ED 061 564

AUTHORTITLE

INSTITUTION

SPONS AGENCYBUREAU NOPUB DATECONTRACTNOTEAVAILABLE FROM

DOCUMENT RESUME

CG 400 054

Kidder, Mary Jane, Comp.Searchlight: Relevant Resources in High InterestAreas. Counseling the Pregnant Teenager. 2RRetrospective Search.ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and PersonnelServices, Ann Arbor, Mich.Offir;e of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C.BR-6-2487Oct 71OEC-3-6-002487-1579(010)12p.ERIC/CAPS, Room 2180, School of Education Building,The University of Michigan, Ann Arbort Michigan 4810401.00)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29DESCRIPTORS Adolescents; *Annotated Bibliographies; *Dropout

Prevention; *Pregnancy; Psychological Services;Special Programs; *Teenagers; *Unwed Mothers

ABSTRACTThis search of 18 documents from the ERIC collection,

Dissertation Abstracts, and the journal literature, reviews attemptsby several school systems to provide medical, psychological andeducational support for pregnant teenagers, in order to prevent theirdropping out of school. g.!,:o

CDCD

Relevant Resources in High Interest Areas

2RRETROSPECTIVE SEARCH

Counseling thePregnant Teenager

Compiled by Mary Jane Kidder

October 1971

This search reviews attempts by severalschool systems to provide medical,psychological and educational supportfor this populatior order toprevent dropping(18 document abstracts retrieved)

$1 . 00

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION& WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCEDEXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THt PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES-SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU-CATION POSITION OR POLICY.

Searchlight is a development of the ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services I nfor-mation Center and is published in cooperation with the School of Education at TheUniversity of Michigan.

ERIC/CAPS, Room 2108, School of Education BuildingThe University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

Introduction

This infomation packet is intended to alert the user to a bodyof literature on a topic of current interest to counselors It

identifies research reports that have been cited in the EducationalResources Information Center's (ERIC) publication, Research inEducation (RIE) from January 1967 through June 1971, in DissertationAbstracts International from January 1968 through June 1971, andin ERIC's Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE) fromJanuary 19 8 through June 1971.

Order ing Instructions

Searchlight has attempted to give availability for all materialslisted in this packet. In most cases, it is possible to obtain Epersonal copy of the title listed. The sources fall into threegroupings:

ERIC DocumentsReferences in this search for which an ED (ERIC Document)number is given may be ordered from the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS). Copies arE available ineither hard (photo) copy or in microfiche form. Themicrofiche require a special machine for use. To orderany oF he ED materials, please refer to the ERIC ReportsOrder Blank at the back of this packet.

Doctoral DisselLationsAll dissertations listed in this search have been drawnfrom Dissertation Abstracts International, a publicationof University Microfilms. They are available on micro-film (MF) at $4.00 per dissertation, or in bound photocopy (X) at $10. ,t) per dissertation from UniversityMicrofilms.To order, give the following information:

1) Order number2) Author's last name and initials3) Type of copy desired (35mm positive microfilms,

or soft bound xerographic copy)4) Your name and address (list separately ror

billing and shipping, if they are different)Send your order, with payment, to University Microfilms,300 North Zee!) Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106.

Journal ArticlesJournal articles are available from the original journalin library or personal collections. Refer to theentry for volume and page designations.

ED 035 680 UD 009 352Braen, Bernard B.The Evolution of a Therapeutic Group Approach

to School-Age Pregnant Girls.State Univ. of New York, Syracuse. Upstate

Medical Center.Pub Date [Dec 68]Note-20p.

Descriptors*Adolescents, American I. dians,Caucasians, *Class Attitudes, Decision Making,*Group Counseling, Negroes, Nursing,Pediatrics Training, *Pregnancy, PsychologicalEvaluation, Psychologists, Rehabilitation Coun-seling, Social Work, Therapy

IdentifiersYMED Program, *Young MothersEducational Development ProgramThis report evaluates the Young Mothers' Edu-

cational Development Program sponsored by theState University of New York, for pregnant girlsbetween the ages of 16 and 21. The program pro-vided needed services in the areas of obstetrics,pediatrics, education, social work, nursing, andpsychology. The girls were Black, Caucasian, andIndian. Internalized values and preconceptions ofstaff members, reflecting a white, middle classorientation, became apparent dui-Mg the courseof the program. The report focuses on the in-adequacies of initial approaches and assumptionsand makes suggestions for improvements. (KG)

