The Urban Book Series

Editorial Board

Margarita Angelidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, Silk Cities, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit,UCL, London, UK

Michael Batty, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UCL, London, UK

Simin Davoudi, Planning & Landscape Department GURU, Newcastle University,Newcastle, UK

Geoffrey DeVerteuil, School of Planning and Geography, Cardiff University,Cardiff, UK

Paul Jones, School of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney,Sydney, NSW, Australia

Andrew Kirby, New College, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Karl Kropf, Department of Planning, Headington Campus, Oxford BrookesUniversity, Oxford, UK

Karen Lucas, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Marco Maretto, DICATeA, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Ali Modarres, Tacoma Urban Studies, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma,WA, USA

Fabian Neuhaus, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary,AB, Canada

Steffen Nijhuis, Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University ofTechnology, Delft, The Netherlands

Vitor Manuel Aráujo de Oliveira , Porto University, Porto, Portugal

Christopher Silver, College of Design, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Giuseppe Strappa, Facoltà di Architettura, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,Roma, Italy

Igor Vojnovic, Department of Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing,MI, USA

Jeremy W. R. Whitehand, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University ofBirmingham, Birmingham, UK

Claudia Yamu, Department of Spatial Planning and Environment, University ofGroningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian · Judith Ryser ·Andrew Hopkins · Jamie MackeeEditors

Historic Cities in the Faceof DisastersReconstruction, Recovery and Resilienceof Societies

EditorsFatemeh Farnaz ArefianSilk Cities, Bartlett Development PlanningUnit (DPU)University College London (UCL)London, UK

Andrew HopkinsDipartimento di Scienze UmaneUniversity of L’AquilaL’Aquila, Italy

Judith RyserUrbanist, Silk CitiesLondon, UK

Jamie MackeeSchool of Architecture and BuiltEnvironmentUniversity of Newcastle AustraliaCallaghan, NSW, Australia

ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic)The Urban Book SeriesISBN 978-3-030-77355-7 ISBN 978-3-030-77356-4 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77356-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer NatureSwitzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similaror dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors orthe editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for anyerrors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The story of this book is intrinsically linked to the development of Silk Cities. Itrepresents another milestone in its journey. Silk Cities is a growing independent andbottom-up professional and academic initiative for knowledge exchange, research,engagement and advocacy on under-explored contextual and global challenges citiesin historic regions face in real-life. Its initial geographic focus was on those countriesalong the Silk Roads in the Middle East and Central Asia, which suffered from avariety of destructive incidents especially in recent decades, ranging from naturalhazards to human induced origins, from earthquakes to wars and conflicts. There-fore, post-disaster reconstruction, disaster management and risk reduction and urbanresilience form important themes of Silk Cities activities (silk-cities.org). This isalso linked to my personal practice-based experience. My four years of working withreconstruction stakeholders including disaster-affected families during post-disasterurban reconstruction in the context of the historic city of Bam, a world heritagesite, triggered my doctoral study and further research and academic activities on thesubject matter at international level. This experience was influential in founding SilkCities.

Post-crisis city recovery is multidimensional and post-disaster reconstruction isa manifestation of physical recovery that must facilitate other kinds of recovery,including psychological, social and economic recovery and enhance future resilienceof residents. Cities are complex interconnected social, engineering, economic andadministrative systems. Managing urban reconstruction and recovery requires deci-sion makers to understand and deal with layers of complexity, their interactions andtheir integrating processes. Doing so in an historic urban landscape significantlyadds another layer of complexity. This is easier said than done. There is a need formultiperspective and multidisciplinary examinations of cases, listening to differentvoices and trying new approaches and tools.

