ºC

Organochlorine pesticides 0.0005 mg/l

Pesticides other than organochlorines 0.01 mg/l

Source: TZS 860:2006 (TBS, 2006)

5.3.28 Tourism and archaeology

Mikindani area on the beach front along Mtwara-Lindi is rich in history and touristic values which is dated back to Arab and Portuguese era. Notable historical sites include the old slave market, old German Boma and the house where the famous explorer Dr. David Livingstone lives. Refer Figure 2 and Figure 4. It is a historical town with old slave trade market, Old German administrative


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building “Boma” which is now being used as tourist hotel. There is also a house which was used by Dr. David Livingstone, an early explorer.

5.3.29 Contractors for Road works and material availability

According to municipal and TANROAD engineers, the number of contractors is low and has poor equipments and capacity. They are ill equipped with safety gear and in recent years there was and burn accident caused by asphalt tank. Most of the injured were onlookers. It is the obligation of contractors to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS infection amongst workers as matter of policy. There are two borrow pits for municipality located at Mtawanya and Mikindani about 8Km and 10Km away each. These are used by TANROADS and municipality. Aggregates are collected about 150Km away in Chipata village. The crashing site lies on hilly area and away from human population thus minimizing effects of air pollution to people‟s life.

5.3.30 Housing Conditions

According to Population and Housing census of 2002, 65% house roofing, 50% walls and 51% floor of houses in Mtwara-Mikindani are constructed by use of modern materials as against traditional ones. Mainly, they are made of iron sheets for roofing, blocks or bricks for walls and concrete floors.

5.3.31 Safety (Fire)

Fire rescue services in the project area are provided by Municipal Authority, Tanzania Port Authority (TPA) and Tanzania Airports Authority. The department of fire services in the municipal is inadequate according to Table 9

5.3.32 Municipal Staffing

The staffing capacity for various departments in Mtwara Municipality is shown in Table 9.

Table 9 Staffing for fire department and others

S/No DEPARTMENT NO.OF

EMPLOYEES

REQUIRED

PRESENT

NUMBER

EXCESS/

SHORTAGE

EXPLANATION

Human resources

and Administration

134 132 -2 Senior Records Officer

position has not been

filled. Administration

Officer has been

transferred

Health and

Sanitation

108 93 -15 -One Pharmacist, One

Dentist, Ten Clinical

Officers, Two Nurses

One records keeper

Finance and

Trade

38 42 +4 No shortage

Works and Fire

service

38 33 -5 Assistant inspector 4

has not been employed

Agriculture,

Livestock and

Cooperative

15 13 -2 Two Agricultural Field

Officers have not been

employed


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Town planning

and Environment

13 13 0 No shortage

Community

development and

Welfare

14 10 -4 Two employees have

been transferred. One

post for Senior welfare

officer had not been

filled

Education and

Vocational

Training

438 484 +46 No shortage

Total 797 820 27

5.4 Summary of baseline features in the sub-project areas

The summaries of road of important environmental features that may be impacted by the proposed sub-project are presented in Table 10. Table 10 Project clusters and summary of baseline features

S/No Cluster Sub projects Baseline Features

1 Arterial Road- by pass-

semi- ring roads

Port Road ,

Zambia Rd and

Chuno

Residential Houses, Likombe dispensary.

Gas and oil pipes, side trees, Business stalls (Chuno Rd), sign

boards, houses, farm plots,

Open market at Port Rd.

Water pipes.

Trees and natural bushes.

Water ways blocked by construction in Chuno Rd.

Chuno road runs along coral beach.

St. August University along Port Rd.

TTCL and Power lines

2 Collection roads Kunambi Road

Chikongola

Road

Tandika Road

Town market at Kunambi Rd,

Planted trees

Drainage ways blocked by construction (Kunambi Rd).

Kunambi Rd is vulnerable to flooding effects because of

depression. Business stall/ Kiosks and sign boards.

Chikongola has a central bus stand. Tandika Rd has drainage

difficulties

Power lines

3 Residential/Commercial

Road

Morocco Road Beach front/ Marine vegetation/ Mangroves.

Morocco Rd has few houses on road reserve.

Ornamental trees

Boma Road; Passes near police quarters.

Business on Rd sides, Animal crossings.

Regional Hospital and Church

Indian Quarters

Road

Dense residential area.

COTC Road; Health Colleague at COTC Rd, Vulnerability to soil erosion and

storm water/rapid rain-off because of sloping terrain. COTC is

Unpaved road.

Mikindani Road; Historical buildings. Old slave market. Dr. Livingstone House. Old


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S/No Cluster Sub projects Baseline Features

Boma Hotel. Ten Degrees Hotel.

Road curves,

Ocean water crossing during high tide. Road culverts and water

pipes. People showed high HIV/AIDS worries.

Poor sanitation because of high water table and beach

phenomenon.

Luanda Road Nursery and Primary school location.

Business stalls, Hotels ( Mtwara Peninsular),

Senegal Road. Improved residential area.

Live fence and trees. Plain terrain.

4 Mikindani Daladala

Commuter terminal

Ocean water effect,

Along Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway,

High HIV and AIDS worries.

Poor sanitation because of high water table

Business and residential properties.

Water pipes,

Existence of big canal to the Indian ocean.

Mud houses.

5 Public parks Mashujaa Park; Muslim Masjid school nearby, Church nearby.

Trees, Mosque, Askari (Heroes) Monument.

Lies adjacent to Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway.

Tilla Park; and

Maduka

Makubwa Park.

Open Solid Waste Collection at Tilla Park.

Concrete seats at Maduka Makumbwa. Planted ornamental trees.


collection centres)

New Landfill Old farmland land with remnants of agricultural crops such as

cashew nuts and coconut.

Land under natural regeneration following cessation of agriculture

activities. Generally a flat land with low points or depressions.

Landfill boundaries not marked on the ground.

Temporarily used as land fill.

Solid Waste

Project:

collection

centres

Open spaces owned by municipality


Acquisition

Solid waste

equipment

Acquisition

Current equipment insufficient and old


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6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

6.1 Introduction

The potential environmental and social impacts are presented in this chapter. The proposed project is expected to cause negative and specific impacts on the physical and biological environment. The impacts will be realized within and around the site where the building will be constructed. Direct impact will be within the boundaries of the subprojects or clusters. These impacts are predominately short-term and temporary in nature and are likely to affect the human and physical environment. Impacts presented in this section are a result of field observation, consultation and prediction of impacts. Generic predictions of impacts are also presented at this stage. The neighboring community was informed about the project details through the consultation process. The study team obtained feedback about their concerns and feelings. Details of the consultation are presented in Annex 1: “Stakeholders‟ consultation”. This assessment is not considering an alternative to the proposed site because the selection is based on suitable potential options for development as judged by engineering side. Thus, the developer has made decisive economic commitments. For example, the develop considered a range of factors such as land ownership by municipality, engineering feasibility, accessibility by target community (recreational park), settlements and social aspects as well as environmental considerations.

6.2 Impacts analysis method

Based on available knowledge of the proposed project, potential impacts were predicted for each of the physical, biological and human environments. These impacts are those predicted for the project as per project design and plans. Where details have not yet been determined for the project, realistic assumptions have been made and qualified. The impacts may be positive as well as negative, they may be short or long-term, temporary and reversible as well as permanent. The impact assessment for the planned project has considered the level of the potential impacts, this being based on both the value of the environment and the nature and magnitude of the potential impact. It is important at this stage to qualify what level of impact this assessment will consider as resulting in a „significant impact‟. For the purposes of the assessment, those impacts identified as being major or medium have therefore been evaluated as „significant impacts‟. This is not to say that minor impacts will be disregarded, but that their impact, whilst detectable, is not considered significant. The overall level of predicted impacts, this being both positive and negative ones, are assessed as shown below.

Impact Definition

None or Minimum No detectable change to the physical, biological and human (social) environment.

Po

sitiv

e

&

Neg

ative

Low

A small but detectable and permanent change to the environment; or

A larger short-term / temporary change to the physical, biological and human environment.

Medium A larger, but non-fundamental permanent change to the physical, biological and human environment; or

A short-term / temporary large change to the environment.

High A fundamental (permanent, detrimental) change to the environment.

Notably, fundamental changes are those that are permanent, detrimental and would result into widespread change to the baseline environment.

The summary of impacts and their rating is presented in Table 13 and Table 14 for construction and operation phases respectively.


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6.3 Physical environment

Climate The project has no negative impacts on climate change because it will not involve significant generation of carbon emission gases. It is also not associated with extraction of wood from forest, which is sinks for carbon gases.

Hydrology There are no potential impacts on hydrology associated with construction of the proposed sub projects. The catchment areas are in Mchuchu, Mtawanya. Rwelu and Mkundi. Others are Mbawala chini/ Mkangala, Mbae and Kisungule Most sites for the subprojects are is not located near permanent surface watercourses and water points. Therefore, the construction activities will not divert water from its natural course or source. Hence, the sub-projects are not anticipated to cause pollution of water sources or affect downstream users.

Landscape and soil erosion Land clearing during construction phase will disturb the land but not likely to trigger significant soil erosion because of the flat topography/terrain of the sites. Observation indicated no visible evidence of vulnerability to soil erosion on the proposed sites. Impact on trees is discussed in the next sections.

Visual Impression The visual impression and aesthetic impact of the subprojects structures is a question of subjective perception and individual preferences. The proposed tarmac and paved roads and recreational parks might be perceived as new infrastructures and symbols of development like others in the designated urban area hence to be treated as positive development like others. The construction of propose recreational parks will have components of tree planting, Green gardens and pavement of pathways. These land use activities are considered environmentally friendly. Because of its blending effect to the natural environment. Therefore, the visual impacts of the proposed sub-projects in most cases will be regarded as low negative. This may be a permanent effect. Biological Environment


Construction works may attract felling of natural wood from costal forest and mangrove forests for sale. Road sub-project: Standing trees on roadsides will be cut to pave way for construction activities. This will take place during land clearing. The proposed landfill site is now largely covered by natural and farm trees. Part of this vegetation may be cleared to give way to construction works. The tree cutting effect is likely to affect the sub-projects of road, recreational park, Daladala bus terminal and solid waste collection /landfill. Overall, the impact is predicted to be medium negative but confined within the construction phase and project sites.


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Figure 12 Landfill site at Mangamba area

6.5 Human Environment

6.5.1 Loss of crops

The project is expected to affect crops which are planted along the road right of way. People have encroached the area for cultivation because some sections of the road have stayed unpaved and unmaintained for many years. If it happens it will cause significant impact to people. Therefore, the impact is limited to arterial roads, short-lived, confined within the construction phase and road reserve. However, this could only happen in the lack of precautionary measures. Overall, the impact is anticipated to be medium if adequate precautionary measures will not be undertaken. The impact will take place in the construction phase thus short lived and will be localised along the road right of way.

6.5.2 Loss of habitats/housing and land

About 55 houses will be relocated along Zambia road including a dispensary. Relocation of houses and loss of welfare associated can occur along Zambia road. These houses lie within the road reserve. Loss of such property will be a significant impact in the absence of mitigation measures. Additionally, the proposed landfill will be constructed at Mangamba on the 7.2Ha area which is now owned by municipality after compensation of original occupiers Figure 12. Human activities have ceased in the area since 2005. The area lies adjacent to rural Mtwara-Mtawanya Road and bordered by Indian Ocean beach. The vegetation is combination of secondary forest. There are also some abandoned farmlands with coconut, mango and cashew nut trees. The process compensation is taking place and original owners have moved away from the area.


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The area is surveyed and boundaries demarcated by us of beacons. The people‟s residence is within 300-400m from the landfill. People who used to stay in the area have been allocated alternative plots elsewhere by the Municipal council. Overall the impact is predicted to be high and limited to the construction phase and road reserve.

6.5.3 Storm water and flooding

During the operational phase, storm water flows due to creation of embankments/ impermeable surface along roads may occur. Clogging of culverts along roads will cause flooding of people‟s houses during rainfall. Mtwara-Mikindani municipality is vulnerable to flooding and there are areas, which are deemed as flood prone because of lying below sea level as discussed in the baseline chapter. It is thus a natural inherent problem. The storm water and flooding impact is predicted to occur during the construction and operational phases. However, project is more concerned by the effect, which may be caused by project development and to take precautionary measures against those. This impact is likely to affect area along the proposed for arterial and collector road sub-projects. Overall, the impact is rated as high negative and could occur in both construction and operational phases, and especially in the flood prone pockets of the town.

6.5.4 Wastewater and refuse

Workshop can be sources of wastewater and, if proper disposal and treatment is not organized, microbiological and organic pollution of the surrounding environment could result. Stagnant wastewater could represent sources for pests (rats, cockroaches) and the spreading of diseases and unpleasant odours. It will be important to ensure that any wastewater generated during construction is properly disposed of. The number of people working at site during the construction phase will probably be quite significant and the risk for serious contamination of surface and groundwater resources as result of workers‟ lunch boxes /food vendors (Mama Ntilie). However, the proposed project is not planning to construct workers camps but small site offices. Therefore the impact as result of wastewater is considered none or minimum.

6.5.5 Cultural Heritage and archaeological values

Disturbance on the historical sites/building in Mikindani Historical and Tourism town. The old slave market and Dr. Livingstone House. The construction works in particular excavations for arterial, Collector and residential roads, can directly or indirectly affect sites with archaeological, historical, cultural or religious significance. In Tanzania, legislation exists to ensure that sites of archaeological and historic significance are protected. Historical facilities include Dr. Livingstone House, Old Slave Market at Old Town of Mikindani, Old Slave prison, Dr. David Livingstone house, Slave market and a number of ruins and other old buildings with historical value. There is also a preserved history of slave trade for the coast of East Africa. The old Germany administration building is today renovated and serving as Tourist Hotel. Formerly it served as administrative building during Germany and British colonial period. The construction of the proposed sub-projects of collector roads and Mikindani Daladala bus terminal must be done with appropriate respect for sites of cultural and religious significance. During the EIA process, no cultural heritage values were reported within the target site. Overall impact in respect to these


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historical sites the impact is considered high negative and will be localized within Mikindani area.

6.5.6 Loss of income/ Businesses

These impacts may be significant to Zambia road but affecting very few people, road squatters who have make shift business structures. The impact is considered none or minimum during construction phase.