ED 017 618 UD 005 824EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL SERVICES TOSCHOOL-AGE EXPECTANT MOTHERS.LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS, CALIF.PUB DATE 67

18P.DESCRIPTORS *COUNSELING INSTRUC-

TIONAL PROGRAMS, *MEDICAL SERVICE-S, *PREGNANCY, *SPECIAL PROGRAMS,*UNWED MOTHERS, ADMINISTRATIVEPROBLEMS, CALIFORNIA, GUILD CARE,COMMUNITY AGENCIES (PUBLIC), ESEATITLE 1, HOME VISITS, INTERAGENCYCOOPERATION, LOS ANGELES, PERSON-NEL, PROGRAM EVALUATION, PSYCHOLO-GICAL SERVICES, SCHOOL HOLDINGPOWER, SEGONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS,SOCIAL SERVICES, TABLES (DATA),

AN INTERAGENCY PROGRAM FORUNWED PREGNANT TEENAGERS IN THELOS ANGELES PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTIS EVALUATED IN THIS REPOR'r. FUNDEDUNDER TITLE I OF THE ELEMENTARYAND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT, THEPROGRAM IS CONDUCTED IN OR ADJA-CENT TO SIX LOS ANGELES DISTRICTHEALTH CENTERS. IN ADDITION TO RE-GULAR MEDICAL AND INSTRUCTIONALPERSONNEL, THE PROGRAM'S STAFF IN-CLUDES A COORDINATOR, A CHILD WEL-FARE AND ATTENDANCE OFFICIAL, ACOUNSELOR, AND A SOCIAL WORKER.GIRLS ARE EXPECTED TO CONTINUE INTHE PROGRAM UNTIL ABOUT 8 WEEKSAFTER CHILDBIRTH. IT IS REPORTEDTHAT AS A RESULT OF THE PROGRAMTHERE HAS BEEN A 6 TO 9 PERCENT IN-CREASE IN THE NUMBER OF SUBJECTSPASSED BY THE GIRLS IN THE HEALTHCENTER CLASSES AS COMPARED WITHTHE NUMBER PASSED DURING THEIRLAST COMPLETED SEMESTER IN HIGHSCHOOL. THUS THE PROGRAM HAS EN-COURAGED POTENTIAL DROPOUTS TO RE-MAIN IN SCHOOL TO GRADUATE. AN IM-PROVEMENT IN THE GIRLS' PHYSICALHEALTH AND EMOTIONAL AND SOCIALSTABILITY IS ALSO REPORTED. EVALUA-TIVE DATA COMPILED FROM STUDENTAND STAFF RATINGS AND FRoM- STU-DENT RECORDS AND OTHER PERTINENTSOURCES ARE l'RESENTED IN THE REP-ORT. (LB)

ERIC Documents

ED 024 168 EC 002 469Goodman, Elizabeth M. Gill, Fobola M. L.A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a School-Cen-

tered Rehabilitation Program for PregnantSchool-Age Girls in Washington, D.C.

District of Columbia Department of PublicHealth, Washington.; District of Columbia De-partment of Public Welfare, Washington.; Dis-trict of Columbia Public Schools, Washington,D.C.

Spons AgencyChildrens Bureau (DHEW),Washington, D.C.

Pub Date [66)Grant --CWDG-D-130Note-8 I D.