The book Historic Cities in the Face of Disasters is Silk Cities’ fourth collectedpublication. As acknowledged separately here, chapters of this book are based onreviewed and updated revisions of a selection of papers presented at the 3rd SilkCities international conference. Silk Cities 2019, titled: Reconstruction, recoveryand resilience of historic cities and societies, hosted by University of L’Aquila, 10–12 July 2019. The idea of holding the third SilkCities international conference around

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historic cities and destructive disasters emerged from the 2nd Silk Cities conferencein 2017, hosted by the Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) at UniversityCollege London (UCL) in 2017. The focus of Silk Cities 2017 was on reconnectingpopulation with urban heritage in the Middle East and Central Asia that included atheme on post-disaster reconstruction. During and after the related thematic sessionsat the second conference, the need for further discussions andmore in-depth attentionto this urgent matter was highlighted. Soon after, I first visited L’Aquila in 2018, nineyears after the 2009 earthquake, and heard the testimony of the city’s disaster-affectedresidents. L’Aquila was a clear case that, when disaster occurs, it is the city and itsresidents who bear the consequences of insufficient attention paid to complexitiesof organising urban reconstruction and to their role in the multidisciplinary aspectsof city recovery. Post-disaster reconstruction and recovery in historic landscapes isan important yet niche subject matter, and given the fact that L’Aquila, like manydisaster-hit cities in theMiddle East and Central Asia, enjoyed a rich history of urbanlife and heritage it made sense to take the conference there.

The large geographical coverage of the papers presented at the conference in factportrays the subject matter as a global challenge, for which this book and anothere-publication, titled Prerequisites for Post-Disaster Regeneration of Historic Cities(Silk Cities 2021), serve as frontiers. Aligned with Silk Cities strategy, this book isforward looking and aims to set new directions and to initiate new discussions.

What Next?

Under normal circumstances, we would have been preparing our 4th internationalconference, but nothing has been predictable nor normal in 2020 and 2021 so far.Confronted by a global health crisis, the challenges the global community had to facebecause of COVID-19 tested the resilience of us all. With social distancing in placeand cautionary measures likely even after successful vaccinations, Silk Cities movedtowards digital tools. “Urban Talks” around new directions and critical thinking onour cities in the context of a global pandemic and beyond is one example.

Silk Cities continues to engage with both younger and experienced generationsof academics and practitioners and the public who care for and have experience indealing with real-life urban matters of cities.

Hope you enjoy the book.

London, UK Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian

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Geographic coverage of this book—Italy (graphic by Maria Diez, Fundacion Metropoli)

Acknowledgments

Preparing a peer-reviewed book of this volume during a global pandemic requirescollective dedication. The editors therefore are grateful to Nafiseh Irani and Ali PuyaKhani, our colleagues at Silk Cities,MariaDiez, and all authors for their commitmentto the project, patience and flexibility to pursue it as it was envisioned. Also thanksto Springer colleagues at Urban Book Series who made this book possible in achallenging period of “work-from-home”, especially Sanjievkumar Mathiyazhagn,Madanagopal Deenadayalan, Carmen Spelbos and Juliana Pitanguy.

This book has been sponsored by Silk Cities. Chapters of this book are basedon reviewed and updated revisions of a selection of papers presented at the thirdSilk Cities international conference, Silk Cities 2019, entitled: Reconstruction,recovery and resilience of historic cities and societies. It was held at the Univer-sity of L’Aquila, 10–12 July 2019. Initiated by Silk Cities, the conference wasorganised by Silk Cities, University of L’Aquila and University College London(UCL). Sponsors of the conference are acknowledged here: Silk Cities; The BartlettDevelopment Planning Unit (DPU), UCL; The University of L’Aquila; City Partnership Programme, UCL; The DICEAA, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Edile-Architettura ed Ambientale, Univaq; The DSU Dipartimento di Scienze Umane,Univaq; The Dipartimento di Eccellenza, Univaq, The History Department, UCL.Moreover, the Bartlett DPU at UCL kindly provided travel grants for students fromlow and middle income countries whose countries encountered destructive disas-ters. Organising conferences is a collective effort of academic and professionalteams. This conference enjoyed support and contribution of the academic team,including strategic advisors, conference conveners and the scientific committee,which reviewed papers for the conference and provided feedback, also as guestspeakers. They are acknowledged in alphabetic order: Prof.DavidAlexander,Univer-sity College London, UK; Dr. Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, University of Newcastle, SilkCities &University College London, Singapore, UK; Prof. Yves Cabannes, EmeritusProfessor in Development Planning, Portugal, UK; Prof. Lina Calandra, Universityof L’Aquila, Italy; Prof. Simonetta Ciranna, University of L’Aquila, Italy; Prof. JulioD Davila, University College London, UK; Dr. Donato Di Ludovico, University ofL’Aquila, Italy; Prof. Alireza Fallahi, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Iran; Mr.Barnaby Gunning, Independent, UK; Mr. Arif Hassan, Independent, Pakistan; Prof.