6.5.7 Borrow and quarry sites

Mtawanya borrow site is located about 8.0Km from the town center while the quarry is located about 150Km in Lindi region. Currently they are used by TANROADS and Municipal council. The surroundings are well drained. The soils at Mtawanya borrow pit material is predominantly sand which is suitable for construction purposes. Because of nature of the soils, possibility to form a water pond during rainy season is low. Notably however, the borrow pits and quarries are either approved or gazetted for the purpose with adequate management in place. The environmental impact associated with the sources for sand and aggregates is none or minimum.

6.5.8 Dust, Odour and Noise pollution

During clearing of vegetation and demolition of concrete structures, movement of vehicles and the operation of heavy machinery will increase the levels of dust and noise. The effect will be nuisance and even cause health problems to the community around the project site. The construction of works at recreational park and installation of street lights will requires nailing (hammering) and bolting to hold the iron sheets and pole members. Drilling equipment is important to make holes on the trusses. Compressors and vibrators if used to compact/ reinforce concrete will create noise. Road works: Noise and Air pollution due to dust together with exhaust emissions from excavations, breaking up, crushing, transportation and stockpiling of overburden and spoil materials as well as emission of exhaust fumes from heavy trucks, machinery and construction equipment. Hauling of aggregates from long distances may cause dust pollution. Transportation of aggregates and earth materials from borrow pits and quarries will likely result into dust pollution if preventive measures will not be undertaken. Delay in disposing refuse at collection centers is likely to create odour and become nuisance for the neighboring people. The ordour nuisance is confined within operational phase and avoidable if appropriate measures will be undertaken. Thus the impact is none to minimum. Overall, the impact as result of dust and noise pollution the impact will be confined to the proposed sub-projects of Arterial, Collector and Residential roads. Also, recreational parks and solid waste/land fill sub-projects. Overall the impact is rated as high negative and more pronounced in the construction period and localized within the boundaries of the proposed sites.

6.5.9 Social disruption and conflicts

Conflicts might arise from competition for business and employment opportunities and create influx to the project site. The possible effect is people looming around in a bid to find employment in the construction works. Second is the influx of business opportunist in particular tax operators and street vendors during the operation phase of the project. Therefore, the neighboring residents are worried that the situation will lead to increase of theft/ burglary cases and cause social disruption. However, it needs mentioning that the service was provided under


60

good gesture. The overall assessment on disruption of social services consider the project will result into none or minimum to low negative impact.

6.5.10 Traffic Accidents and disruption of vehicular movement

The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project as result of upgrading of infrastructures for transport. The positive impacts associated with the project include reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks. In addition, reduced accidents and increased safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads. However, there is risk for increased traffic accidents in the project area and along access roads as result of frequent movement of construction vehicles/equipment. The most vulnerable cluster is the Arterial, Collector and Residential Roads. Also, Mikindani Daladala bus terminal and solid waste collection structures/landfill. Apart from affecting the traffic, it may risk accident to young children and elderly people. The volume of heavy traffic slowing and stoppage at the construction sites can increase significantly during the construction and operation period. Typically, the most serious consequences of this are increased risk of traffic accidents. Disruption of traffic flow and increased risk of traffic accidents will occur during construction of roads and recreational parks in the town centers. The overall impact assessment on traffic accident shows the project will create medium to high negative impact. The risk lies most within the construction phase and localized along the proposed roadways.

6.5.11 Children Accidents at Recreational Parks

Traffic accidents: entrance for kids to recreational facility; will require speed bumps to check vehicles speed as they approach/pass park area during the operation phase.

6.5.12 Income and Employment Opportunities

Creation of temporary employment during construction is expected as result of increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food and other goods to construction workforce. The work force in construction phase will be comprised of the following team members for each subproject; Site Engineers, Foremen and skilled and non-skilled labour. In addition, there will be Project Manager and Quantity Surveyors. Skilled and semiskilled people will be employed permanently during the operational phase. For example, people who will operate or run waste facilities and equipment, and recreational centers. During the consultative meetings, neighboring residents accepted the project in expectation that it will create temporary and permanent employment during construction and operation phase respectively. A number of these are likely to be sourced within the Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality. During operative phase, the project will employ permanent workers; the source of these will depend on labour market competition. Therefore, all the sub-projector clusters will provide the residents of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality with important employment opportunities. The impact is therefore, positive low (if no adequate safeguard measures). The effect is spread between construction and operational phases.

6.5.13 Interruption of utility services for water, gas/oil and power supply

There is potential risk for disruption of public service utilities of water /power during excavation of roads, recreational parks and erection of poles for street lighting. Generally, this impact lies with arterial, collector, residential and public parks. Specifically the road reserves for Zambia and Port roads have gas and oil pipes on the utility zone. The potential for damage during road


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woks are high if careful design and sharing of information with owners will be undertaken. Namely the Artmus Group for gas and BP and OILCOM for oil pipes. See Figure 13. The rating for these impacts is as follow;

a) Impact on water supply is expected to be negative high affecting the sub-projects of Arterial collector and residential roads, also Mikindani Daladala bus Terminal.

b) Impact on power supply is predicted to be negative high and is a potential risk to Arterial roads, residential roads and Mikindani Daladala Bust Terminal sub-projects.

c) The prediction on gas and oil supply impacts shows it will be negative medium and more pronounced on arterial and Residential road sub-projects.

6.5.14 Human Health and safety

Occupational health and safety risks to workers due to exposure to dust emissions as well risk of accidents during operation of heavy equipment. However improvement is expected on health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management. This category of impact is likely to affect all subprojects of roads, Daladala bus terminal, recreational parks and solid waste collection structures/landfill. The impact may affect project and non-project workers. For example unsuspecting people e.g. pedestrians who may be burnt by hot asphalt or children who may be hurt by project equipment and open trenches. The impact will be localized with project sites and be more significant during construction period. Overall, impact as regards to human health and safety is rated high negative. It will be negative high. The impact is most likely to fall within the construction phase and to specific projects such as recreational parks and solid waste equipment during the operational phase. They are not expected to extend far beyond the boundaries of sub-projects.

6.5.15 Impacts Expected by Beneficiaries

As expected two types of impacts were mentioned that is positive and negative. Concerning to positive improvements, upgrading the infrastructure will play central role in improving socio-economic status and general open up of development in the streets. The stunning expectation on positive impacts of the proposed subprojects which was mentioned by respondents is employment opportunities and increased values of street assets. This was mentioned by about three quarter (71.8%) of the affected people whereas 19.9% mentioned comfortable travel and reliability of transport throughout a year, 7.1% anticipated that road improvement will enhance business expansion and 0.8% mentioned reduced transport costs. Another expectation is increase in government revenue which counted to 0.5%.


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Figure 13 Gas pipes

Contrary to positive impacts of road improvements discussed above were the negative expectations as spoken out by respondents during the interviews. Negative impact associated with the road improvements were mentioned with loss of properties ranked maximum at 72.9% followed by road accidents (13.1%), environmental pollution and degradation (4.0%), family conflicts (3.6%), HIV/AIDS (2.8%), loss of social services (1.3%) and loss of income sources. Few respondents (0.5%) did not respond while 0.6% thought no negative effects on road construction.

6.6 Public Consultations

Public participation process recommended in this section takes into consideration particular aspects of municipal subproject, specifically its diversifications in various wards and streets comprising of diversified socio-economic settings.

Aim of Public Involvement

Overall goal of the consultation process is to disseminate Project information to project beneficiaries and to incorporate their views during the project design and while planning for mitigation measures, project management plan. This will assist the beneficiaries in discussing benefits and hazards of the project before its implementation. Specific aims of consultation process are to:

Improve Project design and, thereby, minimize conflicts and delays in implementation;

Facilitate development of appropriate and acceptable entitlement options;

Increase long term Project sustainability and ownership;

Reduce problems of institutional coordination;

Increase effectiveness and sustainability of income restoration strategies, and

Improve coping mechanisms.

An important element in social impact assessment is consulting with stakeholders to collect information needed to complete the assessment. In our public consultation process we considered two types of consultations which are:

Consultations with municipal council and other Local authorities; and

Consultations with communities along the proposed roads.


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Consultations were intended to disseminate project information and to collect feedback regarding project. Also they intended to collect information regarding sources of livelihood, living standards, and views and perceptions regarding to the project.

Reporting on the consultative meeting

During consultative meeting, respective street leaders selected a person (mainly street executive officer) to take minutes by hand written. These minutes later were scanned and annexed to the report including participants in the meetings. The minutes show dates of which these meetings were conducted. Every concerns and issues raised by participants are included in the minutes as well as the responses from the consultant. After every meeting, respective street chairperson and executive officers signed and stamp the minutes to make it more official document. The consultant also recorded issues, concerns and views of the participants to be included in the public consultation summarized in this chapter.

Summary of Wards and Street Governments Concerns

Almost all government officials at local level had similar concerns regarding the proposed project. They include the following:-

Streets conditions will change as a result of omission of rough roads accompanied by dusts. More visitors of different kind i.e. tourist, jobs seekers and employee will smoothly visit and even invest in the streets for different purposes hence facilitate availability social services i.e. more NGOs, health facilities, schools, transport facilities and security forces.

Employment opportunities to some people and add up on money circulation in the city. They anticipate that during construction the project will provide temporary and permanent employment to youth as well as women will be able to sell food to project workers, this will increase household income reducing poverty to some extent.

Interaction of communities with project workers and job speculators will accelerate infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS unwanted school children pregnancies and other related STI diseases. The workers will have more money than other street people, and their spouse will definitely be not at working site therefore some might engage into sexual relations that makes people susceptible to STIs. The impact of HIV/AIDS is predicted to be high negative and its effect may be lasting.

During construction phase robbery and thefts cases might increase because other project workers are not faithful therefore some of them usually steal materials and facilities from site and sell to people in the streets for cheaper prices. Some people from surrounding streets might also steal materials and facilities from contractors camp site.

Street leaders and district authorities should understand exactly what contractor is supposed to do in their respective territory. Also street leaders do not know their role in improvement of this project. It should be stated clearly what should be done and what they should expect from the government during and after the project implementation.

After completion of the project the streets life will be safer in terms of security caused by street lights and also considering sanitary conditions in the streets because solid wastes will be collected at specific places where they will not stay longer before being dumped.

Issues and concerns rose during consultative meetings

Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during each consultative meetings are as presented herewith in Table 11.


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Table 11 Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during community meetings

S/No cluster Issue of concern

1. Artery Roads Possible impacts of the road project are improved transportation, displacement/resettlement of the people, increased road accidents and destruction of sources of livelihoods

During the road construction the priority for employment opportunities should be given to villagers not to bring people from other places to work in the section of the street while the youth are unemployed

During improvement of the roads the project will affect so many houses located along the street. People will lose settlements and sources of livelihoods. They wanted to know if there is any section in this project that will compensate the affected properties.

Some of the participants associated the intervention with political agenda of the next election. They express their feeling that these projects have been introduced to them at this time just to get political popularity in order to win the 2010 elections

Other participants proposed that the assignment to execute this project should be given to foreign companies because local ones have low level of producing decent task. Tender should give priority to foreign companies while rehabilitation of roads under municipal supervision can be done by local companies.

WB project needs to be undertaken and implemented at higher standard as compared to those implemented by municipal council. To facilitate this the project must choose the best contractor and best supervisor

In order to minimize theft and robbery cases for the project workers the contractor need to be more flexible and ready to pay attractive packages to workers

Selection of contractor should base on ability and experience of contractors and discrimination should be avoided.

Participants claimed that there is a good number of drivers in this street who have experience and ability to work for the contractors therefore they should not come with their own drivers from outside the area.

People who have structures along the RoW wanted to be informed if they will be compensated from the loss properties and if so what kind of compensation that will be adopted.

Suggestions were that public must be informed before demolition of houses, youths and women should be employed in non-technical works, bumps are needed to minimize / control over-speeding

Main water pipeline is located underneath within the road reserve hence it might be affected during construction. Participants wanted to know what will happen to it and on distributaries points if they will be destroyed


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Usually roads constructions use heavy machines and facilities therefore people who are outside the RoW were worried that their houses might be affected by shakings emanating from heavy machines operations.

Projects are very beneficial to the people of the area therefore they should be implemented as soon as possible for development of all communities

Participants were asking what will be the destiny of encroachers at some open space at Tilla park

They were grateful to WB because they have decided to implement this project in a participatory manner unlike many other development projects

Participants were worried on drainage systems because they live on flat land where water stagnation and floods are common

Community members wanted to understand their role in making this project proceed properly. They want to be informed on their role and expectations of government and donor.

They doubt if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, landfill, gardens and even street lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed.

2. Collection roads

People in this town have bad experience on issues pertaining to tendering especially if the municipal council is involved. They are wondering if the municipal council will be able to supervise the exercise and later to monitor constructors when doing their jobs in the fields.

Participants wanted to know if there are procedures already laid down on how wastes will be collected and amalgamated on dumping sites. In general they wanted to be informed about these projects because they are not properly informed

During construction phase priority for employment opportunities should be given to local people and not to bring people from other places to work in sections that are not professional while youths in the streets remain unemployed

During rain seasons people along Zambian road are highly affected by floods therefore they proposed that the project should build drainage systems that will drain water a bit far away after settlement areas

Currently rehabilitations on the streets roads do not bother on construction of drainage systems. The participants wanted to understand if this project will consider drainage system

Since every project has both positive and negative impacts, this one will bring in more deaths, disabilities and accidents. To reduce road accidents bumps and zebra crossing as well as signboards should be considered especially on highly populated areas and at public places such as market,


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school, medical facilities etc.

Some were asking on what will happen at Mashujaa and ultimate of the existing open space. This shows the need for more awareness raising programs on project components to the stakeholders.

Some proposed that if there is any other implementing agency rather than municipal council then they should be the one to supervise the project because they have no confidence with municipal council.

Participants proposed that solid waste collection points be located after every ten houses to reduce distances to collection points. If the distance will be longer people will opt for other areas closer to them.

They doubt if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, dumping site, gardens and even street lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed.

It is important for the government to consult stakeholders in the streets right from the beginning to incorporate their concerns when choosing specific areas for implementing the project. This is because areas like Situsi is not suitable for landfill because is closer to children centre and play areas.

People in this town have bad experience on issues pertaining to tendering especially if the municipal council is involved. They are wondering if the municipal council will be able to supervise the exercise and later to monitor constructors when doing their jobs in the fields.