DescriptorsAcademic Achievement, ChildCare, *Community Programs, Counseling,Demonstration Projects, Educational Programs,*Exceptional Child Research, Health Services,Ihegitimate Births, Interdisciplinary Approach,*Pregnancy, Program Descriptions, Psychologi-cal Services, School Community Cooperation,School Services, Secondary School Students,Sex Education, Womens Education

IdentifiersDistrict of Columbia, Webster SchoolIn 1963, the Washington, D.C. Public School

Department began a special demonstration pro-ject on the secondary school level, the WebsterGirls School Program, to reduce the number ofdropouts due to pregnancy and recidivism. An in-teragency, multidisciplinary plan was devised toprovide comprehensive services to the girls. So-cial case work, academic and vocational educa-tion, pr zhological services, medical supervision,and nutritional advice were included in the pro-gram to improve the welfare of the school-agepregnant girl and restore her to the community.Of the girls enrolled the first 3 years, 75% movedforward academically. In a 1965 study, those en-rolled the first year (103) were compared to acontrol gryip (123) referred but not enrolledthen. Results indicated the Webster girls droppedout of school less (p.001) and were less likely tohave another child (p.001). Data on other factorsare given and eight appendixes inclnde sampleforms, student evaluations, and give data on pro-ject establishment. An evaluation of the programby Ann Richardson, Bureau of Social ScienceResearch, Inc., is also available as ED 018 052.(LE)

ED 017 612 UD 005 761KELLY, ROBERT E.GUIDELINES, PROCEDURES, PROGRAMSAND POLICIES RELATING TO MARRIED ANDTO PREGNANT STUDENTS.REPORT NUMBER DSE-45PUB DATE 28 AUG 67

6P.DESCRIPTORS *GUIDELINES, *MARITAL

STATUS, *PREGNANCY, *SCHOOL POLICY,*SPECIAL PROGRAMS, CALIFORNIA,HOME INSTRUCTION, LOS ANGELES, PUB-LIC SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOL STU-DENTS, TELEPHONE INSTRUCTION,UNWED MOTHERS,

THESE GUIDELINES ARE FOR (1) THEPARTICIPATION OF PREGNANT ANDMARRIED STUDENTS IN THE REGULARSCHOOL PROGRAM, (2) THE PLACEMENTOF PREGNANT STUDENTS IN SPECIALEDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, AND (3) THEPOSTPARTUM RETURN OF STUDENTS TOTHEIR REGULAR SCHOOL. THEY ALSOOUTLINE POLICIES WHICH RELATE TOATTENDANCE CREDITS FROM A SPECIALSCHOOL, GRADUATION FROM A REGULARSECONDARY SCHOOL, AND TEXTBOOKSAND ASSIGNMENTS. AMONG THE SFECIALEDUCATION PROGRAMS AVAILABLE TOPREGNANT STUDENTS ARE HOME . IN- .

STRUCTION, INSTRUCTION VIA TELE-PHONE ("TELE-CLASS"), AND CLASSROOMINSTRUCTION IN OR NEAR COUNTYHEALTH CENTERS OR IN MATERNITYHOMES. (LB)

ED 017 610 UD 005 758LYONS , DOROTHY J.DEVELOPING A PROGRAM FOR PREGNANTTEENAGERS THROUGH THE COOPERATIONOF SCHOOL, HEALTH DEPARTMENT ANDFEDERAL AGENCIES,PUB DATE 24 OCT 67

9P.DESCRIPTORS *COUNSELING INSTRUC-

TIONAL PROGRAMS, *MEDICAL SERVICE-S, *PREGNANCY, *SPECIAL PROGRAMS,UNWED MOTHERS, CALIFORNIA, COM-MUNITY AGENCIES (PUBLIC), ESEA TITLE1, INTERAGENCY COOPEP ATION, LOS AN-GELES, PARENT PARTICIPATION, PER-SONNEL, PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION,PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, SECONDARYSCHOOL STUDENTS, SOCIAL SERVICES,