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x Acknowledgments

Andrew Hopkins, University of L’Aquila, Italy; Prof. Paola Inverardi, Universityof L’Aquila, Italy; Prof. Cassidy Johnson, University College London, UK; Prof.Hidehiko Kanegae, Ritsumeikan University, Japan; Dr. Alexy Karenowska, Univer-sity of Oxford, UK; Prof. Ramin Keivani, Oxford Brookes University, UK; Prof.Jamie Mackee, University of Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Roger Michel, The Institutefor Digital Archaeology, UK; Dr. Iradj Moeini, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU),Iran; Mr. Babar Mumtaz, DPU Associates, Pakistan; Dr. Florian Mussgnug Univer-sity College London, UK; Prof. Antonella Nuzzaci, University of L’Aquila, Italy; Dr.Richard Oloruntoba, University of Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Lucia Patrizio Gunning,University College London UK; Prof. Paola Rizzi, University of L’Aquila, Italy;Prof. Salvatore Russo, Iuav University of Venice, Italy; Ms. Judith Ryser, ISOCARPand Fundacion Metropoli, UK; Prof. Antonello Salvatori, University of L’Aquila,Italy; Ms. Anna Soave, DPU Associate, UN-Habitat Iraq Programme, Iraq; Prof.Alessandro Vaccarelli, University of L’Aquila, Italy; Prof. Suzanne Jane Wilkinson,University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Organising the conference to become a success is undoubtedly owed to the supportof professional teams at Silk Cities, University of L’Aquila and the Bartlett Devel-opment Planning Unit (DPU) at UCL who behind the scene took the responsi-bility for various stages and tasks during the whole process and made it happen.They are acknowledged here. Professional team at Silk Cities: Maryam EftekharDadkhah, Belgium; Nafiseh Irani, Singapore; Mona Jabbari, Portugal; Ehsan Fate-hifar, Iran. Professional team at University of L’Aquila: Carlo Capannolo, Italy;Michela Fazzini, Italy; SabrinaMadia, Italy;Massimo Prosperococco, Italy; AlfonsoPierantonio, Italy. Professional team at the Bartlett DPU at UCL: Hartley, Jacqueline,UK; Alexander, Macfarlane, UK; Ottavia Pasta, UK.

Thank you all!

Contents

1 Introduction: Towards Multi-perspectiveand Multidisciplinary Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, Judith Ryser, Andrew Hopkins,and Jamie Mackee

Part I Heritage and Collective Memory

2 Thinking About Post-disaster Reconstruction in Europe:Functionalist and Identity Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Francesca Fiaschi

3 Old Souks of Aleppo: A Narrative Approach to Post-conflictHeritage Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Judy Mahfouz

4 Photography for the City, Between the Need for Protection,Conservation and Civic Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Simona Manzoli

5 Cultural Heritage as Stones of Memory: The Recoveryof Archives in the Marche Crater Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Giorgia Di Marcantonio, Pamela Galeazzi, and Caterina Paparello

6 Intangible Heritage and Resilience in Managing DisasterShelters: Case Study in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Miwako Kitamura

7 Water Gives, Water Takes Away. Memory, Agencyand Resilience in ENSO—Vulnerable Historic Landscapesin Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Rosabella Alvarez-Calderón and Silva-Santisteban

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8 Intangible Cultural Economy, a Mould for Tangible UrbanBuilt Fabric—The Case of Shahjahanabad, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Abhishek Jain

9 The Tree: The Concept of Place After the Earthquake,L’Aquila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Arianna Tanfoni