3. Residential /commercial roads

One participant proposed that majority of the residents in Mikindani just afford one meal per day therefore priority for improving their lives is not bitumen road but rather there must be strategies to increase food productivity and people‟s income

Another participant was surprised by this social intervention because as far as majority are aware is that decision to improve Mikindani road to bitumen standard was made long time ago. This exercise should have been done before that decision

Participants from Lwelu asked the possibility of bitumen road to extend to Lwelu so that they also enjoy benefits of bitumen road.

They were keen to see the project is implemented therefore they wanted to understand when will the project start.

Community members wanted to understand their role in making this project proceed properly. They want to be informed on their role and expectations of government and donor.

In order to reduce road accidents bumps and zebra crossing as well as signboards should be placed at public places such as market, school,


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medical facilities and etc

Adoption of unwanted/ desired habit in the communities like prostitution, too much use of alcohol etc.

People are happy to the project and are eager to see it be implemented as per plan because it will increase sources of income to them including employment and chances for business.

People have heard so many promises but they never be fulfilled therefore for this one they proposed their “diwani” be the one to push implementation of the project.

4.

Parks/gardens

Some of the participants were asking on where the street lights will specifically be located because they have never been consulted for this issue. In general they were not comfortable that the street lights will be at market because this place no one go there during night

They wanted the project to be implemented as soon as possible because of inflation on prices of materials

Doubts were on if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, landfill site, gardens and even street lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed.

Some proposed that at Tilla park there are big shops that are closer to the road and therefore they are worried they will be impacted. They though such destruction can be avoided if other areas like Naliende and Mikindani would be preferred over Tilla par

During project construction the community members would like to be allowed to supply soft drinks including water and even food for project workers

After completion of the project, they proposed that local people should be given priority in development of parks and gardens so that they can benefit from resources available in their streets

Procedures for allocating tender of operating the park and garden need to be open to all people so that some of beneficiaries who think they have relevant qualities needed respond on tender

Presence of garden and resting place will increased infection of HIV/AIDS due to increased interaction either between local people themselves or even with visitors from other region and country

5 Waste collection centers

Some are place near to the nursery school and the children are playing closer that means there is a danger to contract some disease, they asked if possible to be shifted this is Situsi and Biafra centers


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6.7 Summary of Potential Project Impacts

There are a number of predicted impacts of the proposed project on the physical, biological and human environment. As detailed in this Chapter, these are predominately low-level impacts on the natural environment, many of which can be considered as short term or temporary impacts. The project can be characterized as generally having none or low value impact on the natural environment. However, it is expected the detailed design will focus on averting impacts.

6.7.1 Summary of impacts during construction phase

The summary of important environmental features of roads and impacts according to field survey are presented in Table 12.


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Table 12 Baseline features and predicted impacts for construction phase

S/No Cluster Sub projects Baseline Features Predicted Impacts

1 Arterial Road- by pass- semi-

ring roads

Port Road , Zambia

Rd and Chuno

Residential Houses, Likombe dispensary.

Gas and oil pipes, side trees, Business stalls (Chuno

Rd), sign boards, houses, farm plots,

Open market at Port Rd.

Water pipes.

Trees, Natural bushes.

Water ways blocked by construction in Chuno Rd.

Chuno road runs along coral beach.

St. August University along Port Rd.

TTCL Lines

Power lines

Chuno Rd lies in poorly drained area

Loss of habitats/housing for 55 households

Loss of land and crops ( Zambia Road)

Disturbance of utility services and infrastructures

for gas, water, telecommunication, and power

supply.

Severance of Oil/petrol supply pipes.

Disruption of business at market centres and

business kiosks.

Felling of trees and natural fence.

Storm water effect/flooding

Disruption of traffic movement during construction.

Possible flooding or run-off effects

Damage to mangroves along beach

Dust and noise pollution

2 Collection roads Kunambi Road

Chikongola Road

Tandika Road

Town market at Kunambi Rd,

Planted trees

Drainage ways blocked by construction (Kunambi

Rd).

Kunambi Rd is vulnerable to flooding effects

because of depression.

Business stall/ Kiosks and sign boards.

Chikongola has a central bus stand.

Power lines.

Disruption of traffic at buss stand.

Disruption of business at markets and business

kiosks

Impact on business

Loss of planted trees

Storm water effect/flooding

Loss of properties

Disruption of traffic especially at central bus stand


3 Residential/Commercial Road Morocco Road Beach front/ Marine vegetation/ Mangroves.

Morocco Rd has few houses on road reserve.

Ornamental trees

Beach effect/conservation


Boma Road; Passes near police quarters.

Business on Rd sides, Animal crossings.


Impact on business


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Regional Hospital.

Church

Tree and fence disturbance

Indian Quarters Road Dense residential area.

Siere lies in low points/ poor drainage

Noise effect

Dust pollution

Run off/flooding effect

COTC Road; Health Colleague at COTC Rd, Vulnerability to soil

erosion and storm water/rapid rain-off because of

sloping terrain.

COTC is Unpaved road.

Noise effect

Dust pollution

Run off/flooding effect

Loss of trees

Mikindani Road; Historical buildings. Old slave market. Dr.

Livingstone House. Old Boma Hotel. Ten Degrees

Hotel.

Road curves,

Ocean water crossing during high tide. Road culverts

and water pipes.

High HIV/AIDS worries.

Poor sanitation because of high water table and

beach phenomenon.

House damage because of vibration effect from

construction equipment.

Effect on tourism business

Increase of HIV/AIDS spread

Luanda Road Nursery and Primary school location.

Business stalls, Hotels (Mtwara Peninsular),

Traffic accidents involving school children.

Noise

Effect on Hotel business

Senegal Road. Improved residential area.

Live fence and trees.

Plain terrain.

Loss of ornamental plants.

Loss of tree and live fence


4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter

terminal

Ocean water effect,

Along Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway,

High HIV/AIDS worries.

Poor sanitation because of high water table

Business and residential properties.

Recent bridge construction increased HIV

prevalence.

Vibration effect may damage historical buildings.

Damage to beach/marine environment.

Impact on tourism industry.

Employment effect


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Water pipes,

Existence of big canal to the Indian ocean.

Mud houses.


5 Public parks Mashujaa Park; Muslim Masjid school nearby, Church nearby.

Trees, Mosque,

Askari (Heroes) Monument.

Lies adjacent to Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway,

Dust pollution

Noise pollution

Traffic accidents involving kids

Loss of trees

Tilla Park; and

Maduka Makubwa

Park.

Open Solid Waste Collection at Tilla Park.

Concrete seats at Maduka Makumbwa.

Planted ornamental trees

Solid waste Pollution if not controlled



collection centres)

New landfill Old land.

Remnants of agricultural crops such as cashew nuts

and coconut.

Land under natural regeneration following cessation

of agriculture activities.

Generally a flat land with low points or depressions.

Landfill boundaries not marked on the ground.

Temporarily used as land fill.

Odour effect

Spread of plastics and metal waste by scavengers

Solid Waste Project:

collection centres

Open spaces owned by municipality Solid waste pollution

Odour

Youth redundancy.

Noise and dust pollution


Acquisition

Solid waste

equipment Acquisition

Current equipment insufficient and old Odour effect from unmaintained equipment

Littering of roads if refuse will not be covered

Noise pollution


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The summary rating for impacts for each of the construction phase is presented in Table 13 below. Table 13 Summary of Impact rating for each of sub-project during construction phase

Impact Nature Sub-project Rating

Impact on landscape

Cutting of trees Negative A, C, R, M, S, P Medium

Loss of crops Negative A Medium

Employment opportunities Positive A, C,R, M, P, S, E Low

Impacts of noise and dust Negative A, R, M, P, S Medium

Impacts on HIV/AIDS spread Negative A, R, M, P, S High

Impacts on road traffic/ accidents Negative A, R, M, P, S High

Land loss Negative A High

Impacts on human safety Negative A, C, R, M, P, S, E High

Impact on historical sites Negative C, M High

Impacts of water supply Negative A,C, R, M High

Impacts of electric power supply Negative A,R, M High

Impact on Gas and oil supply Negative A,R Medium

Surface runoff and flooding effect Negative A, R High

Loss of habitats/housing Negative A High

Key: Arterial Roads (A); Collector Roads (C); Residential Commercial Roads (R), Mikindani Commuter terminal (M), Public Parks (P), Solid Waste Collection and landfill (S) , Solid waste equipment Acquisition (E)

6.7.2 Summary of impacts during Operational phase

The summary of environmental features and impacts for project clusters during the operational phase are presented in Table 14. . Table 14 Summary of impacts during operational phase as predicted by community

S/No Cluster Predicted Impacts

1 Arterial Road- by pass- semi- ring roads Improved road conditions

Reduced accidents

Improved human security because of street lighting

2 Collection roads Improved road conditions

Reduced accidents


3 Residential/Commercial Road Improved road conditions

Reduced accidents


4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal

Improved tourism

Improved road conditions

Reduced accidents




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S/No Cluster Predicted Impacts

5 Public parks Improved human physical health

Availability of recreational activities for children and adults

6 Solid Waste Project (landfill, collection

centres)

General improved of municipal sanitation

Possible odour effect from SWC

Spread of plastics and metal waste by scavengers

Youth redundancy.

Noise and dust pollution

7 Solid waste equipment Acquisition Odour effect from unmaintained equipment

Littering of roads if refuse will not be covered

Noise pollution

6.8 Social Impact Assessment (SIA)

6.8.1 Project Components and Descriptions of Social Settings

The project subcomponents and socioeconomic characteristics of communities involved is presented in Table 15.


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Table 15 Project subcomponents and socioeconomic characteristics of communities involved


Length (km) / Size (m2, ton) /Capacity (ton)

Community Organization and Social Settings

1 Artery Road- by pass- semi- ring roads

Zambia Road Street: Sabasaba,

Ofisi kuu, Tandika

Ward: Chikongola/Likombe/Majengo

3.2km The road begins at Mnarani roundabout whereby on the right hand side of the road there is Mtwara Oil station and Mashujaa ground which starts from Tandika road. There are also garage for motorcycle and bicycle, densely residential, open space (school ground), brick making on the right side, bridge, coconut trees on both sides, Likombe dispensary, electrical poles, secondary school, St. Elizabeth young children centre, open space reserved for industries development. Mdenga-Namadi area where the road passes is densely populated and is too narrow. The road is important as it connects the population and industrial area to port road and town centre.

Chuno Road Street: Bomba la Bure, Magomeni shule, Majengo, Magomeni A, centre, Ligula A, Shangani West, Shangani East Wards: Ufukoni/Chuno/Shangani

4.6km The road starts with a crossroad at the beginning, which joins Masasi, Airport, and town road. Along the road, there is a mini-market on the left hand side of the road, an open space proposed area for a construction of a new market, bridge, houses under construction, Genge, residential, shore on the right hand side, bushes on both sides, Islamic college on the left hand side, schools (Call & Vision Academy, Mangowela Primary school), VETA. Also there is a garage for bicycle repair, fence. The road is important as it links population and various Institutions with Shangani and Masasi road direct to town centre.

2 Collector roads

Chikongola Road Streets; Shapriya Ward; Shangani

0.9km The road is linking with Kunambi road at the crossing way. At the beginning of the road there is a primary court on the left hand side and the bus stand on the left side. There is also a shop, guest house, Biblia round about which joins with other roads, JWTZ (UMOJA CAMP), municipal open space along the road. Also the road passes between municipal fence and the wall of RC‟s office where by the road on that place is too narrow. ( both fences are RoW) The road is important as it connects the population with the market, bus stand municipal office and RC‟s office to TANU road.

Boma Road. Streets: FFU and

Pentecostal Ward: Shangani

1.8km The road is linking with TANU road at the beginning whereby on the left hand side of the road there is a Central police while on the left side on part of entrance there is an office of Mtwara District Council. There are big trees on both sides, an open space (on as a play ground while the other one is not in use), few residential houses, shops, electrical and TTCL poles, two bridges, Pentecostal church. The road splits into two parts along the police line quarters. One


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connects to Jamhuri road and the other one to TANU road. The road is important as it connects the population of Boma to the main road and Jamhuri road.

3 Residential/commercial roads

MATC Road Streets; Ligula A Ward; Chuno

0.9km The road is linking with Jamhuri road at the beginning. At the right hand side there is an office of the land registry On the left side there is a fence of regional hospital while on the other side there is a MATC college. Also there is an open space (farm), electrical poles, residential area, and electrical poles. The road joins with Chuno road at the end of it. There is also a slope at the centre and end of the road. The road is important as it joins the population between Chuno road and Jamhuri road.

Indian Quarters Road

Streets: Ligula C/Indian Quarters

Wards: Chuno/Shangani

1.5km The road joins Jamhuri road at the beginning. The road is wide enough as most of the features are not within the road. Along the road, there are residential on both sides, bridges, mosque on the right hand side of the road, electrical poles, coconut trees on both sides, Indian quarters on the right hand side, shops, bricks making. At the end of the road there is an open space which is not in use, but on the other side there are two schools namely; MEDI nursery and Kambarage primary school. The road is important as it links the population of Indian quarters with Jamhuri and Chuno road.

Tandika Road Street: Mtamike,

Tandika, Malingano

Ward: Chikongola

1.1km The road starts from the cross road linking with road to Newala. It is situated with Sabasaba wall on the left hand side which has a secondary school, Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, garages, quarters. Also there is residential, Tandika primary school, shops along the road. At the end, the road links with Zambia road. The road is important as it links with population and various Institutions to Zambia road and road to Newala.

Port Road Street: Mdenga,

Maduka Makubwa

Ward: Likombe/Shangani/Railways

2.6km The road joins with Zambia road around OLAM cashew nut industry at the beginning. Along the road there is an open space, along the road there is a lot of livelihood activities such as Artumas gas limited on the right hand side of the road, godown (KPF), PSPF office, Herman Hokororo workshop, ware houses on sides, GAPCO petrol station, port quarters, Mtwara port authority. Also there is Umoja camp (JWTZ), NASACO buildings on both sides, residential. The road ends at Jamhuri-Shangani road junction. The road is important as it connects industrial area and Mtwara port to town centre.

Morocco Road Street: Shangani

East Ward: Shangani

1.7km The road links with Shangani road there after it has Morocco-Senegal junction. It has residential along the road, it ahs open space with uncompleted houses, threes, fence on both sides and street lights The road ends at the main entrance of Msemo hotel


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The road is important as it connects with population of Uzunguni and Msemo hotel which is important tourist attraction as well as recreational area to Shangani road direct to town centre.