AN INTERAGENCY PROGRAM FORUNWED PREGNANT TEENAGERS IN THELOS ANGELES PUBLIC SCHOOLS, FUNDEDIN 1S,35 UNDER TITLE I OF THE ELEMEN-TARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT,OFFERS EDUCATIONAL, MEDICAL, SO-CIAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES. INADDITION TO USING REGULAR PERSON-NEL, THE PROGRAM ENLISTS THE COOR-DINATED EFFORTS OF THE ADOPTIONBUREAU, THE BUREAU OF PUDLICASSISTANCE, THE PROBATION DEPARTM-ENT, FAMILY SERVICE, AND THE DIS-TRICT HEALTH DEPARTMENT. THE PRO-GAAM IS CONDUCTED IN OR ADJACENT TOSIX LOS ANGELES DISTRICT HEALTHCENTERS. GIRLS ARE EXPECTED TO CON-TINUE IN THE PROGRAM UNTIL ABOUT 8WEEKS AFTER CHILDBIRTH, AT WHICHTIME THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR RE-GULAR SCHOOL. PARENTAL INVOLVE-MENT AND GENERAL SCHOOL-COMMUNI-TY COMMUNICATION ARE ENCOURAGED.OF THE 266 PREGNANT GIRLS ENROLLEDIN THE PROGRAM DURING THE 1966-67SCHOOL YEAR, 181 TERMINATED PREG-NANCY DURING ENROLLMENT. THE AV-ERAGE AGE OF GIRLS REFERRED FORSERVICE IS 15.8 YEARS, WITH A RANGEFROM 11.6 TO 18 YEARS. THE INTELLI-GENCE RANGE OF THESE GIRLS HASBEEN NORMAL AND THEY SEEM TO BEHIGHLY MOTIVATED. THIS SPEECH WASPRESENTED AT A JOINT SESSION OF THEAMERICAN SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOCIA-TION AND THE AMERICAN PUBLICHEALTH ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETI-NG, MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA, OCTOBER 24,1967. (LB)

ED 018 052 EC 001 957RICHARDSON, ANNEVALUATION OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL PRO-GRAM FOR PREGNANT GIRLS.BUREAU OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

INC., WASH.,D.C.REPORT NUMBER CB-PROJ-D130PUB DATE APR 66

165P.DESCRIPTORS *EXCEPTIONAL CHILD

RESEARCH, *PREGANANCY, ADOLES-CENTS, ATTITUDES, CHILD CARE, CITYWIDE PROGRAMS, DEMONSTRATION PRO-GRAMS, FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION, FOL-LOWUP STUDIES, INDIVIDUAL CHARAC-TERISTICS, INTERVIEWS, NEGRO MOTH-ERS, NEGRO YOUTH, PROGRAM EVALUAT-ION, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SEX EDUCATION,UNWED MOTHERS,

TO ASSESS THE SHORT RANGE EFFECTSOF PARTICIPATION IN A SPECIAL SCHOOLPROGRAM ESTABLISHED IN 1963 FORPREGNANT SCHOOL AGE GIRLS, INTER-VIEWERS IN 1965 OBTAINED INFORMA-TION FROM 109 GIRLS WHO HAD ATTEND-ED THE PROGRAM IN ITS FIRST YEAR, 123

GIRLS WHO HAD BEEN REFERRED BUTHAD NOT ATTENDED, AND MOTHERS OFTHE GIRLS. THE SPECIAL PROGRAM FO-CUSED ON PRENATAL MEDICAL CARE,ARRANGEMENT FOR CHILD CARE, ATI1-TUDES TOWARD LOVE AND SEXUAL BE-HAVIOR, AND WEIGHT CONTROL ANDNUTRITION. IN THE FIRST YEAR OF OP-ERATION 142 GIRLS ATTENDED OUT OF541 REFERRALS. ALMOST ALL WERENEGRO, AGED 13 THROUGH 18, AND THEMAJORITY WERE NOT MARRIED AT THETIME OF THE BABY'S BIRTH. DATA INDI-CATED THAT GIRLS IN THE SPECIAL PRO-GRAM WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKE-LY (P IS LESS THAN .001) TO CONTINUEWITH REGULAR SCHOOL THAN WEREPREGNANT GIRLS NOT IN THE PROGRAM.MOST OF THE GIRLS WHO ATTENDED THESPECIAL PROGRAM RETURNED TO REGU-LAR SCHOOL AFTER THE BABY'S BIRTHAND, IF THEY DROPPED OUT, DID SOSOMETIME AFTERWARD, WHEREAS THISWAS THE CASE WITH ONLY A LITTLEOVER A FOURTH OF THE NONSPECIALPROGRAM GROUP (P IS LESS THAN .001).THE MORE SUPPORT A GIRL HAD (SELF,FRIENDS, FAMILY), THE MORE LIKELYSHE WAS TO REMAIN IN SCHOOL (P ISLESS THAN .01 FOR SPECIAL PROGRAMGIRLS, P IS LESS THAN .05 FOR NONSPE-CIAL PROGRAM GIRLS). GIRLS IN THESPECIAL PROGRAM WERE SIGNIFICANT-LY LESS LIKELY (P IS LESS THAN .001)TOHAVE HAD ANOTHER BABY OR TO BEPREGNANT AGAIN BY THE TIME THEYWERE INTERVIEWED. IN REDUCING AD-DITONAL PREGNANCIES, THE SPECIALPROGRAM HAD A GREATER EFFECT UPONJUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS, THE GROUPFROM WHICH THE MAJORITY OF NEWCHILDREN CAME, THAN UPON HIGHSCHOOL GIRLS (P IS LESS THAN .05 FORHIGH SCHOOL GIRLS AND LESS THAN .01FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS). GIRLSWERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY LESS LIKE-LY (P= ,05) TO HAVE ANOTHER CHILD ORBE PREGNANT AGAIN IF THEY LIVED INAN UNBROKEN FAMILY AND ATTENDEDTHE SPECIAL PROGRAM. AMONG THENONSPECIAL PROGRAM GIRLS, IT MADENO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE WHETHEROR NOT THE FAMILY WAS BROKEN. IN-CLUDED ARE 59 TABLES PRESENTINGDATA AND THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONSUSED. (DF)