Part II Historic and Contemporary Reconstructions of HistoricCities

10 Marsica: One Hundred Years on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Simonetta Ciranna

11 Coventry: Shell or Phoenix, City of Tomorrow or ConcreteJumble? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Patrizia Montuori

12 Post-trauma Recovery of Monumental Buildings in Italyand the US at the Beginning of Twentieth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Marco Felli

13 Historical Town Centres and Post-seismic Reconstructions:Between Functional Recovery and Heritage Value Awareness . . . . . . 227Carla Bartolomucci

14 Integrating Green Solutions into Post-earthquake Recoveryof Bam, Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Ameneh Karimian, Alireza Fallahi, and Seyed Hassan Taghvaei

15 Reconstruction of Heritage and Spirit: Mending the Scarsof Aleppo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Mounir Sabeh Affaki

16 Beyond the Damage, the Reconstruction of L’Aquila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Simona Bravaglieri, Elia Zenoni, and Silvia Furioni

17 The “Solidere” Effect and the Localisation of HeritageReconstruction in Post-war Transitions, Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Nada Elfeituri

18 Bell Towers Under (Seismic) Attack: Saving a Symbol, OnceIt Became a Menace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Eva Coïsson, Lia Ferrari, and Federica Ottoni

19 Ancient City of the Future: Notes on the Reconstructionof Beirut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Federico De Matteis

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Part III Society, Governance and Collective Resilience

20 Bonding Between Urban Fabric and Capacity of CollectiveResilience: The Case of Talca Historic Centre, Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Giulia De Cunto

21 Pre-disaster Examination as Post-disaster ManagerialThinking Ahead for Hoi An, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian

22 Play Street: Experimenting Tactical Urbanism for UrbanResilience in Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Soheila Sadeghzadeh and Azadeh Lak

23 The Preservation of Rural Landscapes for Building Resiliencein Small Towns: Insights from North Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Paola Branduini and Fabio Carnelli

24 Antigua Guatemala, from History of Disasters to ResilientFuture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Barbara Minguez Garcia

25 Emergency Management for the Built HeritagePost-earthquake: Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy, Italy . . . . . . . . . . 435Enrica Brusa

26 Factors of Educational Poverty and Resilience Responsesin L’Aquila’s Young Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Alessandro Vaccarelli, Silvia Nanni, and Nicoletta Di Genova

27 Dropout, Resilience and Cultural Heritage: A Focusof the ACCESS Project in a Highly Fragile Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Antonella Nuzzaci and Iole Marcozzi

28 How Can Teachers Promote Resilience in Schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Sara Gabrielli and Cesare Fregola

Part IV Bringing the 21st Century into Reconstruction

29 Cities in Transformation: Smarter Reconstruction in HistoricCity Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Donato Di Ludovico

30 Evaluating Visitors’ Experiences at St Augustine’s Abbey,Canterbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Ayda Majd Ardekani, Sophia Labadi, and Rocio von Jungenfeld

31 Seismic Microzonation: A Preventive Measurefor the Conservation of the Built Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523M. Cristina García-Nieto, Marcos A. Martínez-Segura,Manuel Navarro, and Patricia Alarcón

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32 TheRepresentation of a Resilient City: TheCase of Amatrice’sReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Giuseppe Amoruso and Polina Mironenko

33 Evacuation Simulation Considering Tourists’ Attemptsto Return Home: A Case of the Kiyomizu-dera Temple Area,Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559Kohei Sakai and Hidehiko Kanegae

34 Public Administration Versus Social Media in EmergencySituations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Vincenzo Mini

35 Social Media and Disaster Management in Iran: LorestanFloods as Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Vahide Ebrahimnia and Somayeh Zandieh

36 Environmental Issues and Energy Potentialsin Post-earthquake Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Marianna Rotilio and Valeria Annibaldi

37 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Retrofitting HistoricBuildings: The Case of the Former San Salvatore Hospital,L’Aquila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623T. de Rubeis, M. De Vita, L. Capannolo, E. Laurini, I. Nardi,D. Ambrosini, D. Paoletti, and P. De Berardinis

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

About the Editors

Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian is an interdisciplinary expert in disaster management andreconstruction, urban design and development. She is the director of Silk Cities. Herprofessional life combines industry experience with academic research and educa-tion, knowledge exchange and public engagement in Europe, Middle East, Centraland Southeast Asia. Her industry experience includes delivering urban developmentplans and architectural projects, including various post-earthquake reconstructionprojects, e.g. participatory housing reconstruction and post-disaster urban designprojects. Those first-hand encounter with urban development challenges and disas-ters, in the context of historic cities motivated her to return to academia and pursueher interdisciplinary doctoral study multi-objective reconstruction programmes inthe context of historic cities.