Senegal Road Streets; Shangani

East Ward; Shangani

0.5km The road crosses Shangani and morocco road. On the left side there is radio station(prime fm), incomplete house, house of government guests, trees along the road, houses under construction The road ends at MP Mtwara rural residence The road is important as it links Shangani road with morocco road

Luanda Road Streets; Ligula

shuleni, Ligula kati

Ward; Shangani

0.74km The road links with Boma road at the beginning It has open space on the right hand side, residential, shops on sides, electrical poles as well as peninsula hotel. There are schools ( Ligula primary school, Salem kindergarten) At the end it joins with Sabasaba road The road is important as it joins Sabasaba road and Boma road

Port Road Street: Mdenga,

Maduka Makubwa

Ward: Likombe/Shangani/Railways

2.6km The road joins with Zambia road around OLAM cashew nut industry at the beginning. Along the road there is an open space, along the road there is a lot of livelihood activities such as Artumas gas limited on the right hand side of the road, godown (KPF), PSPF office, Herman Hokororo workshop, ware houses on sides, GAPCO petrol station, port quarters, Mtwara port authority. Also there is Umoja camp (JWTZ), NASACO buildings on both sides, residential. The road ends at Jamhuri-Shangani road junction. The road is important as it connects industrial area and Mtwara port to town centre.

4 Parks/gardens

Mashujaa Park Street: Shapriya Ward: Shangani

33,188 m2 The place is along Mnarani round-about. It is surrounded by big trees, Midese Islamic centre secondary school, stage building at the centre, houses under construction, play ground, electrical poles. The place is bordered by TANU and Zambia road. There is also a short path across the park going to Makonde, Chikongola, TANU and Zambia roads. NB. The toilets should not be allocated within the area of school. The park is important as it will be useful for all people within the municipality due to the fact that it is within the town centre.

Tilla park Street: Raha Leo Ward : Shangani

4,687 m2 There is a shortcut entering the place. Within the place there is a bar which has to be removed, big trees around the area, motorcycle garage, shops, residential, wakala wa vipimo, solid waste collection point which has been allocated in another place. Also there is a path crossing the area. The paths created will be important in linking with other roads

Maduka Makubwa Street: Maduka

The place is allocated within the town centre. The place is surrounded by buildings (NHC) and shops. It has some places to seat as resting point. The place is too small to accomplish all the


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Makubwa (B) Ward: Shangani

needs mentioned as the place is very near to the road. The place is important as it will easily be visited by many people from different areas around Mtwara municipality.

5 Street Lights TANU road, Zambia Rd, Port Rd, Shangani Rd, Jamhuri Rd , Main market and Central bus stand

107 This is a town main road passing along regional and district/municipal administrative offices, connecting to port road, T junction with Jamhuri road.

6 Landfill Solid waste management

Ward: Mangamba

It is a new area although it has already started to be used for dumping. Even though the place is surveyed it is surrounded by community farms, and currently dumping is done outside the proposed area on community farm as well as near the existing road.

Collection centers 25 Long-term plan of Mtwara municipal is to have 25 collection centers. At this moment they have already identified eight new sites. Out of the present thirteen waste disposal sites, three of them will be closed for reasons associated with environmental and social issues e.g. reduced space and increased population of people around the areas. Such circumstances makes municipal plan of increasing number of collection points to be difficult due to limited space for establishment.


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6.8.2 Social Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts

Section contains preliminary overview of the main potential positive and negative impacts likely to occur for this project. It should be noted that this preliminary assessment is based on information available at present and will require detailed analysis during the ESIA study on the basis of ongoing preparation of Tender Documents. The main impacts have been divided into generic and specific as summarized in Table 16 below. Table 16 Social economic impacts from community meetings

Generic/Specific impact

Positive/Negative

Types of impacts

Artery roads Collection roads Residential/commercial roads

Positive Improved road will attract many trucks and passenger buses operators to provide services along the road, meaning that there will be increased competition of service providers. This wills not only increase the quality of service offered but it will also reduce the existing fares charged.

Generic Positive During construction, the project will bring employment opportunities to the local people. It is expected that some youths will get direct short-term jobs and casual works during the construction. Also, both men and women will have opportunity to sell local food and refreshments to road workers and hence increase household income. It should be noted that during the consultative meeting all streets recommended that youth should be considered for employment whenever opportunities rises.

Generic Positive Implementation of the project will attract more investors in the area. Increased investment will bring in more employment opportunities to local people including diversification of economic activities and reduce dependence on agriculture. Existence of improved and reliable road will influence business activities in through increasing population and enhancement of income to the people. Garden and parks will also bring in customers from all streets and other regions therefore increasing money circulation and improving household income. During consultative meeting some of the villages sited out diversification of the economy as one of the anticipated positive result of the improved road.

Collection roads Positive Social service such schools and hospitals are understaffed because technocrats are not enthusiastic to live in the project area due to unreliable transport. Improved road will attract technocrats to service the project area.

Artery roads Positive The road will enable easy access of social services like modern health facilities, which will be beneficial for women and children who are the groups that deploy these facilities for a considerable extent. Also, school children will benefit since they can reach their school in time. This is apparent to secondary school students who many of them travel from distant streets where there are no secondary schools and easy access to Government administrative offices.

Artery roads Collection roads Residential/commercial roads Parks/garden

Positive The project will attract flow of entrepreneurial people with skills who will invest in business; this will increase availability of goods and services at a reduced price. Innovations will accelerate development in the project area.

Street lights Positive Implementation of the project will increase security of the people especially during night hours when some criminals wait for road users on darkness. This subproject will enable even business


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Positive/Negative

Types of impacts

operators to undertake their activities even during the night without fear.

Landfill site and collection centres

Positive Landfill and solid waste collection sites will reduce current level of garbage experienced in the streets. In so doing quality of the city will increase and health of people living in the streets will be protected.

Artery roads Collection roads Residential roads

Positive Improved road will attract many trucks and passenger buses operators to provide services along the road, meaning that there will be increased competition of service providers. It will not only increase quality of service offered but it may also influence reduction of existing fares charged. It is anticipated diversified means of transport like bicycles, motorbikes, taxi and minibuses will provide services in the area hence competition will reduce prices of transport and will provide the residents with diversified means of transport hence they can choose the most affordable one.

Artery roads Collection roads Residential roads

Positive Reduced costs of vehicle maintenance. At present vehicle owners incur high operating costs such as high fuel consumption and frequent need to replace parts such as the suspension system due to the condition of the road.

Generic Negative Implementation of the project will have impacts on people‟s properties that are within RoW. These properties include residential, business premises and community structures. Loss of these properties will affect livelihood of affected people as these properties have to be demolished.

Park/garden (Tilla park) Negative The loss of business premises will affect both the owner and the employees. The owner will loss income while the employees will loss employment consequently income.

Residential/commercial roads

Negative Project will put at risk a historical village/ street of Mikindani because the structures at this street are of long time and made up of mud. It is anticipated that heavy machines used during construction might cause shake that will destroy the structures


Negative Increased traffic and speed driving will result into unnecessary road accidents to livestock and people especially school children and old people

Generic Negative Influx of people in the project area will accelerate the spread of the disease. It was noted that the contractors‟ workers will have more money to attract women to fall in love resulting into spread of STI including HIV/AIDS. Since they will spend more time in the area, and they are better off than local people are, they can lobby the indigenous and create unsafe sexual relation.

Generic Negative Air pollution and noise from operating machines that will be made during the road construction. Sometimes contractors in many cases neglect to water road surface as the result dust disturb people within road vicinity. Dusts affect people‟s health resulting into respiratory diseases.

Generic Negative Improved quality of municipal will attract more people in the area. This will result into high demand for nature resource such as firewood. This will result into deforestation and if uncontrolled it will cause more drought condition.

Generic Negative Usually project workers impregnate women and even students who expect the relation with these workers will be permanent but immediately after completion of project they disappear and neglect everything even infants. This usually brings more conflicts in families, single parents and sometimes it result into


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Positive/Negative

Types of impacts

family breakups.

Parks/garden Negative Adoption of unwanted/ desired habit in the communities like prostitution, too much use of alcohol etc. This might end up introducing urban set up values like those pertaining in cities like Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha, Mbeya and other big towns where dominant cultural values do no longer exist. Moral decays like new ways of dressing, increased cases of rape, children neglects and family violations might come up from the project.

Artery roads Positive Currently during rain seasons people along Zambian road are highly affected by floods. Implementation of the project will build drainage systems that will drain water a bit far away after settlement areas


Negative Destruction of community properties like main water pipeline and private water connections during constructions.

Artery roads Positive Implementation of the project will assist in easy transportation of local goods to the port. Business operators will find it easy to take the goods outside the region. They will also easily bring in imported commodities through this road

Artery roads Positive Easy transportation of raw materials needed in industries. It will also enhance distribution of industrial goods to the markets.


Negative Improvement of the road will soften the road resulting into higher speed driving consequently into avoidable accidents. Increased number of vehicles and speed driving will result into unnecessary road accidents to people especially school children and old people.

Landfill and solid waste collection centres

Negative Some adults and children prefer to collect facilities that have been thrown into landfills by households. Since the project will add more collection points within most populated streets and a big dumpsite just short distance from the town, these sites might impair health of people who have such behaviour. Children will also be at risk because they do not understand hazards of playing in such areas.

Generic Negative Some unfaithful project workers sell construction facilities and materials to the communities living around the site for cheaper prices. Also some people from the street invade and rob facilities and materials from contractors camps/site offices


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7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Consultant is aware that Mtwara municipal council prioritized as much as possible when selecting areas for project implementation. Usually selection of project implementation area depends on environmental, social economic and political factors. The social survey conducted by a consultant discovered that all project areas selected are socially and economically viable for the project except some areas like Situsi where according to information extracted from the community living around, it is impossible to locate landfill site because it is closer to areas used by children. However, series of consultations made to stakeholders in the area discovered that some of beneficiaries preferred other alternatives in which for their opinions they have more economic value. The construction of solid waste collection centers/structures and landfill is determined by land availability as against relocation of people and subsequent huge compensation.

Concerning to road projects, alternatives considered for all selected road project is a „with project alternative‟ as there have been no alternative alignments proposed at this point because road ways or routes are already existing with established Right of Way. The „no project‟ alternative implies that the selected roads are currently not be upgraded. This implies that the anticipated benefits of improving and connecting these urban areas will no longer be achieved. In addition, the option will deny the people access to employment.

In addition, the client has made comprehensive consideration about choice of technology in formulating the project. For example, the plan for asphalt roads is environmentally friendly as it will create less soil erosion and sedimentation of waterway. In addition, gravel roads are vulnerable to potholes and consequently fast deterioration hence tarmac roads are stronger and durable. The selected landfill and recreational park sites are reasonably within the municipality hence easily accessible. The location of daladala bus terminal at Mikindani has considered land availability against possible relocation of properties or cost to acquire new site. In addition, the site is close to Mtwara-Dar es Salaam main road. Therefore, it is easily accessible but people and it is easily drained towards the nearby Indian Ocean.


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8 IENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES

8.1 Introduction

The identification of appropriate mitigation measures is an important aspect of the EIA. Many of the potential impacts identified in the preceding chapter can be eliminated or reduced through the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures at a strategic planning level or when applied to specific project tasks and activities.

8.2 Mitigation identification methods

The level of predicted impacts can be reduced through appropriate mitigation measures. Such mitigation may involve design measures aimed to reduce the impact before it occurs, they may involve direct mitigation at the point of impact to reduce or remove the impact or they may be indirect measures to respond to the impact. The mitigation measures presented are designed to reduce the impact of the project, both with regard to its construction and operation. In some cases, mitigation measures, as with the project itself, may provide beneficial effects for the local environment. In all cases, the mitigation measures seek to reduce the potential impacts to a level which is not considered significant on the environment (this being either minimal or low). The proposed mitigation measures are presented in this Chapter.

8.3 General Commitments

Much of the mitigation proposed for the project can be considered under a range of general commitments.

Information and Awareness Raising An important mitigation measure across the project is consultation and the availability of information. Many of the impacts and problems predicted for the project may be associated with insufficient or inadequate information being provided to the affected communities and people. Whilst provision of information for the project has already started as part of the EIA consultation process, it is important that this continue throughout the project both from the contractor and from developer. Should the project progress to the implementation and construction phase, information and awareness creation will be an important component from the outset. Key issues to be raised and addressed will include, but not be limited to, the following:

Nature and details of construction works and program, control and management;

Technical issues such as fire risks and safety issues;

Social issues such as restrictions, termination of recreational activities, information relating to working areas, progress and project timing; and

Indirect risks from construction such as HIV/ AIDS and other STDs, traffic safety, etc. The transparency and ready availability of information to the local communities and affected people will be an important component in the successful implementation of the project.

Project Design The EIA has identified that the construction may have an impact on a number of aspects of the project environment.


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It is important that a suitable process / protocol is adopted by which the design, implementation and future use will be undertaken. This will include preparation of a design protocol to ensure that negative impacts are minimized through careful design and positioning of the planned building. The design of the project includes road furniture, drainage canals, and crossing-slabs for houses.

Management of Construction Site It is important that the construction site be managed appropriately, both from a health and safety perspective as well as with regard to impacts on the physical, biology and human environments. A responsible person will be appointed for the construction site and an instruction manual or handbook for site procedures be developed. This will include, but not be limited to, the following topics.

Control of site including workshops;

Securing (fencing) and management of the working area;

Working hours;

Control of discharges;

Storm water runoff management;

Management of waste materials (plastics);

Management and removal of wastes;

Control of noise and dust;

Liaison with local community / residents;

Landscape restoration; and

Emergency procedures (such as fire and spill response).

Following completion of the construction works, appropriate consideration will be given to the decommissioning of the construction site. This will ensure that no significant impacts are caused in the process of withdrawal of construction workers and equipment. For example, aversion of contamination, waste or damage.

Health and Safety Measures of OSHA As a basic, the contractor / developer will be required to prepare a Health and Safety Plan / Procedure for the construction works and to ensure and monitor its implementation. The contractor will ensure compliance of the project with the national Health policy, construction policy and Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA). Health and Safety measures will be important for not only the construction work force but also the public. Key consideration for Health and Safety include:

Responsibility for health and safety issues placed under appointed person or contractor;

Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be provided and used on site as appropriate;

Appropriate warning and control signs should be used;

First aid facilities and competence should be readily available;

Appropriate welfare facilities should be available at construction site; and

Measures against work place accidents.


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8.4 Physical Environment

Mitigation measures for the physical environment are presented with regard to both general consideration as well as component specific aspects.