ED 025 798 CG 003 451Zaber, EdithA Demons:ration of Reorientation of Illegitimately

Pregnant Teenage Girls Living in Rural Areas.Iowa Childrens Home Society, Des iNoines.Sponz AgencyWeIfare Administration (D-

HEW), Washington, D.C. Children's Bureau.Pub Date 14 Jun 67Note-42p.

Descriptors*Community Programs, *Continua-tion Education, Continuation High Schools,*Continuation Students, *Illegitimate Births,Teenagers, *Unwed MothersThe aim of the project was to demonstrate a

deliberate effort to reach illegitimately pregnantteenage girls, using the period before and afterbirth to help the girl achieve a future pattern ofbehavior that would meet her needs constructive-ly. The period before the birth of the baby wasused to reduce immediate life pressures, to pro-vide a period of nurturing, and to plan educa-tional, medical, and social services. Afterdelivery, the girl was helped to carry out a planfor herself which included appropriate services. Asecond goal of the project emerged, the re-oden-tation of the community. (KP)

ED 019 689 Braen, Bernard B.; and Others. AN INTERDISCIPLINARYPROGRAM FOR UNWED PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS. A PROGRESS REPORT. Syracuse:Upstate Medical Center, State University of New York. MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 64P.

Because of the medical, educational, social and psychologicalproblems which teenage pregnancies present to the unwed girl,her child, and the community, a comprehensive, interdiscipli-nary program was established by the Syracuse Board of Education,the Onondaga County Department of Health, and the State Uni-versity of New York, Upstate Medical Center at Syracuse.Known as the Y-Med Program (Young Mother's Educational Develop-ment). It utilized a staff of 23, including medical personnel,social workers, and teachers. This report explores the ob-stetrical, pediatric, educational and social services, and thepsychological asix;cts of the program. The report deals with someof the problems faced at the programs inception and some ofthe results apparent after two years of functioning. Theseservices, covering the pregnancy, the delivery, and one-yearpostpartum, were offered under one roof, but avoided a clinic-type atmosphere. The results of the Y-Med Program indicatethat it was successful on many levels. No serious medicalcomplications developed, infant development was good, and thegirls adjusted well to school. (CG)

ED 017 618 EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL SERVICES TO SCHOOL-AGE EXPECTANTMOTHERS. Los Angeles: Los Angeles City Schools, 1967. MF-$0.65HC-$3.29 18P.