She has authored and edited books and papers, such as her authored book Organ-ising Post-Disaster Reconstruction Processes (Springer 2018). She is the lead editorof books Urban Heritage Along the Silk Roads (Springer 2019) and Urban Changein Iran (Springer 2016). She is the co-editor of eBookPrerequisites for Post-DisasterRegeneration of Historic Cities (Silk Cities 2021). Farnaz is also affiliated with theBartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) at University College London, UCL.

Judith Ryser qualified architect and urbanist with a social sciences M.Sc.,Judith’s cosmopolitan professional life in London, Paris, Berlin, Geneva (UnitedNations), Stockholm and Madrid is focusing on built environment sustainabilityand researching, reviewing, writing on cities in the knowledge society. She is a lifemember of ISOCARP (International Society of City and Regional Planners), ex-Vice President, General Rapporteur of the 50th anniversary congress 2015, editorand writer of several publications (e.g. “ISOCARP, 50 Years of Knowledge Creationand Sharing”; with Teresa Franchini 5th and 6th editions of the International Manualof Planning Practice) and member of the Chartered Institute of Journalist. She issenior advisor to Fundacion Metropoli, author and editor of many books and partici-pant in urban projects; senior adviser, book co-editor and co-reviewer of Silk Cities;co-editor and coordinator of CORP (International Conference on Urban Planningand Regional Development in the Information Society); editorial board member,reviewer and topic editor of the Urban Design Group and has written and edited

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numerous books and articles. She taught at University College London and otheruniversities, is on various scientific committees and mentoring mature students andyoung planners.

Andrew Hopkins FSA is professor and chair of architectural history at the Univer-sity of L’Aquila. Architecture and urbanism, togetherwith howpeople use city spacesin an historical context, is a long-standing interest. His earliest and latest books areSanta Maria della Salute: architecture and ceremony in baroque Venice, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 2000; and La città del Seicento, Laterza, Roma-Bari,2014. Having taught at L’Aquila since 2004, in the last, post-earthquake, decade hehas been involved in several initiatives to do with understanding the issues facinghistorical cities vis-à-vis disasters, including the exhibition and conference held in theducal palace of Venice in 2010: L’Aquila 2010, Luogo, Identità, Etica, Ricostruzione,Salone del Piovego, Palazzo Ducale, Venezia 28 Agosto 2010; and recently he wasthrilled to be able to welcome the Silk Cities conference of 2019 to the Departmentof Human Sciences (Dipartimento di Scienze Umane), University of L’Aquila.

Jamie Mackee’s most recent research has focused on the way in which risk ofclimate change impacts can be assessed to better protect our cultural heritage. Thishas resulted in the development of a Cultural Heritage Risk Index (CHRI) that allowsstakeholders involved in the management, protection and conservation of culturalheritage to assess risk and plan and manage interventions to mitigate against anypotential impacts. The results of this are being published in a forthcoming journalpaper.

Jamie’s broader interest in old buildings’ stems from his eight years teaching in aUniversity and living in Sri Lanka and two years studying in Singapore. His teachingand research work on disasters arises from his work during the Asian Tsunami inSri Lanka sponsored by the University of Newcastle in 2005. He has two booksspecifically on cultural heritage and one recent book and book chapter on culturalheritage conservation theory fusing the concepts of Buddhism and Systems theoryproposing an alternative to the traditional Eurocentric ideals of conservation theoryfor dealing with the rich and very unique heritage of the Asian region. Jamie is aco-leader of the School of Architecture and Built Environment’s Disaster ResearchGroup, University of Newcastle, Australia.