Liquid and solid waste

Routine safety procedures should be developed for the handling, storage and disposal of construction material containing pollutants.

Control of releases of liquid waste will be important where construction site are located near water supply structures.

Solid metals for example metal off-cuts should be collected and secured in waste bins before they are safely disposed of to prevent harm to human being.

Landscape and soil erosion The following mitigation measures are presented to minimise the predicted impacts on soils and landscape of the project area:

Storage of soil will be undertaken in accordance with best practice. This will include stockpiling in a way to limit compaction and avoiding the mixing different qualities;

Minimization of soil and landscape disturbance.

Limit soil works to the design, avoid tempering with road embankments.

Application of geo-technical expertise to cater for tank farm excavation. It is possible that site-specific impacts identified during the EIA study can be mitigated through adjustments to the design, such as cuts and fill works.

Storm water To militate against storm water, the design for run-off surface and drainage ditches for roads should observe local condition and fall/gradient of the site. The surface water will be surface discharged to septic tanks.

Aesthetic and Tourism impacts Mitigation on aesthetic changes around the construction sites may be mitigated, by replacement planting. This would involve the planting of suitable tree and vegetation species to act as a screen between any sensitive receptors and the new infrastructure.

Oil pollution and soil contamination To minimise the potential for environmental contamination, oil products should be stored in secure facilities with impermeable concrete floors and covering roofs. . In addition, waste/leakage oil should be contained in oil separators in the camps/site offices or workshops. The use of tested and approved materials for farm tanks, well-maintained tanks and the application of good environmental practices can reduce contamination of soils.


Tree cutting The developer is committed to replace the trees, which were removed during the construction phase as part of landscape restoration. The developer will plant desirable species in particular those resembling the original ones. However, emphasis will be put on use of indigenous species. Other general mitigation measures are:

Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance;


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During the detailed planning stages, an assessment will be made as to the exact positioning of construction areas to reduce the impact on planted trees; and

Need for a restoration plan with regard to vegetation following completion of works.

Land loss/ compensation/ Replacement of structures To mitigate land loss, there is a need for the following measures;

Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance; and

Strategic design to minimize relocation/demolition of houses. Compensation, if applicable, should be executed as required by Tanzania government and operative principles of the World Bank. The compensation package will observe the following:

Financial compensation for the damages of personal properties or body injuries; and

It should be ensured that compensation is paid promptly and in time to damages on personal properties.

8.6 Human Environment

Employment The developer is advised to open a recruiting office for job seekers away from the site to minimise influx of job seekers.

In order to counter the worry over job restriction to local people, the developer is bound to implement measures that will safeguard local employment.

Noise and Dust pollution Noise and air pollution impacts are predicted around the project area. They are in general short-term temporary impacts associated with the construction works. As such, mitigation measures relate primarily to construction procedures.

Consultation with affected communities is an initial mitigation measure, which is important to ensure that those likely to be affected by the works are aware of what the works will entail, the duration and likely impacts on them.

Control of construction site represents the best potential means to mitigate noise and air pollution. Measures will be detailed as part of the construction procedures which will be drafted during the design stage. Typical measures to control noise and air pollution may include:

Sensitive location of noise sources / machinery;

Working day in accordance with legal requirements, night working avoided where possible;

Limiting working day for noisy activities;

Screening of activities by iron fencing

Liaison with local community for suitable timings of noisy activities (noisy excavation);

Observe noise limits during procurement and installation of equipment. Use standard levels from OSHA or Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS);

Covering of stockpiled soil/aggregates during the dry season;

Spraying of access road and construction site with water;

Putting in place all important infrastructures and supporting materials to avoid unnecessary accidents and consequential injuries and fatalities; and

Use of high efficiency vehicles for transportation of raw materials and products and measures against dust pollution and accidents prevention.


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The client is committed to maintain noise emission to the level accepted in the country. The National standards of maximum permissible continuous or intermittent noise levels (dB) per given period at work places is shown in Table 17.

Table 17 Permissible noise levels in Tanzania

Noise level (Leq dBA) Duration in minutes/ hours per day

Duration in minutes/ hours per week

85 8 hrs 40 hrs

88 4 hrs 20 hrs

91 2 hrs 10 hrs

94 1 hr 5 hrs

97 30 min 2.5 hrs

100 15 min 1.25 hrs

103 7.5 min 37.5 min

106 3.75 min 18.75 min

109 1.87 min 9.37 min

Fire risks To counter fire risks during operational phase, The Municipal Authority or Developer is obliged to undertake the necessary precautionary measures. The potential for safety related accidents may occur at worksites. It is possible electrical equipment and human errors such as smoking may results into accidents during construction phase. Workable measures against fire can be summarized below as follow;

Contracting credible fire Tenders to be on alerts in case of fire accidents at recreational park or landfill; and

Installation of warning signs against smoking at sensitive areas.

Human safety Compliance with occupational health and safety (OSHA of 2003) regulations to improve the effectiveness of the safety management system, and/or raise the level of health and safety awareness amongst staff and contractors as well as stakeholders

Archaeological and cultural heritage Measures can be taken to reduce and mitigate the potential impact on sites with cultural heritage and religious importance. This is particular case for Mikindani town.

Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance; and

Strategic design to minimize relocation/demolition of houses. Facilities such as Livingstone House, Old Slave Market at Old Town of Mikindani should be the main focus. It is possible that archaeological sites or artifacts are identified during the construction works. Whilst it is not possible to know where these locations are at this stage, it is possible to set out an approach if they are encountered. Should such finds be made during construction and excavation works, the works should stop and the contractor contact the relevant authorities for advice on specific mitigation prior to recommencing works.

Traffic disruption and accidents The contractor and developer should implement adequate measures against traffic accidents. In particular, the developer is obliged to place warning signs / posters around the site/ roadway. Also, update design to cater for access points.


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Speed bumps/ Signboards will be necessary in controlling the speed of vehicles especially close to site. To make this measure a success, the developer will create liaison with local authority and Traffic Police. Additionally, awareness creation about possible accidents is important to both drivers and project workers. Use of signboards, periodic checking and maintenance of project vehicles and equipment is necessary. The contract for contractors should have an attachment of safety rules for worksite personnel as established in the Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 and Standard Specifications for Road Works (2000), Section 1237. The contract should have a plan for emergency procedures in case of accidents. Measures to avoid disruption of vehicle movement along Port road during construction should be instituted.

Disruption of water utility services of water, power and oil supply pipes There is a need to observe the following;

Proper design to safeguard utilities of TANESCO, TTCL, oil and gas supply pipes and other utilities; and

Sharing of design information.

Diseases and Health hazard There is need to put in place measures that will ensure promotion of education and awareness campaign against HIV/AIDS and STDs among workers. The education and awareness creation campaigns should also target workers and community in the project area and those competing for work. There is a need for contractor to collaborate with the client to formulate messages against STDs and HIV. It is essential that septic and soak pits at site are disinfected before demolition. The contractor is obliged to provide zero accommodation at site. However, the contractor is obliged to provide temporary safe pit latrine at site for workers during construction phase.

Land requirement /Loss and damage to properties The road project will relocate 55 households which are within the RoW. Also, business sheds and urban land. This means the number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) will be from 55 families.

Solid and liquid waste management The contractor is required to comply with work place and environmental safeguards including proper disposal of solid waste such as plastics and liquid waste. Cement bags and other packed materials which generate solid waste particularly plastics should be properly disposed and destroyed. The service and maintenance of equipment and machines should take place away from project site to avoid oil spillage to natural waterways. Additionally, measures to recover solid materials (glass, metal) from demolished structures (recreational park) should be implemented. The design works should ensure that the appropriate structures for safe disposal of solid and liquid waste are included in the main design for long-term operation. This will include pits and incinerators for solid waste. Also, waste water pipes and sign boards to warn people against haphazard waste disposal. During operation phase, these facilities should be given regular maintenance services.

Social disruption and Conflicts There is a need to prepare the community these well in advance so that they are not caught unaware about project effects. Awareness creation about the incoming changes will reduce


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the impact. The developer is obliged to collaborate with local leadership and relevant sectors to work against the following;

Influx of job seekers during construction phase;

Reckless drivers taking short cuts and posing accident risks and disrupting traffic movement; and

There is a need for sensitization and education to the local community and project incoming workforce to help them understand the dangers of creating social conflicts around the project site.

8.7 Summary from Public consultation

8.7.1 Stakeholders concern and response from the project developer

Dissemination of project information among villages along sites for sub-projects has been an important aspect of the public participation process. Local communities have been adequately informed about the proposed project and that they are free to register their concerns with the office of Municipal Director. In particular, most local leaders are now aware of the proposed projects and public disclosure notice have been put in key notice board and posted to local offices.

The consultant consulted the project stakeholders including groups, individuals‟ residence and executives of the Municipal Council. Some of the impacts are generic. The concerns or issues raised by different stakeholders and response from the developers are summarized in Table 18.

Table 18: A summary of concerns expressed by stakeholders and response by developer

Institution/group Concern or issue Response from developer

Environmental group

(FOCONA)

Worried about poor involvement of people in the project

preparation and implementation phase.

Negative impacts in the absence of environmental study-

Cited North Mara project impacts.

Felling of tress along road reserve

Involve stakeholders in

project activities.

Impact assessment.

Minimize tree cutting and

replace trees after

construction.

Women and Youth

groups (MPOASO) and

Nyerere Youth Group

for Solid Waste

Collection.

Lack of local employment especially women and youth

Loss of employment.

HIV/AIDS spread

Lack of stakeholders‟ involvement in planning and

monitoring.

Need for information/Awareness creation about project

activities.

Encourage local

employment.

Awareness creation about

HIV/AIDS

Monitoring of construction

activities and local

employment

TANESCO Poor communication with road users or utilities during

construction

Disturbance of electricity poles and possible disruption of

power supply

Enhance communication with

road users and utilities.

Careful design of road works

MTUWASA Severing of water pipes during construction Involvement in project

preparation.

Project to pay for any

disturbance caused on water

supply.

Oil com Severance or disruption of oil supply pipes along Port

Road

Lack of communication about activities.

Information sharing and

involvement in design works


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ARTUMAS/ AGIP Disturbance of traffic movement during construction.

Disturbance or severing of gas pipes.

Lack of information about project design and activities.

32KV and 132KV lines planned to cross the Port Road in

future.

Dust and air pollution- Nearby OLAM factory for cashew

nut processing is a source of air pollution.

Information sharing


the project

Involvement in design works.

Measures to reduce

pollution.

Proper design and

management of construction

works to reduce impacts

Sanitation Department

of Municipal Council

The present 12 solid waste collection sites not enough.

Project will improve sanitation.

The project has positive

benefits

Design road access for the proposed landfill. Include good access in the

landfill design

The proposed project may affect infrastructures of TTCL,

MTUWASA and TANESCO

Sharing of project information

from design stage.

Careful design

People‟s Housing may be demolished/relocated by the

project.

Careful design

Compensate

People with houses inside Zambia Roads are informed

about the project and have been given alternative plots.

Follow up on relocation of

people and properties

Mikindani Road is narrow and has historical structures

and tourist attractions including Boma Hotel

Careful design and

construction

Borrow pits for construction materials may be located on

peoples land.

Involve people in project

preparation

SWC centers will be constructed on open spaces. Careful design and

consultation of people to be

affected.

Dust pollution Watering of stockpiles and

works and covering of truck

loads

Traffic and safety accidents close to recreational parks Collaborate with TANROADS

to avert road accidents.

Careful design of road works.

Influx of job seekers during construction phase Good communication about

employment opportunities.

Storm water effects during construction and operational

phase in flood prone areas. For example, Chuno and

Indian Quarters Roads.

Careful design

TTCL Disruption of line communication Proper design

Community

Development

department

Spread of HIV/AIDS as result of incoming workers.

Safeguard to local employment.

Emphasise on women employment.


HV/AIDS

Encourage local employment

especially for women.

World Wide Fund for

Nature

Conservation of Mangrove Forests by restricting use of

mangrove poles.

Protection of tourist and historical sites at Mikindani

Restrict use of mangrove

woods in project works.

Careful design of road works

along Mikindani area


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Marine and Coastal

Environment

Management Project

(MACEMP)


Minimize tree cutting

Awareness creation and

environmental consideration

during construction

Jangwani/ Mikindani

Ward Office

HIV/AIDS spread; the construction of bridge in the area

had serious consequences in terms of disease spread.

Youth and Women

Awareness creation

Regional Administration

(Planning and natural

resources departments)

Involvement of stakeholders in project planning and

implementation is important.

Construction activities will cut trees on road reserve

Compensation of properties.

-Involvement of stakeholders

- minimize and replace felled

trees

Traffic Police Traffic accidents rampant because of poor roads,

reckless driving especially for now emerging transport

system of motorcycles and rickshaws. Kunambi Road

passes at Market site while Tandika Rd passes at

Primary School while Zambia Rd passes close to

Dispensary.

Construct road bumps across

the potential risk sections.

Construct humps

Erect sign boards to warn

motorists against speeding.

8.7.2 Stakeholders’ Project Appreciation

Stakeholders acknowledged that the proposed project will create the benefits;

The project will improve sanitation and peoples welfare in the Municipality;

The project will create investments promotion or attraction including beach developments;

Reduce the rate of disease spread because of SWC facilities and new landfill;

Reduced operational and maintenance cost for vehicles because of improved roads

Overall the project is looked as a positive urban development undertaking.

8.8 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts

This section present summary of mitigation measures basing on stakeholders input, expert analysis, experience with similar and or related projects and best practice. The proposed mitigation measures on each anticipated problems are presented in matrix form in Table 19.


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Table 19 Summary of Mitigation measures

Topic Predicted Impacts Cluster Impact phases Mitigation Measures

PHYSICAL Environment

Modification of landscape Demolition of old structures at proposed recreational parks P Construction Limit construction works to the design.

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Tree cutting and Aesthetics Trees and ornamental plants on street frontages will be reduced/removed to pave way to the construction works.

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction Minimize tree cutting.

Replant after construction using suitable tree species. Include tree replacement in project design.

Conservation of Mangrove forest and protected species

Any use of mangrove wood for construction will degrade mangrove forests.

Damage of Dalbergia Melonoxylon (Mpingo) will impact on species conservation.

M, A, R Construction Restrict use of mangrove poles/wood in the project activities.

Avoid damage to Mpingo species during construction.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Loss of residence and business sheds and land plot

About 55 residential houses will be demolished in Zambia Road.

Business stalls may be demolished on road reserve.