An interagency program for unwed pregnant teenagers in the LosAngeles Public School Dictrirt is evaluated in this report.Funded unde) TiL-e 1 oaT t _lememdry and Secondary Education_L., the program is conducted in or adjacent to six Los

Angeles District Health Centers. In addition to regular medicaland instructional personnel, the program's staff includes acoordinator, a Child welfare and aL-...endance official, a coun-selor, and a social worker. Girls Are expected to continue inthe program until about 8 weeks after childbirth. It is reportedthat as a result of the program th3re has been a 6 to 9 percentincrease in the number of subjects passed by the girls in theHealth Center classes as compared -"vita the number passed duringtheir last completed semester in hLgh school. Thus the programhas encouraged potential dropouts TO remain in school tograduate. An improvement in the gilrqs' physical health andemotional and social stability is also reported. Evaluativedata compiled from student and stall ratings and from studentratings and from student records al other pertinent sourcesare presented in the report. (LB)

ED 024 168 Goodman, Elizabeth M., and(lill, Fobola M.L. A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO A SCHOOL-CENTERED REHABILITATION PROGRWFOR PREGNANT SCHOOL-AGE GIRLS IN WASHINKTON, D.C. Washington, D.C.:District of Columbia Department of Public Health; District ofColumbia Department of Public Welfare; 'llstrict of Columbia PublicSchools, 1966. MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 81P.

3

In 1963, the Washington, D.C. Public School Department began aspecial demonstration project on the secondary school level,the Webster Girls School Program, to reduce the number ofdropouts due to pregnancy and recidivism. An interagency,multidisciplinary plan was devised to provide comprehensiveservices to the girls. Social case work, academic and vocationaleducation, psychological services, medical supervision andnutritional advice were included in the program to improvethe welfare of the school-age pregnant girl and restore herto the community. Of the girls enrolled the first 3 years,75 percent moved forward academically. In a 1965 study,those enrolled the first year (103) were compared to a controlgroup (123) referred but not enrolled then. Results indicatedthe Webster girls dropped out of school less and were lesslikely to have another child. Data on other factors are givenand eight appendixes include sample forms, student evaluationsand give data on project establishment. An evaluation ofthe program by Ann Richardson, Bureau of Social ScienceResearch, Inc., is also available as ED 018 052. (LE)

ED 017 604 Osofsky, Howard J.; and Others. THE YOUNG MOTHERSEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. TWO PIECES (ITTLE SUPPLIED).1967. MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 39P.

This report describes the medical, educaL_on ,ocial, andpsychological services of a program for disauvantaged unwedpregnant teenagers in Syracuse. The program, which has been inoperation fbr a year, attempts: (1) to provide a nearly tu-torial instructional program; (2) to establish individualdoctor-patient relationships; (3) to teach the girls methodsof infant care; and (4) to facilitate the infant's adoption.Although no formal evaluation has been made, the results thusfar indicate that the program has been successful. In additionto the descrIption of the program, the report contains abrief discussion of the problems of the increasing rate ofillegitimate teenage pregnancyfrequent absence of prenatalcare, the termination of the girl's education, and the diffi-culties of the adoption of the child. (LB)

Doctoral DissertationsBirdwhistell, Miriam Coleman. THE INCIDENCE OF EDUCATIONAL ATTRITIONOF PREGNANT STUDENTS IN TWO VIRGINIA PUBLIC SHCOOL SYSTEMS AS RE-LATED TO COUNSELING AND HEALTH FACTORS. University of Virginia, 1969.Available from University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Axbor,Michigan 48106 (Order No. 70-8073).

