The U.S. in World War IThe U.S. in World War I

The U.S. Declares NeutralityThe U.S. Declares Neutrality

When war erupted in When war erupted in Europe President Europe President Wilson declared the Wilson declared the U.S. would stay U.S. would stay neutral.neutral.Many Americans still Many Americans still supported Euro supported Euro nations.nations.Many Americans Many Americans viewed France as an viewed France as an ally.ally.

U.S. Maintains NeutralityU.S. Maintains Neutrality

Most Americans were horrified by the Most Americans were horrified by the brutality of the war. Some volunteered:brutality of the war. Some volunteered:– American Red CrossAmerican Red Cross– American Ambulance CorpsAmerican Ambulance Corps– French Foreign LegionFrench Foreign Legion

U.S. continued to trade with both sides.U.S. continued to trade with both sides.

Many American banks gave loans to the Many American banks gave loans to the Allied PowersAllied Powers

Steps Toward WarSteps Toward War

Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine WarfareWarfare– Germans would sink ships Germans would sink ships

to prevent supplies from to prevent supplies from reaching G.B.reaching G.B.

– Germans sank over 90 Germans sank over 90 boatsboats

U.S. tanker U.S. tanker GunflightGunflightLusitania Lusitania (128 Americans (128 Americans dead)dead)

Wilson still called for Wilson still called for neutralityneutralityGermany agreed to stop-Germany agreed to stop-Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge

Steps Toward WarSteps Toward War

Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note– Called for Mexico to enter the war if the U.S. Called for Mexico to enter the war if the U.S.

did.did.Way to keep to the American’s busy if they entered Way to keep to the American’s busy if they entered the war.the war.

– Intercepted by British intelligence.Intercepted by British intelligence.– Presented to President Wilson February 25, Presented to President Wilson February 25,

19171917

Steps Toward WarSteps Toward War

Continued Continued Unrestricted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.Submarine Warfare.– Feb. 1917 Germany Feb. 1917 Germany

resumesresumes– Wilson broke off Wilson broke off

diplomatic relationsdiplomatic relations– March 16 Germans March 16 Germans

sank 3 American shipssank 3 American ships

U.S. Declares War on GermanyU.S. Declares War on Germany

Wilson asked Wilson asked Congress to declare Congress to declare war.war.

Declaration of War Declaration of War granted at 3am April granted at 3am April 16, 1917.16, 1917.

Troops Headed for EuropeTroops Headed for Europe

U.S. Soldiers left for Europe filled with U.S. Soldiers left for Europe filled with excitement.excitement.

They had no idea what they would face in They had no idea what they would face in the war.the war.

““We were all scared, just as scared as We were all scared, just as scared as human beings can be short of complete human beings can be short of complete breakdown.”breakdown.”

U.S. Troops in EuropeU.S. Troops in Europe

U.S. troops greatly U.S. troops greatly helped the Allies on helped the Allies on the Western Frontthe Western Front

General John General John Pershing Pershing

U.S. troops were very U.S. troops were very inexperiencedinexperienced– Received intense Received intense

training to make them training to make them combat ready.combat ready.

U.S. Troops in EuropeU.S. Troops in Europe

After 12 months in Europe American After 12 months in Europe American forces finally see combat.forces finally see combat.

Just in the nick of time.Just in the nick of time.– Russia backed outRussia backed out

They performed well in battle and helped They performed well in battle and helped to drive Germany out of Franceto drive Germany out of France

Women in World War IWomen in World War I

Jobs:Jobs:– NursesNurses– Switchboard OperatorsSwitchboard Operators

End of World War IEnd of World War I

The Allies were able to drive the Germans The Allies were able to drive the Germans out of France.out of France.

Central Powers began to surrender.Central Powers began to surrender.

Germans revolt and the new leader signed Germans revolt and the new leader signed an armistice Nov. 11, 1918an armistice Nov. 11, 1918

10 mil soldiers dead. 20 mil wounded. 10 10 mil soldiers dead. 20 mil wounded. 10 mil civilians dead.mil civilians dead.