A, R Construction

Replacement or compensation of houses and structural properties.

Loss of crops, Some crops will be destroyed along roads to give way for construction works. Example along Zambia Road.

A Construction

Compensate crop owners.

Damage to tourism and Historical site

Potential risk lies along Mikindani road which is tourist attraction because of historical buildings and events.

R, M Construction Careful design to minimize damage to historical sites and buildings. use of kerbstones and light equipment.

Employment The project will create temporary and permanent employment. A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction & Operation

Encourage local employment.

Noise pollution Construction works will disturb neighbours/ public by creation of noise.

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction

Observe ambient sound levels and attenuate equipments.

Observe noise limits during procurement of equipments

Air pollution by dust and odour Transportation of sand and aggregates to working sites.

Road works (clearing, excavation).

Creation of nuisance odour from solid waste collection centers.

A, R, M, P, S

Construction

Operation

Watering and covering of earth materials

Create buffer zone to keep residence away from new landfill area.

Immediate treatment of waste at landfill by burning or covering by soil/sand.

Contamination of water supply and spread of communicable diseases

Transportation waste by trucks may contaminate water or human environment.

A, C, R, S Operation Daily inspection of sewerage trucks. Consult MTUWASA about sewerage and water supply systems.


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Topic Predicted Impacts Cluster Impact phases Mitigation Measures

Severance of water pipes

Diseases or HIV/AIDS Risk for spreading of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS between workers and host community

A, C, R, M, P, S

Construction

Awareness creation

Accidents and disruption of traffic and pedestrian movement

Interruption of traffic and pedestrian movement by project activities.

Children/elderly people crossing roads to access recreational parks.

Reckless driving on tarmac roads

A, R, M, S

S

Construction &

Operation

Use of sign/warning posters at project sites against traffic accidents

Construction of humps/road bumps to slow down speeding vehicles.

Safety to workers and road users. General construction works.

Possible burning accidents by hot asphalt.

Accidents related to running of solid waste equipment

A, R, M, P, S

S, E

Construction

& Operation

Adhere to OSHA* and contractors regulations.

Practice safety and Health measures/policy.

Regular maintenance of equipments and use of Instruction manuals. Hoarding of working sites.

Solid waste Haphazard disposal of solid waste such as plastics and metal objects may contaminate water supplies and affect human/animal life if ingested.

A, R, M, P, S

Construction

Operation

Proper handling of waste by installation of facilities for solid.

Fencing of landfill and solid waste collection centers

Surface runoff and flooding effect Roads which are located in the poor drainage sites especially Chuno , Indian Quarters and Tandika are vulnerable to flooding and effects of run off

A, C, R Construction &

Operational phase

Careful road design.

Regular road maintenance to unblock culverts and drainage canals.

Damage of Road Utilities. Roads works may sever water, gas and oil pipes of MTUWASA, ARTMUS Group Inc. and BP/OIL COM.

Effect on Poles and overhead power lines by constriction equipment.

A, C, R Construction Careful design of Infrastructures to include layout for water, gas and oil utilities.

Replacement/compensation for damaged utilities

OSHA* = Occupational Health and Safety Authority.


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The anticipated positive Impacts as result of project development are;

The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project;

Creation of temporary employment during construction;


Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks;

Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management; and

Reduced accidents and increased safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads. .


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Table 20 Proposed Mitigation Measures in social perspective and show of responsibility

S/No Generic/Specific Negative Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible


Loss settlement and sources of livelihood

All eligible affected people should be compensated in either cash or kind because it was observed in the field that the affected respondents are unable to repair or relocate their properties. Adequate time should be given to the PAP to shift into new areas. Time for relocation of their assets should be known to all PAPs and local leaders. Issues pertaining to compensation process should be participatory and community members should be allowed to participate in decision making to avoid miss understanding between the project staff and the community. Survey should be conducted on the roads to put proposed limit of the proposed RoW and PAPs should be made aware of everything involved in the exercise including costs and time of property relocation.

Mtwara Municipal Council


Increased road accidents to people and livestock

To prevent speeding and accidents, road signs showing speed limits should be put in appropriate places. Roads should be user friendly for the disabled. There should be road signs, service roads and bus stops. Bumps should be installed especially near schools and other congested areas such as bus stops. Bumps and zebra crossings should be clearly demarcated.

Designing Consultant/ Supervising Engineer

Residential/commercial roads

Destruction of historical settlement e

Usually these costs are enclosed on costs of contractors. Engineers and quantity surveyors should liaise with Antiquities Department in the Ministry of Natural Resources to put during design an option that will reduce these effects and the community members should be informed on such it before commencement of the project construction. Where necessary initial data can be collected prior construction on state of peoples structure to limit deceivers

Designing Consultant/ Supervising Engineer

Park/ garden Loss of business

premises and business area

PAPs should be given prior information with plenty of time to remove their properties from the area because this is an open space and they are encroachers

Municipal Council and Contractor

Generic Spread of STI including HIV/AIDS

Prevention of the spread of contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS requires educational programs to raise the community awareness, counseling and HIV/testing centers. Another technique for combating the spread of the disease is through establishment of voluntary testing centers (VTCs) in the areas. The VTCs will be useful for those who are ready for voluntary testing to establish their health status. The centers will likewise provide counseling services both for people who are already infected and for those who are healthy. Such counseling is functional since it provides knowledge on how to combat the problem.

Municipal Health Officer and Contractor

Artery roads Collection roads Residential/commercial

Air pollution and noise from operating machines

Working hours should be minimized around human settlements, especially on weekends and public holidays. Work sites should be watered frequently to minimize dust pollution

Contractor


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S/No Generic/Specific Negative Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible

roads

Generic Deforestation and

pressure on natural vegetation

Limit hap hazard tree cutting and encourage people to plant trees. Alternative and reliable sources of energy like use of gas and electricity should be encouraged. Use of wood and charcoal burning should be controlled

Regional authority Municipal council


Loss of social fabrics, old friends and neighbours.

People should be encouraged to resettle in the same location to maintain social fabrics. If possible displaced people should be encouraged to settle in nearby villages-

Municipal council

Park/garden Moral decays More efforts should be undertaken to preserve the local norms and values. The community should give more power to the existing religious institutions and key people in the communities should prevent norms and values of the people. By laws must be prepared and implemented in the area to prevent youngsters and people at school age from entering into the gardens without consent of teachers and parents

LGAs FBOs Teachers Parents

Generic Family conflicts and early pregnancies

Women should be trained on alternative means to earn income Young women should be alerted on conducts of many migrant workers and possible marital conflicts that might arise after completion of the project. Education on norms and values should be done within communities as well as project workers. Religious values should be insisted as from family level in the project areas and for workers as well. Danger of HIV/AIDS pandemic should be intensified for project workers as well as communities particularly youths.

LGAs FBOs Teachers Parents


Destruction of community properties

Contractor will be informed on presence of pipelines and private connection lines so that they can be careful during construction. If damage occurs usually the damage will be costs of contractors. In order to reduce the problem reduce effects the community members should informed contractor on such it before commencement of the project construction.

Contractor LGAs communities along the roads

Landfill and solid waste collection points

Impaired community health

Where necessary the municipal council may create enough buffer zone between the landfill and peoples settlement. Also, the construction of landfill and collection points should be designed in such a way that children and scavengers cannot access the garbage. Entrance to landfill should be limited and where necessary frequent fumigation or pest/virmins control should regularly implemented.

Design team Municipal council


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The effect of mitigation measures are presented in Table 21.

Table 21: Summary of mitigation measures, rating and effect after mitigation during the construction phase

Impact Nature

Clusters Significance rating

Without mitigation

With mitigation

Impact on landscape

Cutting of trees Negative A, C, R, M, S, P

Medium Low

Loss of crops Negative A Medium Low

Employment opportunities Positive A, C,R, M, P, S, E

Low High

Impacts of noise and dust Negative A, R, M, P, S

Medium Low

Impacts on HIV/AIDS spread Negative A, R, M, P, S

High Low

Impacts on road traffic/ accidents Negative A, R, M, P, S

High Low

Land loss Negative A High Low

Impacts on human safety Negative A, C, R, M, P, S, E

High Low

Impacts of water supply Negative A,C, R, M High None

Impacts of electric power supply Negative A,R, M High None

Impact on Gas and oil supply Negative A,R Medium None

Surface runoff and flooding effect Negative A, R High Low

Loss of habitats/housing Negative A High Low

Key: Arterial Roads (A); Collector Roads (C) Residential Commercial Roads (R), Mikindani Commuter terminal (M), Public Parks (P), Solid Waste Collection and landfill (S), Solid waste equipment Acquisition (E).

The summary of the effects of mitigation measures during the operational phase are presented in the Table 22. Table 22: Effects of Mitigation Measures during the operation phase

Impact Nature

Impact cluster Significance rating

Without mitigation

With mitigation

Employment opportunities Positive P, M High High Positive

Odour nuisance Negative S High Low

Attraction of economic investments Positive A, R, M, S, P

Low High Positive

Impact on tourism and historiacal sites Negative C, M

High Low

Physical Health (Sporting) Positive P

Low High

Improvement of Tourism Positive M Low

Solid waste pollution because scavenging from landfill Negative

S

Medium Low

Reduced maintenance cost for vehicles

Positive

A, R

Impacts of noise Negative S Medium Low

Pollution by liquid waste (transportation) Negative S High Low

Impacts on road traffic Negative P Medium Low

Impacts of waste management Positive S Medium Low

Impacts of surface runoff Positive A, R Medium Low

Key: Arterial Roads (A); Collector Roads (C); Residential Commercial Roads (R), Mikindani Commuter terminal (M), Public Parks (P), Solid Waste Collection and landfill (S) , Solid waste equipment Acquisition (E)


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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

9.1 Background

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is widely applicable management tool in development projects. EMP is one of important components of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Tanzania according to EIA and Audit regulation of 2005. It is also an essential requirement for environmental safeguards according to World Bank Policy as supported under Operation Principle (OP) No. 4.01 Primarily, ESMP is required to address the details measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eradicate or reduce significant environmental impacts, or to minimise them to acceptable levels. Second, it shows the necessary and practical actions required to implement the mitigation measures in the Environmental Statement. EMP serves to ensure environmental and social (safety, health) impacts are managed throughout the construction and operation phases.

The main objectives of the ESMP for Mtwara-Mikindani project is to identify the possible environmental impacts of the proposed sub-projects and develop measures to minimise mitigate and manage the predicted impacts. Whilst considering the construction and operation phases of the project, the ESMP consists principally of the following:

Mitigation measures,

Monitoring measures and

Institutional measures. The EMP for Mtwara-Mikindani Strategic City Project is presented as part of EIA process. It provides a strategic framework for implementation of mitigation measures during project operations. .A revised EMP has to be prepared by developer at the commencement of the project. The plan will be reviewed from time to time to ensure it is continuously appropriate. However, it will need to address a series of key points as noted in the subsequent sections. As the project designs are not completed and consequently approved yet, the contents and issues raised in EMP are more of a generic and based on baseline study and concerns expressed by stakeholders. The EMP will be reviewed and detailed based on final project designs, decisions and availability of resources.

9.2 EMP activities

9.2.1 General Mitigation activities

The EMP activities are based on the proposed mitigation measures and should be managed in such a way as to reduce the impact on the surrounding environment and communities. This includes the following management /mitigation activities:

Measures to avoid pollution of soil and water resource by leachate at land fill management;

Pollution of underground soils and water by hydrocarbons (construction and land fill);

Reduce traffic obstructions;

Storm water and flood control after road improvement;

Management of effluent at camps/site offices during construction;

Measures to avert dust and noise pollution;

Measure against traffic/children accidents along roads and recreational parks;

Safeguard local employment especially for youth and women;


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Measures to safe guard workers general health and safety at work places;

Solid waste management plan including written procedure and record of disposal; and

Tree planting and restoration of disturbed landscapes. Notably, important mitigation measures were undertaken during project planning/designing as this can ensure that many impacts are avoided as part of the design and subsequently procurement/engagement of the contractor/equipments., installation safety measures at recreational parks and damp sites. For example, Preferences will be to equipment with low noise and vibrations.

9.2.2 Air pollution by Dust

Municipal Director will ensure contractors implement measures to control or minimise dust and noise pollution. Municipal Director is obliged to collaborate with DMO and relevant NGO to monitor workers against dust effects such as increase of bronchitis diseases. The Municipal Directors should be instructed to abide with Department of Works/ OSHA / Contractors regulation which addresses how to deal dust pollution at work place. The Municipal Director in conjunction with contractors is obliged to undertake adequate measures to minimise dust pollution. Workable measures include the following:

Control dust at project site by checking vehicle speed and covering and irrigation of potential dust sources;

Inspection of workers health in regard to dust impacts/air borne diseases;

Inspection of PPE in relation to prevention of respiratory diseases;

Training of managers and workers on dust management; and

Awareness raising amongst workers and local community against effects dust pollution and protection measures.

9.2.3 Leachate and hydrocarbons control and management

It is important that developer takes responsibilities for mitigation measures to reduce the potential for contamination of soils and water system during construction and operation. It is preferable that such measures are implemented in the entire construction and operation phases. Key mitigation to be implemented will include, but not be limited to, the following:

Leachate/ contamination of underground soils and water at damp site

Oil and fuel leaks from construction equipment

Proper oil disposal at contractors' workshop

Periodic assessment/monitoring of effluent and pollution for water and soil.

Organized visit by team of experts from NEMC, health officers and Inspectors from Department of works, NGO representatives for monitoring of effluent and hydrocarbon pollution

9.2.4 Health and Safety Measures

Health and safety measures for workers will be improved by Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality -developer. Measurers to ensure the contractors provides personal protective equipment (PPE) to workers, good sanitary conditions at site and appropriate and safe waste disposal are the focuses of the health and safety measures to be improved further. The Municipal Council to collaborate with Department of Works/ OSHA to ensure the contractors obtains compliance licence which addresses how to deal health, safety and welfare of workers at workplaces. However, some of the provisions of this Act are relevant to the project could be improved. Essentially, the provision of PPE to workers and enforcement of safety are crucial safety measures. Fire accidents are possible potential safety risk at damp site during operation phase. Also, fire risks may lie with recreational parks depending on design and type of facilities which will be put


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in place. The chances are higher if mechanical or electrical equipment will be installed for children. These may cause body injury or electrocution and may result into loss of life. The Municipality is obliged to undertake adequate measures to avert accidents at sup-project sites. Workable measures include the following:

Availability of operation manual

Regular inspection of equipment and electrical facilities

Installation of Hydrants to curb fire accidents

Inspection of PPE by OSHA

Fire evacuation procedure

Prompt access to fires tenders in case of accidents

Training of managers and workers on fire and general safety management.