This study was designed to survey the educational attrition ofteenage pregnant students in two Virginia public school systemswith special attention to guidance counselor activity in relationto re-enrollment and medical outcomes. University of VirginiaHospital admissions provided the primary source for identifi-cation of subjects. All admissions to the Obstetrical-Gyne-cological Service during 1967 and 1968, 19 years of age andunder, who lived in the ge.ographical area of the two schoolsystems were identified for a subsequent search of the schoolfiles for their records, resulting in 98 student subjects forthe prime sanple out of the original pool of 320 teenagemothers. Two critical factors in making possible the under-taking of the survey of this nature were the cooperation of theadministrators and counselors of the two systems and the for-tunate location of this interested investigator on the facultyof the University of Virginia Medical School. Results werestatistically analyzed by the chi square formu2a applied to 53hypotheses. Findings indicated that student contact with aguidance counselor regarding the pregnancy was significantly re-lated to re-enrollment and to medical complications. Dis-missal of the pregnant student "when it shows" was the avowedunwritten policy of both school systems, the one, primarilyrural, surrounding the other, an urban community of approxi-mately 40,000 people, and both served by the University ofVirginia Medical Center. One of the most striking findingswas that of wide variation in the application of this unwrittenpolicy. In three instances, by denying that they were preg-nant, the student remained in school through the ninth month.It could be construed that all three of these girls were highlymotivated to continue their education. All three received nopre-natal care and all three had medically complicated de-liveries. One of the girls delivered at the end of June, re-turned to school the following September to enter her senioryear, and graduated. The second girl, a senior who deliveredin February, was not permitted to return to school one weekafter delivery as she requested;she did not graduate; she pro-duced two more Children in the next year and half. The thirdstudent delivered in late May, just prior to the end of schoolin her junior year; the all-Negro school she attended was closedin June and she did not enter the integrated school the fol-lowing September. Findings were in the direction of the stu-dents who dropped latest (keeping their pregnancy a secretlongest) having the least pre-natal care. The ages of thefathers tended to be within two years of the ages of themothers and the modal age of the mothers was 16. The youngestgirls, those 13 and 14 years old, were all students in therural school system. Contact of-the pregnant-student 'with aguidance counselor was found to be more likely to occur in thecity school system. During the course of this study, a written

5 7

policy manual was compiled for the city school systzL by contractwith a local publishing firm. Policies regarding dismissal andreadmission of pregnant students arid mothers were listed in theTable of Contents but omitted in the body. The policy that wasproduced regarding married students was regarded by school per-sonnel as being more restrictive than the written policy thatpreviously had been followed. This is particularly unfortunatein view of the announced intentions of the county school boardto have the same publishing company compile a policy manualfor the county schools. Reliable data about the incidence,attrition aad varied responses to the pregnant student in thesetwo school systems is particularly pertinent at this time asthe merger of city and county is imminent.

6

Journal ArticlesAtkyns, Glenn C. Trends in the Retention of Married and PregnantStudents in American F4blic Schools. Sociology of Edur7.ation, 1968,41(1), pp57-65.

United States school practice has tended to prohibit attendancefor married students, pregnant students, and student mothers.This study illustrates the decrease in restrictive practicessince 1940 and makes note of special programs and the scarcityof studies made by school districts in this subject area.(Author)

Birdwhistell, Miriam C., and Beard, Richard L. Intervention withPregnant Students. Personnel and Guidance Journal, February 1971,49(6), pp453-458.

Schools, along with health care agencies, must be concernedwith the prevention of teenage pregnancy, as well as with thehealth and education of the already pregnant student. Tocreate an atmosphere conducive to seeking help, the policy ofrequiring pregnant students to withdraw, must be abolished.In this study guidance counselor contact was significant inboth educational and medical outcomes for the girls.

de Nevers, AnnM. Counseling the Unwed Mother at School. TheSchool Counselor, 1969, 17(1), pp30-33.-----TheTe-U-g-vital need for someone in the school environment

who can understand and reach aut to the pregnant student asa total person who can understand her psycho-social involve-ment in her situation. The helping person may be the schoolcaunselor, the school social worker, or a psychologicalcounselor. The counselor's training and total life style,his philosophy, and his self- and role-effectiveness aretested in these as in no other situations.

Hartman, Evelyn E. Involvement of a Maternity and Infant CareProject in a Pregnant School Girl Program in Wnneapolig Minnesota.Journal of School Health, 1970, 40(5), 224-227.

Describes program, housed in a public school building, whichprovides social health services, transportation, hotlunches, and a professional staff including a part-time nurse.

Howard, Mhrion. Comprehensive Service Program for School AgePregnant Girls. Children, 1969, 16(5), pp193-197.

Brief summary of what is being done in Nashington, D.C.,Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, New Haven, New York City,Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Oakland (California). Stressesneed for additional programs, plus environment which wouldhelp prevent unmarried pregnancy in the first place.

Osofsky, Howard J.; and Others. A Program for Pregnant Schoolgirls.A Progress Report. Adolescence, 1968, 3(9), pp89-107.

Because of the major medical, educational, social andpsychological problems which teenage pregnancies present to

_the girl undergoing the pregnancy, to the baby resulting fromthe pregnancy, and to the community that has to deal bothwith the mother and the infant, a comprehensive program wasset up in an attempt to provide a unique medical, social,

7 ,

psychological and educational service for pregnantadolescents. The article expores various aspects of theprogram.

