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The United States & The Old World Order
The United States & The Old World OrderTeddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal—grabbed the strip of land from Colombia in 1903, willed the vast construction through disease-infested jungle that had been a graveyard for the French (Dr. Gorgas resolved yellow fever problem by identifying and eradicating mosquito carrier)
Teddy Roosevelt went against more than a century of tradition and became the first American president ever to leave the country while in office by going to view the construction site of the Panama Canal, eventually completed in 1914, long after his Presidency had ended. During his visit, he saw a steam shovel for the first time, so he stopped his train and hiked through the mud to take a turn at the controls.
Progressive DiplomacyProgressive Diplomacy Foundations of progressive diplomacy—moralism, order,
superiority of Anglo-American stock—open doors of trade/keep them open
Platt Amendment—attached by U.S. to Cuban constitution: U.S.
could step in and kick butt if it needs to…and would, twice (Teller?)
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine—way beyond
Monroe: right to intervene when finances goofy; protect them from themselves
Treaty of Portsmouth—Russo-Japanese War ended in Japan’s favor—but balance of power in East maintained (won’t have to worryabout the Japanese for awhile)
Elihu Root, Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, who said the
country needs to “police the
surrounding premises”; Teddy
Roosevelt poses with members of the
Russian and Japanese delegations at the
Portsmouth Treaty, for which Roosevelt was given the Nobel
Peace Prize.
Gentlemen’s agreement—insult of a proud people, then mutual restrictions of immigration between U.S. and Japan
Great White Fleet—showing
off or intimidating—it came back to hauntus in Japanese naval ambitions
Roosevelt—Progressive (Big Stick) Diplomacy
Taft—Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson—Moral Diplomacy
Officers of the Great White Fleet; the USS Minnesota
passes through another symbol of power, the Panama Canal.
Woodrow Wilson and Moral DiplomacyWoodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy
Twenty-one demands—Japan’s attempt to control
China, opposed by Wilson
Mexican Revolution—a mess Wilson thought he needed
to control, but couldn’t
When Wilson’s Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan wasn’t up to foreign relations problems, Wilson turned to
“Colonel” Edward Mandel House, Wilson’s trusted behind-the-scenes advisor.
Three major players in the Mexican Revolution: Diaz, Huerta, and Carranza.
Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa and some of his bandidos when he was fighting with rebel Francisco Madera; Pancho Villa's body after his assassination in 1923.
Pancho Villa on his horse Siete Leguas; Villa with his "official" wife, Luz Corral.
Villa and his forces left Columbus, New Mexico in ruins and 19 dead, prompting
the American invasion of Mexico
under Pershing to “get Villa.”
The Road to WarThe Road to War Causes of World War I—nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and
alliances
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
—this out-of-the way incident created a disastrous domino effect
The militaristic Kaiser Wilhelm, who, like
many European heads of state, was spoiling
for a fight.
The arrest of Gavrilo Princip, a member of the
Black Hand, after his shooting of the Austrian Archduke in Sarajevo.
Princip heading for court. He would be
executed.
Wilson’s neutral ideals—lead world to “higher peace”—impossible
Submarine warfare—British above, Germans below
Sussex pledge—risk for Wilson
Woodrow Wilson wanted to keep Americans playing baseball during
WWI and “impartial in thought as well as action.”
The unterseeboot Deutschland, like the one that sank the Lusitania (above).
Zimmerman telegram—plus unrestricted sub warfare and the prospect of allied loss pushed U.S. into war
Was Jeannette Rankin right? Some historians think so
The Democratic supporters of Wilson campaigned against Republican Charles Evans Hughes with the
slogan, “If you want war, vote for Hughes. If you want peace with
honor, vote for Wilson!”
German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman’s coded note to the German ambassador to Mexico, proposing a German/Mexican alliance.
War and SocietyWar and Society Trench warfare—defensive
advantage; therefore, stalemate
General Pershing, commander of the AEF.
END OF READING
War Industries Board—coordinated production in normally competitive economy
Americans could help out their country’s war
effort by lending it money through buying
bonds.
A poster from the Food Administration
that promoted “wheatless” and
“meatless” days and “victory gardens.”
Bureaucratic state—government, business, and labor working together, though dismantled after WWI, set precedent followed later
National War Labor Board—arbitrated 1000+ labor disputes: don’t strike and you’ll get higher wages, overtime, equal pay for women, rights to unionize and bargain collectively
Women in the workforce—federal government assured women of conditions they never had before
Latino migrations—need for labor forced immigration waivers
African Americans—migration north to “Land of Hope” caused problems in the South and North
Committee on Public Information— “a fight for the minds of men”: pamphlets, posters, “four-minute men,” immigrant pilgrimages
100 percent Americanism—distrust of foreign and non-mainstream, esp. Germans
Espionage and Sedition acts—penalties for hindering war effort or being even remotely unpatriotic
George Creel, director of the Committee on Public
Information; James Flagg’s famous “I Want You for the
U.S. Army” poster.
A Wobblies badge. Their socialistic ideals made them targets of the
government during WWI.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points—proposed new world order:
open diplomacy, free seas, free trade, disarmament, democratic self-rule, “association of nations for collective security”
Global spread of the pandemic—25 million; U.S. one of the
least affected, though may haveoriginated here, but still lethal at675,000
Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier who said of Wilson’s
Fourteen Points, “Even God Almighty has only ten!”
Students at San Diego High School during the flu
epidemic of 1918
League of Nations—submit disagreements
to arbitration, isolate aggressors, respect independence and territory—sounds good?
Wilson’s stroke—ailing League now
dead with both sides attacking treaty versions; war not officially over for U.S. until 1921
Radicals and labor unrest—overblown
Palmer raids—“Red Scare”: bombers,
communists everywhere and nowhere
The “Big Four” taking a break during post WWI discussions: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George,
Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. Wilson took along no Republican Senators, thus sabotaging
ratification.
Edith Bolling Wilson (above), who became an unofficial president for six weeks while her husband recovered from a stroke; A. Mitchell
Palmer (right), who launched a series of raids during the “Red Scare.”