Periodic examination of workers‟‟ occupational health by MHO or District Medical officers

9.2.5 Traffic Disruption (Construction phase)

The developer is obliged to ensure minimum or non-occurrence of traffic disruption during construction of roads. Road diversion plan will be prepared and include warning signs for other road users. The developer will collaborate with Traffic Police Department to prepare plan for temporary road diversion and alternative access roads.

9.2.6 Land acquisition and Compensation Plan

The developer has responsibility for preparation of land acquisition and compensation plan. In collaboration with affected persons or PAPs and relevant NGO they will set up a mechanism/ committees for dispute resolution. The developer will initiate survey and valuation of land, affected properties, and subsequently ensure compensations are approved by Government Chief Valuer according to regulation.

9.2.7 Compensation Follow-up and Resettlement

There is a need to focus on the following.

loss of land;

Dislocation of housing;

Loss of crops and trees; and

Dispute solving; against noise/dust.

9.2.8 Responsibilities and Costs

The responsibility for taking environmental and social concerns into detailed planning of the sub-projects rests with Municipal Director (MD). MD is obliged to collaborate with relevant institutions responsible with environment, health and safety including district and ward leaders. For example NEMC, NGOS, OSHA, Department of Works, Engineers and Contractors Registration Board and Workshops Inspectors. The developer is also required to collaborate with key infrastructural and service provision institutions and agencies to implement ESMP. These are; TANROADS, MTUWASA, Mtwara Port Authority, TTCL, Artumas Group, TANESCO, The budget for implementing the ESMP and sources for the resources should be worked out.

9.3 Summary of Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Shown in the next pages is a structure of ESMP showing key management activities and management for each of the proposed cluster.


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9.3.1 Arterial Roads

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

MONITORING/ INDICATORS

RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND

SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety - Awareness raising (posters, safety videos and warning signs)

- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage

- Publication of accident record to workers.

- Regular meetings on Health and Safety issues.

- Follow up on Health and Safety policy applied by contractors.

Prevention of body burns cause by hot bitumen/tarmac.

- Record of work accidents

- Record of warning for not wearing PPE

- Minutes of H&S meetings

- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee

-Construction phase

Municipal Director (MD).

Budget Part of Main Contract for contractor

Noise and Dust at construction sites

- Awareness raising (posters, on the job training)


- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory disease.

- Timing of noisy activities

- Record respiratory infections

- Record public complains

- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards.

Construction phase

Municipal Director

Part of contract budget

Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste management at sub-projects

- Waste management at workshops.

- Prevent oil spillage

- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste to be washed to the effluent

- Collecting oil spillage from workshops

- Record keeping

Monitor contamination of soils and underground water at camps/site offices.

Number of complains recorded.

- Municipal Director in collaboration with Health and Safety Manager.

Municipal Health Officer.

Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water Laboratory. Tanzania Bureau of Standards.

Construction MD

Part of contract budget

Traffic Accidents Monitor construction and efficacy of road bumps/humps.

Speed control

- Record keeping MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager,

Construction MD/ Traffic Dept.

500,000 TAS/yr


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MONITORING/ INDICATORS

RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND

SOURCE OF FUND

Awareness rising.

Erection of Warning sign boards.

Disease spread including HIV/AIDS

Awareness rising.

Training of workers.

Distribution of Brochures.

Video shows and

Counseling.

Prevent occurrence/ harbouring of vermin and pests at damp site (cockroaches, rates, stray dogs).

Number of organized meetings and seminars.

Number of film show.

DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS Construction phases

Developer, Ministry of Health/ MD

3,000,000 TAS

Restoration of trees and buffer zone planting

Tree planting/replacement along roads,

Number of planted and surviving trees.

Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Office.

Environmental NGOs (MACEMP).

Damp manager

After construction

In first 3 years

MD

1,000.000TAS

Storm water and Flooding Maintenance of water channels.

Cleaning of road culverts

Km of drainage system cleaned/maintained. Number of culverts unblocked

MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, TANROADS, road committees, NGOs

Construction and operational phases

MD

Contract money + 2,000,000 TAS

operational phase

Compensation (land, crops, trees, properties, injuries)

Resolving compensation disputes for land and properties

Recorded disputes MD, District Land officer, Chief government Valuer and District Valuer.

Resettlement Committee

At the outset of construction phases

MD

Subject to actual valuation. Approx 600.000,000TAS

Disruption of water, power, gas and oil pipes, telephone and other utilities/services

Improvement of design.

Regular inspection

Number of services disrupted.

Frequency of severing /disruption water supply and utilities

MD in collaboration with TANESCO, ARTUMAS, TTCL, OIL companies, Mtwara Port Authorities,

Throughout Construction phase

MD

15,000,000TAS

Monitor local employment Encourage local employment including for youth and women

Prepare monitoring sheets/formats

Record complains MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs

Construction phase

MD

200,000 TAS


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9.3.2 Collector Roads



MONITORING/ INDICATORS RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND

SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety - Awareness raising


- Publication of accident record to workers –

Regular meetings on Health and Safety issues.







-Construction phase Municipal Director (MD).


Noise and Dust pollution - Awareness raising (posters, on the job training)







Construction phase Municipal Director


Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste management

- Waste management at workshops


- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste.


- Recycling, selling or burning used oil.

- Record keeping

Monitor contamination of soils and underground water at s.





Construction MD

Part of contractors‟ fund


Speed control

Awareness raising.



Construction MD/ Traffic Dept.

500,000 TAS/yr


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MONITORING/ INDICATORS RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND

SOURCE OF FUND


Awareness raising.



Video shows and

Counseling.





3,000,000 TAS

Restoration of trees. Tree planting/replacement.




After construction MD

Storm water and flooding Maintenance of water channels.





Disruption of water, power, telephone utilities/services


Regular inspection



MD in collaboration with TANESCO, TTCL, Authorities,


MD

10,000,000TAS




Construction phase MD

MD

200,000 TAS


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9.3.3 Residential/Commercial Roads


PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES MONITORING/ INDICATORS RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND

SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety - Awareness raising - Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage









-Construction phase Municipal Director (MD).

Part of contract budget.

Noise and Dust pollution - Awareness raising







Construction phase Municipal Director



- Waste management at workshops (procedures and records)





- Record keeping






Construction MD

Part of contract


Speed control

Awareness raising.


-Record keeping MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager,

Construction MD

5,000,000TAS


Awareness raising and training of workers by distribution of Brochures.


DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS Construction phases Developer, Ministry of


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SOURCE OF FUND

Video shows and

Counseling.

Number of film show. Health/ MD

3,000,000 TAS


Tree planting/replacement. Number of planted and surviving trees.




2,000,000TAS






MD

10,000,000TAS in first 5 years of operation

Disruption of water, power, telephone and other utilities/services


Regular inspection


Frequency of severing or disruption water supply and utilities

MD in collaboration with TANESCO, , TTCL Authorities,


MD

8,000,000TAS




Construction phase MD

MD

200,000 TAS


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9.3.4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal



SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety Employ Terminal Manager

Awareness raising


- Publication of accident record to workers






- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee.

Terminal Manager

-Construction phase


24,000,000TAS for 5

yrs for manager employment.


- Awareness raising







Construction phase

Municipal Director





- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste pollution.


- Record keeping






Construction MD

Part of contractor‟s budget.


Awareness raising.



Video shows and

Counseling.





3,000,000 TAS


Tree planting/replacement. Number of planted and surviving trees.




Part of contractors‟ obligation


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SOURCE OF FUND


Frequency of cleaning drainage system.



Each year in operation

Part of contractors‟ obligation.

600,000TAS/yr in Operation phase




Construction phase

MD


Health and Safety - Awareness raising (posters, safety videos and warning signs)


- Publication of accident record to workers (recreational parks and damp





- Minutes of Health and Safety meetings


-Construction phase




- Awareness raising - Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage






Construction phase

Municipal Director

Part of contract.


- Waste management at workshops (procedures and records)





- Record keeping






Construction MD

Part of contract


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9.3.5 Public Parks



MONITORING/ INDICATORS RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND SOURCE

OF FUND

Health and Safety - Awareness raising (- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage


Regular meetings on Health and Safety issues.


Employ Park Managers





Park Manager

-Construction phase


25,000,000TAS mainly

to cover employment for Manager.

Noise and Dust pollution - Awareness raising - Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage




- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Park Manager

Construction phase

Municipal Director

Use Existing resources from relevant dept.

Traffic and Children Accidents

Monitor construction and efficacy of road bumps/humps along TANU road.

Speed control

Awareness raising.


Record keeping for accidents etc.

MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager,

Construction MD

Contract fund. Use existing resources. Govt. operation


Awareness raising.



Video shows and

Counseling.

Prevent occurrence/ harboring of pests.




Developer, Ministry of Health.

DMO/Health dept ordinary fund

Restoration of trees Tree planting/replacement along roads, recreational parks.




After construction

MD

3,000,000TAS

Storm water and Flooding Maintenance of water channels. Km of drainage system cleaned/maintained. Number of

MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, TANROADS, road

Construction and operational

MD


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MONITORING/ INDICATORS RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE COSTS AND SOURCE

OF FUND

Cleaning of road culverts culverts unblocked committees, NGOs phases 8,000,000TAS after construction.

Disruption of water, power, telephone and other utilities/services


Regular inspection



MD in collaboration with TANESCO, ARTUMAS, TTCL, OIL companies, Mtwara Port Authorities,


MD

5,000,000TAS




Construction phase

MD

1,200,000TAS

9.3.6 Solid Waste Sub Projects (landfill and collection centres)



SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety -Employ Land fill Manager

Awareness raising.


- Publication of accident record to workers



Employ landfill Manager





Landfill Manager

-Construction phase

And Operation phase

Municipal Director (MD)

. 29,000,000TAS

mainly to cover employment of Manager.

Noise and Dust pollution - Awareness raising







Land Fill Manager

Construction/ operation phase

Municipal Director

Part of health budget.


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SOURCE OF FUND

Solid waste and leachate pollution and Solid waste management at sub-projects


- Implement measures against contamination of underground soils and water resource

- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste pollution.

- Control/prevent burning at landfill

- Measures against scavengers.

- Environmental audit, Monitoring

- Record keeping






NEMC, OSHA for environmental audit

Operation phase

Environmental Audit each 10 years

MD

20, 000,000 TAS be

determined

Traffic Accidents Monitor construction and efficacy of entrance /outlet roads

Speed control by near landfill bumps/humps.

Awareness raising.

Erection of Warning sign boards at entrances/outlets.


Land Fill Manager

Construction and Operation phase.

MD/ Traffic Dept.

500,000 TAS/yr

Odour Management Prevent odour from decomposing refuse and SWC trucks

Record complains.

Resolve complains

Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards.

Operational phase Municipal Director.

100,000TAS/yr


Awareness raising.



Video shows and

Counseling.

Prevent occurrence/ harboring of vermin and pests at Landfill (cockroaches, rates, stray dogs).



DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS.

Land Fill Manager

Construction phases Developer, Ministry of Health

5,000,000TAS


Tree planting/replacement along roads, recreational parks.





10,000,000TAS

in 5 years


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SOURCE OF FUND

Compensation ( land, crops, trees, properties, injuries)

Resolving compensation disputes for land and properties

Recorded disputes MD, District Land officer, District Valuer and Resettlement Committee.

Land Fill Manager

At the outset of construction phases

MD

20,000,000TAS




Construction and operation phase

MD

100,000 TAS

9.3.7 Solid waste equipment Acquisition



SOURCE OF FUND

Health and Safety - Training and awareness raising for operators


- Publication of accident records.







Transport Officer

-operation phase Municipal Director (MD).

Normal operative fund for Health dept.

Noise and Dust pollution - Awareness raising among operators.



Servicing of SWC equipment/ trucks.




- Maintenance frequency for damp bulldozers.


Operation phase Municipal Director

Existing budgets for sanitation department.


- Awareness raising



Servicing of SWC equipment/ trucks.



- Maintenance frequency for damp bulldozers.


Operation phase Municipal Director

Existing budget for Transport department


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9.3.8 Environmental Priorities of the City Council and Residents

The Municipal Council of Mtwara places a great emphasis on the conservation of the following;

Marine ecology including mangroves species and fish

Preservation of remnants of natural forests including the black wood trees

Empowerment of community for participatory forest management

Preservation of marine coral resources.

Sanitation and health improvement through collection and safe disposal of solid and liquid waste.

9.3.9 Environmental Conditions and Problems Posed by subprojects

The environmental conditions and problems caused by the proposed sub-project are described in chapter 5.0.

9.3.10 Review of Institution Capability and Recommendations

The present institutional arrangement seems adequate for the implementation of EMP. However there is need to bring in the expertise/advise of upper level institution such NEMC and OSHA to backstopping functions and advice. Other institutions that may be consulted during implementation of EMP include the following; The contractors‟ registration Board;

The Engineers Registrations Board; and

Works inspectors.

9.3.11 Environmental Monitoring Program at Council/Community Levels

Environmental Monitoring is a systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables of the predicted impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information or data on the characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts and whether necessary measures for mitigation have been implemented. Therefore monitoring is one of the important factors for environmental management within the EIA context. The developer is expected to prepare environmental monitoring program at the start of operational phase especially for Road clusters; recreational park and landfill. There is also a need to further develop or review clusters specific baseline data at the start of the project to ascertain its adequate for future monitoring; For example data on the following;

Underground water quality at landfill; and

Ambient air ( particulate air particles) quality at landfill,

9.3.12 Assessment of the Proposed Resettlement Sites

All affected people will be displaced in Mdenga Namadi area in a surveyed area, the plots are new allocated for all Mdenga Namadi residence, but to start with the priority has given to project PAPs where most of them have been already shown their plots

9.3.13 Process Used to Prepare EMPs

The preparation of EMP is based on concerns expressed by the people who will be affected by the proposed project and particular clusters. The generic impacts and mitigation for projects of similar nature have also been observed. The involvement and participation of stakeholders was one of the main processes in developing the EMP.