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Microfiche Copy Each Title .65Hard Copy Each Title by100 Page Increments

Pages: 1 - 1C3 3.29101 - 200 6.58201 300 9.87301 - 400 13.16401 - 500 16.45

Each Additional 1-100page Increment 3.29

1. TERM OF CONTRACTThis order is not subject to cancellation.

2. PRICE CHANGESLeasco Information Products Inc. (LIPCO)

may at any time increase the price of any itemby giving the customer thirty (30) days noticethat there will be an increase. LIPCO will notifyCustomer of the amount of the increase not lessthan ten (10) days prior tc the effective date. Ifthe increase is not acceptable, Customer mustterminate the affected portion of this Agree-ment notifying LIPCO prior to the effectivedate of the increase. If Customer does not sonotify LIPCO the increase shall be deemedaccepted and shall govern all shipments fromthe effective date.

.3. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE AND '- tl,YMENTThe Subscription Price paid by standing

order and special collection customers is basedupon an estimate of the number of microficheto be delivered to the Customer and theshipping cost. The Subscription Price shall beapplied as a credit against the Actual Price ofthe microfiche. The Actual Price of the micro-fiche prbvided by LIPCO shall be determinedby multiplying the actual number of microfichedelivered to the Customer by the applicableprice listed in the Schedule of Prices. The Priceslisted in the Schedule of Prices do not includeany sales, use, excise or similar taxes which mayapply to the sale of the microfiche to theCu7Lomer. The cost of such taxes, if any, shallbe borne by the Customer and will be billedseparately by LIPCO.

Statements will be provided periodically to'Aform the Customer of the number of micro-fiche shipped and the remaining dollar balanceof the subscription.

TFRMS AND CONDITIONS

Payment terms shall be net thirty (30) daysfrom date of invoice. Payment shall be withoutexpense to LIPCO.

4. PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONAll materials supplied hereunder are proprie-

tary and may not be reproduced for resalewithout the prior written consent of LIPCO.

5. CONTINGENCIESLIPCO shall not be liable to Customer or

any other person for any failure or delay in theperformance of any obligation if such failure ordelay, (a) is due to events beyond the controlof LIPCO including, but not limited to, fire,storm, flood, earthquake, explosion, accident,acts of the public enemy, strikes, lockouts,labor disputes, labor shortage, work stoppages,transportation embargoes or delays, failure orshortage of materials, supplies or machinery,acts of God, or acts or regulations or prioritiesof the federal, state, or local governments, (b) isdue to failures of performance of subcontrac-tors beyond LIPCO's control and withoutnegligence on the part of LIPCO, or (c) is dueto erroneous or incomplete information fur-nished by Customer.

6. EXTENSIONThe subscription packages ordered by the

standing order and special collection customersshall be automatically extended at the expira-tion of the current designated year for succes-sive one-year periods unless the customer shallnotify LIPCO to the contrary at least 30 daysprior to the commencement of each additionalyear.

7. LIABILITYLIPCO's liability, if any, arising hereunder

shall not exceed restitution of charges.

In no event shall LIPCO be liable for special,consequential, or liquidated damages arisingfrom the provision of services hereunder.

8. WARRANTYLIPCO MAKES NO WARRANTY,

EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO ANYMATTER WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANYWARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY ORFITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PUR-POSE.

9. CHANGESNo waiver, alteration, or modification of

any of the provisions hereof shall be bindingunless in writing and signed by an officer ofLI PCO.

10. DEFAULT AND WAIVERA. If Customer fails with respect to this or

.any other agreement with LIPCO to pay anyinvoice when due or to accept any shipment asscheduled, LIPCO may without prejudice toother remedies defer further shipments untilthe default is corrected or terminate thisAgreement.

B. No course of conduct nor any delay ofLIPCO in exercising any right hereunder shallwaive any rights of LIPCO or modify thisAgreement.

11. GOVERNING LAIVThis Agreement shall be construed to be

between merchants. Any question concerningits validity, construction, or performance shallbe governed by the laws of the State of NewYork.

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