U.S. 116,000 dead- 190,000 woundedU.S. 116,000 dead- 190,000 wounded

Causes of WWICauses of WWI

Rise of Nationalism in EuropeRise of Nationalism in Europe

Competition for coloniesCompetition for colonies

Arms races and militarismArms races and militarism

Hostile alliancesHostile alliances

WWI – 1914-1918WWI – 1914-1918Immediate EffectsImmediate Effects

Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

Allied Victory over Central PowersAllied Victory over Central Powers

Devastation of EuropeDevastation of Europe

Nation desires normalcyNation desires normalcy

Farmers struggle to recover fromFarmers struggle to recover from

postwar slumppostwar slump

European countries unable to pay war debtsEuropean countries unable to pay war debts

Desire to avoid future wars remains strongDesire to avoid future wars remains strong

Long-Term EffectsLong-Term EffectsBreakup of empiresBreakup of empires

Formation of League of NationsFormation of League of Nations

United States as economic giantUnited States as economic giant

Harding and then Coolidge are electedHarding and then Coolidge are elected

Fordney-McCumber Tariff is passedFordney-McCumber Tariff is passed

European countries unable to pay war debtsEuropean countries unable to pay war debts

US becomes banker to the nations of EuropeUS becomes banker to the nations of Europe

US sponsors Washington Naval Conference and signs the Kellogg-US sponsors Washington Naval Conference and signs the Kellogg-Briand PactBriand Pact

Wilson’s 14 Points and the Treaty of VersaillesWilson’s 14 Points and the Treaty of Versailles1.1. Public diplomatic negotiations and an end to secret treaties.Public diplomatic negotiations and an end to secret treaties.

2.2. Freedom of navigation on the seas.Freedom of navigation on the seas.

3.3. Free trade among nations.Free trade among nations.

4.4. Reduction of armaments to the level needed for domestic safety.Reduction of armaments to the level needed for domestic safety.

5.5. Fair resolution of colonial claims that arose because of the war.Fair resolution of colonial claims that arose because of the war.

6.6. Evacuation of Russia and restoration of its conquered territories.Evacuation of Russia and restoration of its conquered territories.

7.7. Preservation of Belgium’s sovereignty.Preservation of Belgium’s sovereignty.

8.8. Restoration of France’s territory, including Alsace-Lorraine.Restoration of France’s territory, including Alsace-Lorraine.

9.9. Redrawing Italy’s borders according to nationalities.Redrawing Italy’s borders according to nationalities.

10.10. Divide up Austria- Hungary according to nationalities.Divide up Austria- Hungary according to nationalities.

11.11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan states according to nationalities.Redraw the borders of the Balkan states according to nationalities.

12.12. Self-determination for Turks and the other nationalities under Turkish rule.Self-determination for Turks and the other nationalities under Turkish rule.

13.13. Creation of an independent Polish nation.Creation of an independent Polish nation.

14.14. Creation of a League of Nations.Creation of a League of Nations.

Major Provisions of the Treaty of VersaillesMajor Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

Military Changes:

Limited the German army to 100,000 men, with no tanks or heavy artillery.

Limited the German navy to 15,000 men.

Banned Germany from having an air force.

Territory Changes:

Required Germany to cede land to France, Denmark, Poland, Czech, Belgium.

Required Germany to surrender all colonies to the control of the League of Nations.

Germany and Austria were prohibited from uniting.

War-Guilt Provisions:War-Guilt Provisions:

Held Germany solely responsible for all losses and Held Germany solely responsible for all losses and damages suffered by the Allies during the war.damages suffered by the Allies during the war.

Required Germany to pay reparations of 269 billion gold Required Germany to pay reparations of 269 billion gold marks, later reduced to 132 billion.marks, later reduced to 132 billion.

Establishment of the League of NationsEstablishment of the League of Nations

Did not initially permit Germany to join the league.Did not initially permit Germany to join the league.