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9.3.14 Institutional Arrangement Responsibilities for Monitoring EMPs

Under normal practice monitoring of the project performance is done by the developer and responsible or relevant authorities. In Tanzania NEMC is a responsible authority for environmental monitoring. Other authorities include OSHA and Inspectors of Works. Relevant NGOs for example those dealing with environmental conservation and social development may be invited to take part in the monitoring according to the nature of the project, for example NGOD for Preservation of Historical values and national heritage.

9.3.15 Institutional set up for EMP

The responsible team and organization for monitoring of the EMP is presented in this section. The major responsibilities for the plan are vested in the office of Municipal Council Authority i.e. the Director of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality. Under him he has well staffed departments headed by department heads. These will deal with predicted impacts and it mitigations through EMP. The following departments or disciplines are available:

The office of Municipal Engineer;

Water supply and sanitation department;

District Medical Office;

Environment and Natural Resources Office;

Community Development/Social welfare Office;

District Water Engineers;

District Health Office;

District Legal Officer; and

Land and Town Planning Office,

Therefore, the above team or departments are anticipated to implement the Environmental and Social Management plan for the proposed Strategic City Project. The Municipal Director (MD) will be the overall in-charge of ESMP. At Ward land Street (Mtaa), the responsible Executive officers and Chairperson will facilitate the overall implementation. The Municipal team is responsible for implementation of operational mitigation, monitoring and continual improvement. The Municipal Engineer (ME) will be responsible for supervision and monitoring of road infrastructural issues. Overall, it is assumed that it will play the role of district counterpart or focal persons during preparation and implementation of road works. In addition, the responsibility for electrical works, inspections and safe guards lies with ME. The District Water Engineer (DWE) will liaise with contractor on issues of water supply as regard possible impact on the water supply system. In particular, the water pipes in the road reserve/utility zone. The District Medical officer (DMO) is responsible for health issues in particular impacts related to health such as Disease outbreak, HIV/AIDS etc. He is a key person in implementing and monitoring health impacts. DMO will monitor and keep records about outbreaks of diseases at work sites throughout the project construction. Municipal Health Officer: He/she is responsible for sanitation and protection of diseases at work places and will monitor implementation of training and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS during construction phase as proposed in the EMP and Monitoring plan. Municipal NGOS; Various NGOs and Civil Organizations/ Community Based Organization (CBO) working on range of sanitation, archaeological/cultural/tourism values, health and environment issues including gender will be engaged in the process of project monitoring


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and implementation of ESMP during construction and operation phases. The task will include safeguard of local employment and gender issues. In addition training and awareness creation about HIV/AIDs, safe disposal of waste and socio-cultural/ issues

9.4 Reporting structure

The Municipal council has a workable line of command and reporting structure for the day-to-day implementation and monitoring of the project. This ranges from project engineers to the Municipal Executive Director. The municipality will prepare schedule and line for reporting on project implementation and management of EMP. The reporting will provide mechanism for review of the plan and implementation of corrective measures. The Municipal Director will assume the major responsibility for the project especially in ensuring that recommended environmental, safety and health measures are adequately taken care off. The sub-project supervisors will be responsible for issues under their sub-projects and report to project engineers representing the MD. Impromptu inspection will take place in the course of project construction. Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Manager and Community Liaison Officers (CLO) Manager or personnel will be appointed and will work closely with project engineer. Manager should be preparing periodic reports in particular quarterly, semi-annual and annual monitoring reports.

9.4.1 Formats for EMPs

The ESMP should be able to address the how, when, who, where and what of integrating environmental and social mitigation and monitoring measures during operation or activities. The main formats for EMP/ESMP should include the following:

impacts,

mitigation activities

indicators,

responsibility,

timing,

Cost and source of funding.

9.4.2 EIA Capacity Building Program

Capacity building will be an important component of project development process. To start with the developer will appoint a counterpart who will work closely with the consultant on project formulation process including structures design and implementation of EIA. The major aspect of capacity building is training. The Municipal counterpart/s will be attached to the EIA consultant throughout the EIA process.


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10 DECOMMISSIONING

The lifespan for the sub-project of road, solid waste structure, commuter bus terminal, public/recreational park and landfill is anticipated cover several decades. However, under normal operation, regular repair and maintenance of the project structures and equipment will take place regularly to avoid major failures such as potholes for roads or structural failures or total breakdown for other project components. There is no specific information available about decommissioning. However, regular maintenance or repair of roads and other structures will depend on budget allocation, changes in technology and demand from people. Following completion of the construction works, appropriate consideration will be given to the deconstruction and decommissioning of the site offices. It is important to ensure that when the construction workers leave the site, they do not result into significant impacts, such as solid waste pollution or damage. Such considerations should be included within the site procedures or instruction manual. In the unlikely event of the total closing down of the some project components such as recreational park and landfill project, a new assessment is needed to decide on the feasibility and benefits of such sub-projects. Before the option of structural demolition is considered, maintenance or structural strengthening should be considered. In case safe unexpected demolition or closure of solid waste and landfill, sufficient sanitation measures should be put in place including supervision by qualified personnel from municipal authority. For example, disinfection measures for diseases and pests (cockroaches, rats) should be executed. In case of decommissioning process, all solid materials including steel and plastics should be sorted, removed from site, recycled and re-used as found appropriate. Due diligence study will be carried out to evaluated the soil conditions and remedy if need be, steel and plastic (poly) structures will be removed, sorted, crushed and sold off as scrap metal as a mitigation measure against solid waste pollution and soil contamination. Environmental restoration will follow with tree / grass planting and proper landscaping.


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11 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN (RAP)

According to the RAP study and subsequent final report, the project will affect at least 55 people. Whereas Fourteen (14) people will be affected (possessing only crops without buildings) and forty one (41) of the affected people possess both buildings and permanent crops. Compensation will not be paid for land within the construction corridor along the existing alignment, but the land acquired for a new realignment will be compensated for. In addition to the direct compensation total costs are Tsh 101,022,155 which include Tsh 2,641,000 for crops and Tsh 98,381,155 for building. Those who were doing their livelihood activities in the open space (Tilla park, Maduka Makubwa and Jionee area) have been given notice to remove their properties and no compensation will be paid for them as they were conducting the activities in the municipal plots, i.e. they had been made aware by the municipal council of the municipal developmental plans. The detailed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report is included as Annexure „A‟.


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12 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The analysis of the baseline socio-economic data and survey findings of the immediate project impact area indicates that the upgrading sub projects will have major social and economic benefits to the people living within and beyond the impact area. The major benefits are in the areas of increased agricultural production and productivity, increased commercial activities, improved travel and transport, industrialization, increased tourist activities, efficient mobility and interaction and improved access to quality social services and increases in the diversity of these services. The detailed design and overall layout has not yet been determined. However, the potential generic impacts have been identified and assessed, and mitigation through the preparation of design protocol will ensure that these generic impacts are applied to the project allowing for project specific assessment and mitigation. This will be undertaken at the appropriate stage as the design process moves forward. Details regarding compensation for the residential building will be resolved according to the governing land regulation. Sufficient number of stakeholders was consulted and their worries and concerns have formed an important basis for the proposed mitigation and recommendations. More importantly, the National policy and legislation as stipulated in EMA of 2004 together with WBG guideline on environment, health and safety practices have be observed. During the detail design of the planned project, the planners should focus on minimizing landscape and soil disturbance and changes on recreational view. Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council or “developer” is committed to implement adequate social and economic safeguard measures against the anticipated negative impacts. The developer is equally committed to enhancing the anticipated positive impacts such as employment and access to products or services. The summary of the most important mitigation and management measures and initiatives to minimize the potential impacts are: In view of the foregoing impact assessment, the proposed project will result into short term and low to medium impacts. It will generate significant economic and socio-cultural benefits to the local community and the nation at large including revenue, employment as result of attraction to economic investments. Overall, the anticipated positive impacts will outweigh the negative ones by far. Welfare or health of people including children will improve due to access to sporting and recreational activities at the proposed recreational parks. Improved collection of solid and liquid waste will improve sanitation and reduction of communicable diseases such as cholera and dysentery. The project developer is committed to implement adequate social and economic safeguard measures against the anticipated negative impacts. Municipal Director is equally committed to enhancing the anticipated positive. The EIA process has identified a number of potential impacts associated with the proposed sub-project, and has proposed measures for its mitigation. Therefore, it is recommended that the potential negative impacts that might result from the upgrading of the sub projects should be adequately addressed during and after road construction. In dealing with these potentially negative impacts participatory approaches that will involve all the stakeholders such as the representatives of the local people, professionals and leaders be adopted. This approach is expected to enhance democratic ideals and ensure the sustainability of the programs and participation in the later maintenance activities of the road. The summary of recommended mitigation and management measures to minimize the potential impacts are:


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Proper design to accommodate measures for tree cutting, storm water effects and relocation or demolition of houses.

Compensation agreements for relocation and property damages.

Proper design and liaison with relevant utilities Authorities to prevent damages on gas, oil, water supply pipes and communication cables

Careful design to avert disturbance on historical sites of Mikindani

Implement measures to minimize or avoid damage on planted and protected trees including restriction on use of Mangrove wood in project works

Measures to encourage local employment.

Mitigation measures against workplace and traffic accidents and pollution by noise and dust.

Measures against possible increase of HIV/AIDS prevalence.

Liaison with local authority, utilities and institutions such as municipal authority, OSHA and health department to ensure health, safety and environmental safeguards.

Monitor compliance to environmental, health and safety measures.


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13 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Betty Lyimo 2008 Socio-economic survey for Lindi and Mtwara Regions. Finish Government/FINNIDA.

ERT 2004. A Profile for the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), 2004

MAFSC 2006 Soils of Tanzania and their potential for Agriculture Development. Mlingano Agricultural Research and Training Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Co-operatives. Tanga, Tanzania. November 2006.

TBS (2006) Municipal and industrial wastewaters: General tolerance limits for municipal and industrial wastewaters. First Edn. Tanzania Bureau of Standards. United Republic of Tanzania. TZS 860: 2006. ICS 13.060.30.

URT (1956). Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Cap. 336. 1950-54 Edition. (Part I and II). Government Printer,

URT (2004), Environmental Management ACT, 2004

URT (2005), Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation (GN 349 0f 2005),

URT 2005. Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. General Management Plan. URT, Ministry of natural Resources and Tourism.

URT 2005. Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. General Management Plan. URT, Ministry of natural Resources and Tourism.

URT 2006 Soils of Tanzania and their Potential for Agriculture Development. Mlingano Agricultural Research Institute Department of Research and Training. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and Cooperatives. Tanga Tanzania. November 2006.

URT 2009. CCHP Council Competitive Health Plan. Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council. 2009.

URT, 2002 EIA Procedures and Guidelines, Volume I through V, 2002. National Environmental Management Council United Republic of Tanzania (URT), 2002.

World Bank, 2004. The World Bank Operational Manual OP 4.01 (EIA) and OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement, Revised April 2004).


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APPENDIX 1: LIST OF CONSULTED PEOPLE

List of Consulted persons

S/No Name Institution

1 Eng. Kubilu B.H Masenge Ag. Managing Director , MTUWASA

2 Mr. Madaraka Marumbo Ag. Regional Manager, TANESCO

3 Eng. Nkini Leonard Ag. Regional Manager, TANROADS

4 Mr. Mashakla Mdachi Regional Traffic Officer, Mtwara

5 Mr. Simion Semindu Regional Statistics Manager, Mtwara

6 Ms. Iphygenie F. Jaribu Gtz Government Advisor Mtwara

7 Mr. Smythies E. Pangisa Assistant Administrative Secretary (Planning), Mtwara

8 Mr. Elias Mugaya Executivion Officer, World Wide Fund (WWF) MBREMP

Project

9 Mr. Silvester Mgina Municipal Natural Resources Officer

10 Mr. Deogratius S. Dotto Municipal Health Officer, Mtwara-Mikindani

11 Faustine A. Barayata Municipal Engineer

12 Mr. Said Chibwana Sanitation Officer, Mtwara Municipal

13 Mr. Ally Mchedengele Ward Executive Officer, Jangwani/ Mikindani Area

14 Ms. Fatuma Kusi Chair Person -MSOAPO (NGO), Mtwara

15 Ms. Mwanahaminisi Secretary MSOAPO (NGO), Mtwara

16 Ms. Rahma Issa Member, MSOAPO, Mtwara

17 Mr. Moses Barnaba Member, MSOAPO

18 Mr. Issa Hamisi Mtambo HARAKATI SANG, MSOAPO

19 Mr. Vitus Edga Chigologolo Community Development Officer, Mtwara Municipal

20 Mr. Hasan S. Charle Secretary - MSOAPO

21 Mr. Hassan Licholonjo Coordinator , Marine and Coastal Environment

Management Project (MACEMP) and Municipal Natural

Resources Officer

22 Mr. Musa Mhagama Environment Management / Forest Officer, Mtwara-

Mikindani Municipallity

23 Mr. Moses Nkunda Operations Supervisor AG & P Power Limited (Artumas

Power Group)

24 Mr. Jack Harder Field Manager AG & P Power (ARTUMAS Group Inc)

25 Mr. Salmin S. Samin Manager Oil COM, Mtwara-Mikindani

26 Mr. Injas M. Maiba Lands Officer, Mtwara-Mikindani

27 Mr. Gulum A. M. Samji Director, Private Road Construction Company

28 Mr. Raynald Turcotte AGG Field Manager, AG & P Gas Company (Artumas )

29 Mr. Respisuous Kindawa Health Safety and Environmental Manager, ARTUMAS

Group Inc

30 Mr. Anselm P, C. Masumbuko City Planning and Environmental Officer a, Mtwara

Mikindani Municipality

31 Ms Mwajuma I. N. Nyoni Community Development and Social Welfare Officer,

Mtwara Municipal


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S/No Name Institution

32 Mr. Selemani A. Nahatula Coordinator, TASAF, Mtwara-Mikindania

33 Mr. Bright Msalya Coordinator, Forum for Conservation of Nature

(FOCONA)

34 Mr. Noel Ngakonda FOCONA

35 Mr Dadi Road technician, Mtwara -Mikindani

36 Mr. Shaibu Ally Chikohi Nyerere Youth Group for Solid Waste Collection

37 Mr. Shomari Director, Naliendele Agriculture Research Institute,

Mtwara

38 Mr. Matauna Managing Director, MTUWASA

39 Mr. Chande Operational Manager, TTCL

40 Ms. Mwanache Sylvia Community Development Officer


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APPENDIX 2: ‘PAP’- LOCATION LAYOUT

Property encroachments as indicated in black rectangular marks on the layout below, along Zambia Road.


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